matrix-synapse 1.145.0rc2__cp310-abi3-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl

synapse/handlers/presence.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2634 @@
+#
+# This file is licensed under the Affero General Public License (AGPL) version 3.
+#
+# Copyright 2020 The Matrix.org Foundation C.I.C.
+# Copyright 2014-2016 OpenMarket Ltd
+# Copyright (C) 2023 New Vector, Ltd
+#
+# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as
+# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
+# License, or (at your option) any later version.
+#
+# See the GNU Affero General Public License for more details:
+# <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/agpl-3.0.html>.
+#
+# Originally licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0:
+# <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>.
+#
+# [This file includes modifications made by New Vector Limited]
+#
+#
+
+"""
+This module is responsible for keeping track of presence status of local
+and remote users.
+
+The methods that define policy are:
+    - PresenceHandler._update_states
+    - PresenceHandler._handle_timeouts
+    - should_notify
+
+# Tracking local presence
+
+For local users, presence is tracked on a per-device basis. When a user has multiple
+devices the user presence state is derived by coalescing the presence from each
+device:
+
+    BUSY > ONLINE > UNAVAILABLE > OFFLINE
+
+The time that each device was last active and last synced is tracked in order to
+automatically downgrade a device's presence state:
+
+    A device may move from ONLINE -> UNAVAILABLE, if it has not been active for
+    a period of time.
+
+    A device may go from any state -> OFFLINE, if it is not active and has not
+    synced for a period of time.
+
+The timeouts are handled using a wheel timer, which has coarse buckets. Timings
+do not need to be exact.
+
+Generally a device's presence state is updated whenever a user syncs (via the
+set_presence parameter), when the presence API is called, or if "pro-active"
+events occur, including:
+
+* Sending an event, receipt, read marker.
+* Updating typing status.
+
+The busy state has special status that it cannot is not downgraded by a call to
+sync with a lower priority state *and* it takes a long period of time to transition
+to offline.
+
+# Persisting (and restoring) presence
+
+For all users, presence is persisted on a per-user basis. Data is kept in-memory
+and persisted periodically. When Synapse starts each worker loads the current
+presence state and then tracks the presence stream to keep itself up-to-date.
+
+When restoring presence for local users a pseudo-device is created to match the
+user state; this device follows the normal timeout logic (see above) and will
+automatically be replaced with any information from currently available devices.
+
+"""
+
+import abc
+import contextlib
+import itertools
+import logging
+from bisect import bisect
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    AbstractSet,
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Collection,
+    ContextManager,
+    Generator,
+    Iterable,
+)
+
+from prometheus_client import Counter
+
+import synapse.metrics
+from synapse.api.constants import EduTypes, EventTypes, Membership, PresenceState
+from synapse.api.errors import SynapseError
+from synapse.api.presence import UserDevicePresenceState, UserPresenceState
+from synapse.appservice import ApplicationService
+from synapse.events.presence_router import PresenceRouter
+from synapse.logging.context import run_in_background
+from synapse.metrics import SERVER_NAME_LABEL, LaterGauge
+from synapse.metrics.background_process_metrics import (
+    wrap_as_background_process,
+)
+from synapse.replication.http.presence import (
+    ReplicationBumpPresenceActiveTime,
+    ReplicationPresenceSetState,
+)
+from synapse.replication.http.streams import ReplicationGetStreamUpdates
+from synapse.replication.tcp.commands import ClearUserSyncsCommand
+from synapse.replication.tcp.streams import PresenceFederationStream, PresenceStream
+from synapse.storage.databases.main import DataStore
+from synapse.storage.databases.main.state_deltas import StateDelta
+from synapse.streams import EventSource
+from synapse.types import (
+    JsonDict,
+    StrCollection,
+    StreamKeyType,
+    UserID,
+    get_domain_from_id,
+)
+from synapse.util.async_helpers import Linearizer
+from synapse.util.duration import Duration
+from synapse.util.metrics import Measure
+from synapse.util.wheel_timer import WheelTimer
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from synapse.server import HomeServer
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+notified_presence_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_notified_presence", "", labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL]
+)
+federation_presence_out_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_federation_presence_out",
+    "",
+    labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL],
+)
+presence_updates_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_presence_updates", "", labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL]
+)
+timers_fired_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_timers_fired", "", labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL]
+)
+federation_presence_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_federation_presence", "", labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL]
+)
+bump_active_time_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_bump_active_time", "", labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL]
+)
+
+get_updates_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_get_updates", "", labelnames=["type", SERVER_NAME_LABEL]
+)
+
+notify_reason_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_notify_reason",
+    "",
+    labelnames=["locality", "reason", SERVER_NAME_LABEL],
+)
+state_transition_counter = Counter(
+    "synapse_handler_presence_state_transition",
+    "",
+    labelnames=["locality", "from", "to", SERVER_NAME_LABEL],
+)
+
+presence_user_to_current_state_size_gauge = LaterGauge(
+    name="synapse_handlers_presence_user_to_current_state_size",
+    desc="",
+    labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL],
+)
+
+presence_wheel_timer_size_gauge = LaterGauge(
+    name="synapse_handlers_presence_wheel_timer_size",
+    desc="",
+    labelnames=[SERVER_NAME_LABEL],
+)
+
+# If a user was last active in the last LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY, consider them
+# "currently_active"
+LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY = 60 * 1000
+
+# How long to wait until a new /events or /sync request before assuming
+# the client has gone.
+SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT = 30 * 1000
+# Busy status waits longer, but does eventually go offline.
+BUSY_ONLINE_TIMEOUT = 60 * 60 * 1000
+
+# How long to wait before marking the user as idle. Compared against last active
+IDLE_TIMER = 5 * 60 * 1000
+
+# How often we expect remote servers to resend us presence.
+FEDERATION_TIMEOUT = 30 * 60 * 1000
+
+# How often to resend presence to remote servers
+FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL = 25 * 60 * 1000
+
+# How long we will wait before assuming that the syncs from an external process
+# are dead.
+EXTERNAL_PROCESS_EXPIRY = 5 * 60 * 1000
+
+# Delay before a worker tells the presence handler that a user has stopped
+# syncing.
+UPDATE_SYNCING_USERS = Duration(seconds=10)
+
+assert LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY < IDLE_TIMER
+
+
+class BasePresenceHandler(abc.ABC):
+    """Parts of the PresenceHandler that are shared between workers and presence
+    writer"""
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        self.hs = hs
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+        self._storage_controllers = hs.get_storage_controllers()
+        self.presence_router = hs.get_presence_router()
+        self.state = hs.get_state_handler()
+        self.is_mine_id = hs.is_mine_id
+
+        self._presence_enabled = hs.config.server.presence_enabled
+        self._track_presence = hs.config.server.track_presence
+
+        self._federation = None
+        if hs.should_send_federation():
+            self._federation = hs.get_federation_sender()
+
+        self._federation_queue = PresenceFederationQueue(hs, self)
+
+        self.VALID_PRESENCE: tuple[str, ...] = (
+            PresenceState.ONLINE,
+            PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE,
+            PresenceState.OFFLINE,
+        )
+
+        if hs.config.experimental.msc3026_enabled:
+            self.VALID_PRESENCE += (PresenceState.BUSY,)
+
+        active_presence = self.store.take_presence_startup_info()
+        # The combined status across all user devices.
+        self.user_to_current_state = {state.user_id: state for state in active_presence}
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def user_syncing(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        affect_presence: bool,
+        presence_state: str,
+    ) -> ContextManager[None]:
+        """Returns a context manager that should surround any stream requests
+        from the user.
+
+        This allows us to keep track of who is currently streaming and who isn't
+        without having to have timers outside of this module to avoid flickering
+        when users disconnect/reconnect.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user that is starting a sync
+            device_id: the user's device that is starting a sync
+            affect_presence: If false this function will be a no-op.
