passagemath-modules 10.6.31__cp314-cp314-macosx_13_0_x86_64.whl

sage/combinat/root_system/type_affine.py

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+# sage_setup: distribution = sagemath-modules
+"""
+Root system data for affine Cartan types
+"""
+#*****************************************************************************
+#       Copyright (C) 2013 Nicolas M. Thiery <nthiery at users.sf.net>,
+#
+#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
+#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
+#*****************************************************************************
+
+from sage.misc.cachefunc import cached_method
+from sage.combinat.free_module import CombinatorialFreeModule
+from .weight_lattice_realizations import WeightLatticeRealizations
+
+
+class AmbientSpace(CombinatorialFreeModule):
+    r"""
+    Ambient space for affine types.
+
+    This is constructed from the data in the corresponding classical
+    ambient space. Namely, this space is obtained by adding two
+    elements `\delta` and `\delta^\vee` to the basis of the classical
+    ambient space, and by endowing it with the canonical scalar product.
+
+    The coefficient of an element in `\delta^\vee`, thus its scalar
+    product with `\delta^\vee` gives its level, and dually for the
+    colevel. The canonical projection onto the classical ambient space
+    (by killing `\delta` and `\delta^\vee`) maps the simple roots
+    (except `\alpha_0`) onto the corresponding classical simple roots,
+    and similarly for the coroots, fundamental weights, ...
+    Altogether, this uniquely determines the embedding of the root,
+    coroot, weight, and coweight lattices. See :meth:`simple_root` and
+    :meth:`fundamental_weight` for the details.
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        In type `BC`, the null root is in fact::
+
+            sage: R = RootSystem(["BC",3,2]).ambient_space()
+            sage: R.null_root()                                                         # needs sage.graphs
+            2*e['delta']
+
+    .. WARNING::
+
+        In the literature one often considers a larger affine ambient
+        space obtained from the classical ambient space by adding four
+        dimensions, namely for the fundamental weight `\Lambda_0` the
+        fundamental coweight `\Lambda^\vee_0`, the null root `\delta`,
+        and the null coroot `c` (aka central element).  In this larger
+        ambient space, the scalar product is degenerate: `\langle
+        \delta,\delta\rangle=0` and similarly for the null coroot.
+
+        In the current implementation, `\Lambda_0` and the null coroot
+        are identified::
+
+            sage: L = RootSystem(["A",3,1]).ambient_space()
+            sage: Lambda = L.fundamental_weights()                                      # needs sage.graphs
+            sage: Lambda[0]                                                             # needs sage.graphs
+            e['deltacheck']
+            sage: L.null_coroot()                                                       # needs sage.graphs
+            e['deltacheck']
+
+        Therefore the scalar product of the null coroot with itself
+        differs from the larger ambient space::
+
+            sage: L.null_coroot().scalar(L.null_coroot())                               # needs sage.graphs
+            1
+
+        In general, scalar products between two elements that do not
+        live on "opposite sides" won't necessarily match.
+
+    EXAMPLES::
+
+        sage: R = RootSystem(["A",3,1])
+        sage: e = R.ambient_space(); e
+        Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 3, 1]
+        sage: TestSuite(e).run()
+
+    Systematic checks on all affine types::
+
+        sage: for ct in CartanType.samples(affine=True, crystallographic=True):
+        ....:     if ct.classical().root_system().ambient_space() is not None:
+        ....:         print(ct)
+        ....:         L = ct.root_system().ambient_space()
+        ....:         assert L
+        ....:         TestSuite(L).run()
+        ['A', 1, 1]
+        ['A', 5, 1]
+        ['B', 1, 1]
+        ['B', 5, 1]
+        ['C', 1, 1]
+        ['C', 5, 1]
+        ['D', 3, 1]
+        ['D', 5, 1]
+        ['E', 6, 1]
+        ['E', 7, 1]
+        ['E', 8, 1]
+        ['F', 4, 1]
+        ['G', 2, 1]
+        ['BC', 1, 2]
+        ['BC', 5, 2]
+        ['B', 5, 1]^*
+        ['C', 4, 1]^*
+        ['F', 4, 1]^*
+        ['G', 2, 1]^*
+        ['BC', 1, 2]^*
+        ['BC', 5, 2]^*
+
+    TESTS::
+
+        sage: Lambda[1]                                                                 # needs sage.graphs
+        e[0] + e['deltacheck']
+    """
+    @classmethod
+    def smallest_base_ring(cls, cartan_type):
+        r"""
+        Return the smallest base ring the ambient space can be defined on.
+
+        This is the smallest base ring for the associated classical
+        ambient space.
