passagemath-modules 10.6.31__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/algebras/group_algebra.py

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.groups sage.modules
+r"""
+Group algebras
+
+This functionality has been moved to :mod:`sage.categories.algebra_functor`.
+
+TESTS:
+
+Check that unpicking old group algebra classes works::
+
+    sage: G = loads(b"x\x9cM\xceM\n\xc20\x10\x86a\xac\xff\xf1$n\xb2\xf1\x04\x82"
+    ....:           b"\xe8>\xe0:\xc4fL\x83i\xda\x99$K\xc1M\xf5\xdaj\x1a\xc1\xdd<"
+    ....:           b"\xf0\xbd0\x8f\xaa\x0e\xca\x00\x0f\x91R\x1d\x13\x01O\xdeb\x02I"
+    ....:           b"\xd0\x13\x04\xf0QE\xdby\x96<\x81N50\x9c\x8c\x81r\x06.\xa4\x027"
+    ....:           b"\xd4\xa5^\x16\xb2\xd3W\xfb\x02\xac\x9a\xb2\xce\xa3\xc0{\xa0V"
+    ....:           b"\x9ar\x8c\xa1W-hv\xb0\rhR.\xe7\x0c\xa7cE\xd6\x9b\xc0\xad\x8f`"
+    ....:           b"\x80X\xabn \x7f\xc0\xd9y\xb2\x1b\x04\xce\x87\xfb\x0b\x17\x02"
+    ....:           b"\x97\xff\x05\xe5\x9f\x95\x93W\x0bN3Qx\xcc\xc2\xd5V\xe0\xfa\xf9"
+    ....:           b"\xc9\x98\xc0\r\x7f\x03\x9d\xd7^'")
+    sage: G
+    Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Rational Field
+    sage: type(G)
+    <class 'sage.algebras.group_algebra.GroupAlgebra_class_with_category'>
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2008 William Stein <wstein@gmail.com>
+#                     2008 David Loeffler <d.loeffler.01@cantab.net>
+#                     2009 Martin Raum <mraum@mpim-bonn.mpg.de>
+#                     2011 John Palmieri <palmieri@math.washington.edu>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.rings.integer_ring import IntegerRing
+from sage.categories.rings import Rings
+from sage.categories.magmas import Magmas
+from sage.categories.additive_magmas import AdditiveMagmas
+from sage.categories.sets_cat import Sets
+from sage.categories.morphism import SetMorphism
+from sage.combinat.free_module import CombinatorialFreeModule
+
+
+def GroupAlgebra(G, R=IntegerRing()):
+    r"""
+    Return the group algebra of `G` over `R`.
+
+    INPUT:
+
+    - ``G`` -- a group
+    - ``R`` -- (default: `\ZZ`) a ring
+
+    EXAMPLES:
+
+    The *group algebra* `A=RG` is the space of formal linear
+    combinations of elements of `G` with coefficients in `R`::
+
+        sage: G = DihedralGroup(3)
+        sage: R = QQ
+        sage: A = GroupAlgebra(G, R); A
+        Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Rational Field
+        sage: a = A.an_element(); a
+        () + (1,2) + 3*(1,2,3) + 2*(1,3,2)
+
+    This space is endowed with an algebra structure, obtained by extending
+    by bilinearity the multiplication of `G` to a multiplication on `RG`::
+
+        sage: A in Algebras
+        True
+        sage: a * a
+        14*() + 5*(2,3) + 2*(1,2) + 10*(1,2,3) + 13*(1,3,2) + 5*(1,3)
+
+    :func:`GroupAlgebra` is just a short hand for a more general
+    construction that covers, e.g., monoid algebras, additive group
+    algebras and so on::
+
+        sage: G.algebra(QQ)
+        Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Rational Field
+
+        sage: GroupAlgebra(G,QQ) is G.algebra(QQ)
+        True
+
+        sage: M = Monoids().example(); M
+        An example of a monoid:
+        the free monoid generated by ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')
+        sage: M.algebra(QQ)
+        Algebra of An example of a monoid: the free monoid generated by ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')
+                over Rational Field
+
+    See the documentation of :mod:`sage.categories.algebra_functor`
+    for details.
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: GroupAlgebra(1)
+        Traceback (most recent call last):
+        ...