+                Useful for streams that are not associated with an actual
+                client that is being used by a user.
+            presence_state: The presence state indicated in the sync request
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    def get_currently_syncing_users_for_replication(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, str | None]]:
+        """Get an iterable of syncing users and devices on this worker, to send to the presence handler
+
+        This is called when a replication connection is established. It should return
+        a list of tuples of user ID & device ID, which are then sent as USER_SYNC commands
+        to inform the process handling presence about those users/devices.
+
+        Returns:
+            An iterable of tuples of user ID and device ID.
+        """
+
+    async def get_state(self, target_user: UserID) -> UserPresenceState:
+        results = await self.get_states([target_user.to_string()])
+        return results[0]
+
+    async def get_states(
+        self, target_user_ids: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> list[UserPresenceState]:
+        """Get the presence state for users."""
+
+        updates_d = await self.current_state_for_users(target_user_ids)
+        updates = list(updates_d.values())
+
+        for user_id in set(target_user_ids) - {u.user_id for u in updates}:
+            updates.append(UserPresenceState.default(user_id))
+
+        return updates
+
+    async def current_state_for_users(
+        self, user_ids: Iterable[str]
+    ) -> dict[str, UserPresenceState]:
+        """Get the current presence state for multiple users.
+
+        Returns:
+            A mapping of `user_id` -> `UserPresenceState`
+        """
+        states = {}
+        missing = []
+        for user_id in user_ids:
+            state = self.user_to_current_state.get(user_id, None)
+            if state:
+                states[user_id] = state
+            else:
+                missing.append(user_id)
+
+        if missing:
+            # There are things not in our in memory cache. Lets pull them out of
+            # the database.
+            res = await self.store.get_presence_for_users(missing)
+            states.update(res)
+
+            for user_id in missing:
+                # if user has no state in database, create the state
+                if not res.get(user_id, None):
+                    new_state = UserPresenceState.default(user_id)
+                    states[user_id] = new_state
+                    self.user_to_current_state[user_id] = new_state
+
+        return states
+
+    async def current_state_for_user(self, user_id: str) -> UserPresenceState:
+        """Get the current presence state for a user."""
+        res = await self.current_state_for_users([user_id])
+        return res[user_id]
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def set_state(
+        self,
+        target_user: UserID,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        state: JsonDict,
+        force_notify: bool = False,
+        is_sync: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the presence state of the user.
+
+        Args:
+            target_user: The ID of the user to set the presence state of.
+            device_id: the device that the user is setting the presence state of.
+            state: The presence state as a JSON dictionary.
+            force_notify: Whether to force notification of the update to clients.
+            is_sync: True if this update was from a sync, which results in
+                *not* overriding a previously set BUSY status, updating the
+                user's last_user_sync_ts, and ignoring the "status_msg" field of
+                the `state` dict.
+        """
+
+    @abc.abstractmethod
+    async def bump_presence_active_time(
+        self, user: UserID, device_id: str | None
+    ) -> None:
+        """We've seen the user do something that indicates they're interacting
+        with the app.
+        """
+
+    async def update_external_syncs_row(  # noqa: B027 (no-op by design)
+        self,
+        process_id: str,
+        user_id: str,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        is_syncing: bool,
+        sync_time_msec: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the syncing users for an external process as a delta.
+
+        This is a no-op when presence is handled by a different worker.
+
+        Args:
+            process_id: An identifier for the process the users are
+                syncing against. This allows synapse to process updates
+                as user start and stop syncing against a given process.
+            user_id: The user who has started or stopped syncing
+            device_id: The user's device that has started or stopped syncing
+            is_syncing: Whether or not the user is now syncing
+            sync_time_msec: Time in ms when the user was last syncing
+        """
+
+    async def update_external_syncs_clear(  # noqa: B027 (no-op by design)
+        self, process_id: str
+    ) -> None:
+        """Marks all users that had been marked as syncing by a given process
+        as offline.
+
+        Used when the process has stopped/disappeared.
+
+        This is a no-op when presence is handled by a different worker.
+        """
+
+    async def process_replication_rows(
+        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: list
+    ) -> None:
+        """Process streams received over replication."""
+        await self._federation_queue.process_replication_rows(
+            stream_name, instance_name, token, rows
+        )
+
+    def get_federation_queue(self) -> "PresenceFederationQueue":
+        """Get the presence federation queue."""
+        return self._federation_queue
+
+    async def maybe_send_presence_to_interested_destinations(
+        self, states: list[UserPresenceState]
+    ) -> None:
+        """If this instance is a federation sender, send the states to all
+        destinations that are interested. Filters out any states for remote
+        users.
+        """
+
+        if not self._federation:
+            return
+
+        states = [s for s in states if self.is_mine_id(s.user_id)]
+
+        if not states:
+            return
+
+        hosts_to_states = await get_interested_remotes(
+            self.store,
+            self.presence_router,
+            states,
+        )
+
+        for destinations, host_states in hosts_to_states:
+            await self._federation.send_presence_to_destinations(
+                host_states, destinations
+            )
+
+    async def send_full_presence_to_users(self, user_ids: StrCollection) -> None:
+        """
+        Adds to the list of users who should receive a full snapshot of presence
+        upon their next sync. Note that this only works for local users.
+
+        Then, grabs the current presence state for a given set of users and adds it
+        to the top of the presence stream.
+
+        Args:
+            user_ids: The IDs of the local users to send full presence to.
+        """
+        # Retrieve one of the users from the given set
+        if not user_ids:
+            raise Exception(
+                "send_full_presence_to_users must be called with at least one user"
+            )
+        user_id = next(iter(user_ids))
+
+        # Mark all users as receiving full presence on their next sync
+        await self.store.add_users_to_send_full_presence_to(user_ids)
+
+        # Add a new entry to the presence stream. Since we use stream tokens to determine whether a
+        # local user should receive a full snapshot of presence when they sync, we need to bump the
+        # presence stream so that subsequent syncs with no presence activity in between won't result
+        # in the client receiving multiple full snapshots of presence.
+        #
+        # If we bump the stream ID, then the user will get a higher stream token next sync, and thus
+        # correctly won't receive a second snapshot.
+
+        # Get the current presence state for one of the users (defaults to offline if not found)
+        current_presence_state = await self.get_state(UserID.from_string(user_id))
+
+        # Convert the UserPresenceState object into a serializable dict
+        state = {
+            "presence": current_presence_state.state,
+            "status_message": current_presence_state.status_msg,
+        }
+
+        # Copy the presence state to the tip of the presence stream.
+
+        # We set force_notify=True here so that this presence update is guaranteed to
+        # increment the presence stream ID (which resending the current user's presence
+        # otherwise would not do).
+        await self.set_state(
+            UserID.from_string(user_id), None, state, force_notify=True
+        )
+
+    async def is_visible(self, observed_user: UserID, observer_user: UserID) -> bool:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            "Attempting to check presence on a non-presence worker."
+        )
+
+
+class _NullContextManager(ContextManager[None]):
+    """A context manager which does nothing."""
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc_val: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class WorkerPresenceHandler(BasePresenceHandler):
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__(hs)
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self._presence_writer_instance = hs.config.worker.writers.presence[0]
+
+        # Route presence EDUs to the right worker
+        hs.get_federation_registry().register_instances_for_edu(
+            EduTypes.PRESENCE,
+            hs.config.worker.writers.presence,
+        )
+
+        # The number of ongoing syncs on this process, by (user ID, device ID).
+        # Empty if _presence_enabled is false.