+
+        .. SEEALSO:: :meth:`~sage.combinat.root_system.ambient_space.AmbientSpace.smallest_base_ring`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: cartan_type = CartanType(["A",3,1])
+            sage: cartan_type.AmbientSpace.smallest_base_ring(cartan_type)
+            Integer Ring
+            sage: cartan_type = CartanType(["B",3,1])
+            sage: cartan_type.AmbientSpace.smallest_base_ring(cartan_type)
+            Rational Field
+        """
+        classical = cartan_type.classical()
+        return cartan_type.classical().root_system().ambient_space().smallest_base_ring(classical)
+
+    def __init__(self, root_system, base_ring):
+        r"""
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: R = RootSystem(["A",3,1])
+            sage: R.cartan_type().AmbientSpace
+            <class 'sage.combinat.root_system.type_affine.AmbientSpace'>
+            sage: e = R.ambient_space(); e
+            Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 3, 1]
+            sage: TestSuite(R.ambient_space()).run()
+
+            sage: L = RootSystem(['A',3]).coroot_lattice()
+            sage: e.has_coerce_map_from(L)
+            True
+            sage: e(L.simple_root(1))
+            e[0] - e[1]
+        """
+        self.root_system = root_system
+        classical = root_system.cartan_type().classical().root_system().ambient_space(base_ring)
+        basis_keys = tuple(classical.basis().keys()) + ("delta", "deltacheck")
+
+        def sortkey(x):
+            return (1 if isinstance(x, str) else 0, x)
+        CombinatorialFreeModule.__init__(self, base_ring,
+                                         basis_keys,
+                                         prefix='e',
+                                         latex_prefix='e',
+                                         sorting_key=sortkey,
+                                         category=WeightLatticeRealizations(base_ring))
+        self._weight_space = self.root_system.weight_space(base_ring=base_ring,extended=True)
+        self.classical().module_morphism(self.monomial, codomain=self).register_as_coercion()
+        # Duplicated from ambient_space.AmbientSpace
+        coroot_lattice = self.root_system.coroot_lattice()
+        coroot_lattice.module_morphism(self.simple_coroot, codomain=self).register_as_coercion()
+
+    def _name_string(self, capitalize=True, base_ring=False, type=True):
+        r"""
+        Utility to implement _repr_.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',4,1]).ambient_lattice()
+            Ambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4, 1]
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',4,1]).ambient_space()
+            Ambient space of the Root system of type ['A', 4, 1]
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',4,1]).dual.ambient_lattice()
+            Coambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4, 1]
+
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',4,1]).ambient_lattice()._repr_()
+            "Ambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4, 1]"
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',4,1]).ambient_lattice()._name_string()
+            "Ambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 4, 1]"
+        """
+        return self._name_string_helper("ambient", capitalize=capitalize, base_ring=base_ring, type=type)
+
+    _repr_ = _name_string
+
+    @cached_method
+    def _to_classical_on_basis(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Implement the projection onto the corresponding classical space or lattice, on the basis.
+
+        INPUT:
+
+        - ``i`` -- the index of an element of the basis of ``self``,
+          namely 0, 1, 2, ..., "delta", or "deltacheck"
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space()
+            sage: L._to_classical_on_basis("delta")
+            (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: L._to_classical_on_basis("deltacheck")
+            (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: L._to_classical_on_basis(0)
+            (1, 0, 0)
+            sage: L._to_classical_on_basis(1)
+            (0, 1, 0)
+            sage: L._to_classical_on_basis(2)
+            (0, 0, 1)
+        """
+        if i == "delta" or i == "deltacheck":
+            return self.classical().zero()
+        else:
+            return self.classical().monomial(i)
+
+    def is_extended(self):
+        r"""
+        Return whether this is a realization of the extended weight lattice: yes!
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            - :class:`sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace`
+            - :meth:`sage.combinat.root_system.weight_lattice_realizations.WeightLatticeRealizations.ParentMethods.is_extended`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).ambient_space().is_extended()
+            True
+        """
+        return True
+
+    @cached_method
+    def fundamental_weight(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return the fundamental weight `\Lambda_i` in this ambient space.
