passagemath-modules 10.6.31__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/algebras/lie_algebras/heisenberg.py

@@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs
+"""
+Heisenberg Algebras
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2013-08-13): Initial version
+"""
+
+# ***************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013-2017 Travis Scrimshaw <tcscrims at gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  https://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+# ***************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.structure.indexed_generators import IndexedGenerators
+
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.lie_algebra import (LieAlgebraFromAssociative,
+                                                    LieAlgebraWithGenerators)
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.lie_algebra_element import (LieAlgebraElement,
+                                                            LieAlgebraMatrixWrapper)
+from sage.categories.lie_algebras import LieAlgebras
+from sage.categories.cartesian_product import cartesian_product
+from sage.matrix.matrix_space import MatrixSpace
+from sage.rings.integer import Integer
+from sage.sets.disjoint_union_enumerated_sets import DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+from sage.sets.positive_integers import PositiveIntegers
+from sage.sets.set import Set
+
+
+class HeisenbergAlgebra_abstract(IndexedGenerators):
+    """
+    The common methods for the (non-matrix) Heisenberg algebras.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, I):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo) # indirect doctest
+        """
+        IndexedGenerators.__init__(self, I, prefix='', bracket=False,
+                                   latex_bracket=False, string_quotes=False)
+
+    def p(self, i):
+        """
+        The generator `p_i` of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: L.p(2)
+            p2
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, {'p%i' % i: self.base_ring().one()})
+
+    def q(self, i):
+        """
+        The generator `q_i` of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: L.q(2)
+            q2
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, {'q%i' % i: self.base_ring().one()})
+
+    def z(self):
+        """
+        Return the basis element `z` of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        The element `z` spans the center of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: L.z()
+            z
+        """
+        return self.element_class(self, {'z': self.base_ring().one()})
+
+    def bracket_on_basis(self, x, y):
+        """
+        Return the bracket of basis elements indexed by ``x`` and ``y``
+        where ``x < y``.
+
+        The basis of a Heisenberg algebra is ordered in such a way that
+        the `p_i` come first, the `q_i` come next, and the `z` comes last.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+            sage: p1 = ('p', 1)
+            sage: q1 = ('q', 1)
+            sage: H.bracket_on_basis(p1, q1)
+            z
+        """
+        if y == 'z': # No need to test for x == 'z' since x < y is assumed.
+            return self.zero()
+        if x[0] == 'p' and y[0] == 'q' and x[1] == y[1]:
+            return self.z()
+        return self.zero()
+
+    def _repr_term(self, m):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the term indexed by ``m``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+            sage: H._repr_term('p1')
+            'p1'
+            sage: H._repr_term('z')
+            'z'
+        """
+        return m
+
+    def _ascii_art_term(self, m):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the term indexed by ``m``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+            sage: H._ascii_art_term('p1')
+            p1
+            sage: H._ascii_art_term('z')
+            z
+            sage: ascii_art(sum(i * b for i, b in enumerate(H.basis())))
+            p2 + 2*p3 + 3*q1 + 4*q2 + 5*q3 + 6*z
+        """
+        from sage.typeset.ascii_art import ascii_art
+        return ascii_art(m)
+
+    def _latex_term(self, m):
+        r"""
+        Return a string representation of the term indexed by ``m``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 10)
+            sage: H._latex_term('p1')
+            'p_{1}'
+            sage: H._latex_term('z')
+            'z'
+            sage: latex(H.p(10))
+            p_{10}
+        """
+        if len(m) == 1:
+            return m
+        return "%s_{%s}" % (m[0], m[1:]) # else it is of length at least 2
+
+    def _unicode_art_term(self, m):
+        r"""
+        Return a unicode art representation of the term indexed by ``m``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 10)
+            sage: H._unicode_art_term('p1')
+            p₁
+            sage: H._unicode_art_term('z')
+            z
+            sage: unicode_art(H.p(10))
+            p₁₀
+        """
+        from sage.typeset.unicode_art import unicode_art, unicode_subscript
+        if len(m) == 1:
+            return unicode_art(m)
+        return unicode_art(str(m[0]) + unicode_subscript(m[1:])) # else it is of length at least 2
+
+    def step(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the nilpotency step of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: h = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(ZZ, 10)
+            sage: h.step()
+            2
+
+            sage: h = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(ZZ, oo)
+            sage: h.step()
+            2
+        """
+        return Integer(2)
+
+    class Element(LieAlgebraElement):
+        pass
+
+
+class HeisenbergAlgebra_fd:
+    """
+    Common methods for finite-dimensional Heisenberg algebras.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, n):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``n`` -- the rank
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3) # indirect doctest
+        """
+        self._n = n
+
+    def n(self):
+        """
+        Return the rank of the Heisenberg algebra ``self``.
