passagemath-objects 10.6.44__cp314-cp314t-macosx_13_0_arm64.whl

sage/structure/debug_options.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-objects
+cdef class DebugOptions_class:
+    cdef public bint unique_parent_warnings
+    cdef public bint refine_category_hash_check
+
+cdef DebugOptions_class debug

sage/structure/debug_options.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-objects
+"""
+Debug options for the :mod:`sage.structure` modules
+
+EXAMPLES::
+
+    sage: from sage.structure.debug_options import debug
+    sage: debug.unique_parent_warnings
+    False
+    sage: debug.refine_category_hash_check
+    True
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013 Robert Bradshaw <robertwb@gmail.com>
+#                          William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#                          Volker Braun <vbraun.name@gmail.com>
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#  as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+#  the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+
+cdef class DebugOptions_class:
+    def __cinit__(self):
+        """
+        Initializer for the debug options.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: from sage.structure.debug_options import debug
+            sage: type(debug)
+            <... 'sage.structure.debug_options.DebugOptions_class'>
+        """
+        self.unique_parent_warnings = False
+        # This one will be enabled during doctests
+        self.refine_category_hash_check = False
+
+
+cdef DebugOptions_class debug = DebugOptions_class()
+
+# Since "debug" is declared with cdef, it can only be cimported at
+# the Cython level, not imported in plain Python. So we add it to the
+# globals manually. However this will make the variable out of sync
+# if some user modifies the object, which is inevitable.
+# See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3959#issuecomment-753455240
+# and https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/656
+# Note that ``_this_module`` could not be ``globals()``
+# because Sage is compiled with the old_style_globals option.
+import sage.structure.debug_options as _this_module
+_this_module.debug = debug
+del _this_module

sage/structure/dynamic_class.py

@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-objects
+"""
+Dynamic classes
+
+.. RUBRIC:: Why dynamic classes?
+
+The short answer:
+
+- Multiple inheritance is a powerful tool for constructing new classes
+  by combining preexisting building blocks.
+- There is a combinatorial explosion in the number of potentially
+  useful classes that can be produced this way.
+- The implementation of standard mathematical constructions calls for
+  producing such combinations automatically.
+- Dynamic classes, i.e. classes created on the fly by the Python
+  interpreter, are a natural mean to achieve this.
+
+The long answer:
+
+Say we want to construct a new class ``MyPermutation`` for
+permutations in a given set `S` (in Sage, `S` will be modelled by a
+parent, but we won't discuss this point here).  First, we have to
+choose a data structure for the permutations, typically among the
+following:
+
+- Stored by cycle type
+- Stored by code
+- Stored in list notation
+  - C arrays of short ints (for small permutations)
+  - python lists of ints (for huge permutations)
+  - ...
+- Stored by reduced word
+- Stored as a function
+- ...
+
+Luckily, the Sage library provides (or will provide) classes
+implementing each of those data structures. Those classes all share a
+common interface (or possibly a common abstract base class). So we can
+just derive our class from the chosen one::
+
+    class MyPermutation(PermutationCycleType):
+        ...
+
+Then we may want to further choose a specific memory behavior (unique
+representation, copy-on-write) which (hopefully) can again be achieved
+by inheritance::
+
+    class MyPermutation(UniqueRepresentation, PermutationCycleType):
+         ...
+
+Finally, we may want to endow the permutations in `S` with further
+operations coming from the (algebraic) structure of `S`:
+
+- group operations
+- or just monoid operations (for a subset of permutations not stable by inverse)
+- poset operations (for left/right/Bruhat order)
+- word operations (searching for substrings, patterns, ...)
+
+Or any combination thereof. Now, our class typically looks like::
+
+    class MyPermutation(UniqueRepresentation, PermutationCycleType, PosetElement, GroupElement):
+         ...
+
+Note the combinatorial explosion in the potential number of classes
+which can be created this way.
+
+
+In practice, such classes will be used in mathematical constructions
+like::
+
+    SymmetricGroup(5).subset(... TODO: find a good example in the context above ...)
+
+In such a construction, the structure of the result, and therefore the
+operations on its elements can only be determined at execution
+time. Let us take another standard construction::
+
+    A = cartesian_product( B, C )
+
+Depending on the structure of `B` and `C`, and possibly on further
+options passed down by the user, `A` may be:
+
+- an enumerated set
+- a group
+- an algebra
+- a poset
+- ...
