matrix-synapse 1.145.0rc2__cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

synapse/storage/databases/main/event_push_actions.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1936 @@
+#
+# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+#
+# Copyright 2015 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright (C) 2023 New Vector, Ltd
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+#
+# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
+# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
+#
+# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
+#
+#
+
+"""Responsible for storing and fetching push actions / notifications.
+
+There are two main uses for push actions:
+  1. Sending out push to a user's device; and
+  2. Tracking per-room per-user notification counts (used in sync requests).
+
+For the former we simply use the `event_push_actions` table, which contains all
+the calculated actions for a given user (which were calculated by the
+`BulkPushRuleEvaluator`).
+
+For the latter we could simply count the number of rows in `event_push_actions`
+table for a given room/user, but in practice this is *very* heavyweight when
+there were a large number of notifications (due to e.g. the user never reading a
+room). Plus, keeping all push actions indefinitely uses a lot of disk space.
+
+To fix these issues, we add a new table `event_push_summary` that tracks
+per-user per-room counts of all notifications that happened before a stream
+ordering S. Thus, to get the notification count for a user / room we can simply
+query a single row in `event_push_summary` and count the number of rows in
+`event_push_actions` with a stream ordering larger than S (and as long as S is
+"recent", the number of rows needing to be scanned will be small).
+
+The `event_push_summary` table is updated via a background job that periodically
+chooses a new stream ordering S' (usually the latest stream ordering), counts
+all notifications in `event_push_actions` between the existing S and S', and
+adds them to the existing counts in `event_push_summary`.
+
+This allows us to delete old rows from `event_push_actions` once those rows have
+been counted and added to `event_push_summary` (we call this process
+"rotation").
+
+
+We need to handle when a user sends a read receipt to the room. Again this is
+done as a background process. For each receipt we clear the row in
+`event_push_summary` and count the number of notifications in
+`event_push_actions` that happened after the receipt but before S, and insert
+that count into `event_push_summary` (If the receipt happened *after* S then we
+simply clear the `event_push_summary`.)
+
+Note that its possible that if the read receipt is for an old event the relevant
+`event_push_actions` rows will have been rotated and we get the wrong count
+(it'll be too low). We accept this as a rare edge case that is unlikely to
+impact the user much (since the vast majority of read receipts will be for the
+latest event).
+
+The last complication is to handle the race where we request the notifications
+counts after a user sends a read receipt into the room, but *before* the
+background update handles the receipt (without any special handling the counts
+would be outdated). We fix this by including in `event_push_summary` the read
+receipt we used when updating `event_push_summary`, and every time we query the
+table we check if that matches the most recent read receipt in the room. If yes,
+continue as above, if not we simply query the `event_push_actions` table
+directly.
+
+Since read receipts are almost always for recent events, scanning the
+`event_push_actions` table in this case is unlikely to be a problem. Even if it
+is a problem, it is temporary until the background job handles the new read
+receipt.
+"""
+
+import logging
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Collection,
+    Mapping,
+    cast,
+)
+
+import attr
+
+from twisted.internet.task import LoopingCall
+
+from synapse.api.constants import MAIN_TIMELINE, ReceiptTypes
+from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import wrap_as_background_process
+from synapse.storage._base import SQLBaseStore, db_to_json, make_in_list_sql_clause
+from synapse.storage.database import (
+    DatabasePool,
+    LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+    LoggingTransaction,
+    PostgresEngine,
+)
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.receipts import ReceiptsWorkerStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.stream import StreamWorkerStore
+from synapse.types import JsonDict, StrCollection
+from synapse.util.caches.descriptors import cached
+from synapse.util.duration import Duration
+from synapse.util.json import json_encoder
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+DEFAULT_NOTIF_ACTION: list[dict | str] = [
+    "notify",
+    {"set_tweak": "highlight", "value": False},
+]
+DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_ACTION: list[dict | str] = [
+    "notify",
+    {"set_tweak": "sound", "value": "default"},
+    {"set_tweak": "highlight"},
+]
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class _RoomReceipt:
+    """
+    HttpPushAction instances include the information used to generate HTTP
+    requests to a push gateway.
+    """
+
+    unthreaded_stream_ordering: int = 0
+    # threaded_stream_ordering includes the main pseudo-thread.
+    threaded_stream_ordering: dict[str, int] = attr.Factory(dict)
+
+    def is_unread(self, thread_id: str, stream_ordering: int) -> bool:
+        """Returns True if the stream ordering is unread according to the receipt information."""
+
+        # Only include push actions with a stream ordering after both the unthreaded
+        # and threaded receipt. Properly handles a user without any receipts present.
+        return (
+            self.unthreaded_stream_ordering < stream_ordering
+            and self.threaded_stream_ordering.get(thread_id, 0) < stream_ordering
+        )
+
+
+# A _RoomReceipt with no receipts in it.
+MISSING_ROOM_RECEIPT = _RoomReceipt()
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class HttpPushAction:
+    """
+    HttpPushAction instances include the information used to generate HTTP
+    requests to a push gateway.
+    """
+
+    event_id: str
+    room_id: str
+    stream_ordering: int
+    actions: list[dict | str]
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class EmailPushAction(HttpPushAction):
+    """
+    EmailPushAction instances include the information used to render an email
+    push notification.
+    """
+
+    received_ts: int | None
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class UserPushAction(EmailPushAction):
+    """
+    UserPushAction instances include the necessary information to respond to
+    /notifications requests.
+    """
+
+    topological_ordering: int
+    highlight: bool
+    profile_tag: str
+
+
+# TODO This is used as a cached value and is mutable.
+@attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class NotifCounts:
+    """
+    The per-user, per-room, per-thread count of notifications. Used by sync and push.
+    """
+
+    notify_count: int = 0
+    unread_count: int = 0
+    highlight_count: int = 0
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, frozen=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class RoomNotifCounts:
+    """
+    The per-user, per-room count of notifications. Used by sync and push.
+    """
+
+    main_timeline: NotifCounts
+    # Map of thread ID to the notification counts.
+    threads: Mapping[str, NotifCounts]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def empty() -> "RoomNotifCounts":
+        return _EMPTY_ROOM_NOTIF_COUNTS
+
+    def __len__(self) -> int:
+        # To properly account for the amount of space in any caches.
+        return len(self.threads) + 1
+
+
+_EMPTY_ROOM_NOTIF_COUNTS = RoomNotifCounts(NotifCounts(), {})
+
+
+def _serialize_action(actions: Collection[Mapping | str], is_highlight: bool) -> str:
+    """Custom serializer for actions. This allows us to "compress" common actions.
+
+    We use the fact that most users have the same actions for notifs (and for
+    highlights).
+    We store these default actions as the empty string rather than the full JSON.
+    Since the empty string isn't valid JSON there is no risk of this clashing with
+    any real JSON actions
+    """
+    if is_highlight:
+        if actions == DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_ACTION:
+            return ""  # We use empty string as the column is non-NULL
+    else:
+        if actions == DEFAULT_NOTIF_ACTION:
+            return ""
+    return json_encoder.encode(actions)
+
+
+def _deserialize_action(actions: str, is_highlight: bool) -> list[dict | str]:
+    """Custom deserializer for actions. This allows us to "compress" common actions"""
+    if actions:
+        return db_to_json(actions)
+
+    if is_highlight:
+        return DEFAULT_HIGHLIGHT_ACTION
+    else:
+        return DEFAULT_NOTIF_ACTION
+
+
+class EventPushActionsWorkerStore(ReceiptsWorkerStore, StreamWorkerStore, SQLBaseStore):
+    _background_tasks: list[LoopingCall] = []
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        database: DatabasePool,
+        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+    ):
+        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
+
+        # Track when the process started.