+        self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs: dict[tuple[str, str | None], int] = {}
+
+        self.notifier = hs.get_notifier()
+        self.instance_id = hs.get_instance_id()
+
+        # (user_id, device_id) -> last_sync_ms. Lists the devices that have stopped
+        # syncing but we haven't notified the presence writer of that yet
+        self._user_devices_going_offline: dict[tuple[str, str | None], int] = {}
+
+        self._bump_active_client = ReplicationBumpPresenceActiveTime.make_client(hs)
+        self._set_state_client = ReplicationPresenceSetState.make_client(hs)
+
+        self.clock.looping_call(self.send_stop_syncing, UPDATE_SYNCING_USERS)
+
+        hs.register_async_shutdown_handler(
+            phase="before",
+            eventType="shutdown",
+            shutdown_func=self._on_shutdown,
+        )
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("WorkerPresenceHandler._on_shutdown")
+    async def _on_shutdown(self) -> None:
+        if self._track_presence:
+            self.hs.get_replication_command_handler().send_command(
+                ClearUserSyncsCommand(self.instance_id)
+            )
+
+    def send_user_sync(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        is_syncing: bool,
+        last_sync_ms: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self._track_presence:
+            self.hs.get_replication_command_handler().send_user_sync(
+                self.instance_id, user_id, device_id, is_syncing, last_sync_ms
+            )
+
+    def mark_as_coming_online(self, user_id: str, device_id: str | None) -> None:
+        """A user has started syncing. Send a UserSync to the presence writer,
+        unless they had recently stopped syncing.
+        """
+        going_offline = self._user_devices_going_offline.pop((user_id, device_id), None)
+        if not going_offline:
+            # Safe to skip because we haven't yet told the presence writer they
+            # were offline
+            self.send_user_sync(user_id, device_id, True, self.clock.time_msec())
+
+    def mark_as_going_offline(self, user_id: str, device_id: str | None) -> None:
+        """A user has stopped syncing. We wait before notifying the presence
+        writer as its likely they'll come back soon. This allows us to avoid
+        sending a stopped syncing immediately followed by a started syncing
+        notification to the presence writer
+        """
+        self._user_devices_going_offline[(user_id, device_id)] = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+    def send_stop_syncing(self) -> None:
+        """Check if there are any users who have stopped syncing a while ago and
+        haven't come back yet. If there are poke the presence writer about them.
+        """
+        now = self.clock.time_msec()
+        for (user_id, device_id), last_sync_ms in list(
+            self._user_devices_going_offline.items()
+        ):
+            if now - last_sync_ms > UPDATE_SYNCING_USERS.as_millis():
+                self._user_devices_going_offline.pop((user_id, device_id), None)
+                self.send_user_sync(user_id, device_id, False, last_sync_ms)
+
+    async def user_syncing(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        affect_presence: bool,
+        presence_state: str,
+    ) -> ContextManager[None]:
+        """Record that a user is syncing.
+
+        Called by the sync and events servlets to record that a user has connected to
+        this worker and is waiting for some events.
+        """
+        if not affect_presence or not self._track_presence:
+            return _NullContextManager()
+
+        # Note that this causes last_active_ts to be incremented which is not
+        # what the spec wants.
+        await self.set_state(
+            UserID.from_string(user_id),
+            device_id,
+            state={"presence": presence_state},
+            is_sync=True,
+        )
+
+        curr_sync = self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs.get((user_id, device_id), 0)
+        self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs[(user_id, device_id)] = curr_sync + 1
+
+        # If this is the first in-flight sync, notify replication
+        if self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs[(user_id, device_id)] == 1:
+            self.mark_as_coming_online(user_id, device_id)
+
+        def _end() -> None:
+            # We check that the user_id is in user_to_num_current_syncs because
+            # user_to_num_current_syncs may have been cleared if we are
+            # shutting down.
+            if (user_id, device_id) in self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs:
+                self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs[(user_id, device_id)] -= 1
+
+                # If there are no more in-flight syncs, notify replication
+                if self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs[(user_id, device_id)] == 0:
+                    self.mark_as_going_offline(user_id, device_id)
+
+        @contextlib.contextmanager
+        def _user_syncing() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+            try:
+                yield
+            finally:
+                _end()
+
+        return _user_syncing()
+
+    async def notify_from_replication(
+        self, states: list[UserPresenceState], stream_id: int
+    ) -> None:
+        parties = await get_interested_parties(self.store, self.presence_router, states)
+        room_ids_to_states, users_to_states = parties
+
+        self.notifier.on_new_event(
+            StreamKeyType.PRESENCE,
+            stream_id,
+            rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
+            users=users_to_states.keys(),
+        )
+
+    async def process_replication_rows(
+        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: list
+    ) -> None:
+        await super().process_replication_rows(stream_name, instance_name, token, rows)
+
+        if stream_name != PresenceStream.NAME:
+            return
+
+        states = [
+            UserPresenceState(
+                row.user_id,
+                row.state,
+                row.last_active_ts,
+                row.last_federation_update_ts,
+                row.last_user_sync_ts,
+                row.status_msg,
+                row.currently_active,
+            )
+            for row in rows
+        ]
+
+        # The list of states to notify sync streams and remote servers about.
+        # This is calculated by comparing the old and new states for each user
+        # using `should_notify(..)`.
+        #
+        # Note that this is necessary as the presence writer will periodically
+        # flush presence state changes that should not be notified about to the
+        # DB, and so will be sent over the replication stream.
+        state_to_notify = []
+
+        for new_state in states:
+            old_state = self.user_to_current_state.get(new_state.user_id)
+            self.user_to_current_state[new_state.user_id] = new_state
+            is_mine = self.is_mine_id(new_state.user_id)
+            if not old_state or should_notify(
+                old_state, new_state, is_mine, self.server_name
+            ):
+                state_to_notify.append(new_state)
+
+        stream_id = token
+        await self.notify_from_replication(state_to_notify, stream_id)
+
+        # If this is a federation sender, notify about presence updates.
+        await self.maybe_send_presence_to_interested_destinations(state_to_notify)
+
+    def get_currently_syncing_users_for_replication(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, str | None]]:
+        return [
+            user_id_device_id
+            for user_id_device_id, count in self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs.items()
+            if count > 0
+        ]
+
+    async def set_state(
+        self,
+        target_user: UserID,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        state: JsonDict,
+        force_notify: bool = False,
+        is_sync: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the presence state of the user.
+
+        Args:
+            target_user: The ID of the user to set the presence state of.
+            device_id: the device that the user is setting the presence state of.
+            state: The presence state as a JSON dictionary.
+            force_notify: Whether to force notification of the update to clients.
+            is_sync: True if this update was from a sync, which results in
+                *not* overriding a previously set BUSY status, updating the
+                user's last_user_sync_ts, and ignoring the "status_msg" field of
+                the `state` dict.
+        """
+        presence = state["presence"]
+
+        if presence not in self.VALID_PRESENCE:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid presence state")
+
+        user_id = target_user.to_string()
+
+        # If tracking of presence is disabled, no-op
+        if not self._track_presence:
+            return
+
+        # Proxy request to instance that writes presence
+        await self._set_state_client(
+            instance_name=self._presence_writer_instance,
+            user_id=user_id,
+            device_id=device_id,
+            state=state,
+            force_notify=force_notify,
+            is_sync=is_sync,
+        )
+
+    async def bump_presence_active_time(
+        self, user: UserID, device_id: str | None
+    ) -> None:
+        """We've seen the user do something that indicates they're interacting
+        with the app.