+
+        This is the ``n`` such that ``self`` is the `n`-th Heisenberg
+        algebra. The dimension of this Heisenberg algebra is then
+        `2n + 1`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+            sage: H.n()
+            3
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3, representation='matrix')
+            sage: H.n()
+            3
+        """
+        return self._n
+
+    @cached_method
+    def gens(self) -> tuple:
+        """
+        Return the Lie algebra generators of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 2)
+            sage: H.gens()
+            (p1, p2, q1, q2)
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 0)
+            sage: H.gens()
+            (z,)
+        """
+        return tuple(self.lie_algebra_generators())
+
+    def gen(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the ``i``-th generator of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 2)
+            sage: H.gen(0)
+            p1
+            sage: H.gen(3)
+            q2
+        """
+        return self.gens()[i]
+
+    @cached_method
+    def lie_algebra_generators(self):
+        """
+        Return the Lie algebra generators of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 1)
+            sage: H.lie_algebra_generators()
+            Finite family {'p1': p1, 'q1': q1}
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 0)
+            sage: H.lie_algebra_generators()
+            Finite family {'z': z}
+        """
+        if self._n == 0:
+            return Family(['z'], lambda i: self.z())
+        k = ['p%s' % i for i in range(1, self._n+1)]
+        k += ['q%s' % i for i in range(1, self._n+1)]
+        d = {}
+        for i in range(1, self._n+1):
+            d['p%s' % i] = self.p(i)
+            d['q%s' % i] = self.q(i)
+        return Family(k, lambda i: d[i])
+
+    @cached_method
+    def basis(self):
+        """
+        Return the basis of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 1)
+            sage: H.basis()
+            Finite family {'p1': p1, 'q1': q1, 'z': z}
+        """
+        d = {}
+        for i in range(1, self._n+1):
+            d['p%s' % i] = self.p(i)
+            d['q%s' % i] = self.q(i)
+        d['z'] = self.z()
+        return Family(self._indices, lambda i: d[i])
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, H):
+        """
+        Return the coercion map from ``H`` to ``self`` if one exists,
+        otherwise return ``None``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: HB = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+            sage: HM = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3, representation='matrix')
+            sage: HB.has_coerce_map_from(HM)
+            True
+            sage: HM.has_coerce_map_from(HB)
+            True
+            sage: HB(HM.p(2))
+            p2
+            sage: HM(-HB.q(3)) == -HM.q(3)
+            True
+            sage: HB(HM.z())
+            z
+            sage: HM(HB.z()) == HM.z()
+            True
+            sage: HQ = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 2)
+            sage: HB.has_coerce_map_from(HQ)
+            True
+            sage: HB(HQ.p(2))
+            p2
+            sage: HZ = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(ZZ, 2)
+            sage: HB.has_coerce_map_from(HZ)
+            True
+            sage: HB(HZ.p(2))
+            p2
+            sage: HZ = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(ZZ, 2, representation='matrix')
+            sage: HB.has_coerce_map_from(HZ)
+            True
+            sage: HB(HZ.p(2))
+            p2
+        """
+        if isinstance(H, HeisenbergAlgebra_fd):
+            if H._n <= self._n and self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(H.base_ring()):
+                return H.module_morphism(lambda i: self.basis()[i], codomain=self)
+            return None # Otherwise no coercion
+        return super()._coerce_map_from_(H)
+
+
+class HeisenbergAlgebra(HeisenbergAlgebra_fd, HeisenbergAlgebra_abstract,
+                        LieAlgebraWithGenerators):
+    r"""
+    A Heisenberg algebra defined using structure coefficients.