+        self._started_ts = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        # These get correctly set by _find_stream_orderings_for_times_txn
+        self.stream_ordering_month_ago: int | None = None
+        self.stream_ordering_day_ago: int | None = None
+
+        cur = db_conn.cursor(txn_name="_find_stream_orderings_for_times_txn")
+        self._find_stream_orderings_for_times_txn(cur)
+        cur.close()
+
+        self.clock.looping_call(
+            self._find_stream_orderings_for_times, Duration(minutes=10)
+        )
+
+        self._rotate_count = 10000
+        self._doing_notif_rotation = False
+        if hs.config.worker.run_background_tasks:
+            self.clock.looping_call(self._rotate_notifs, Duration(seconds=30))
+
+            self.clock.looping_call(
+                self._clear_old_push_actions_staging, Duration(minutes=30)
+            )
+
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
+            "event_push_summary_unique_index2",
+            index_name="event_push_summary_unique_index2",
+            table="event_push_summary",
+            columns=["user_id", "room_id", "thread_id"],
+            unique=True,
+        )
+
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_validate_constraint(
+            "event_push_actions_staging_thread_id",
+            constraint_name="event_push_actions_staging_thread_id",
+            table="event_push_actions_staging",
+        )
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_validate_constraint(
+            "event_push_actions_thread_id",
+            constraint_name="event_push_actions_thread_id",
+            table="event_push_actions",
+        )
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_validate_constraint(
+            "event_push_summary_thread_id",
+            constraint_name="event_push_summary_thread_id",
+            table="event_push_summary",
+        )
+
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_update_handler(
+            "event_push_drop_null_thread_id_indexes",
+            self._background_drop_null_thread_id_indexes,
+        )
+
+        # Add a room ID index to speed up room deletion
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
+            "event_push_summary_index_room_id",
+            index_name="event_push_summary_index_room_id",
+            table="event_push_summary",
+            columns=["room_id"],
+        )
+
+    async def _background_drop_null_thread_id_indexes(
+        self, progress: JsonDict, batch_size: int
+    ) -> int:
+        """
+        Drop the indexes used to find null thread_ids for event_push_actions and
+        event_push_summary.
+        """
+
+        def drop_null_thread_id_indexes_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+            sql = "DROP INDEX IF EXISTS event_push_actions_thread_id_null"
+            logger.debug("[SQL] %s", sql)
+            txn.execute(sql)
+
+            sql = "DROP INDEX IF EXISTS event_push_summary_thread_id_null"
+            logger.debug("[SQL] %s", sql)
+            txn.execute(sql)
+
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "drop_null_thread_id_indexes_txn",
+            drop_null_thread_id_indexes_txn,
+        )
+        await self.db_pool.updates._end_background_update(
+            "event_push_drop_null_thread_id_indexes"
+        )
+        return 0
+
+    async def get_unread_counts_by_room_for_user(self, user_id: str) -> dict[str, int]:
+        """Get the notification count by room for a user. Only considers notifications,
+        not highlight or unread counts, and threads are currently aggregated under their room.
+
+        This function is intentionally not cached because it is called to calculate the
+        unread badge for push notifications and thus the result is expected to change.
+
+        Note that this function assumes the user is a member of the room. Because
+        summary rows are not removed when a user leaves a room, the caller must
+        filter out those results from the result.
+
+        Returns:
+            A map of room ID to notification counts for the given user.
+        """
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_unread_counts_by_room_for_user",
+            self._get_unread_counts_by_room_for_user_txn,
+            user_id,
+        )
+
+    def _get_unread_counts_by_room_for_user_txn(
+        self, txn: LoggingTransaction, user_id: str
+    ) -> dict[str, int]:
+        receipt_types_clause, args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine,
+            "receipt_type",
+            (ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE),
+        )
+        args.extend([user_id, user_id])
+
+        receipts_cte = f"""
+            WITH all_receipts AS (
+                SELECT room_id, thread_id, MAX(event_stream_ordering) AS max_receipt_stream_ordering
+                FROM receipts_linearized
+                WHERE
+                    {receipt_types_clause}
+                    AND user_id = ?
+                GROUP BY room_id, thread_id
+            )
+        """
+
+        receipts_joins = """
+            LEFT JOIN (
+                SELECT room_id, thread_id,
+                max_receipt_stream_ordering AS threaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                FROM all_receipts
+                WHERE thread_id IS NOT NULL
+            ) AS threaded_receipts USING (room_id, thread_id)
+            LEFT JOIN (
+                SELECT room_id, thread_id,
+                max_receipt_stream_ordering AS unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                FROM all_receipts
+                WHERE thread_id IS NULL
+            ) AS unthreaded_receipts USING (room_id)
+        """
+
+        # First get summary counts by room / thread for the user. We use the max receipt
+        # stream ordering of both threaded & unthreaded receipts to compare against the
+        # summary table.
+        #
+        # PostgreSQL and SQLite differ in comparing scalar numerics.
+        if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+            # GREATEST ignores NULLs.
+            max_clause = """GREATEST(
+                threaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+            )"""
+        else:
+            # MAX returns NULL if any are NULL, so COALESCE to 0 first.
+            max_clause = """MAX(
+                COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, 0),
+                COALESCE(unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering, 0)
+            )"""
+
+        sql = f"""
+            {receipts_cte}
+            SELECT eps.room_id, eps.thread_id, notif_count
+            FROM event_push_summary AS eps
+            {receipts_joins}
+            WHERE user_id = ?
+                AND notif_count != 0
+                AND (
+                    (last_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL AND stream_ordering > {max_clause})
+                    OR last_receipt_stream_ordering = {max_clause}
+                )
+        """
+        txn.execute(sql, args)
+
+        seen_thread_ids = set()
+        room_to_count: dict[str, int] = defaultdict(int)
+
+        for room_id, thread_id, notif_count in txn:
+            room_to_count[room_id] += notif_count
+            seen_thread_ids.add(thread_id)
+
+        # Now get any event push actions that haven't been rotated using the same OR
+        # join and filter by receipt and event push summary rotated up to stream ordering.
+        sql = f"""
+            {receipts_cte}
+            SELECT epa.room_id, epa.thread_id, COUNT(CASE WHEN epa.notif = 1 THEN 1 END) AS notif_count
+            FROM event_push_actions AS epa
+            {receipts_joins}
+            WHERE user_id = ?
+                AND epa.notif = 1
+                AND stream_ordering > (SELECT stream_ordering FROM event_push_summary_stream_ordering)
+                AND (threaded_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL OR stream_ordering > threaded_receipt_stream_ordering)
+                AND (unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL OR stream_ordering > unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering)
+            GROUP BY epa.room_id, epa.thread_id
+        """
+        txn.execute(sql, args)
+
+        for room_id, thread_id, notif_count in txn:
+            # Note: only count push actions we have valid summaries for with up to date receipt.
+            if thread_id not in seen_thread_ids:
+                continue
+            room_to_count[room_id] += notif_count
+
+        thread_id_clause, thread_ids_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine, "epa.thread_id", seen_thread_ids
+        )
+
+        # Finally re-check event_push_actions for any rooms not in the summary, ignoring
+        # the rotated up-to position. This handles the case where a read receipt has arrived
+        # but not been rotated meaning the summary table is out of date, so we go back to
+        # the push actions table.
+        sql = f"""
+            {receipts_cte}
+            SELECT epa.room_id, COUNT(CASE WHEN epa.notif = 1 THEN 1 END) AS notif_count
+            FROM event_push_actions AS epa
+            {receipts_joins}
+            WHERE user_id = ?