+
+Or any combination thereof.
+
+Hardcoding classes for all potential combinations would be at best
+tedious. Furthermore, this would require a cumbersome mechanism to
+lookup the appropriate class depending on the desired combination.
+
+Instead, one may use the ability of Python to create new classes
+dynamically::
+
+    type("class name", tuple of base classes, dictionary of methods)
+
+This paradigm is powerful, but there are some technicalities to
+address. The purpose of this library is to standardize its use within
+Sage, and in particular to ensure that the constructed classes are
+reused whenever possible (unique representation), and can be pickled.
+
+.. RUBRIC:: Combining dynamic classes and Cython classes
+
+Cython classes cannot inherit from a dynamic class (there might be
+some partial support for this in the future). On the other hand, such
+an inheritance can be partially emulated using :meth:`__getattr__`. See
+``sage.categories.examples.semigroups_cython`` for an example.
+"""
+
+# ****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008-2009 Nicolas M. Thiery <nthiery at users.sf.net>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ****************************************************************************
+
+import copyreg
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import weak_cached_function
+from sage.misc.classcall_metaclass import ClasscallMetaclass
+from sage.misc.inherit_comparison import InheritComparisonMetaclass, InheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass
+
+
+def dynamic_class(name, bases, cls=None, reduction=None, doccls=None,
+                  prepend_cls_bases=True, cache=True):
+    r"""
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``name`` -- string
+    - ``bases`` -- tuple of classes
+    - ``cls`` -- a class or ``None``
+    - ``reduction`` -- tuple or ``None``
+    - ``doccls`` -- a class or ``None``
+    - ``prepend_cls_bases`` -- boolean (default: ``True``)
+    - ``cache`` -- boolean or ``'ignore_reduction'`` (default: ``True``)
+
+    Constructs dynamically a new class ``C`` with name ``name``, and
+    bases ``bases``. If ``cls`` is provided, then its methods will be
+    inserted into ``C``, and its bases will be prepended to ``bases``
+    (unless ``prepend_cls_bases`` is ``False``).
+
+    The module, documentation and source introspection is taken from
+    ``doccls``, or ``cls`` if ``doccls`` is ``None``, or ``bases[0]``
+    if both are ``None`` (therefore ``bases`` should be non empty if
+    ``cls`` is ``None``).
+
+    The constructed class can safely be pickled (assuming the
+    arguments themselves can).
+
+    Unless ``cache`` is ``False``, the result is cached, ensuring unique
+    representation of dynamic classes.
+
+    See :mod:`sage.structure.dynamic_class` for a discussion of the
+    dynamic classes paradigm, and its relevance to Sage.
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    To setup the stage, we create a class Foo with some methods,
+    cached methods, and lazy attributes, and a class Bar::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.lazy_attribute import lazy_attribute
+        sage: from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_function
+        sage: from sage.structure.dynamic_class import dynamic_class
+        sage: class Foo():
+        ....:     "The Foo class"
+        ....:     def __init__(self, x):
+        ....:         self._x = x
+        ....:     @cached_method
+        ....:     def f(self):
+        ....:         return self._x^2
+        ....:     def g(self):
+        ....:         return self._x^2
+        ....:     @lazy_attribute
+        ....:     def x(self):
+        ....:         return self._x
+        sage: class Bar:
+        ....:     def bar(self):
+        ....:         return self._x^2
+
+    We now create a class FooBar which is a copy of Foo, except that it
+    also inherits from Bar::
+
+        sage: FooBar = dynamic_class("FooBar", (Bar,), Foo)
+        sage: x = FooBar(3)
+        sage: x.f()
+        9
+        sage: x.f() is x.f()
+        True
+        sage: x.x
+        3
+        sage: x.bar()
+        9
+        sage: FooBar.__name__
+        'FooBar'
+        sage: FooBar.__module__
+        '__main__'
+
+        sage: Foo.__bases__
+        (<class 'object'>,)
+        sage: FooBar.__bases__
+        (<class '__main__.Bar'>,)
+        sage: Foo.mro()
+        [<class '__main__.Foo'>, <class 'object'>]
+        sage: FooBar.mro()