+        ValueError: 1 is not a magma or additive magma
+
+        sage: GroupAlgebra(GL(3, GF(7)))
+        Algebra of General Linear Group of degree 3 over Finite Field of size 7
+         over Integer Ring
+        sage: GroupAlgebra(GL(3, GF(7)), QQ)
+        Algebra of General Linear Group of degree 3 over Finite Field of size 7
+         over Rational Field
+    """
+    if not (G in Magmas() or G in AdditiveMagmas()):
+        raise ValueError("%s is not a magma or additive magma" % G)
+    if R not in Rings():
+        raise ValueError("%s is not a ring" % R)
+    return G.algebra(R)
+
+
+class GroupAlgebra_class(CombinatorialFreeModule):
+    def _coerce_map_from_(self, S):
+        r"""
+        Return a coercion from `S` or ``None``.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``S`` -- a parent
+
+        Let us write ``self`` as `R[G]`. This method handles
+        the case where `S` is another group/monoid/...-algebra
+        `R'[H]`, with R coercing into `R'` and `H` coercing
+        into `G`. In that case it returns the naturally
+        induced coercion between `R'[H]` and `R[G]`. Otherwise
+        it returns ``None``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.combinat
+            sage: A = GroupAlgebra(SymmetricGroup(4), QQ)
+            sage: B = GroupAlgebra(SymmetricGroup(3), ZZ)
+            sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(B)
+            True
+            sage: B.has_coerce_map_from(A)
+            False
+            sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(ZZ)
+            True
+            sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(CC)
+            False
+            sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(SymmetricGroup(5))
+            False
+            sage: A.has_coerce_map_from(SymmetricGroup(2))
+            True
+
+
+            sage: H = CyclicPermutationGroup(3)
+            sage: G = DihedralGroup(3)
+
+            sage: QH = H.algebra(QQ)
+            sage: ZH = H.algebra(ZZ)
+            sage: QG = G.algebra(QQ)
+            sage: ZG = G.algebra(ZZ)
+            sage: ZG.coerce_map_from(H)
+            Composite map:
+              From: Cyclic group of order 3 as a permutation group
+              To:   Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Integer Ring
+              Defn:   Coercion map:
+                      From: Cyclic group of order 3 as a permutation group
+                      To:   Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group
+                    then
+                      Coercion map:
+                      From: Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group
+                      To:   Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Integer Ring
+            sage: QG.coerce_map_from(ZG)
+            Generic morphism:
+              From: Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Integer Ring
+              To:   Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Rational Field
+            sage: QG.coerce_map_from(QH)
+            Generic morphism:
+              From: Algebra of Cyclic group of order 3 as a permutation group over Rational Field
+              To:   Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Rational Field
+            sage: QG.coerce_map_from(ZH)
+            Generic morphism:
+              From: Algebra of Cyclic group of order 3 as a permutation group over Integer Ring
+              To:   Algebra of Dihedral group of order 6 as a permutation group over Rational Field
+
+            sage: H = PermutationGroup([ [(1,2), (3,4)], [(5,6,7),(12,14,18)] ])
+            sage: kH = H.algebra(GF(2))
+            sage: [a, b] = kH.gens()
+            sage: x = kH(a) + kH(b) + kH.one(); print(x)
+            () + (5,6,7)(12,14,18) + (1,2)(3,4)
+            sage: x*x  #checks :issue:34292
+            (5,7,6)(12,18,14)
+
+        As expected, there is no coercion when restricting the
+        field::
+
+            sage: ZG.coerce_map_from(QG)
+
+        There is no coercion for additive groups since ``+`` could mean
+        both the action (i.e., the group operation) or adding a term::
+
+            sage: G = groups.misc.AdditiveCyclic(3)
+            sage: ZG = G.algebra(ZZ, category=AdditiveMagmas())
+            sage: ZG.has_coerce_map_from(G)
+            False
+        """
+        G = self.basis().keys()
+        K = self.base_ring()
+
+        G_coercion = G.coerce_map_from(S)
+        if G_coercion is not None:
+            from sage.categories.groups import Groups
+            # No coercion for additive groups because of ambiguity of +
+            #   being the group action or addition of a new term.
+            if not self.category().is_subcategory(Groups().Algebras(K)):
+                return None
+            if S is G:
+                return True
+            return self.coerce_map_from(G) * G_coercion
+
+        if S in Sets.Algebras:
+            S_K = S.base_ring()
+            S_G = S.basis().keys()
+            hom_K = K.coerce_map_from(S_K)
+            hom_G = G.coerce_map_from(S_G)
+            if hom_K is not None and hom_G is not None:
+                return SetMorphism(S.Hom(self, category=self.category() | S.category()),
+                                   lambda x: self.sum_of_terms((hom_G(g), hom_K(c)) for g, c in x))
+
+
+from sage.misc.persist import register_unpickle_override
+register_unpickle_override('sage.algebras.group_algebras', 'GroupAlgebra',
+                           GroupAlgebra_class)

sage/algebras/lie_algebras/abelian.py

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+# sage.doctest: needs sage.graphs
+"""
+Abelian Lie Algebras
+
+AUTHORS:
+
+- Travis Scrimshaw (2016-06-07): Initial version
+"""
+
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013-2017 Travis Scrimshaw <tcscrims at gmail.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+# the Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or
+# (at your option) any later version.
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.structure.indexed_generators import (IndexedGenerators,
+                                               standardize_names_index_set)
+from sage.categories.lie_algebras import LieAlgebras
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.lie_algebra_element import LieAlgebraElement
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.lie_algebra import InfinitelyGeneratedLieAlgebra
+from sage.algebras.lie_algebras.structure_coefficients import LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients
+from sage.rings.polynomial.polynomial_ring_constructor import PolynomialRing
+from sage.rings.infinity import infinity
+from sage.sets.family import Family
+
+
+class AbelianLieAlgebra(LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients):
+    r"""
+    An abelian Lie algebra.