+            AND NOT {thread_id_clause}
+            AND epa.notif = 1
+            AND (threaded_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL OR stream_ordering > threaded_receipt_stream_ordering)
+            AND (unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL OR stream_ordering > unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering)
+            GROUP BY epa.room_id
+        """
+
+        args.extend(thread_ids_args)
+        txn.execute(sql, args)
+
+        for room_id, notif_count in txn:
+            room_to_count[room_id] += notif_count
+
+        return room_to_count
+
+    @cached(tree=True, max_entries=5000, iterable=True)  # type: ignore[synapse-@cached-mutable]
+    async def get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room_for_user(
+        self,
+        room_id: str,
+        user_id: str,
+    ) -> RoomNotifCounts:
+        """Get the notification count, the highlight count and the unread message count
+        for a given user in a given room after their latest read receipt.
+
+        Note that this function assumes the user to be a current member of the room,
+        since it's either called by the sync handler to handle joined room entries, or by
+        the HTTP pusher to calculate the badge of unread joined rooms.
+
+        Args:
+            room_id: The room to retrieve the counts in.
+            user_id: The user to retrieve the counts for.
+
+        Returns
+            A RoomNotifCounts object containing the notification count, the
+            highlight count and the unread message count for both the main timeline
+            and threads.
+        """
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_unread_event_push_actions_by_room",
+            self._get_unread_counts_by_receipt_txn,
+            room_id,
+            user_id,
+        )
+
+    def _get_unread_counts_by_receipt_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        room_id: str,
+        user_id: str,
+    ) -> RoomNotifCounts:
+        # Get the stream ordering of the user's latest receipt in the room.
+        result = self.get_last_unthreaded_receipt_for_user_txn(
+            txn,
+            user_id,
+            room_id,
+            receipt_types=(ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE),
+        )
+
+        if result:
+            _, stream_ordering = result
+
+        else:
+            # If the user has no receipts in the room, retrieve the stream ordering for
+            # the latest membership event from this user in this room (which we assume is
+            # a join).
+            event_id = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+                txn=txn,
+                table="local_current_membership",
+                keyvalues={"room_id": room_id, "user_id": user_id},
+                retcol="event_id",
+            )
+
+            stream_ordering = self.get_stream_id_for_event_txn(txn, event_id)
+
+        return self._get_unread_counts_by_pos_txn(
+            txn, room_id, user_id, stream_ordering
+        )
+
+    def _get_unread_counts_by_pos_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        room_id: str,
+        user_id: str,
+        unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering: int,
+    ) -> RoomNotifCounts:
+        """Get the number of unread messages for a user/room that have happened
+        since the given stream ordering.
+
+        Args:
+            txn: The database transaction.
+            room_id: The room ID to get unread counts for.
+            user_id: The user ID to get unread counts for.
+            unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering: The stream ordering of the user's latest
+                unthreaded receipt in the room. If there are no unthreaded receipts,
+                the stream ordering of the user's join event.
+
+        Returns:
+            A RoomNotifCounts object containing the notification count, the
+            highlight count and the unread message count for both the main timeline
+            and threads.
+        """
+
+        main_counts = NotifCounts()
+        thread_counts: dict[str, NotifCounts] = {}
+
+        def _get_thread(thread_id: str) -> NotifCounts:
+            if thread_id == MAIN_TIMELINE:
+                return main_counts
+            return thread_counts.setdefault(thread_id, NotifCounts())
+
+        receipt_types_clause, receipts_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine,
+            "receipt_type",
+            (ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE),
+        )
+
+        # First we pull the counts from the summary table.
+        #
+        # We check that `last_receipt_stream_ordering` matches the stream ordering of the
+        # latest receipt for the thread (which may be either the unthreaded read receipt
+        # or the threaded read receipt).
+        #
+        # If it doesn't match then a new read receipt has arrived and we haven't yet
+        # updated the counts in `event_push_summary` to reflect that; in that case we
+        # simply ignore `event_push_summary` counts.
+        #
+        # We then do a manual count of all the rows in the `event_push_actions` table
+        # for any user/room/thread which did not have a valid summary found.
+        #
+        # If `last_receipt_stream_ordering` is null then that means it's up-to-date
+        # (as the row was written by an older version of Synapse that
+        # updated `event_push_summary` synchronously when persisting a new read
+        # receipt).
+        txn.execute(
+            f"""
+                SELECT notif_count, COALESCE(unread_count, 0), thread_id
+                FROM event_push_summary
+                LEFT JOIN (
+                    SELECT thread_id, MAX(event_stream_ordering) AS threaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                    FROM receipts_linearized
+                    WHERE
+                        user_id = ?
+                        AND room_id = ?
+                        AND event_stream_ordering > ?
+                        AND {receipt_types_clause}
+                    GROUP BY thread_id
+                ) AS receipts USING (thread_id)
+                WHERE room_id = ? AND user_id = ?
+                AND (
+                    (last_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL AND stream_ordering > COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?))
+                    OR last_receipt_stream_ordering = COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?)
+                ) AND (notif_count != 0 OR COALESCE(unread_count, 0) != 0)
+            """,
+            (
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *receipts_args,
+                room_id,
+                user_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+            ),
+        )
+        summarised_threads = set()
+        for notif_count, unread_count, thread_id in txn:
+            summarised_threads.add(thread_id)
+            counts = _get_thread(thread_id)
+            counts.notify_count += notif_count
+            counts.unread_count += unread_count
+
+        # Next we need to count highlights, which aren't summarised
+        sql = f"""
+            SELECT COUNT(*), thread_id FROM event_push_actions
+            LEFT JOIN (
+                SELECT thread_id, MAX(event_stream_ordering) AS threaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                FROM receipts_linearized
+                WHERE
+                    user_id = ?
+                    AND room_id = ?
+                    AND event_stream_ordering > ?
+                    AND {receipt_types_clause}
+                GROUP BY thread_id
+            ) AS receipts USING (thread_id)
+            WHERE user_id = ?
+                AND room_id = ?
+                AND stream_ordering > COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?)
+                AND highlight = 1
+            GROUP BY thread_id
+        """
+        txn.execute(
+            sql,
+            (
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *receipts_args,
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+            ),
+        )
+        for highlight_count, thread_id in txn:
+            _get_thread(thread_id).highlight_count += highlight_count
+
+        # For threads which were summarised we need to count actions since the last
+        # rotation.
+        thread_id_clause, thread_id_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine, "thread_id", summarised_threads
+        )
+
+        # The (inclusive) event stream ordering that was previously summarised.
+        rotated_upto_stream_ordering = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="event_push_summary_stream_ordering",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="stream_ordering",
+        )
+
+        unread_counts = self._get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
+            txn, room_id, user_id, rotated_upto_stream_ordering
+        )
+        for notif_count, unread_count, thread_id in unread_counts:
+            if thread_id not in summarised_threads:
+                continue
+
+            if thread_id == MAIN_TIMELINE:
+                counts.notify_count += notif_count
+                counts.unread_count += unread_count
+            elif thread_id in thread_counts:
+                thread_counts[thread_id].notify_count += notif_count
+                thread_counts[thread_id].unread_count += unread_count
+            else:
+                # Previous thread summaries of 0 are discarded above.
+                #
+                # TODO If empty summaries are deleted this can be removed.
+                thread_counts[thread_id] = NotifCounts(
+                    notify_count=notif_count,
+                    unread_count=unread_count,
+                    highlight_count=0,
+                )
+
+        # Finally we need to count push actions that aren't included in the
+        # summary returned above. This might be due to recent events that haven't
+        # been summarised yet or the summary is out of date due to a recent read
+        # receipt.
+        sql = f"""
+            SELECT
+                COUNT(CASE WHEN notif = 1 THEN 1 END),
+                COUNT(CASE WHEN unread = 1 THEN 1 END),
+                thread_id
+            FROM event_push_actions
+            LEFT JOIN (
+                SELECT thread_id, MAX(event_stream_ordering) AS threaded_receipt_stream_ordering
+                FROM receipts_linearized
+                WHERE
+                    user_id = ?