+
+        It is constructed by taking the corresponding fundamental
+        weight of the classical ambient space (or `0` for `\Lambda_0`)
+        and raising it to the appropriate level by adding a suitable
+        multiple of `\delta^\vee`.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).ambient_space().fundamental_weight(2)           # needs sage.graphs
+            e[0] + e[1] + e['deltacheck']
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).ambient_space().fundamental_weights()           # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: e['deltacheck'],
+                           1: e[0] + e['deltacheck'],
+                           2: e[0] + e[1] + e['deltacheck'],
+                           3: e[0] + e[1] + e[2] + e['deltacheck']}
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',3]).ambient_space().fundamental_weights()
+            Finite family {1: (1, 0, 0, 0), 2: (1, 1, 0, 0), 3: (1, 1, 1, 0)}
+            sage: A31wl = RootSystem(['A',3,1]).weight_lattice()
+            sage: A31wl.fundamental_weights().map(attrcall("level"))                    # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1}
+
+            sage: RootSystem(['B',3,1]).ambient_space().fundamental_weights()           # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: e['deltacheck'],
+                           1: e[0] + e['deltacheck'],
+                           2: e[0] + e[1] + 2*e['deltacheck'],
+                           3: 1/2*e[0] + 1/2*e[1] + 1/2*e[2] + e['deltacheck']}
+            sage: RootSystem(['B',3]).ambient_space().fundamental_weights()
+            Finite family {1: (1, 0, 0), 2: (1, 1, 0), 3: (1/2, 1/2, 1/2)}
+            sage: B31wl = RootSystem(['B',3,1]).weight_lattice()
+            sage: B31wl.fundamental_weights().map(attrcall("level"))                    # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: 1, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 1}
+
+        In type `BC` dual, the coefficient of '\delta^\vee' is the level
+        divided by `2` to take into account that the null coroot is
+        `2\delta^\vee`::
+
+            sage: R = CartanType(['BC',3,2]).dual().root_system()
+            sage: R.ambient_space().fundamental_weights()                               # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: e['deltacheck'],
+                           1: e[0] + e['deltacheck'],
+                           2: e[0] + e[1] + e['deltacheck'],
+                           3: 1/2*e[0] + 1/2*e[1] + 1/2*e[2] + 1/2*e['deltacheck']}
+            sage: R.weight_lattice().fundamental_weights().map(attrcall("level"))       # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: 2, 1: 2, 2: 2, 3: 1}
+            sage: R.ambient_space().null_coroot()                                       # needs sage.graphs
+            2*e['deltacheck']
+
+        By a slight naming abuse this function also accepts "delta" as
+        input so that it can be used to implement the embedding from
+        the extended weight lattice::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(['A',3,1]).ambient_space().fundamental_weight("delta")
+            e['delta']
+        """
+        if i == "delta":
+            return self.monomial("delta")
+        deltacheck = self.monomial("deltacheck")
+        result = deltacheck * self._weight_space.fundamental_weight(i).level() / deltacheck.level()
+        if i != self.cartan_type().special_node():
+            result += self(self.classical().fundamental_weight(i))
+        return result
+
+    @cached_method
+    def simple_root(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return the `i`-th simple root of this affine ambient space.
+
+        EXAMPLES:
+
+        It is built straightforwardly from the corresponding simple
+        root `\alpha_i` in the classical ambient space::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).ambient_space().simple_root(1)
+            e[0] - e[1]
+
+        For the special node (typically `i=0`), `\alpha_0` is built
+        from the other simple roots using the column annihilator of
+        the Cartan matrix and adding `\delta`, where `\delta` is the
+        null root::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(["A",3]).ambient_space().simple_roots()
+            Finite family {1: (1, -1, 0, 0), 2: (0, 1, -1, 0), 3: (0, 0, 1, -1)}
+            sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).ambient_space().simple_roots()                  # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: -e[0] + e[3] + e['delta'], 1: e[0] - e[1],
+                           2: e[1] - e[2], 3: e[2] - e[3]}
+
+        Here is a twisted affine example::
+
+            sage: B31v = RootSystem(CartanType(["B",3,1]).dual())
+            sage: B31v.ambient_space().simple_roots()                                   # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: -e[0] - e[1] + e['delta'], 1: e[0] - e[1],
+                           2: e[1] - e[2], 3: 2*e[2]}
+
+        In fact `\delta` is really `1/a_0` times the null root (see
+        the discussion in :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace`)
+        but this only makes a difference in type `BC`::
+
+            sage: L = RootSystem(CartanType(["BC",3,2])).ambient_space()
+            sage: L.simple_roots()                                                      # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: -e[0] + e['delta'], 1: e[0] - e[1],
+                           2: e[1] - e[2], 3: 2*e[2]}
+            sage: L.null_root()                                                         # needs sage.graphs
+            2*e['delta']
+
+        .. NOTE::
+
+            An alternative would have been to use the default
+            implementation of the simple roots as linear combinations
+            of the fundamental weights. However, as in type `A_n` it is
+            preferable to take a slight variant to avoid rational
+            coefficient (the usual `GL_n` vs `SL_n` issue).
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            - :meth:`~sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace.simple_root`
+            - :class:`~sage.combinat.root_system.weight_space.WeightSpace`
+            - :meth:`CartanType.col_annihilator`
+            - :meth:`null_root`
+        """
+        cartan_type = self.cartan_type()
+        special_node = cartan_type.special_node()
+        if i == special_node:
+            return self(self._classical_alpha_0()) + self.monomial("delta")
+        else:
+            return self(self.classical().simple_root(i))
+
+    @cached_method
+    def simple_coroot(self, i):
+        r"""
+        Return the `i`-th simple coroot `\alpha_i^\vee` of this affine ambient space.
