multipers 2.2.3__cp310-cp310-win_amd64.whl → 2.3.0__cp310-cp310-win_amd64.whl

multipers/gudhi/gudhi/Fields/Zp_field.h

@@ -1,420 +1,420 @@
-/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
- *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
- *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber
- *
- *    Copyright (C) 2022-24 Inria
- *
- *    Modification(s):
- *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
- */
-
-/**
- * @file Zp_field.h
- * @author Hannah Schreiber
- * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Zp_field_element class.
- */
-
-#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_H_
-#define MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_H_
-
-#include <utility>
-#include <array>
-#include <limits.h>
-
-namespace Gudhi {
-namespace persistence_fields {
-
-/**
- * @class Zp_field_element Zp_field.h gudhi/Fields/Zp_field.h
- * @ingroup persistence_fields
- *
- * @brief Class representing an element of the \f$ \mathbb{F}_p \f$ field for any prime number \f$ p \f$.
- *
- * @tparam characteristic Value of the characteristic of the field. Has to be a positive prime number.
- * @tparam Unsigned_integer_type A native unsigned integer type: unsigned int, long unsigned int, etc.
- * Will be used as the field element type.
- */
-template <unsigned int characteristic, typename Unsigned_integer_type = unsigned int,
-          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned_v<Unsigned_integer_type> > >
-class Zp_field_element {
- public:
-  using Element = Unsigned_integer_type; /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
-  using Characteristic = Element;   /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
-  template <class T>
-  using isInteger = std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T> >;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Default constructor. Sets the element to 0.
-   */
-  Zp_field_element() : element_(0) { static_assert(_is_prime(), "Characteristic has to be a prime number."); }
-  /**
-   * @brief Constructor setting the element to the given value.
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   * @param element Value of the element.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  Zp_field_element(Integer_type element) : element_(_get_value(element)) {
-    static_assert(_is_prime(), "Characteristic has to be a prime number.");
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Copy constructor.
-   * 
-   * @param toCopy Element to copy.
-   */
-  Zp_field_element(const Zp_field_element& toCopy) : element_(toCopy.element_) {}
-  /**
-   * @brief Move constructor.
-   * 
-   * @param toMove Element to move.
-   */
-  Zp_field_element(Zp_field_element&& toMove) noexcept : element_(std::exchange(toMove.element_, 0)) {}
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+=
-   */
-  friend void operator+=(Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
-    f1.element_ = Zp_field_element::_add(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   */
-  friend Zp_field_element operator+(Zp_field_element f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
-    f1 += f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+=
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend void operator+=(Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f.element_ = Zp_field_element::_add(f.element_, _get_value(v));
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Zp_field_element operator+(Zp_field_element f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f += v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator+
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Integer_type operator+(const Integer_type& v, Zp_field_element f) {
-    f += v;
-    return f.element_;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-=
-   */
-  friend void operator-=(Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
-    f1.element_ = Zp_field_element::_subtract(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   */
-  friend Zp_field_element operator-(Zp_field_element f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
-    f1 -= f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-=
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend void operator-=(Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f.element_ = Zp_field_element::_subtract(f.element_, _get_value(v));
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Zp_field_element operator-(Zp_field_element f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f -= v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator-
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Integer_type operator-(const Integer_type& v, const Zp_field_element& f) {
-    return Zp_field_element::_subtract(_get_value(v), f.element_);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*=
-   */
-  friend void operator*=(Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
-    f1.element_ = Zp_field_element::_multiply(f1.element_, f2.element_);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   */
-  friend Zp_field_element operator*(Zp_field_element f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
-    f1 *= f2;
-    return f1;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*=
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend void operator*=(Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f.element_ = Zp_field_element::_multiply(f.element_, _get_value(v));
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Zp_field_element operator*(Zp_field_element f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    f *= v;
-    return f;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator*
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend Integer_type operator*(const Integer_type& v, Zp_field_element f) {
-    f *= v;
-    return f.element_;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   */
-  friend bool operator==(const Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
-    return f1.element_ == f2.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator==(const Integer_type& v, const Zp_field_element& f) {
-    return Zp_field_element::_get_value(v) == f.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator==
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator==(const Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    return Zp_field_element::_get_value(v) == f.element_;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   */
-  friend bool operator!=(const Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) { return !(f1 == f2); }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator!=(const Integer_type& v, const Zp_field_element& f) {
-    return !(v == f);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief operator!=
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  friend bool operator!=(const Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
-    return !(v == f);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Assign operator.
-   */
-  Zp_field_element& operator=(Zp_field_element other) {
-    std::swap(element_, other.element_);
-    return *this;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Assign operator.