+                    AND room_id = ?
+                    AND event_stream_ordering > ?
+                    AND {receipt_types_clause}
+                GROUP BY thread_id
+            ) AS receipts USING (thread_id)
+            WHERE user_id = ?
+                AND room_id = ?
+                AND stream_ordering > COALESCE(threaded_receipt_stream_ordering, ?)
+                AND NOT {thread_id_clause}
+            GROUP BY thread_id
+        """
+        txn.execute(
+            sql,
+            (
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *receipts_args,
+                user_id,
+                room_id,
+                unthreaded_receipt_stream_ordering,
+                *thread_id_args,
+            ),
+        )
+        for notif_count, unread_count, thread_id in txn:
+            counts = _get_thread(thread_id)
+            counts.notify_count += notif_count
+            counts.unread_count += unread_count
+
+        return RoomNotifCounts(main_counts, thread_counts)
+
+    def _get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        room_id: str,
+        user_id: str,
+        stream_ordering: int,
+        max_stream_ordering: int | None = None,
+        thread_id: str | None = None,
+    ) -> list[tuple[int, int, str]]:
+        """Returns the notify and unread counts from `event_push_actions` for
+        the given user/room in the given range.
+
+        Does not consult `event_push_summary` table, which may include push
+        actions that have been deleted from `event_push_actions` table.
+
+        Args:
+            txn: The database transaction.
+            room_id: The room ID to get unread counts for.
+            user_id: The user ID to get unread counts for.
+            stream_ordering: The (exclusive) minimum stream ordering to consider.
+            max_stream_ordering: The (inclusive) maximum stream ordering to consider.
+                If this is not given, then no maximum is applied.
+            thread_id: The thread ID to fetch unread counts for. If this is not provided
+                then the results for *all* threads is returned.
+
+                Note that if this is provided the resulting list will only have 0 or
+                1 tuples in it.
+
+        Return:
+            A tuple of the notif count and unread count in the given range for
+            each thread.
+        """
+
+        # If there have been no events in the room since the stream ordering,
+        # there can't be any push actions either.
+        if not self._events_stream_cache.has_entity_changed(room_id, stream_ordering):
+            return []
+
+        stream_ordering_clause = ""
+        args = [user_id, room_id, stream_ordering]
+        if max_stream_ordering is not None:
+            stream_ordering_clause = "AND ea.stream_ordering <= ?"
+            args.append(max_stream_ordering)
+
+            # If the max stream ordering is less than the min stream ordering,
+            # then obviously there are zero push actions in that range.
+            if max_stream_ordering <= stream_ordering:
+                return []
+
+        # Either limit the results to a specific thread or fetch all threads.
+        thread_id_clause = ""
+        if thread_id is not None:
+            thread_id_clause = "AND thread_id = ?"
+            args.append(thread_id)
+
+        sql = f"""
+            SELECT
+               COUNT(CASE WHEN notif = 1 THEN 1 END),
+               COUNT(CASE WHEN unread = 1 THEN 1 END),
+               thread_id
+            FROM event_push_actions ea
+            WHERE user_id = ?
+               AND room_id = ?
+               AND ea.stream_ordering > ?
+               {stream_ordering_clause}
+               {thread_id_clause}
+            GROUP BY thread_id
+        """
+
+        txn.execute(sql, args)
+        return cast(list[tuple[int, int, str]], txn.fetchall())
+
+    async def get_push_action_users_in_range(
+        self, min_stream_ordering: int, max_stream_ordering: int
+    ) -> list[str]:
+        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> list[str]:
+            sql = (
+                "SELECT DISTINCT(user_id) FROM event_push_actions WHERE"
+                " stream_ordering >= ? AND stream_ordering <= ? AND notif = 1"
+            )
+            txn.execute(sql, (min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering))
+            return [r[0] for r in txn]
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction("get_push_action_users_in_range", f)
+
+    def _get_receipts_for_room_and_threads_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        user_id: str,
+        room_ids: StrCollection,
+        thread_ids: StrCollection,
+    ) -> dict[str, _RoomReceipt]:
+        """
+        Get (private) read receipts for a user in each of the given room IDs
+        and thread IDs.
+
+        Note: The corresponding room ID for each thread must appear in
+        `room_ids` arg.
+
+        Returns:
+            A map including all rooms the user is in with a receipt. It maps
+            room IDs to _RoomReceipt instances
+        """
+
+        receipt_types_clause, receipts_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine,
+            "receipt_type",
+            (ReceiptTypes.READ, ReceiptTypes.READ_PRIVATE),
+        )
+
+        thread_ids_clause, thread_ids_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine,
+            "thread_id",
+            thread_ids,
+        )
+
+        room_ids_clause, room_ids_args = make_in_list_sql_clause(
+            self.database_engine,
+            "room_id",
+            room_ids,
+        )
+
+        # We use the union of two (almost identical) queries here, the first to
+        # fetch the specific thread receipts and the second to fetch the
+        # unthreaded receipts.
+        #
+        # This SQL is optimized to use the indices we have on
+        # `receipts_linearized`.
+        #
+        # We compare room ID and thread IDs independently due to the above,
+        # which means that this query might return more rows than we need if the
+        # same thread ID appears across different rooms (e.g. 'main' thread ID).
+        # This doesn't cause any logic issues, and isn't a performance concern
+        # given this function generally gets called with only one room and
+        # thread ID.
+        sql = f"""
+            SELECT room_id, thread_id, MAX(event_stream_ordering)
+            FROM receipts_linearized
+            WHERE {receipt_types_clause}
+                AND {thread_ids_clause}
+                AND {room_ids_clause}
+            AND user_id = ?
+            GROUP BY room_id, thread_id
+
+        UNION ALL
+
+            SELECT room_id, thread_id, MAX(stream_ordering)
+            FROM receipts_linearized
+            INNER JOIN events USING (room_id, event_id)
+            WHERE {receipt_types_clause}
+                AND {room_ids_clause}
+                AND thread_id IS NULL
+            AND user_id = ?
+            GROUP BY room_id, thread_id
+        """
+
+        args = list(receipts_args)
+        args.extend(thread_ids_args)
+        args.extend(room_ids_args)
+        args.append(user_id)
+        args.extend(receipts_args)
+        args.extend(room_ids_args)
+        args.append(user_id)
+
+        txn.execute(sql, args)
+
+        result: dict[str, _RoomReceipt] = {}
+        for room_id, thread_id, stream_ordering in txn:
+            room_receipt = result.setdefault(room_id, _RoomReceipt())
+            if thread_id is None:
+                room_receipt.unthreaded_stream_ordering = stream_ordering
+            else:
+                room_receipt.threaded_stream_ordering[thread_id] = stream_ordering
+
+        return result
+
+    async def get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_for_http(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        min_stream_ordering: int,
+        max_stream_ordering: int,
+        limit: int = 20,
+    ) -> list[HttpPushAction]:
+        """Get a list of the most recent unread push actions for a given user,
+        within the given stream ordering range. Called by the httppusher.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The user to fetch push actions for.
+            min_stream_ordering: The exclusive lower bound on the
+                stream ordering of event push actions to fetch.
+            max_stream_ordering: The inclusive upper bound on the
+                stream ordering of event push actions to fetch.
+            limit: The maximum number of rows to return.
+        Returns:
+            A list of dicts with the keys "event_id", "room_id", "stream_ordering", "actions".
+            The list will be ordered by ascending stream_ordering.
+            The list will have between 0~limit entries.
+        """
+
+        def get_push_actions_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool]]:
+            sql = """
+                SELECT ep.event_id, ep.room_id, ep.thread_id, ep.stream_ordering,
+                    ep.actions, ep.highlight
+                FROM event_push_actions AS ep
+                WHERE
+                    ep.user_id = ?