+
+    A Lie algebra `\mathfrak{g}` is abelian if `[x, y] = 0` for all
+    `x, y \in \mathfrak{g}`.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: L.<x, y> = LieAlgebra(QQ, abelian=True)
+        sage: L.bracket(x, y)
+        0
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __classcall_private__(cls, R, names=None, index_set=None, category=None, **kwds):
+        """
+        Normalize input to ensure a unique representation.
+
+        TESTS::
+
+            sage: L1 = LieAlgebra(QQ, 'x,y', {})
+            sage: L2.<x, y> = LieAlgebra(QQ, abelian=True)
+            sage: L1 is L2
+            True
+        """
+        names, index_set = standardize_names_index_set(names, index_set)
+        if index_set.cardinality() == infinity:
+            return InfiniteDimensionalAbelianLieAlgebra(R, index_set, **kwds)
+        return super().__classcall__(cls, R, names, index_set, category=category, **kwds)
+
+    def __init__(self, R, names, index_set, category, **kwds):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = LieAlgebra(QQ, 3, 'x', abelian=True)
+            sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        """
+        cat = LieAlgebras(R).FiniteDimensional().WithBasis().Nilpotent()
+        category = cat.or_subcategory(category)
+        LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients.__init__(self, R, Family({}), names,
+                                                     index_set, category, **kwds)
+
+    def _repr_(self):
+        """
+        Return a string representation of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: LieAlgebra(QQ, 3, 'x', abelian=True)
+            Abelian Lie algebra on 3 generators (x0, x1, x2) over Rational Field
+        """
+        gens = self.lie_algebra_generators()
+        if gens.cardinality() == 1:
+            return "Abelian Lie algebra on generator {} over {}".format(tuple(gens)[0], self.base_ring())
+        return "Abelian Lie algebra on {} generators {} over {}".format(
+            gens.cardinality(), tuple(gens), self.base_ring())
+
+    def _construct_UEA(self):
+        """
+        Construct the universal enveloping algebra of ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = LieAlgebra(QQ, 3, 'x', abelian=True)
+            sage: L._construct_UEA()
+            Multivariate Polynomial Ring in x0, x1, x2 over Rational Field
+        """
+        return PolynomialRing(self.base_ring(), self.variable_names())
+
+    def is_abelian(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` since ``self`` is an abelian Lie algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = LieAlgebra(QQ, 3, 'x', abelian=True)
+            sage: L.is_abelian()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    # abelian => nilpotent => solvable
+    is_nilpotent = is_solvable = is_abelian
+
+    class Element(LieAlgebraWithStructureCoefficients.Element):
+        def _bracket_(self, y):
+            """
+            Return the Lie bracket ``[self, y]``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L.<x, y> = LieAlgebra(QQ, abelian=True)
+                sage: L.bracket(x, y)
+                0
+            """
+            return self.parent().zero()
+
+
+class InfiniteDimensionalAbelianLieAlgebra(InfinitelyGeneratedLieAlgebra, IndexedGenerators):
+    r"""
+    An infinite dimensional abelian Lie algebra.
+
+    A Lie algebra `\mathfrak{g}` is abelian if `[x, y] = 0` for all
+    `x, y \in \mathfrak{g}`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, R, index_set, prefix='L', **kwds):
+        """
+        Initialize ``self``.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = LieAlgebra(QQ, index_set=ZZ, abelian=True)
+            sage: TestSuite(L).run()
+        """
+        cat = LieAlgebras(R).WithBasis()
+        InfinitelyGeneratedLieAlgebra.__init__(self, R, category=cat)
+        IndexedGenerators.__init__(self, index_set, prefix=prefix, **kwds)
+
+    def dimension(self):
+        r"""
+        Return the dimension of ``self``, which is `\infty`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.abelian(QQ, index_set=ZZ)
+            sage: L.dimension()
+            +Infinity
+        """
+        return infinity
+
+    def is_abelian(self):
+        """
+        Return ``True`` since ``self`` is an abelian Lie algebra.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = lie_algebras.abelian(QQ, index_set=ZZ)
+            sage: L.is_abelian()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    # abelian => nilpotent => solvable
+    is_nilpotent = is_solvable = is_abelian
+
+    # For compatibility with CombinatorialFreeModuleElement
+    _repr_term = IndexedGenerators._repr_generator
+    _latex_term = IndexedGenerators._latex_generator
+
+    class Element(LieAlgebraElement):
+        def _bracket_(self, other):
+            """
+            Return the Lie bracket ``[self, y]``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: L = lie_algebras.abelian(QQ, index_set=ZZ)
+                sage: B = L.basis()
+                sage: l1 = B[1]
+                sage: l5 = B[5]
+                sage: l1.bracket(l5)
+                0
+            """
+            return self.parent().zero()