+        """
+        # If presence is disabled, no-op
+        if not self._track_presence:
+            return
+
+        # Proxy request to instance that writes presence
+        user_id = user.to_string()
+        await self._bump_active_client(
+            instance_name=self._presence_writer_instance,
+            user_id=user_id,
+            device_id=device_id,
+        )
+
+
+class PresenceHandler(BasePresenceHandler):
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        super().__init__(hs)
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.wheel_timer: WheelTimer[str] = WheelTimer()
+        self.notifier = hs.get_notifier()
+
+        federation_registry = hs.get_federation_registry()
+
+        federation_registry.register_edu_handler(
+            EduTypes.PRESENCE, self.incoming_presence
+        )
+
+        presence_user_to_current_state_size_gauge.register_hook(
+            homeserver_instance_id=hs.get_instance_id(),
+            hook=lambda: {(self.server_name,): len(self.user_to_current_state)},
+        )
+
+        # The per-device presence state, maps user to devices to per-device presence state.
+        self._user_to_device_to_current_state: dict[
+            str, dict[str | None, UserDevicePresenceState]
+        ] = {}
+
+        now = self.clock.time_msec()
+        if self._track_presence:
+            for state in self.user_to_current_state.values():
+                # Create a psuedo-device to properly handle time outs. This will
+                # be overridden by any "real" devices within SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT.
+                pseudo_device_id = None
+                self._user_to_device_to_current_state[state.user_id] = {
+                    pseudo_device_id: UserDevicePresenceState(
+                        user_id=state.user_id,
+                        device_id=pseudo_device_id,
+                        state=state.state,
+                        last_active_ts=state.last_active_ts,
+                        last_sync_ts=state.last_user_sync_ts,
+                    )
+                }
+
+                self.wheel_timer.insert(
+                    now=now, obj=state.user_id, then=state.last_active_ts + IDLE_TIMER
+                )
+                self.wheel_timer.insert(
+                    now=now,
+                    obj=state.user_id,
+                    then=state.last_user_sync_ts + SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT,
+                )
+                if self.is_mine_id(state.user_id):
+                    self.wheel_timer.insert(
+                        now=now,
+                        obj=state.user_id,
+                        then=state.last_federation_update_ts + FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    self.wheel_timer.insert(
+                        now=now,
+                        obj=state.user_id,
+                        then=state.last_federation_update_ts + FEDERATION_TIMEOUT,
+                    )
+
+        # Set of users who have presence in the `user_to_current_state` that
+        # have not yet been persisted
+        self.unpersisted_users_changes: set[str] = set()
+
+        hs.register_async_shutdown_handler(
+            phase="before",
+            eventType="shutdown",
+            shutdown_func=self._on_shutdown,
+        )
+
+        # Keeps track of the number of *ongoing* syncs on this process. While
+        # this is non zero a user will never go offline.
+        self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs: dict[tuple[str, str | None], int] = {}
+
+        # Keeps track of the number of *ongoing* syncs on other processes.
+        #
+        # While any sync is ongoing on another process the user's device will never
+        # go offline.
+        #
+        # Each process has a unique identifier and an update frequency. If
+        # no update is received from that process within the update period then
+        # we assume that all the sync requests on that process have stopped.
+        # Stored as a dict from process_id to set of (user_id, device_id), and
+        # a dict of process_id to millisecond timestamp last updated.
+        self.external_process_to_current_syncs: dict[
+            str, set[tuple[str, str | None]]
+        ] = {}
+        self.external_process_last_updated_ms: dict[str, int] = {}
+
+        self.external_sync_linearizer = Linearizer(
+            name="external_sync_linearizer", clock=self.clock
+        )
+
+        if self._track_presence:
+            # Start a LoopingCall in 30s that fires every 5s.
+            # The initial delay is to allow disconnected clients a chance to
+            # reconnect before we treat them as offline.
+            self.clock.call_later(
+                Duration(seconds=30),
+                self.clock.looping_call,
+                self._handle_timeouts,
+                Duration(seconds=5),
+            )
+
+        # Presence information is persisted, whether or not it is being tracked
+        # internally.
+        if self._presence_enabled:
+            self.clock.call_later(
+                Duration(minutes=1),
+                self.clock.looping_call,
+                self._persist_unpersisted_changes,
+                Duration(minutes=1),
+            )
+
+        presence_wheel_timer_size_gauge.register_hook(
+            homeserver_instance_id=hs.get_instance_id(),
+            hook=lambda: {(self.server_name,): len(self.wheel_timer)},
+        )
+
+        # Used to handle sending of presence to newly joined users/servers
+        if self._track_presence:
+            self.notifier.add_replication_callback(self.notify_new_event)
+
+        # Presence is best effort and quickly heals itself, so lets just always
+        # stream from the current state when we restart.
+        self._event_pos = self.store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+        self._event_processing = False
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("PresenceHandler._on_shutdown")
+    async def _on_shutdown(self) -> None:
+        """Gets called when shutting down. This lets us persist any updates that
+        we haven't yet persisted, e.g. updates that only changes some internal
+        timers. This allows changes to persist across startup without having to
+        persist every single change.
+
+        If this does not run it simply means that some of the timers will fire
+        earlier than they should when synapse is restarted. This affect of this
+        is some spurious presence changes that will self-correct.
+        """
+        # If the DB pool has already terminated, don't try updating
+        if not self.store.db_pool.is_running():
+            return
+
+        logger.info(
+            "Performing _on_shutdown. Persisting %d unpersisted changes",
+            len(self.user_to_current_state),
+        )
+
+        if self.unpersisted_users_changes:
+            await self.store.update_presence(
+                [
+                    self.user_to_current_state[user_id]
+                    for user_id in self.unpersisted_users_changes
+                ]
+            )
+        logger.info("Finished _on_shutdown")
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("persist_presence_changes")
+    async def _persist_unpersisted_changes(self) -> None:
+        """We periodically persist the unpersisted changes, as otherwise they
+        may stack up and slow down shutdown times.
+        """
+        unpersisted = self.unpersisted_users_changes
+        self.unpersisted_users_changes = set()
+
+        if unpersisted:
+            logger.info("Persisting %d unpersisted presence updates", len(unpersisted))
+            await self.store.update_presence(
+                [self.user_to_current_state[user_id] for user_id in unpersisted]
+            )
+
+    async def _update_states(
+        self,
+        new_states: Iterable[UserPresenceState],
+        force_notify: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Updates presence of users. Sets the appropriate timeouts. Pokes
+        the notifier and federation if and only if the changed presence state
+        should be sent to clients/servers.
+
+        Args:
+            new_states: The new user presence state updates to process.
+            force_notify: Whether to force notifying clients of this presence state update,
+                even if it doesn't change the state of a user's presence (e.g online -> online).
+                This is currently used to bump the max presence stream ID without changing any
+                user's presence (see PresenceHandler.add_users_to_send_full_presence_to).
+        """
+        if not self._presence_enabled:
+            # We shouldn't get here if presence is disabled, but we check anyway
+            # to ensure that we don't a) send out presence federation and b)
+            # don't add things to the wheel timer that will never be handled.
+            logger.warning("Tried to update presence states when presence is disabled")
+            return
+
+        now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        with Measure(
+            self.clock, name="presence_update_states", server_name=self.server_name
+        ):
+            # NOTE: We purposefully don't await between now and when we've
+            # calculated what we want to do with the new states, to avoid races.
+
+            to_notify = {}  # Changes we want to notify everyone about
+            to_federation_ping = {}  # These need sending keep-alives
+
+            # Only bother handling the last presence change for each user
+            new_states_dict = {}
+            for new_state in new_states:
+                new_states_dict[new_state.user_id] = new_state
+            new_states = new_states_dict.values()
+
+            for new_state in new_states:
+                user_id = new_state.user_id
+
+                # It's fine to not hit the database here, as the only thing not in
+                # the current state cache are OFFLINE states, where the only field
+                # of interest is last_active which is safe enough to assume is 0
+                # here.
+                prev_state = self.user_to_current_state.get(
+                    user_id, UserPresenceState.default(user_id)
+                )
+
+                new_state, should_notify, should_ping = handle_update(
+                    prev_state,
+                    new_state,
+                    is_mine=self.is_mine_id(user_id),
+                    our_server_name=self.server_name,
+                    wheel_timer=self.wheel_timer,
+                    now=now,
+                    # When overriding disabled presence, don't kick off all the
+                    # wheel timers.