+                    AND ep.stream_ordering > ?
+                    AND ep.stream_ordering <= ?
+                    AND ep.notif = 1
+                ORDER BY ep.stream_ordering ASC LIMIT ?
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (user_id, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering, limit))
+            return cast(list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool]], txn.fetchall())
+
+        push_actions = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_http", get_push_actions_txn
+        )
+
+        room_ids = set()
+        thread_ids = []
+        for (
+            _,
+            room_id,
+            thread_id,
+            _,
+            _,
+            _,
+        ) in push_actions:
+            room_ids.add(room_id)
+            thread_ids.append(thread_id)
+
+        receipts_by_room = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_http_receipts",
+            self._get_receipts_for_room_and_threads_txn,
+            user_id=user_id,
+            room_ids=room_ids,
+            thread_ids=thread_ids,
+        )
+
+        notifs = [
+            HttpPushAction(
+                event_id=event_id,
+                room_id=room_id,
+                stream_ordering=stream_ordering,
+                actions=_deserialize_action(actions, highlight),
+            )
+            for event_id, room_id, thread_id, stream_ordering, actions, highlight in push_actions
+            if receipts_by_room.get(room_id, MISSING_ROOM_RECEIPT).is_unread(
+                thread_id, stream_ordering
+            )
+        ]
+
+        # Now sort it so it's ordered correctly, since currently it will
+        # contain results from the first query, correctly ordered, followed
+        # by results from the second query, but we want them all ordered
+        # by stream_ordering, oldest first.
+        notifs.sort(key=lambda r: r.stream_ordering)
+
+        # Take only up to the limit. We have to stop at the limit because
+        # one of the subqueries may have hit the limit.
+        return notifs[:limit]
+
+    async def get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_for_email(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        min_stream_ordering: int,
+        max_stream_ordering: int,
+        limit: int = 20,
+    ) -> list[EmailPushAction]:
+        """Get a list of the most recent unread push actions for a given user,
+        within the given stream ordering range. Called by the emailpusher
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The user to fetch push actions for.
+            min_stream_ordering: The exclusive lower bound on the
+                stream ordering of event push actions to fetch.
+            max_stream_ordering: The inclusive upper bound on the
+                stream ordering of event push actions to fetch.
+            limit: The maximum number of rows to return.
+        Returns:
+            A list of dicts with the keys "event_id", "room_id", "stream_ordering", "actions", "received_ts".
+            The list will be ordered by descending received_ts.
+            The list will have between 0~limit entries.
+        """
+
+        def get_push_actions_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool, int]]:
+            sql = """
+                SELECT ep.event_id, ep.room_id, ep.thread_id, ep.stream_ordering,
+                    ep.actions, ep.highlight, e.received_ts
+                FROM event_push_actions AS ep
+                INNER JOIN events AS e USING (room_id, event_id)
+                WHERE
+                    ep.user_id = ?
+                    AND ep.stream_ordering > ?
+                    AND ep.stream_ordering <= ?
+                    AND ep.notif = 1
+                ORDER BY ep.stream_ordering DESC LIMIT ?
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (user_id, min_stream_ordering, max_stream_ordering, limit))
+            return cast(list[tuple[str, str, str, int, str, bool, int]], txn.fetchall())
+
+        push_actions = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_email", get_push_actions_txn
+        )
+
+        room_ids = set()
+        thread_ids = []
+        for (
+            _,
+            room_id,
+            thread_id,
+            _,
+            _,
+            _,
+            _,
+        ) in push_actions:
+            room_ids.add(room_id)
+            thread_ids.append(thread_id)
+
+        receipts_by_room = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_unread_push_actions_for_user_in_range_email_receipts",
+            self._get_receipts_for_room_and_threads_txn,
+            user_id=user_id,
+            room_ids=room_ids,
+            thread_ids=thread_ids,
+        )
+
+        # Make a list of dicts from the two sets of results.
+        notifs = [
+            EmailPushAction(
+                event_id=event_id,
+                room_id=room_id,
+                stream_ordering=stream_ordering,
+                actions=_deserialize_action(actions, highlight),
+                received_ts=received_ts,
+            )
+            for event_id, room_id, thread_id, stream_ordering, actions, highlight, received_ts in push_actions
+            if receipts_by_room.get(room_id, MISSING_ROOM_RECEIPT).is_unread(
+                thread_id, stream_ordering
+            )
+        ]
+
+        # Now sort it so it's ordered correctly, since currently it will
+        # contain results from the first query, correctly ordered, followed
+        # by results from the second query, but we want them all ordered
+        # by received_ts (most recent first)
+        notifs.sort(key=lambda r: -(r.received_ts or 0))
+
+        # Now return the first `limit`
+        return notifs[:limit]
+
+    async def get_if_maybe_push_in_range_for_user(
+        self, user_id: str, min_stream_ordering: int
+    ) -> bool:
+        """A fast check to see if there might be something to push for the
+        user since the given stream ordering. May return false positives.
+
+        Useful to know whether to bother starting a pusher on start up or not.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id
+            min_stream_ordering
+
+        Returns:
+            True if there may be push to process, False if there definitely isn't.
+        """
+
+        def _get_if_maybe_push_in_range_for_user_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
+            sql = """
+                SELECT 1 FROM event_push_actions
+                WHERE user_id = ? AND stream_ordering > ? AND notif = 1
+                LIMIT 1
+            """
+
+            txn.execute(sql, (user_id, min_stream_ordering))
+            return bool(txn.fetchone())
+
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_if_maybe_push_in_range_for_user",
+            _get_if_maybe_push_in_range_for_user_txn,
+        )
+
+    async def add_push_actions_to_staging(
+        self,
+        event_id: str,
+        user_id_actions: dict[str, Collection[Mapping | str]],
+        count_as_unread: bool,
+        thread_id: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add the push actions for the event to the push action staging area.
+
+        Args:
+            event_id
+            user_id_actions: A mapping of user_id to list of push actions, where
+                an action can either be a string or dict.
+            count_as_unread: Whether this event should increment unread counts.
+            thread_id: The thread this event is parent of, if applicable.
+        """
+        if not user_id_actions:
+            return
+
+        # This is a helper function for generating the necessary tuple that
+        # can be used to insert into the `event_push_actions_staging` table.
+        def _gen_entry(
+            user_id: str, actions: Collection[Mapping | str]
+        ) -> tuple[str, str, str, int, int, int, str, int]:
+            is_highlight = 1 if _action_has_highlight(actions) else 0
+            notif = 1 if "notify" in actions else 0
+            return (
+                event_id,  # event_id column
+                user_id,  # user_id column
+                _serialize_action(actions, bool(is_highlight)),  # actions column
+                notif,  # notif column
+                is_highlight,  # highlight column
+                int(count_as_unread),  # unread column
+                thread_id,  # thread_id column
+                self.clock.time_msec(),  # inserted_ts column
+            )
+
+        await self.db_pool.simple_insert_many(
+            "event_push_actions_staging",
+            keys=(
+                "event_id",
+                "user_id",
+                "actions",
+                "notif",
+                "highlight",
+                "unread",
+                "thread_id",
+                "inserted_ts",
+            ),
+            values=[
+                _gen_entry(user_id, actions)
+                for user_id, actions in user_id_actions.items()
+            ],
+            desc="add_push_actions_to_staging",
+        )
+
+    async def remove_push_actions_from_staging(self, event_id: str) -> None:
+        """Called if we failed to persist the event to ensure that stale push
+        actions don't build up in the DB
+        """
+
+        try:
+            await self.db_pool.simple_delete(
+                table="event_push_actions_staging",
+                keyvalues={"event_id": event_id},
+                desc="remove_push_actions_from_staging",
+            )
+        except Exception:
+            # this method is called from an exception handler, so propagating
+            # another exception here really isn't helpful - there's nothing
+            # the caller can do about it. Just log the exception and move on.