+
+    The `n`-th Heisenberg algebra (where `n` is a nonnegative
+    integer or infinity) is the Lie algebra with basis
+    `\{p_i\}_{1 \leq i \leq n} \cup \{q_i\}_{1 \leq i \leq n} \cup \{z\}`
+    with the following relations:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        [p_i, q_j] = \delta_{ij} z, \quad [p_i, z] = [q_i, z] = [p_i, p_j]
+        = [q_i, q_j] = 0.
+
+    This Lie algebra is also known as the Heisenberg algebra of rank `n`.
+
+    .. NOTE::
+
+        The relations `[p_i, q_j] = \delta_{ij} z`, `[p_i, z] = 0`, and
+        `[q_i, z] = 0` are known as canonical commutation relations. See
+        :wikipedia:`Canonical_commutation_relations`.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        The `n` in the above definition is called the "rank" of the
+        Heisenberg algebra; it is not, however, a rank in any of the usual
+        meanings that this word has in the theory of Lie algebras.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the rank of the Heisenberg algebra
+
+    REFERENCES:
+
+    - :wikipedia:`Heisenberg_algebra`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 2)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, R, n):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 2)
+            sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 0)  # not tested -- :issue:`18224`
+            sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        """
+        HeisenbergAlgebra_fd.__init__(self, n)
+        names = tuple(['p%s' % i for i in range(1,n+1)]
+                      + ['q%s' % i for i in range(1,n+1)]
+                      + ['z'])
+        LieAlgebraWithGenerators.__init__(self, R, names=names, index_set=names,
+            category=LieAlgebras(R).Nilpotent().FiniteDimensional().WithBasis())
+        HeisenbergAlgebra_abstract.__init__(self, names)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+            Heisenberg algebra of rank 3 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return "Heisenberg algebra of rank {} over {}".format(self._n, self.base_ring())
+
+
+class InfiniteHeisenbergAlgebra(HeisenbergAlgebra_abstract, LieAlgebraWithGenerators):
+    r"""
+    The infinite Heisenberg algebra.
+
+    This is the Heisenberg algebra on an infinite number of generators. In
+    other words, this is the Heisenberg algebra of rank `\infty`. See
+    :class:`HeisenbergAlgebra` for more information.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, R):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+            sage: L.p(1).bracket(L.q(1)) == L.z()
+            True
+            sage: L.q(1).bracket(L.p(1)) == -L.z()
+            True
+        """
+        S = cartesian_product([PositiveIntegers(), ['p','q']])
+        cat = LieAlgebras(R).Nilpotent().WithBasis()
+        LieAlgebraWithGenerators.__init__(self, R, index_set=S, category=cat)
+        HeisenbergAlgebra_abstract.__init__(self, S)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            Infinite Heisenberg algebra over Rational Field
+        """
+        return "Infinite Heisenberg algebra over {}".format(self.base_ring())
+
+    def _an_element_(self):
+        """
+        Return an element of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: L._an_element_()
+            p2 + q2 - 1/2*q3 + z
+        """
+        c = self.base_ring().an_element()
+        return self.p(2) + self.q(2) - c * self.q(3) + self.z()
+
+    def lie_algebra_generators(self):
+        """
+        Return the generators of ``self`` as a Lie algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: L.lie_algebra_generators()
+            Lazy family (generator map(i))_{i in The Cartesian product of
+                                            (Positive integers, {'p', 'q'})}
+        """
+        return Family(self._indices, lambda x: self.monomial(x[1] + str(x[0])),
+                      name='generator map')
+
+    def basis(self):
+        """
+        Return the basis of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: L.basis()
+            Lazy family (basis map(i))_{i in Disjoint union of Family ({'z'},
+             The Cartesian product of (Positive integers, {'p', 'q'}))}
+            sage: L.basis()['z']