+                    persist=not self._track_presence,
+                )
+
+                if force_notify:
+                    should_notify = True
+
+                self.user_to_current_state[user_id] = new_state
+
+                if should_notify:
+                    to_notify[user_id] = new_state
+                elif should_ping:
+                    to_federation_ping[user_id] = new_state
+
+            # TODO: We should probably ensure there are no races hereafter
+
+            presence_updates_counter.labels(
+                **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+            ).inc(len(new_states))
+
+            if to_notify:
+                notified_presence_counter.labels(
+                    **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+                ).inc(len(to_notify))
+                await self._persist_and_notify(list(to_notify.values()))
+
+            self.unpersisted_users_changes |= {s.user_id for s in new_states}
+            self.unpersisted_users_changes -= set(to_notify.keys())
+
+            # Check if we need to resend any presence states to remote hosts. We
+            # only do this for states that haven't been updated in a while to
+            # ensure that the remote host doesn't time the presence state out.
+            #
+            # Note that since these are states that have *not* been updated,
+            # they won't get sent down the normal presence replication stream,
+            # and so we have to explicitly send them via the federation stream.
+            to_federation_ping = {
+                user_id: state
+                for user_id, state in to_federation_ping.items()
+                if user_id not in to_notify
+            }
+            if to_federation_ping:
+                federation_presence_out_counter.labels(
+                    **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+                ).inc(len(to_federation_ping))
+
+                hosts_to_states = await get_interested_remotes(
+                    self.store,
+                    self.presence_router,
+                    list(to_federation_ping.values()),
+                )
+
+                for destinations, states in hosts_to_states:
+                    await self._federation_queue.send_presence_to_destinations(
+                        states, destinations
+                    )
+
+    @wrap_as_background_process("handle_presence_timeouts")
+    async def _handle_timeouts(self) -> None:
+        """Checks the presence of users that have timed out and updates as
+        appropriate.
+        """
+        logger.debug("Handling presence timeouts")
+        now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        # Fetch the list of users that *may* have timed out. Things may have
+        # changed since the timeout was set, so we won't necessarily have to
+        # take any action.
+        users_to_check = set(self.wheel_timer.fetch(now))
+
+        # Check whether the lists of syncing processes from an external
+        # process have expired.
+        expired_process_ids = [
+            process_id
+            for process_id, last_update in self.external_process_last_updated_ms.items()
+            if now - last_update > EXTERNAL_PROCESS_EXPIRY
+        ]
+        for process_id in expired_process_ids:
+            # For each expired process drop tracking info and check the users
+            # that were syncing on that process to see if they need to be timed
+            # out.
+            users_to_check.update(
+                user_id
+                for user_id, device_id in self.external_process_to_current_syncs.pop(
+                    process_id, ()
+                )
+            )
+            self.external_process_last_updated_ms.pop(process_id)
+
+        states = [
+            self.user_to_current_state.get(user_id, UserPresenceState.default(user_id))
+            for user_id in users_to_check
+        ]
+
+        timers_fired_counter.labels(**{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}).inc(
+            len(states)
+        )
+
+        # Set of user ID & device IDs which are currently syncing.
+        syncing_user_devices = {
+            user_id_device_id
+            for user_id_device_id, count in self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs.items()
+            if count
+        }
+        syncing_user_devices.update(
+            itertools.chain(*self.external_process_to_current_syncs.values())
+        )
+
+        changes = handle_timeouts(
+            states,
+            is_mine_fn=self.is_mine_id,
+            syncing_user_devices=syncing_user_devices,
+            user_to_devices=self._user_to_device_to_current_state,
+            now=now,
+        )
+
+        return await self._update_states(changes)
+
+    async def bump_presence_active_time(
+        self, user: UserID, device_id: str | None
+    ) -> None:
+        """We've seen the user do something that indicates they're interacting
+        with the app.
+        """
+        # If presence is disabled, no-op
+        if not self._track_presence:
+            return
+
+        user_id = user.to_string()
+
+        bump_active_time_counter.labels(**{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}).inc()
+
+        now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        # Update the device information & mark the device as online if it was
+        # unavailable.
+        devices = self._user_to_device_to_current_state.setdefault(user_id, {})
+        device_state = devices.setdefault(
+            device_id,
+            UserDevicePresenceState.default(user_id, device_id),
+        )
+        device_state.last_active_ts = now
+        if device_state.state == PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE:
+            device_state.state = PresenceState.ONLINE
+
+        # Update the user state, this will always update last_active_ts and
+        # might update the presence state.
+        prev_state = await self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
+        new_fields: dict[str, Any] = {
+            "last_active_ts": now,
+            "state": _combine_device_states(devices.values()),
+        }
+
+        await self._update_states([prev_state.copy_and_replace(**new_fields)])
+
+    async def user_syncing(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        affect_presence: bool = True,
+        presence_state: str = PresenceState.ONLINE,
+    ) -> ContextManager[None]:
+        """Returns a context manager that should surround any stream requests
+        from the user.
+
+        This allows us to keep track of who is currently streaming and who isn't
+        without having to have timers outside of this module to avoid flickering
+        when users disconnect/reconnect.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: the user that is starting a sync
+            device_id: the user's device that is starting a sync
+            affect_presence: If false this function will be a no-op.
+                Useful for streams that are not associated with an actual
+                client that is being used by a user.
+            presence_state: The presence state indicated in the sync request
+        """
+        if not affect_presence or not self._track_presence:
+            return _NullContextManager()
+
+        curr_sync = self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs.get((user_id, device_id), 0)
+        self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs[(user_id, device_id)] = curr_sync + 1
+
+        # Note that this causes last_active_ts to be incremented which is not
+        # what the spec wants.
+        await self.set_state(
+            UserID.from_string(user_id),
+            device_id,
+            state={"presence": presence_state},
+            is_sync=True,
+        )
+
+        async def _end() -> None:
+            try:
+                self._user_device_to_num_current_syncs[(user_id, device_id)] -= 1
+
+                prev_state = await self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
+                await self._update_states(
+                    [
+                        prev_state.copy_and_replace(
+                            last_user_sync_ts=self.clock.time_msec()
+                        )
+                    ]
+                )
+            except Exception:
+                logger.exception("Error updating presence after sync")
+
+        @contextmanager
+        def _user_syncing() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+            try:
+                yield
+            finally:
+                run_in_background(_end)
+
+        return _user_syncing()
+
+    def get_currently_syncing_users_for_replication(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, str | None]]:
+        # since we are the process handling presence, there is nothing to do here.
+        return []
+
+    async def update_external_syncs_row(
+        self,
+        process_id: str,
+        user_id: str,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        is_syncing: bool,
+        sync_time_msec: int,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update the syncing users for an external process as a delta.
+
+        Args:
+            process_id: An identifier for the process the users are
+                syncing against. This allows synapse to process updates
+                as user start and stop syncing against a given process.
+            user_id: The user who has started or stopped syncing
+            device_id: The user's device that has started or stopped syncing
+            is_syncing: Whether or not the user is now syncing
+            sync_time_msec: Time in ms when the user was last syncing
+        """
+        async with self.external_sync_linearizer.queue(process_id):
+            prev_state = await self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
+
+            process_presence = self.external_process_to_current_syncs.setdefault(
+                process_id, set()
+            )
+
+            # USER_SYNC is sent when a user's device starts or stops syncing on
+            # a remote # process. (But only for the initial and last sync for that
+            # device.)
+            #
+            # When a device *starts* syncing it also calls set_state(...) which
+            # will update the state, last_active_ts, and last_user_sync_ts.