+            logger.exception(
+                "Error removing push actions after event persistence failure"
+            )
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("event_push_action_stream_orderings")
+    async def _find_stream_orderings_for_times(self) -> None:
+        await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "_find_stream_orderings_for_times",
+            self._find_stream_orderings_for_times_txn,
+        )
+
+    def _find_stream_orderings_for_times_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction) -> None:
+        logger.info("Searching for stream ordering 1 month ago")
+        self.stream_ordering_month_ago = self._find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts_txn(
+            txn, self.clock.time_msec() - 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+        )
+        logger.info(
+            "Found stream ordering 1 month ago: it's %d", self.stream_ordering_month_ago
+        )
+        logger.info("Searching for stream ordering 1 day ago")
+        self.stream_ordering_day_ago = self._find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts_txn(
+            txn, self.clock.time_msec() - 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+        )
+        logger.info(
+            "Found stream ordering 1 day ago: it's %d", self.stream_ordering_day_ago
+        )
+
+    async def find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts(self, ts: int) -> int:
+        """Gets the stream ordering corresponding to a given timestamp.
+
+        Specifically, finds the stream_ordering of the first event that was
+        received on or after the timestamp. This is done by a binary search on
+        the events table, since there is no index on received_ts, so is
+        relatively slow.
+
+        Args:
+            ts: timestamp in millis
+
+        Returns:
+            stream ordering of the first event received on/after the timestamp
+        """
+        return await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "_find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts_txn",
+            self._find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts_txn,
+            ts,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _find_first_stream_ordering_after_ts_txn(
+        txn: LoggingTransaction, ts: int
+    ) -> int:
+        """
+        Find the stream_ordering of the first event that was received on or
+        after a given timestamp. This is relatively slow as there is no index
+        on received_ts but we can then use this to delete push actions before
+        this.
+
+        received_ts must necessarily be in the same order as stream_ordering
+        and stream_ordering is indexed, so we manually binary search using
+        stream_ordering
+
+        Args:
+            txn:
+            ts: timestamp to search for
+
+        Returns:
+            The stream ordering
+        """
+        txn.execute("SELECT MAX(stream_ordering) FROM events")
+        max_stream_ordering = cast(tuple[int | None], txn.fetchone())[0]
+
+        if max_stream_ordering is None:
+            return 0
+
+        # We want the first stream_ordering in which received_ts is greater
+        # than or equal to ts. Call this point X.
+        #
+        # We maintain the invariants:
+        #
+        #   range_start <= X <= range_end
+        #
+        range_start = 0
+        range_end = max_stream_ordering + 1
+
+        # Given a stream_ordering, look up the timestamp at that
+        # stream_ordering.
+        #
+        # The array may be sparse (we may be missing some stream_orderings).
+        # We treat the gaps as the same as having the same value as the
+        # preceding entry, because we will pick the lowest stream_ordering
+        # which satisfies our requirement of received_ts >= ts.
+        #
+        # For example, if our array of events indexed by stream_ordering is
+        # [10, <none>, 20], we should treat this as being equivalent to
+        # [10, 10, 20].
+        #
+        sql = """
+            SELECT received_ts FROM events
+            WHERE stream_ordering <= ?
+            ORDER BY stream_ordering DESC
+            LIMIT 1
+        """
+
+        while range_end - range_start > 0:
+            middle = (range_end + range_start) // 2
+            txn.execute(sql, (middle,))
+            row = txn.fetchone()
+            if row is None:
+                # no rows with stream_ordering<=middle
+                range_start = middle + 1
+                continue
+
+            middle_ts = row[0]
+            if ts > middle_ts:
+                # we got a timestamp lower than the one we were looking for.
+                # definitely need to look higher: X > middle.
+                range_start = middle + 1
+            else:
+                # we got a timestamp higher than (or the same as) the one we
+                # were looking for. We aren't yet sure about the point we
+                # looked up, but we can be sure that X <= middle.
+                range_end = middle
+
+        return range_end
+
+    async def get_time_of_last_push_action_before(
+        self, stream_ordering: int
+    ) -> int | None:
+        def f(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> tuple[int] | None:
+            sql = """
+                SELECT e.received_ts
+                FROM event_push_actions AS ep
+                JOIN events e ON ep.room_id = e.room_id AND ep.event_id = e.event_id
+                WHERE ep.stream_ordering > ? AND notif = 1
+                ORDER BY ep.stream_ordering ASC
+                LIMIT 1
+            """
+            txn.execute(sql, (stream_ordering,))
+            return cast(tuple[int] | None, txn.fetchone())
+
+        result = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+            "get_time_of_last_push_action_before", f
+        )
+        return result[0] if result else None
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("rotate_notifs")
+    async def _rotate_notifs(self) -> None:
+        if self._doing_notif_rotation or self.stream_ordering_day_ago is None:
+            return
+        self._doing_notif_rotation = True
+
+        try:
+            # First we recalculate push summaries and delete stale push actions
+            # for rooms/users with new receipts.
+            while True:
+                logger.debug("Handling new receipts")
+
+                caught_up = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                    "_handle_new_receipts_for_notifs_txn",
+                    self._handle_new_receipts_for_notifs_txn,
+                )
+                if caught_up:
+                    break
+
+            # Then we update the event push summaries for any new events
+            while True:
+                logger.info("Rotating notifications")
+
+                caught_up = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                    "_rotate_notifs", self._rotate_notifs_txn
+                )
+                if caught_up:
+                    break
+
+            # Finally we clear out old event push actions.
+            await self._remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated()
+        finally:
+            self._doing_notif_rotation = False
+
+    def _handle_new_receipts_for_notifs_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
+        """Check for new read receipts and delete from event push actions.
+
+        Any push actions which predate the user's most recent read receipt are
+        now redundant, so we can remove them from `event_push_actions` and
+        update `event_push_summary`.
+
+        Returns true if all new receipts have been processed.
+        """
+
+        limit = 100
+
+        # The (inclusive) receipt stream ID that was previously processed..
+        min_receipts_stream_id = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="event_push_summary_last_receipt_stream_id",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="stream_id",
+        )
+
+        max_receipts_stream_id = self._receipts_id_gen.get_current_token()
+
+        # The (inclusive) event stream ordering that was previously summarised.
+        old_rotate_stream_ordering = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="event_push_summary_stream_ordering",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="stream_ordering",
+        )
+
+        sql = """
+            SELECT r.stream_id, r.room_id, r.user_id, r.thread_id, r.event_stream_ordering
+            FROM receipts_linearized AS r
+            WHERE ? < r.stream_id AND r.stream_id <= ? AND user_id LIKE ?
+            ORDER BY r.stream_id ASC
+            LIMIT ?
+        """
+
+        # We only want local users, so we add a dodgy filter to the above query
+        # and recheck it below.
+        user_filter = "%:" + self.hs.hostname
+
+        txn.execute(
+            sql,
+            (
+                min_receipts_stream_id,
+                max_receipts_stream_id,
+                user_filter,
+                limit,
+            ),
+        )
+        rows = cast(list[tuple[int, str, str, str | None, int]], txn.fetchall())
+
+        # For each new read receipt we delete push actions from before it and
+        # recalculate the summary.
+        #
+        # Care must be taken of whether it is a threaded or unthreaded receipt.
+        for _, room_id, user_id, thread_id, stream_ordering in rows:
+            # Only handle our own read receipts.
+            if not self.hs.is_mine_id(user_id):
+                continue
+
+            thread_clause = ""
+            thread_args: tuple = ()
+            if thread_id is not None:
+                thread_clause = "AND thread_id = ?"