+        [<class '__main__.FooBar'>, <class '__main__.Bar'>, <class 'object'>]
+
+    If all the base classes have a zero ``__dictoffset__``, the dynamic
+    class also has a zero ``__dictoffset__``. This means that the
+    instances of the class don't have a ``__dict__``
+    (see :issue:`23435`)::
+
+        sage: dyn = dynamic_class("dyn", (Integer,))
+        sage: dyn.__dictoffset__
+        0
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Pickling
+
+    Dynamic classes are pickled by construction. Namely, upon
+    unpickling, the class will be reconstructed by recalling
+    dynamic_class with the same arguments::
+
+        sage: type(FooBar).__reduce__(FooBar)
+        (<function dynamic_class at ...>, ('FooBar', (<class '__main__.Bar'>,), <class '__main__.Foo'>, None, None))
+
+    Technically, this is achieved by using a metaclass, since the
+    Python pickling protocol for classes is to pickle by name::
+
+        sage: type(FooBar)
+        <class 'sage.structure.dynamic_class.DynamicMetaclass'>
+
+    The following (meaningless) example illustrates how to customize
+    the result of the reduction::
+
+        sage: BarFoo = dynamic_class('BarFoo', (Foo,), Bar, reduction = (str, (3,)))
+        sage: type(BarFoo).__reduce__(BarFoo)
+        (<class 'str'>, (3,))
+        sage: loads(dumps(BarFoo))
+        '3'
+
+    .. RUBRIC:: Caching
+
+    By default, the built class is cached::
+
+         sage: dynamic_class("FooBar", (Bar,), Foo) is FooBar
+         True
+         sage: dynamic_class("FooBar", (Bar,), Foo, cache=True) is FooBar
+         True
+
+    and the result depends on the reduction::
+
+        sage: dynamic_class('BarFoo', (Foo,), Bar, reduction = (str, (3,))) is BarFoo
+        True
+        sage: dynamic_class('BarFoo', (Foo,), Bar, reduction = (str, (2,))) is BarFoo
+        False
+
+    With ``cache=False``, a new class is created each time::
+
+         sage: FooBar1 = dynamic_class("FooBar", (Bar,), Foo, cache=False); FooBar1
+         <class '__main__.FooBar'>
+         sage: FooBar2 = dynamic_class("FooBar", (Bar,), Foo, cache=False); FooBar2
+         <class '__main__.FooBar'>
+         sage: FooBar1 is FooBar
+         False
+         sage: FooBar2 is FooBar1
+         False
+
+    With ``cache="ignore_reduction"``, the class does not depend on
+    the reduction::
+
+        sage: BarFoo = dynamic_class('BarFoo', (Foo,), Bar, reduction = (str, (3,)), cache='ignore_reduction')
+        sage: dynamic_class('BarFoo', (Foo,), Bar, reduction = (str, (2,)), cache='ignore_reduction') is BarFoo
+        True
+
+    In particular, the reduction used is that provided upon creating the
+    first class::
+
+        sage: dynamic_class('BarFoo', (Foo,), Bar, reduction = (str, (2,)), cache='ignore_reduction')._reduction
+        (<class 'str'>, (3,))
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        The behaviour upon creating several dynamic classes from the
+        same data but with different values for ``cache`` option is
+        currently left unspecified. In other words, for a given
+        application, it is recommended to consistently use the same
+        value for that option.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: import __main__
+        sage: __main__.Foo = Foo
+        sage: __main__.Bar = Bar
+        sage: x = FooBar(3)
+        sage: x.__dict__      # Breaks without the __dict__ deletion in dynamic_class_internal
+        {'_x': 3}
+
+        sage: type(FooBar).__reduce__(FooBar)
+        (<function dynamic_class at ...>, ('FooBar', (<class '__main__.Bar'>,), <class '__main__.Foo'>, None, None))
+        sage: import pickle
+        sage: pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(FooBar)) == FooBar
+        True
+
+    We check that introspection works reasonably::
+
+        sage: sage.misc.sageinspect.sage_getdoc(FooBar)
+        'The Foo class\n'
+
+    Finally, we check that classes derived from UniqueRepresentation
+    are handled gracefully (despite them also using a metaclass)::
+
+        sage: FooUnique = dynamic_class("Foo", (Bar, UniqueRepresentation))
+        sage: loads(dumps(FooUnique)) is FooUnique
+        True
+    """
+    bases = tuple(bases)
+    try:
+        name = str(name)
+    except UnicodeEncodeError:
+        pass
+    assert isinstance(name, str)
+    #    assert(cls is None or issubtype(type(cls), type) or type(cls) is classobj)
+    if cache is True:
+        return dynamic_class_internal(name, bases, cls, reduction, doccls, prepend_cls_bases)
+    elif cache is False:
+        # bypass the cached method
+        return dynamic_class_internal.f(name, bases, cls, reduction, doccls, prepend_cls_bases)
+    else:  # cache = "ignore_reduction"
+        result = dynamic_class_internal(name, bases, cls, False, doccls, prepend_cls_bases)
+        if result._reduction is False:
+            result._reduction = reduction
+        return result
+
+
+@weak_cached_function
+def dynamic_class_internal(name, bases, cls=None, reduction=None, doccls=None, prepend_cls_bases=True):
+    r"""
+    See sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class? for indirect doctests.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: Foo1 = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class_internal("Foo", (object,))
+        sage: Foo2 = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class_internal("Foo", (object,), doccls = sage.structure.dynamic_class.TestClass)
+        sage: Foo3 = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class_internal("Foo", (object,), cls    = sage.structure.dynamic_class.TestClass)
+        sage: all(Foo.__name__  == 'Foo'    for Foo in [Foo1, Foo2, Foo3])
+        True
+        sage: all(Foo.__bases__ == (object,) for Foo in [Foo1, Foo2, Foo3])
+        True
+        sage: Foo1.__module__ == object.__module__
+        True
+        sage: Foo2.__module__ == sage.structure.dynamic_class.TestClass.__module__
+        True
+        sage: Foo3.__module__ == sage.structure.dynamic_class.TestClass.__module__
+        True
+        sage: Foo1.__doc__ == object.__doc__
+        True
+        sage: Foo2.__doc__ == sage.structure.dynamic_class.TestClass.__doc__
+        True
+        sage: Foo3.__doc__ == sage.structure.dynamic_class.TestClass.__doc__
+        True
+
+    We check that introspection works reasonably::
+
+        sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getfile, sage_getsourcelines
+        sage: sage_getfile(Foo2)
+        '.../sage/structure/dynamic_class.py'
+        sage: sage_getfile(Foo3)
+        '.../sage/structure/dynamic_class.py'
+        sage: sage_getsourcelines(Foo2)
+        (['class TestClass:...'], ...)
+        sage: sage_getsourcelines(Foo3)
+        (['class TestClass:...'], ...)
+        sage: sage_getsourcelines(Foo2())
+        (['class TestClass:...'], ...)
+        sage: sage_getsourcelines(Foo3())
+        (['class TestClass:...'], ...)
+        sage: sage_getsourcelines(Foo3().bla)
+        (['    def bla():...'], ...)
+
+    We check that :issue:`21895` has been resolved::
+
+        sage: C1 = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class_internal("C1", (Morphism, UniqueRepresentation))
+        sage: type(C1)
+        <class 'sage.structure.dynamic_class.DynamicInheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass'>
+        sage: C2 = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class_internal("C2", (UniqueRepresentation, Morphism))
+        sage: type(C2)
+        <class 'sage.structure.dynamic_class.DynamicInheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass'>
+
+    We check that :issue:`28392` has been resolved::
+
+        sage: class A:
+        ....:     pass
+        sage: Foo1 = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class("Foo", (), A)
+        sage: "__weakref__" in Foo1.__dict__
+        False
+        sage: "__dict__" in Foo1.__dict__
+        False
+    """
+    if reduction is None:
+        reduction = (dynamic_class, (name, bases, cls, reduction, doccls))
+    if cls is not None:
+        methods = dict(cls.__dict__)
+        # Anything else that should not be kept?
+        for key in ["__dict__", "__weakref__"]:
+            if key in methods:
+                del methods[key]
+        if prepend_cls_bases:
+            cls_bases = cls.__bases__
+            all_bases = set()
+            for base in bases:
+                if isinstance(base, type):
+                    all_bases.update(base.mro())
+            cls_bases = tuple(b for b in cls_bases if b not in all_bases)
+            bases = cls_bases + bases
+    else:
+        methods = {}
+    if doccls is None:
+        if cls is not None:
+            doccls = cls
+        else:
+            assert bases != ()
+            doccls = bases[0]
+    methods['_reduction'] = reduction
+    # HACK: _doccls is a 1-element tuple to avoid __classget__
+    # or trouble with binding behaviour...