+            z
+            sage: L.basis()[(12, 'p')]
+            p12
+        """
+        S = cartesian_product([PositiveIntegers(), ['p', 'q']])
+        I = DisjointUnionEnumeratedSets([Set(['z']), S])
+
+        def basis_elt(x):
+            if isinstance(x, str):
+                return self.monomial(x)
+            return self.monomial(x[1] + str(x[0]))
+        return Family(I, basis_elt, name="basis map")
+
+    def _from_fd_on_basis(self, i):
+        """
+        Return the monomial in ``self`` corresponding to the
+        basis element indexed by ``i``, where ``i`` is a basis index for
+        a *finite-dimensional* Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        This is used for coercion.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: H._from_fd_on_basis('p2')
+            p2
+            sage: H._from_fd_on_basis('q3')
+            q3
+            sage: H._from_fd_on_basis('z')
+            z
+        """
+        if i == 'z':
+            return self.z()
+        if i[0] == 'p':
+            return self.p(Integer(i[1:]))
+        return self.q(Integer(i[1:]))
+
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, H):
+        """
+        Return the coercion map from ``H`` to ``self`` if one exists,
+        otherwise return ``None``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: H = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, oo)
+            sage: HZ = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(ZZ, oo)
+            sage: phi = H.coerce_map_from(HZ)
+            sage: phi(HZ.p(3)) == H.p(3)
+            True
+            sage: phi(HZ.p(3)).leading_coefficient().parent()
+            Rational Field
+            sage: HF = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3, representation='matrix')
+            sage: H.has_coerce_map_from(HF)
+            True
+            sage: H(HF.p(2))
+            p2
+            sage: H(HF.z())
+            z
+            sage: HF = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3)
+            sage: H.has_coerce_map_from(HF)
+            True
+            sage: H(HF.p(2))
+            p2
+            sage: H(HF.z())
+            z
+        """
+        if isinstance(H, HeisenbergAlgebra_fd):
+            if self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(H.base_ring()):
+                return H.module_morphism(self._from_fd_on_basis, codomain=self)
+            return None  # Otherwise no coercion
+        if isinstance(H, InfiniteHeisenbergAlgebra):
+            if self.base_ring().has_coerce_map_from(H.base_ring()):
+                return lambda C,x: self._from_dict(x._monomial_coefficients, coerce=True)
+            return None  # Otherwise no coercion
+        return super()._coerce_map_from_(H)
+
+
+#######################################################
+# Finite rank Heisenberg algebra using matrices
+
+class HeisenbergAlgebra_matrix(HeisenbergAlgebra_fd, LieAlgebraFromAssociative):
+    r"""
+    A Heisenberg algebra represented using matrices.
+
+    The `n`-th Heisenberg algebra over `R` is a Lie algebra which is
+    defined as the Lie algebra of the `(n+2) \times (n+2)`-matrices:
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{bmatrix}
+        0 & p^T & k \\
+        0 & 0_n & q \\
+        0 & 0 & 0
+        \end{bmatrix}
+
+    where `p, q \in R^n` and `0_n` in the `n \times n` zero matrix. It has
+    a basis consisting of
+
+    .. MATH::
+
+        \begin{aligned}
+        p_i & = \begin{bmatrix}
+        0 & e_i^T & 0 \\
+        0 & 0_n & 0 \\
+        0 & 0 & 0
+        \end{bmatrix} \qquad \text{for } 1 \leq i \leq n ,
+        \\ q_i & = \begin{bmatrix}
+        0 & 0 & 0 \\
+        0 & 0_n & e_i \\
+        0 & 0 & 0
+        \end{bmatrix} \qquad \text{for } 1 \leq i \leq n ,
+        \\ z & = \begin{bmatrix}
+        0 & 0 & 1 \\
+        0 & 0_n & 0 \\
+        0 & 0 & 0
+        \end{bmatrix},
+        \end{aligned}
+
+    where `\{e_i\}` is the standard basis of `R^n`. In other words, it has
+    the basis `(p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_n, q_1, q_2, \ldots, q_n, z)`, where
+    `p_i = E_{1, i+1}`, `q_i = E_{i+1, n+2}` and `z = E_{1, n+2}` are
+    elementary matrices.