+            # Simply ensure the user & device is tracked as syncing in this case.
+            #
+            # When a device *stops* syncing, update the last_user_sync_ts and mark
+            # them as no longer syncing. Note this doesn't quite match the
+            # monolith behaviour, which updates last_user_sync_ts at the end of
+            # every sync, not just the last in-flight sync.
+            if is_syncing and (user_id, device_id) not in process_presence:
+                process_presence.add((user_id, device_id))
+            elif not is_syncing and (user_id, device_id) in process_presence:
+                devices = self._user_to_device_to_current_state.setdefault(user_id, {})
+                device_state = devices.setdefault(
+                    device_id, UserDevicePresenceState.default(user_id, device_id)
+                )
+                device_state.last_sync_ts = sync_time_msec
+
+                new_state = prev_state.copy_and_replace(
+                    last_user_sync_ts=sync_time_msec
+                )
+                await self._update_states([new_state])
+
+                process_presence.discard((user_id, device_id))
+
+            self.external_process_last_updated_ms[process_id] = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+    async def update_external_syncs_clear(self, process_id: str) -> None:
+        """Marks all users that had been marked as syncing by a given process
+        as offline.
+
+        Used when the process has stopped/disappeared.
+        """
+        async with self.external_sync_linearizer.queue(process_id):
+            process_presence = self.external_process_to_current_syncs.pop(
+                process_id, set()
+            )
+
+            time_now_ms = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+            # Mark each device as having a last sync time.
+            updated_users = set()
+            for user_id, device_id in process_presence:
+                device_state = self._user_to_device_to_current_state.setdefault(
+                    user_id, {}
+                ).setdefault(
+                    device_id, UserDevicePresenceState.default(user_id, device_id)
+                )
+
+                device_state.last_sync_ts = time_now_ms
+                updated_users.add(user_id)
+
+            # Update each user (and insert into the appropriate timers to check if
+            # they've gone offline).
+            prev_states = await self.current_state_for_users(updated_users)
+            await self._update_states(
+                [
+                    prev_state.copy_and_replace(last_user_sync_ts=time_now_ms)
+                    for prev_state in prev_states.values()
+                ]
+            )
+            self.external_process_last_updated_ms.pop(process_id, None)
+
+    async def _persist_and_notify(self, states: list[UserPresenceState]) -> None:
+        """Persist states in the database, poke the notifier and send to
+        interested remote servers
+        """
+        stream_id, max_token = await self.store.update_presence(states)
+
+        parties = await get_interested_parties(self.store, self.presence_router, states)
+        room_ids_to_states, users_to_states = parties
+
+        self.notifier.on_new_event(
+            StreamKeyType.PRESENCE,
+            stream_id,
+            rooms=room_ids_to_states.keys(),
+            users=[UserID.from_string(u) for u in users_to_states],
+        )
+
+        # We only want to poke the local federation sender, if any, as other
+        # workers will receive the presence updates via the presence replication
+        # stream (which is updated by `store.update_presence`).
+        await self.maybe_send_presence_to_interested_destinations(states)
+
+    async def incoming_presence(self, origin: str, content: JsonDict) -> None:
+        """Called when we receive a `m.presence` EDU from a remote server."""
+        if not self._track_presence:
+            return
+
+        now = self.clock.time_msec()
+        updates = []
+        for push in content.get("push", []):
+            # A "push" contains a list of presence that we are probably interested
+            # in.
+            user_id = push.get("user_id", None)
+            if not user_id:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Got presence update from %r with no 'user_id': %r", origin, push
+                )
+                continue
+
+            if get_domain_from_id(user_id) != origin:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Got presence update from %r with bad 'user_id': %r",
+                    origin,
+                    user_id,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            presence_state = push.get("presence", None)
+            if not presence_state:
+                logger.info(
+                    "Got presence update from %r with no 'presence_state': %r",
+                    origin,
+                    push,
+                )
+                continue
+
+            new_fields = {"state": presence_state, "last_federation_update_ts": now}
+
+            last_active_ago = push.get("last_active_ago", None)
+            if last_active_ago is not None:
+                new_fields["last_active_ts"] = now - last_active_ago
+
+            new_fields["status_msg"] = push.get("status_msg", None)
+            new_fields["currently_active"] = push.get("currently_active", False)
+
+            prev_state = await self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
+            updates.append(prev_state.copy_and_replace(**new_fields))
+
+        if updates:
+            federation_presence_counter.labels(
+                **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+            ).inc(len(updates))
+            await self._update_states(updates)
+
+    async def set_state(
+        self,
+        target_user: UserID,
+        device_id: str | None,
+        state: JsonDict,
+        force_notify: bool = False,
+        is_sync: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set the presence state of the user.
+
+        Args:
+            target_user: The ID of the user to set the presence state of.
+            device_id: the device that the user is setting the presence state of.
+            state: The presence state as a JSON dictionary.
+            force_notify: Whether to force notification of the update to clients.
+            is_sync: True if this update was from a sync, which results in
+                *not* overriding a previously set BUSY status, updating the
+                user's last_user_sync_ts, and ignoring the "status_msg" field of
+                the `state` dict.
+        """
+        status_msg = state.get("status_msg", None)
+        presence = state["presence"]
+
+        if presence not in self.VALID_PRESENCE:
+            raise SynapseError(400, "Invalid presence state")
+
+        # If presence is disabled, no-op
+        if not self._track_presence:
+            return
+
+        user_id = target_user.to_string()
+        now = self.clock.time_msec()
+
+        prev_state = await self.current_state_for_user(user_id)
+
+        # Syncs do not override a previous presence of busy.
+        #
+        # TODO: This is a hack for lack of multi-device support. Unfortunately
+        # removing this requires coordination with clients.
+        if prev_state.state == PresenceState.BUSY and is_sync:
+            presence = PresenceState.BUSY
+
+        # Update the device specific information.
+        devices = self._user_to_device_to_current_state.setdefault(user_id, {})
+        device_state = devices.setdefault(
+            device_id,
+            UserDevicePresenceState.default(user_id, device_id),
+        )
+        device_state.state = presence
+        device_state.last_active_ts = now
+        if is_sync:
+            device_state.last_sync_ts = now
+
+        # Based on the state of each user's device calculate the new presence state.
+        presence = _combine_device_states(devices.values())
+
+        new_fields: JsonDict = {"state": presence}
+
+        if presence == PresenceState.ONLINE or presence == PresenceState.BUSY:
+            new_fields["last_active_ts"] = now
+
+        if is_sync:
+            new_fields["last_user_sync_ts"] = now
+        else:
+            # Syncs do not override the status message.
+            new_fields["status_msg"] = status_msg
+
+        await self._update_states(
+            [prev_state.copy_and_replace(**new_fields)], force_notify=force_notify
+        )
+
+    async def is_visible(self, observed_user: UserID, observer_user: UserID) -> bool:
+        """Returns whether a user can see another user's presence."""
+        observer_room_ids = await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(
+            observer_user.to_string()
+        )
+        observed_room_ids = await self.store.get_rooms_for_user(
+            observed_user.to_string()
+        )
+
+        if observer_room_ids & observed_room_ids:
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    async def get_all_presence_updates(
+        self, instance_name: str, last_id: int, current_id: int, limit: int
+    ) -> tuple[list[tuple[int, list]], int, bool]:
+        """
+        Gets a list of presence update rows from between the given stream ids.
+        Each row has:
+        - stream_id(str)
+        - user_id(str)
+        - state(str)
+        - last_active_ts(int)
+        - last_federation_update_ts(int)
+        - last_user_sync_ts(int)
+        - status_msg(int)
+        - currently_active(int)
+
+        Args:
+            instance_name: The writer we want to fetch updates from. Unused
+                here since there is only ever one writer.
+            last_id: The token to fetch updates from. Exclusive.