+    methods['_doccls'] = (doccls,)
+    methods['__doc__'] = doccls.__doc__
+    methods['__module__'] = doccls.__module__
+
+    # If none of the bases have a __dict__, the new class shouldn't
+    # have one either.
+    # NOTE: we need the isinstance(b, type) check to exclude old-style
+    # classes.
+    if all(isinstance(b, type) and not b.__dictoffset__ for b in bases):
+        methods['__slots__'] = ()
+
+    metaclass = DynamicMetaclass
+    # The metaclass of a class must derive from the metaclasses of its
+    # bases. The following handles the case where one of the base
+    # classes is a known Sage metaclass.  This approach won't scale
+    # well if we start using metaclasses seriously in Sage.
+    for base in bases:
+        if isinstance(base, ClasscallMetaclass):
+            if not issubclass(metaclass, ClasscallMetaclass):
+                if metaclass is DynamicMetaclass:
+                    metaclass = DynamicClasscallMetaclass
+                elif metaclass is DynamicInheritComparisonMetaclass:
+                    metaclass = DynamicInheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError("No subclass of %r known that inherits from ClasscallMetaclass" % (metaclass,))
+        if isinstance(base, InheritComparisonMetaclass):
+            if not issubclass(metaclass, InheritComparisonMetaclass):
+                if metaclass is DynamicMetaclass:
+                    metaclass = DynamicInheritComparisonMetaclass
+                elif metaclass is DynamicClasscallMetaclass:
+                    metaclass = DynamicInheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass
+                else:
+                    raise NotImplementedError("No subclass of %r known that inherits from InheritComparisonMetaclass" % (metaclass,))
+    return metaclass(name, bases, methods)
+
+
+class DynamicMetaclass(type):
+    """
+    A metaclass implementing an appropriate reduce-by-construction method
+    """
+    def _sage_src_lines_(self):
+        r"""
+        Get the source lines of the dynamic class. This defers to the
+        source lines of the ``_doccls`` attribute, which is set when
+        the dynamic class is constructed.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsourcelines
+            sage: from sage.structure.dynamic_class import dynamic_class
+            sage: C = dynamic_class("SomeClass", [object], doccls=Integer)
+            sage: sage_getsourcelines(C)[0][0]
+            'cdef class Integer(sage.structure.element.EuclideanDomainElement):\n'
+        """
+        try:
+            # HACK: _doccls is a 1-element tuple to avoid __classget__
+            # or trouble with binding behaviour...
+            doccls = self._doccls[0]
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise NotImplementedError("no _doccls found")
+        from sage.misc.sageinspect import sage_getsourcelines
+        return sage_getsourcelines(doccls)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        """
+        See :func:`sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class` for
+        non-trivial tests.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: class Foo: pass
+            sage: class DocClass: pass
+            sage: C = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class_internal("bla", (object,), Foo, doccls = DocClass)
+            sage: type(C).__reduce__(C)
+            (<function dynamic_class at ...>,
+             ('bla', (<class 'object'>,), <class '__main__.Foo'>, None, <class '__main__.DocClass'>))
+            sage: C = sage.structure.dynamic_class.dynamic_class_internal("bla", (object,), Foo, doccls = DocClass, reduction = "blah")
+            sage: type(C).__reduce__(C)
+            'blah'
+        """
+        return self._reduction
+
+
+class DynamicClasscallMetaclass(DynamicMetaclass, ClasscallMetaclass):
+    pass
+
+
+class DynamicInheritComparisonMetaclass(DynamicMetaclass, InheritComparisonMetaclass):
+    pass
+
+
+class DynamicInheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass(DynamicMetaclass, InheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass):
+    pass
+
+
+# This registers the appropriate reduction methods (see Issue #5985)
+for M in [DynamicMetaclass,
+          DynamicClasscallMetaclass,
+          DynamicInheritComparisonMetaclass,
+          DynamicInheritComparisonClasscallMetaclass]:
+    copyreg.pickle(M, M.__reduce__)
+
+
+class TestClass:
+    """
+    A class used for checking that introspection works
+    """
+    def bla():
+        """
+        bla ...
+        """
+        pass