-   * 
-   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
-   */
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  Zp_field_element& operator=(const Integer_type& value) {
-    element_ = _get_value(value);
-    return *this;
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Swap operator.
-   */
-  friend void swap(Zp_field_element& f1, Zp_field_element& f2) { std::swap(f1.element_, f2.element_); }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Casts the element into an unsigned int.
-   */
-  operator unsigned int() const { return element_; }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element in the field.
-   * 
-   * @return The inverse.
-   */
-  Zp_field_element get_inverse() const {
-    if (element_ != 0 && inverse_[element_] == 0) {  // initialize everything at instantiation instead?
-      inverse_[element_] = _get_inverse(element_);
-    }
-
-    return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(inverse_[element_]);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the inverse together with the argument.
-   * 
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
-   * @return Pair whose first element is the inverse and the second element is @p productOfCharacteristics.
-   */
-  std::pair<Zp_field_element, unsigned int> get_partial_inverse(unsigned int productOfCharacteristics) const {
-    return {get_inverse(), productOfCharacteristics};
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the additive identity of the field.
-   * 
-   * @return 0.
-   */
-  static Zp_field_element get_additive_identity() { return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(); }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
-   * 
-   * @return 1.
-   */
-  static Zp_field_element get_multiplicative_identity() { return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(1); }
-  /**
-   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
-   * 
-   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
-   * @return 1.
-   */
-  static Zp_field_element get_partial_multiplicative_identity([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int productOfCharacteristics) {
-    return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(1);
-  }
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the current characteristic.
-   * 
-   * @return The value of the current characteristic.
-   */
-  static constexpr unsigned int get_characteristic() { return characteristic; }
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Returns the value of the element.
-   * 
-   * @return Value of the element.
-   */
-  Element get_value() const { return element_; }
-
-  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
-
- private:
-  Element element_;                                            /**< Field element. */
-  static inline std::array<unsigned int, characteristic> inverse_;  /**< All inverse elements. */
-
-  static Element _add(Element element, Element v) {
-    if (UINT_MAX - element < v) {
-      // automatic unsigned integer overflow behaviour will make it work
-      element += v;
-      element -= characteristic;
-      return element;
-    }
-
-    element += v;
-    if (element >= characteristic) element -= characteristic;
-
-    return element;
-  }
-  static Element _subtract(Element element, Element v) {
-    if (element < v) {
-      element += characteristic;
-    }
-    element -= v;
-
-    return element;
-  }
-  static Element _multiply(Element element, Element v) {
-    Element a = element;
-    element = 0;
-    Element temp_b;
-
-    while (a != 0) {
-      if (a & 1) {
-        if (v >= characteristic - element) element -= characteristic;
-        element += v;
-      }
-      a >>= 1;
-
-      temp_b = v;
-      if (v >= characteristic - v) temp_b -= characteristic;
-      v += temp_b;
-    }
-
-    return element;
-  }
-  static int _get_inverse(Element element) {
-    // to solve: Ax + My = 1
-    int M = characteristic;
-    int A = element;
-    int y = 0, x = 1;
-    // extended euclidean division
-    while (A > 1) {
-      int quotient = A / M;
-      int temp = M;
-
-      M = A % M, A = temp;
-      temp = y;
-
-      y = x - quotient * y;
-      x = temp;
-    }
-
-    if (x < 0) x += characteristic;
-
-    return x;
-  }
-
-  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
-  static constexpr Element _get_value(Integer_type e) {
-    if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<Integer_type>) {
-      if (e < -static_cast<Integer_type>(characteristic)) e = e % characteristic;
-      if (e < 0) return e += characteristic;
-      return e < static_cast<Integer_type>(characteristic) ? e : e % characteristic;
-    } else {
-      return e < characteristic ? e : e % characteristic;
-    }
-  }
-
-  static constexpr bool _is_prime() {
-    if (characteristic <= 1) return false;
-    if (characteristic <= 3) return true;
-    if (characteristic % 2 == 0 || characteristic % 3 == 0) return false;
-
-    for (long i = 5; i * i <= characteristic; i = i + 6)
-      if (characteristic % i == 0 || characteristic % (i + 2) == 0) return false;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-};
-
-}  // namespace persistence_fields
-}  // namespace Gudhi
-
-#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_H_
+/*    This file is part of the Gudhi Library - https://gudhi.inria.fr/ - which is released under MIT.
+ *    See file LICENSE or go to https://gudhi.inria.fr/licensing/ for full license details.