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).ambient_space().simple_coroot(1)
+            e[0] - e[1]
+
+        It is built as the coroot associated to the simple root
+        `\alpha_i`::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(["B",3,1]).ambient_space().simple_roots()                  # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: -e[0] - e[1] + e['delta'], 1: e[0] - e[1],
+                           2: e[1] - e[2], 3: e[2]}
+            sage: RootSystem(["B",3,1]).ambient_space().simple_coroots()                # needs sage.graphs
+            Finite family {0: -e[0] - e[1] + e['deltacheck'], 1: e[0] - e[1],
+                           2: e[1] - e[2], 3: 2*e[2]}
+
+        .. TODO:: Factor out this code with the classical ambient space.
+        """
+        return self.simple_root(i).associated_coroot()
+
+    def coroot_lattice(self):
+        """
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: RootSystem(["A",3,1]).ambient_lattice().coroot_lattice()
+            Ambient lattice of the Root system of type ['A', 3, 1]
+
+        .. TODO:: Factor out this code with the classical ambient space.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def _plot_projection(self, x):
+        r"""
+        Implement the default projection to be used for plots.
+
+        For affine ambient spaces, the default implementation is to
+        project onto the classical coordinates according to the
+        default projection for the classical ambient space, while
+        keeping an extra coordinate for the coefficient of
+        `\delta^\vee` to keep the level information.
+
+        .. SEEALSO::
+
+            :meth:`sage.combinat.root_system.root_lattice_realizations.RootLatticeRealizations._plot_projection`
+
+        EXAMPLES::
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: L = RootSystem(["B",2,1]).ambient_space()
+            sage: e = L.basis()
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e[0])
+            (1, 0, 0)
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e[1])
+            (0, 1, 0)
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e["delta"])
+            (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e["deltacheck"])
+            (0, 0, 1)
+
+            sage: # needs sage.symbolic
+            sage: L = RootSystem(["A",2,1]).ambient_space()
+            sage: e = L.basis()
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e[0])
+            (1/2, 989/1142, 0)
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e[1])
+            (-1, 0, 0)
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e["delta"])
+            (0, 0, 0)
+            sage: L._plot_projection(e["deltacheck"])
+            (0, 0, 1)
+        """
+        from sage.modules.free_module_element import vector
+        classical = self.classical()
+        # Any better way to concatenate two vectors?
+        return vector(list(vector(classical._plot_projection(classical(x)))) +
+                      [x["deltacheck"]])
+
+    class Element(CombinatorialFreeModule.Element):
+
+        def inner_product(self, other):
+            r"""
+            Implement the canonical inner product of ``self`` with ``other``.
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: e = RootSystem(['B',3,1]).ambient_space()
+                sage: B = e.basis()
+                sage: matrix([[x.inner_product(y) for x in B] for y in B])
+                [1 0 0 0 0]
+                [0 1 0 0 0]
+                [0 0 1 0 0]
+                [0 0 0 1 0]
+                [0 0 0 0 1]
+                sage: x = e.an_element(); x
+                2*e[0] + 2*e[1] + 3*e[2]
+                sage: x.inner_product(x)
+                17
+
+            :meth:`scalar` is an alias for this method::
+
+                sage: x.scalar(x)
+                17
+
+            .. TODO:: Lift to CombinatorialFreeModule.Element as canonical_inner_product
+            """
+            if self.parent() is not other.parent():
+                raise TypeError("the parents must be the same")
+            return self.base_ring().sum( self[i] * c for (i,c) in other )
+
+        scalar = inner_product
+
+        def associated_coroot(self):
+            r"""
+            Return the coroot associated to ``self``.
+
+            INPUT:
+
+            - ``self`` -- a root
+
+            EXAMPLES::
+
+                sage: # needs sage.graphs
+                sage: alpha = RootSystem(['C',2,1]).ambient_space().simple_roots()
+                sage: alpha
+                Finite family {0: -2*e[0] + e['delta'], 1: e[0] - e[1], 2: 2*e[1]}
+                sage: alpha[0].associated_coroot()
+                -e[0] + e['deltacheck']
+                sage: alpha[1].associated_coroot()
+                e[0] - e[1]
+                sage: alpha[2].associated_coroot()
+                e[1]
+            """
+            # CHECKME: does it make any sense to not rescale the delta term?
+            L = self.parent()
+            c = self["delta"]
+            self = self - L.term("delta", c)
+            return (2*self) / self.inner_product(self) + L.term("deltacheck", c)