+            current_id: The token to fetch updates up to. Inclusive.
+            limit: The requested limit for the number of rows to return. The
+                function may return more or fewer rows.
+
+        Returns:
+            A tuple consisting of: the updates, a token to use to fetch
+            subsequent updates, and whether we returned fewer rows than exists
+            between the requested tokens due to the limit.
+
+            The token returned can be used in a subsequent call to this
+            function to get further updates.
+
+            The updates are a list of 2-tuples of stream ID and the row data
+        """
+
+        # TODO(markjh): replicate the unpersisted changes.
+        # This could use the in-memory stores for recent changes.
+        rows = await self.store.get_all_presence_updates(
+            instance_name, last_id, current_id, limit
+        )
+        return rows
+
+    def notify_new_event(self) -> None:
+        """Called when new events have happened. Handles users and servers
+        joining rooms and require being sent presence.
+        """
+
+        if self._event_processing:
+            return
+
+        async def _process_presence() -> None:
+            assert not self._event_processing
+
+            self._event_processing = True
+            try:
+                await self._unsafe_process()
+            finally:
+                self._event_processing = False
+
+        self.hs.run_as_background_process(
+            "presence.notify_new_event", _process_presence
+        )
+
+    async def _unsafe_process(self) -> None:
+        # Loop round handling deltas until we're up to date
+        while True:
+            with Measure(
+                self.clock, name="presence_delta", server_name=self.server_name
+            ):
+                room_max_stream_ordering = self.store.get_room_max_stream_ordering()
+                if self._event_pos >= room_max_stream_ordering:
+                    return
+
+                logger.debug(
+                    "Processing presence stats %s->%s",
+                    self._event_pos,
+                    room_max_stream_ordering,
+                )
+                (
+                    max_pos,
+                    deltas,
+                ) = await self._storage_controllers.state.get_current_state_deltas(
+                    self._event_pos, room_max_stream_ordering
+                )
+
+                # We may get multiple deltas for different rooms, but we want to
+                # handle them on a room by room basis, so we batch them up by
+                # room.
+                deltas_by_room: dict[str, list[StateDelta]] = {}
+                for delta in deltas:
+                    deltas_by_room.setdefault(delta.room_id, []).append(delta)
+
+                for room_id, deltas_for_room in deltas_by_room.items():
+                    await self._handle_state_delta(room_id, deltas_for_room)
+
+                self._event_pos = max_pos
+
+                # Expose current event processing position to prometheus
+                synapse.metrics.event_processing_positions.labels(
+                    name="presence", **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name}
+                ).set(max_pos)
+
+    async def _handle_state_delta(self, room_id: str, deltas: list[StateDelta]) -> None:
+        """Process current state deltas for the room to find new joins that need
+        to be handled.
+        """
+
+        # Sets of newly joined users. Note that if the local server is
+        # joining a remote room for the first time we'll see both the joining
+        # user and all remote users as newly joined.
+        newly_joined_users = set()
+
+        for delta in deltas:
+            assert room_id == delta.room_id
+
+            logger.debug(
+                "Handling: %r %r, %s", delta.event_type, delta.state_key, delta.event_id
+            )
+
+            # Drop any event that isn't a membership join
+            if delta.event_type != EventTypes.Member:
+                continue
+
+            if delta.event_id is None:
+                # state has been deleted, so this is not a join. We only care about
+                # joins.
+                continue
+
+            event = await self.store.get_event(delta.event_id, allow_none=True)
+            if not event or event.content.get("membership") != Membership.JOIN:
+                # We only care about joins
+                continue
+
+            if delta.prev_event_id:
+                prev_event = await self.store.get_event(
+                    delta.prev_event_id, allow_none=True
+                )
+                if (
+                    prev_event
+                    and prev_event.content.get("membership") == Membership.JOIN
+                ):
+                    # Ignore changes to join events.
+                    continue
+
+            newly_joined_users.add(delta.state_key)
+
+        if not newly_joined_users:
+            # If nobody has joined then there's nothing to do.
+            return
+
+        # We want to send:
+        #   1. presence states of all local users in the room to newly joined
+        #      remote servers
+        #   2. presence states of newly joined users to all remote servers in
+        #      the room.
+        #
+        # TODO: Only send presence states to remote hosts that don't already
+        # have them (because they already share rooms).
+
+        # Get all the users who were already in the room, by fetching the
+        # current users in the room and removing the newly joined users.
+        users = await self.store.get_users_in_room(room_id)
+        prev_users = set(users) - newly_joined_users
+
+        # Construct sets for all the local users and remote hosts that were
+        # already in the room
+        prev_local_users = []
+        prev_remote_hosts = set()
+        for user_id in prev_users:
+            if self.is_mine_id(user_id):
+                prev_local_users.append(user_id)
+            else:
+                prev_remote_hosts.add(get_domain_from_id(user_id))
+
+        # Similarly, construct sets for all the local users and remote hosts
+        # that were *not* already in the room. Care needs to be taken with the
+        # calculating the remote hosts, as a host may have already been in the
+        # room even if there is a newly joined user from that host.
+        newly_joined_local_users = []
+        newly_joined_remote_hosts = set()
+        for user_id in newly_joined_users:
+            if self.is_mine_id(user_id):
+                newly_joined_local_users.append(user_id)
+            else:
+                host = get_domain_from_id(user_id)
+                if host not in prev_remote_hosts:
+                    newly_joined_remote_hosts.add(host)
+
+        # Send presence states of all local users in the room to newly joined
+        # remote servers. (We actually only send states for local users already
+        # in the room, as we'll send states for newly joined local users below.)
+        if prev_local_users and newly_joined_remote_hosts:
+            local_states = await self.current_state_for_users(prev_local_users)
+
+            # Filter out old presence, i.e. offline presence states where
+            # the user hasn't been active for a week. We can change this
+            # depending on what we want the UX to be, but at the least we
+            # should filter out offline presence where the state is just the
+            # default state.
+            now = self.clock.time_msec()
+            states = [
+                state
+                for state in local_states.values()
+                if state.state != PresenceState.OFFLINE
+                or now - state.last_active_ts < 7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000
+                or state.status_msg is not None
+            ]
+
+            await self._federation_queue.send_presence_to_destinations(
+                destinations=newly_joined_remote_hosts,
+                states=states,
+            )
+
+        # Send presence states of newly joined users to all remote servers in
+        # the room
+        if newly_joined_local_users and (
+            prev_remote_hosts or newly_joined_remote_hosts
+        ):
+            local_states = await self.current_state_for_users(newly_joined_local_users)
+            await self._federation_queue.send_presence_to_destinations(
+                destinations=prev_remote_hosts | newly_joined_remote_hosts,
+                states=list(local_states.values()),
+            )
+
+
+def should_notify(
+    old_state: UserPresenceState,
+    new_state: UserPresenceState,
+    is_mine: bool,
+    our_server_name: str,
+) -> bool:
+    """Decides if a presence state change should be sent to interested parties."""
+    user_location = "remote"
+    if is_mine:
+        user_location = "local"
+
+    if old_state == new_state:
+        return False
+
+    if old_state.status_msg != new_state.status_msg:
+        notify_reason_counter.labels(
+            locality=user_location,
+            reason="status_msg_change",
+            **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: our_server_name},
+        ).inc()
+        return True
+
+    if old_state.state != new_state.state:
+        notify_reason_counter.labels(
+            locality=user_location,
+            reason="state_change",
+            **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: our_server_name},
+        ).inc()
+        state_transition_counter.labels(
+            **{
+                "locality": user_location,
+                # `from` is a reserved word in Python so we have to label it this way if
+                # we want to use keyword args.