+                thread_args = (thread_id,)
+
+            # For each new read receipt we delete push actions from before it and
+            # recalculate the summary.
+            txn.execute(
+                f"""
+                DELETE FROM event_push_actions
+                WHERE room_id = ?
+                    AND user_id = ?
+                    AND stream_ordering <= ?
+                    AND highlight = 0
+                    {thread_clause}
+                """,
+                (room_id, user_id, stream_ordering, *thread_args),
+            )
+
+            # Fetch the notification counts between the stream ordering of the
+            # latest receipt and what was previously summarised.
+            unread_counts = self._get_notif_unread_count_for_user_room(
+                txn,
+                room_id,
+                user_id,
+                stream_ordering,
+                old_rotate_stream_ordering,
+                thread_id,
+            )
+
+            # For an unthreaded receipt, mark the summary for all threads in the room
+            # as cleared.
+            if thread_id is None:
+                self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
+                    txn,
+                    table="event_push_summary",
+                    keyvalues={"user_id": user_id, "room_id": room_id},
+                    updatevalues={
+                        "notif_count": 0,
+                        "unread_count": 0,
+                        "stream_ordering": old_rotate_stream_ordering,
+                        "last_receipt_stream_ordering": stream_ordering,
+                    },
+                )
+
+            # For a threaded receipt, we *always* want to update that receipt,
+            # event if there are no new notifications in that thread. This ensures
+            # the stream_ordering & last_receipt_stream_ordering are updated.
+            elif not unread_counts:
+                unread_counts = [(0, 0, thread_id)]
+
+            # Then any updated threads get their notification count and unread
+            # count updated.
+            self.db_pool.simple_update_many_txn(
+                txn,
+                table="event_push_summary",
+                key_names=("room_id", "user_id", "thread_id"),
+                key_values=[(room_id, user_id, row[2]) for row in unread_counts],
+                value_names=(
+                    "notif_count",
+                    "unread_count",
+                    "stream_ordering",
+                    "last_receipt_stream_ordering",
+                ),
+                value_values=[
+                    (row[0], row[1], old_rotate_stream_ordering, stream_ordering)
+                    for row in unread_counts
+                ],
+            )
+
+        # We always update `event_push_summary_last_receipt_stream_id` to
+        # ensure that we don't rescan the same receipts for remote users.
+
+        receipts_last_processed_stream_id = max_receipts_stream_id
+        if len(rows) >= limit:
+            # If we pulled out a limited number of rows we only update the
+            # position to the last receipt we processed, so we continue
+            # processing the rest next iteration.
+            receipts_last_processed_stream_id = rows[-1][0]
+
+        self.db_pool.simple_update_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="event_push_summary_last_receipt_stream_id",
+            keyvalues={},
+            updatevalues={"stream_id": receipts_last_processed_stream_id},
+        )
+
+        return len(rows) < limit
+
+    def _rotate_notifs_txn(self, txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
+        """Archives older notifications (from event_push_actions) into event_push_summary.
+
+        Returns whether the archiving process has caught up or not.
+        """
+
+        # The (inclusive) event stream ordering that was previously summarised.
+        old_rotate_stream_ordering = self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="event_push_summary_stream_ordering",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="stream_ordering",
+        )
+
+        # We don't to try and rotate millions of rows at once, so we cap the
+        # maximum stream ordering we'll rotate before.
+        txn.execute(
+            """
+            SELECT stream_ordering FROM event_push_actions
+            WHERE stream_ordering > ?
+            ORDER BY stream_ordering ASC LIMIT 1 OFFSET ?
+            """,
+            (old_rotate_stream_ordering, self._rotate_count),
+        )
+        stream_row = txn.fetchone()
+        if stream_row:
+            (offset_stream_ordering,) = stream_row
+
+            # We need to bound by the current token to ensure that we handle
+            # out-of-order writes correctly.
+            rotate_to_stream_ordering = min(
+                offset_stream_ordering, self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
+            )
+            caught_up = False
+        else:
+            rotate_to_stream_ordering = self._stream_id_gen.get_current_token()
+            caught_up = True
+
+        logger.info("Rotating notifications up to: %s", rotate_to_stream_ordering)
+
+        self._rotate_notifs_before_txn(
+            txn, old_rotate_stream_ordering, rotate_to_stream_ordering
+        )
+
+        return caught_up
+
+    def _rotate_notifs_before_txn(
+        self,
+        txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        old_rotate_stream_ordering: int,
+        rotate_to_stream_ordering: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Archives older notifications (from event_push_actions) into event_push_summary.
+
+        Any event_push_actions between old_rotate_stream_ordering (exclusive) and
+        rotate_to_stream_ordering (inclusive) will be added to the event_push_summary
+        table.
+
+        Args:
+            txn: The database transaction.
+            old_rotate_stream_ordering: The previous maximum event stream ordering.
+            rotate_to_stream_ordering: The new maximum event stream ordering to summarise.
+        """
+
+        # Calculate the new counts that should be upserted into event_push_summary
+        sql = """
+            SELECT user_id, room_id, thread_id,
+                coalesce(old.%s, 0) + upd.cnt,
+                upd.stream_ordering
+            FROM (
+                SELECT user_id, room_id, thread_id, count(*) as cnt,
+                    max(ea.stream_ordering) as stream_ordering
+                FROM event_push_actions AS ea
+                LEFT JOIN event_push_summary AS old USING (user_id, room_id, thread_id)
+                WHERE ? < ea.stream_ordering AND ea.stream_ordering <= ?
+                    AND (
+                        old.last_receipt_stream_ordering IS NULL
+                        OR old.last_receipt_stream_ordering < ea.stream_ordering
+                    )
+                    AND %s = 1
+                GROUP BY user_id, room_id, thread_id
+            ) AS upd
+            LEFT JOIN event_push_summary AS old USING (user_id, room_id, thread_id)
+        """
+
+        # First get the count of unread messages.
+        txn.execute(
+            sql % ("unread_count", "unread"),
+            (old_rotate_stream_ordering, rotate_to_stream_ordering),
+        )
+
+        # We need to merge results from the two requests (the one that retrieves the
+        # unread count and the one that retrieves the notifications count) into a single
+        # object because we might not have the same amount of rows in each of them. To do
+        # this, we use a dict indexed on the user ID and room ID to make it easier to
+        # populate.
+        summaries: dict[tuple[str, str, str], _EventPushSummary] = {}
+        for row in txn:
+            summaries[(row[0], row[1], row[2])] = _EventPushSummary(
+                unread_count=row[3],
+                stream_ordering=row[4],
+                notif_count=0,
+            )
+
+        # Then get the count of notifications.
+        txn.execute(
+            sql % ("notif_count", "notif"),
+            (old_rotate_stream_ordering, rotate_to_stream_ordering),
+        )
+
+        for row in txn:
+            if (row[0], row[1], row[2]) in summaries:
+                summaries[(row[0], row[1], row[2])].notif_count = row[3]
+            else:
+                # Because the rules on notifying are different than the rules on marking
+                # a message unread, we might end up with messages that notify but aren't
+                # marked unread, so we might not have a summary for this (user, room)
+                # tuple to complete.
+                summaries[(row[0], row[1], row[2])] = _EventPushSummary(
+                    unread_count=0,
+                    stream_ordering=row[4],
+                    notif_count=row[3],
+                )
+
+        logger.info("Rotating notifications, handling %d rows", len(summaries))
+
+        self.db_pool.simple_upsert_many_txn(
+            txn,
+            table="event_push_summary",
+            key_names=("user_id", "room_id", "thread_id"),
+            key_values=list(summaries),
+            value_names=("notif_count", "unread_count", "stream_ordering"),
+            value_values=[
+                (
+                    summary.notif_count,
+                    summary.unread_count,
+                    summary.stream_ordering,
+                )
+                for summary in summaries.values()
+            ],
+        )
+
+        txn.execute(
+            "UPDATE event_push_summary_stream_ordering SET stream_ordering = ?",
+            (rotate_to_stream_ordering,),
+        )
+
+    async def _remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Clear out old push actions that have been summarised (and are older than
+        1 day ago).