+ *    Author(s):       Hannah Schreiber
+ *
+ *    Copyright (C) 2022-24 Inria
+ *
+ *    Modification(s):
+ *      - YYYY/MM Author: Description of the modification
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file Zp_field.h
+ * @author Hannah Schreiber
+ * @brief Contains the @ref Gudhi::persistence_fields::Zp_field_element class.
+ */
+
+#ifndef MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_H_
+#define MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_H_
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <array>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+namespace Gudhi {
+namespace persistence_fields {
+
+/**
+ * @class Zp_field_element Zp_field.h gudhi/Fields/Zp_field.h
+ * @ingroup persistence_fields
+ *
+ * @brief Class representing an element of the \f$ \mathbb{F}_p \f$ field for any prime number \f$ p \f$.
+ *
+ * @tparam characteristic Value of the characteristic of the field. Has to be a positive prime number.
+ * @tparam Unsigned_integer_type A native unsigned integer type: unsigned int, long unsigned int, etc.
+ * Will be used as the field element type.
+ */
+template <unsigned int characteristic, typename Unsigned_integer_type = unsigned int,
+          class = std::enable_if_t<std::is_unsigned_v<Unsigned_integer_type> > >
+class Zp_field_element {
+ public:
+  using Element = Unsigned_integer_type; /**< Type for the elements in the field. */
+  using Characteristic = Element;   /**< Type for the field characteristic. */
+  template <class T>
+  using isInteger = std::enable_if_t<std::is_integral_v<T> >;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Default constructor. Sets the element to 0.
+   */
+  Zp_field_element() : element_(0) { static_assert(_is_prime(), "Characteristic has to be a prime number."); }
+  /**
+   * @brief Constructor setting the element to the given value.
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   * @param element Value of the element.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  Zp_field_element(Integer_type element) : element_(_get_value(element)) {
+    static_assert(_is_prime(), "Characteristic has to be a prime number.");
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Copy constructor.
+   * 
+   * @param toCopy Element to copy.
+   */
+  Zp_field_element(const Zp_field_element& toCopy) : element_(toCopy.element_) {}
+  /**
+   * @brief Move constructor.
+   * 
+   * @param toMove Element to move.
+   */
+  Zp_field_element(Zp_field_element&& toMove) noexcept : element_(std::exchange(toMove.element_, 0)) {}
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+=
+   */
+  friend void operator+=(Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
+    f1.element_ = Zp_field_element::_add(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   */
+  friend Zp_field_element operator+(Zp_field_element f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
+    f1 += f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+=
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend void operator+=(Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f.element_ = Zp_field_element::_add(f.element_, _get_value(v));
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Zp_field_element operator+(Zp_field_element f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f += v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator+
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Integer_type operator+(const Integer_type& v, Zp_field_element f) {
+    f += v;
+    return f.element_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-=
+   */
+  friend void operator-=(Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
+    f1.element_ = Zp_field_element::_subtract(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   */
+  friend Zp_field_element operator-(Zp_field_element f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
+    f1 -= f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-=
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend void operator-=(Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f.element_ = Zp_field_element::_subtract(f.element_, _get_value(v));
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Zp_field_element operator-(Zp_field_element f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f -= v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator-
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Integer_type operator-(const Integer_type& v, const Zp_field_element& f) {
+    return Zp_field_element::_subtract(_get_value(v), f.element_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*=
+   */
+  friend void operator*=(Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
+    f1.element_ = Zp_field_element::_multiply(f1.element_, f2.element_);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   */
+  friend Zp_field_element operator*(Zp_field_element f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
+    f1 *= f2;
+    return f1;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*=
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend void operator*=(Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f.element_ = Zp_field_element::_multiply(f.element_, _get_value(v));
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Zp_field_element operator*(Zp_field_element f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    f *= v;
+    return f;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator*
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend Integer_type operator*(const Integer_type& v, Zp_field_element f) {
+    f *= v;
+    return f.element_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   */
+  friend bool operator==(const Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) {
+    return f1.element_ == f2.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator==(const Integer_type& v, const Zp_field_element& f) {
+    return Zp_field_element::_get_value(v) == f.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator==
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator==(const Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    return Zp_field_element::_get_value(v) == f.element_;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   */
+  friend bool operator!=(const Zp_field_element& f1, const Zp_field_element& f2) { return !(f1 == f2); }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator!=(const Integer_type& v, const Zp_field_element& f) {
+    return !(v == f);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief operator!=
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  friend bool operator!=(const Zp_field_element& f, const Integer_type& v) {
+    return !(v == f);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Assign operator.
+   */
+  Zp_field_element& operator=(Zp_field_element other) {
+    std::swap(element_, other.element_);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Assign operator.