+
+    This Lie algebra is isomorphic to the `n`-th Heisenberg algebra
+    constructed in :class:`HeisenbergAlgebra`; the bases correspond to
+    each other.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``R`` -- the base ring
+    - ``n`` -- the nonnegative integer `n`
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 1, representation='matrix')
+        sage: p = L.p(1)
+        sage: q = L.q(1)
+        sage: z = L.bracket(p, q); z
+        [0 0 1]
+        [0 0 0]
+        [0 0 0]
+        sage: z == L.z()
+        True
+        sage: L.dimension()
+        3
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 2, representation='matrix')
+        sage: sorted(dict(L.basis()).items())
+        [(
+              [0 1 0 0]
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [0 0 0 0]
+        'p1', [0 0 0 0]
+        ),
+         (
+              [0 0 1 0]
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [0 0 0 0]
+        'p2', [0 0 0 0]
+        ),
+         (
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [0 0 0 1]
+              [0 0 0 0]
+        'q1', [0 0 0 0]
+        ),
+         (
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [0 0 0 0]
+              [0 0 0 1]
+        'q2', [0 0 0 0]
+        ),
+         (
+             [0 0 0 1]
+             [0 0 0 0]
+             [0 0 0 0]
+        'z', [0 0 0 0]
+        )]
+
+        sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 0, representation='matrix')
+        sage: sorted(dict(L.basis()).items())
+        [(
+             [0 1]
+        'z', [0 0]
+        )]
+        sage: L.gens()
+        (
+        [0 1]
+        [0 0]
+        )
+        sage: L.lie_algebra_generators()
+        Finite family {'z': [0 1]
+        [0 0]}
+    """
+    def __init__(self, R, n):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 2, representation='matrix')
+            sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        """
+        HeisenbergAlgebra_fd.__init__(self, n)
+        MS = MatrixSpace(R, n+2, sparse=True)
+        one = R.one()
+        p = tuple(MS({(0,i): one}) for i in range(1, n+1))
+        q = tuple(MS({(i,n+1): one}) for i in range(1, n+1))
+        z = (MS({(0,n+1): one}),)
+        names = tuple('p%s' % i for i in range(1,n+1))
+        names = names + tuple('q%s' % i for i in range(1,n+1)) + ('z',)
+        cat = LieAlgebras(R).Nilpotent().FiniteDimensional().WithBasis()
+        LieAlgebraFromAssociative.__init__(self, MS, p + q + z, names=names,
+                                           index_set=names, category=cat)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3, representation='matrix')
+            Heisenberg algebra of rank 3 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return "Heisenberg algebra of rank {} over {}".format(self._n, self.base_ring())
+
+    def p(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return the generator `p_i` of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 1, representation='matrix')
+            sage: L.p(1)
+            [0 1 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+        """
+        return self._gens['p%s' % i]
+
+    def q(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return the generator `q_i` of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 1, representation='matrix')
+            sage: L.q(1)
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0]
+        """
+        return self._gens['q%s' % i]
+
+    def z(self):
+        """
+        Return the basis element `z` of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        The element `z` spans the center of the Heisenberg algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 1, representation='matrix')
+            sage: L.z()
+            [0 0 1]
+            [0 0 0]
+            [0 0 0]
+        """
+        return self._gens['z']
+
+    def step(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the nilpotency step of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: h = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(ZZ, 2, representation='matrix')
+            sage: h.step()
+            2
+        """
+        return Integer(2)
+
+    class Element(LieAlgebraMatrixWrapper, LieAlgebraFromAssociative.Element):
+        def monomial_coefficients(self, copy=True):
+            """
+            Return a dictionary whose keys are indices of basis elements in
+            the support of ``self`` and whose values are the corresponding
+            coefficients.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``copy`` -- ignored
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = lie_algebras.Heisenberg(QQ, 3, representation='matrix')
+                sage: elt = L(Matrix(QQ, [[0, 1, 3, 0, 3], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, -3],
+                ....:                     [0, 0, 0, 0, 7], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]))
+                sage: elt
+                [ 0  1  3  0  3]
+                [ 0  0  0  0  0]
+                [ 0  0  0  0 -3]
+                [ 0  0  0  0  7]
+                [ 0  0  0  0  0]
+                sage: sorted(elt.monomial_coefficients().items())
+                [('p1', 1), ('p2', 3), ('q2', -3), ('q3', 7), ('z', 3)]
+            """
+            d = {}
+            n = self.parent()._n
+            for i, mon in enumerate(self.parent().basis().keys()):
+                if i < n:
+                    entry = self[0, i+1]
+                elif i < 2 * n:
+                    entry = self[i-n+1, n+1]
+                else:
+                    entry = self[0, n+1]
+                if entry:
+                    d[mon] = entry
+            return d