+        """
+
+        # We want to clear out anything that is older than a day that *has* already
+        # been rotated.
+        rotated_upto_stream_ordering = await self.db_pool.simple_select_one_onecol(
+            table="event_push_summary_stream_ordering",
+            keyvalues={},
+            retcol="stream_ordering",
+        )
+
+        max_stream_ordering_to_delete = min(
+            rotated_upto_stream_ordering, self.stream_ordering_day_ago
+        )
+
+        def remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated_txn(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> bool:
+            # We don't want to clear out too much at a time, so we bound our
+            # deletes.
+            batch_size = self._rotate_count
+
+            if isinstance(self.database_engine, PostgresEngine):
+                # Temporarily disable sequential scans in this transaction. We
+                # need to do this as the postgres statistics don't take into
+                # account the `highlight = 0` part when estimating the
+                # distribution of `stream_ordering`. I.e. since we keep old
+                # highlight rows the query planner thinks there are way more old
+                # rows to delete than there actually are.
+                txn.execute("SET LOCAL enable_seqscan=off")
+
+            txn.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT stream_ordering FROM event_push_actions
+                WHERE stream_ordering <= ? AND highlight = 0
+                ORDER BY stream_ordering ASC LIMIT 1 OFFSET ?
+                """,
+                (
+                    max_stream_ordering_to_delete,
+                    batch_size,
+                ),
+            )
+            stream_row = txn.fetchone()
+
+            if stream_row:
+                (stream_ordering,) = stream_row
+            else:
+                stream_ordering = max_stream_ordering_to_delete
+
+            # We need to use a inclusive bound here to handle the case where a
+            # single stream ordering has more than `batch_size` rows.
+            txn.execute(
+                """
+                DELETE FROM event_push_actions
+                WHERE stream_ordering <= ? AND highlight = 0
+                """,
+                (stream_ordering,),
+            )
+
+            logger.info("Rotating notifications, deleted %s push actions", txn.rowcount)
+
+            return txn.rowcount < batch_size
+
+        while True:
+            done = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                "_remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated",
+                remove_old_push_actions_that_have_rotated_txn,
+            )
+            if done:
+                break
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("_clear_old_push_actions_staging")
+    async def _clear_old_push_actions_staging(self) -> None:
+        """Clear out any old event push actions from the staging table for
+        events that we failed to persist.
+        """
+
+        # We delete anything more than an hour old, on the assumption that we'll
+        # never take more than an hour to persist an event.
+        delete_before_ts = self.clock.time_msec() - 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+        if self._started_ts > delete_before_ts:
+            # We need to wait for at least an hour before we started deleting,
+            # so that we know it's safe to delete rows with NULL `inserted_ts`.
+            return
+
+        # We don't have an index on `inserted_ts`, instead we assume that the
+        # number of "live" rows in `event_push_actions_staging` is small enough
+        # that an infrequent periodic scan won't cause a problem.
+        #
+        # Note: we also delete any columns with NULL `inserted_ts`, this is safe
+        # as we added a default value to new rows and so they must be at least
+        # an hour old.
+        limit = 1000
+        sql = """
+            DELETE FROM event_push_actions_staging WHERE event_id IN (
+                SELECT event_id FROM event_push_actions_staging WHERE
+                inserted_ts < ? OR inserted_ts IS NULL
+                LIMIT ?
+            )
+        """
+
+        def _clear_old_push_actions_staging_txn(txn: LoggingTransaction) -> bool:
+            txn.execute(sql, (delete_before_ts, limit))
+            return txn.rowcount >= limit
+
+        while True:
+            # Returns true if we have more stuff to delete from the table.
+            deleted = await self.db_pool.runInteraction(
+                "_clear_old_push_actions_staging", _clear_old_push_actions_staging_txn
+            )
+
+            if not deleted:
+                return
+
+            # We sleep to ensure that we don't overwhelm the DB.
+            await self.clock.sleep(Duration(seconds=1))
+
+    async def get_push_actions_for_user(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        before: int | None = None,
+        limit: int = 50,
+        only_highlight: bool = False,
+    ) -> list[UserPushAction]:
+        def f(
+            txn: LoggingTransaction,
+        ) -> list[tuple[str, str, int, int, str, bool, str, int]]:
+            before_clause = ""
+            if before:
+                before_clause = "AND epa.stream_ordering < ?"
+                args = [user_id, before, limit]
+            else:
+                args = [user_id, limit]
+
+            if only_highlight:
+                if len(before_clause) > 0:
+                    before_clause += " "
+                before_clause += "AND epa.highlight = 1"
+
+            # NB. This assumes event_ids are globally unique since
+            # it makes the query easier to index
+            sql = """
+                SELECT epa.event_id, epa.room_id,
+                    epa.stream_ordering, epa.topological_ordering,
+                    epa.actions, epa.highlight, epa.profile_tag, e.received_ts
+                FROM event_push_actions epa, events e
+                WHERE epa.event_id = e.event_id
+                    AND epa.user_id = ? %s
+                    AND epa.notif = 1
+                ORDER BY epa.stream_ordering DESC
+                LIMIT ?
+            """ % (before_clause,)
+            txn.execute(sql, args)
+            return cast(
+                list[tuple[str, str, int, int, str, bool, str, int]], txn.fetchall()
+            )
+
+        push_actions = await self.db_pool.runInteraction("get_push_actions_for_user", f)
+        return [
+            UserPushAction(
+                event_id=row[0],
+                room_id=row[1],
+                stream_ordering=row[2],
+                actions=_deserialize_action(row[4], row[5]),
+                received_ts=row[7],
+                topological_ordering=row[3],
+                highlight=row[5],
+                profile_tag=row[6],
+            )
+            for row in push_actions
+        ]
+
+
+class EventPushActionsStore(EventPushActionsWorkerStore):
+    EPA_HIGHLIGHT_INDEX = "epa_highlight_index"
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        database: DatabasePool,
+        db_conn: LoggingDatabaseConnection,
+        hs: "HomeServer",
+    ):
+        super().__init__(database, db_conn, hs)
+
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
+            self.EPA_HIGHLIGHT_INDEX,
+            index_name="event_push_actions_u_highlight",
+            table="event_push_actions",
+            columns=["user_id", "stream_ordering"],
+        )
+
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
+            "event_push_actions_highlights_index",
+            index_name="event_push_actions_highlights_index",
+            table="event_push_actions",
+            columns=["user_id", "room_id", "topological_ordering", "stream_ordering"],
+            where_clause="highlight=1",
+        )
+
+        # Add index to make deleting old push actions faster.
+        self.db_pool.updates.register_background_index_update(
+            "event_push_actions_stream_highlight_index",
+            index_name="event_push_actions_stream_highlight_index",
+            table="event_push_actions",
+            columns=["highlight", "stream_ordering"],
+            where_clause="highlight=0",
+        )
+
+
+def _action_has_highlight(actions: Collection[Mapping | str]) -> bool:
+    for action in actions:
+        if not isinstance(action, dict):
+            continue
+
+        if action.get("set_tweak", None) == "highlight":
+            return action.get("value", True)
+
+    return False
+
+
+@attr.s(slots=True, auto_attribs=True)
+class _EventPushSummary:
+    """Summary of pending event push actions for a given user in a given room.
+    Used in _rotate_notifs_before_txn to manipulate results from event_push_actions.
+    """
+
+    unread_count: int
+    stream_ordering: int
+    notif_count: int