+   * 
+   * @tparam Integer_type A native integer type. Should be able to contain the characteristic if signed.
+   */
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  Zp_field_element& operator=(const Integer_type& value) {
+    element_ = _get_value(value);
+    return *this;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Swap operator.
+   */
+  friend void swap(Zp_field_element& f1, Zp_field_element& f2) { std::swap(f1.element_, f2.element_); }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Casts the element into an unsigned int.
+   */
+  operator unsigned int() const { return element_; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the inverse of the element in the field.
+   * 
+   * @return The inverse.
+   */
+  Zp_field_element get_inverse() const {
+    if (element_ != 0 && inverse_[element_] == 0) {  // initialize everything at instantiation instead?
+      inverse_[element_] = _get_inverse(element_);
+    }
+
+    return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(inverse_[element_]);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the inverse together with the argument.
+   * 
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
+   * @return Pair whose first element is the inverse and the second element is @p productOfCharacteristics.
+   */
+  std::pair<Zp_field_element, unsigned int> get_partial_inverse(unsigned int productOfCharacteristics) const {
+    return {get_inverse(), productOfCharacteristics};
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the additive identity of the field.
+   * 
+   * @return 0.
+   */
+  static Zp_field_element get_additive_identity() { return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(); }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
+   * 
+   * @return 1.
+   */
+  static Zp_field_element get_multiplicative_identity() { return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(1); }
+  /**
+   * @brief For interface purposes with multi-fields. Returns the multiplicative identity of the field.
+   * 
+   * @param productOfCharacteristics Some value.
+   * @return 1.
+   */
+  static Zp_field_element get_partial_multiplicative_identity([[maybe_unused]] unsigned int productOfCharacteristics) {
+    return Zp_field_element<characteristic>(1);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the current characteristic.
+   * 
+   * @return The value of the current characteristic.
+   */
+  static constexpr unsigned int get_characteristic() { return characteristic; }
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Returns the value of the element.
+   * 
+   * @return Value of the element.
+   */
+  Element get_value() const { return element_; }
+
+  // static constexpr bool handles_only_z2() { return false; }
+
+ private:
+  Element element_;                                            /**< Field element. */
+  static inline std::array<unsigned int, characteristic> inverse_;  /**< All inverse elements. */
+
+  static Element _add(Element element, Element v) {
+    if (UINT_MAX - element < v) {
+      // automatic unsigned integer overflow behaviour will make it work
+      element += v;
+      element -= characteristic;
+      return element;
+    }
+
+    element += v;
+    if (element >= characteristic) element -= characteristic;
+
+    return element;
+  }
+  static Element _subtract(Element element, Element v) {
+    if (element < v) {
+      element += characteristic;
+    }
+    element -= v;
+
+    return element;
+  }
+  static Element _multiply(Element element, Element v) {
+    Element a = element;
+    element = 0;
+    Element temp_b;
+
+    while (a != 0) {
+      if (a & 1) {
+        if (v >= characteristic - element) element -= characteristic;
+        element += v;
+      }
+      a >>= 1;
+
+      temp_b = v;
+      if (v >= characteristic - v) temp_b -= characteristic;
+      v += temp_b;
+    }
+
+    return element;
+  }
+  static int _get_inverse(Element element) {
+    // to solve: Ax + My = 1
+    int M = characteristic;
+    int A = element;
+    int y = 0, x = 1;
+    // extended euclidean division
+    while (A > 1) {
+      int quotient = A / M;
+      int temp = M;
+
+      M = A % M, A = temp;
+      temp = y;
+
+      y = x - quotient * y;
+      x = temp;
+    }
+
+    if (x < 0) x += characteristic;
+
+    return x;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Integer_type, class = isInteger<Integer_type> >
+  static constexpr Element _get_value(Integer_type e) {
+    if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<Integer_type>) {
+      if (e < -static_cast<Integer_type>(characteristic)) e = e % characteristic;
+      if (e < 0) return e += characteristic;
+      return e < static_cast<Integer_type>(characteristic) ? e : e % characteristic;
+    } else {
+      return e < characteristic ? e : e % characteristic;
+    }
+  }
+
+  static constexpr bool _is_prime() {
+    if (characteristic <= 1) return false;
+    if (characteristic <= 3) return true;
+    if (characteristic % 2 == 0 || characteristic % 3 == 0) return false;
+
+    for (long i = 5; i * i <= characteristic; i = i + 6)
+      if (characteristic % i == 0 || characteristic % (i + 2) == 0) return false;
+
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace persistence_fields
+}  // namespace Gudhi
+
+#endif  // MATRIX_FIELD_ZP_H_