+                "from": old_state.state,
+                "to": new_state.state,
+                SERVER_NAME_LABEL: our_server_name,
+            },
+        ).inc()
+        return True
+
+    if old_state.state == PresenceState.ONLINE:
+        if new_state.currently_active != old_state.currently_active:
+            notify_reason_counter.labels(
+                locality=user_location,
+                reason="current_active_change",
+                **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: our_server_name},
+            ).inc()
+            return True
+
+        if (
+            new_state.last_active_ts - old_state.last_active_ts
+            > LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY
+        ):
+            # Only notify about last active bumps if we're not currently active
+            if not new_state.currently_active:
+                notify_reason_counter.labels(
+                    locality=user_location,
+                    reason="last_active_change_online",
+                    **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: our_server_name},
+                ).inc()
+                return True
+
+    elif new_state.last_active_ts - old_state.last_active_ts > LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY:
+        # Always notify for a transition where last active gets bumped.
+        notify_reason_counter.labels(
+            locality=user_location,
+            reason="last_active_change_not_online",
+            **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: our_server_name},
+        ).inc()
+        return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def format_user_presence_state(
+    state: UserPresenceState, now: int, include_user_id: bool = True
+) -> JsonDict:
+    """Convert UserPresenceState to a JSON format that can be sent down to clients
+    and to other servers.
+
+    Args:
+        state: The user presence state to format.
+        now: The current timestamp since the epoch in ms.
+        include_user_id: Whether to include `user_id` in the returned dictionary.
+            As this function can be used both to format presence updates for client /sync
+            responses and for federation /send requests, only the latter needs the include
+            the `user_id` field.
+
+    Returns:
+        A JSON dictionary with the following keys:
+            * presence: The presence state as a str.
+            * user_id: Optional. Included if `include_user_id` is truthy. The canonical
+                Matrix ID of the user.
+            * last_active_ago: Optional. Included if `last_active_ts` is set on `state`.
+                The timestamp that the user was last active.
+            * status_msg: Optional. Included if `status_msg` is set on `state`. The user's
+                status.
+            * currently_active: Optional. Included only if `state.state` is "online".
+
+        Example:
+
+        {
+            "presence": "online",
+            "user_id": "@alice:example.com",
+            "last_active_ago": 16783813918,
+            "status_msg": "Hello world!",
+            "currently_active": True
+        }
+    """
+    content: JsonDict = {"presence": state.state}
+    if include_user_id:
+        content["user_id"] = state.user_id
+    if state.last_active_ts:
+        content["last_active_ago"] = now - state.last_active_ts
+    if state.status_msg:
+        content["status_msg"] = state.status_msg
+    if state.state == PresenceState.ONLINE:
+        content["currently_active"] = state.currently_active
+
+    return content
+
+
+class PresenceEventSource(EventSource[int, UserPresenceState]):
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer"):
+        # We can't call get_presence_handler here because there's a cycle:
+        #
+        #   Presence -> Notifier -> PresenceEventSource -> Presence
+        #
+        # Same with get_presence_router:
+        #
+        #   AuthHandler -> Notifier -> PresenceEventSource -> ModuleApi -> AuthHandler
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.get_presence_handler = hs.get_presence_handler
+        self.get_presence_router = hs.get_presence_router
+        self.server_name = hs.hostname
+        self.clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self.store = hs.get_datastores().main
+
+    async def get_new_events(
+        self,
+        user: UserID,
+        from_key: int | None,
+        # Having a default limit doesn't match the EventSource API, but some
+        # callers do not provide it. It is unused in this class.
+        limit: int = 0,
+        room_ids: StrCollection | None = None,
+        is_guest: bool = False,
+        explicit_room_id: str | None = None,
+        include_offline: bool = True,
+        service: ApplicationService | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[list[UserPresenceState], int]:
+        # The process for getting presence events are:
+        #  1. Get the rooms the user is in.
+        #  2. Get the list of user in the rooms.
+        #  3. Get the list of users that are in the user's presence list.
+        #  4. If there is a from_key set, cross reference the list of users
+        #     with the `presence_stream_cache` to see which ones we actually
+        #     need to check.
+        #  5. Load current state for the users.
+        #
+        # We don't try and limit the presence updates by the current token, as
+        # sending down the rare duplicate is not a concern.
+
+        user_id = user.to_string()
+        stream_change_cache = self.store.presence_stream_cache
+
+        with Measure(
+            self.clock, name="presence.get_new_events", server_name=self.server_name
+        ):
+            if from_key is not None:
+                from_key = int(from_key)
+
+                # Check if this user should receive all current, online user presence. We only
+                # bother to do this if from_key is set, as otherwise the user will receive all
+                # user presence anyways.
+                if await self.store.should_user_receive_full_presence_with_token(
+                    user_id, from_key
+                ):
+                    # This user has been specified by a module to receive all current, online
+                    # user presence. Removing from_key and setting include_offline to false
+                    # will do effectively this.
+                    from_key = None
+                    include_offline = False
+
+            max_token = self.store.get_current_presence_token()
+            if from_key == max_token:
+                # This is necessary as due to the way stream ID generators work
+                # we may get updates that have a stream ID greater than the max
+                # token (e.g. max_token is N but stream generator may return
+                # results for N+2, due to N+1 not having finished being
+                # persisted yet).
+                #
+                # This is usually fine, as it just means that we may send down
+                # some presence updates multiple times. However, we need to be
+                # careful that the sync stream either actually does make some
+                # progress or doesn't return, otherwise clients will end up
+                # tight looping calling /sync due to it immediately returning
+                # the same token repeatedly.
+                #
+                # Hence this guard where we just return nothing so that the sync
+                # doesn't return. C.f. https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/issues/5503.
+                return [], max_token
+
+            # Figure out which other users this user should explicitly receive
+            # updates for
+            additional_users_interested_in = (
+                await self.get_presence_router().get_interested_users(user.to_string())
+            )
+
+            # We have a set of users that we're interested in the presence of. We want to
+            # cross-reference that with the users that have actually changed their presence.
+
+            # Check whether this user should see all user updates
+
+            if additional_users_interested_in == PresenceRouter.ALL_USERS:
+                # Provide presence state for all users
+                presence_updates = await self._filter_all_presence_updates_for_user(
+                    user_id, include_offline, from_key
+                )
+
+                return presence_updates, max_token
+
+            # Make mypy happy. users_interested_in should now be a set
+            assert not isinstance(additional_users_interested_in, str)
+
+            # We always care about our own presence.
+            additional_users_interested_in.add(user_id)
+
+            if explicit_room_id:
+                user_ids = await self.store.get_users_in_room(explicit_room_id)
+                additional_users_interested_in.update(user_ids)
+
+            # The set of users that we're interested in and that have had a presence update.
+            # We'll actually pull the presence updates for these users at the end.
+            interested_and_updated_users: StrCollection
+
+            if from_key is not None:
+                # First get all users that have had a presence update
+                result = stream_change_cache.get_all_entities_changed(from_key)
+
+                # Cross-reference users we're interested in with those that have had updates.
+                if result.hit:
+                    updated_users = result.entities
+
+                    # If we have the full list of changes for presence we can
+                    # simply check which ones share a room with the user.
+                    get_updates_counter.labels(
+                        type="stream",
+                        **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name},
+                    ).inc()
+
+                    sharing_users = await self.store.do_users_share_a_room(
+                        user_id, updated_users
+                    )
+
+                    interested_and_updated_users = (
+                        sharing_users.union(additional_users_interested_in)
+                    ).intersection(updated_users)
+
+                else:
+                    # Too many possible updates. Find all users we can see and check
+                    # if any of them have changed.
+                    get_updates_counter.labels(
+                        type="full",
+                        **{SERVER_NAME_LABEL: self.server_name},
+                    ).inc()
+
+                    users_interested_in = (
+                        await self.store.get_users_who_share_room_with_user(user_id)
+                    )
+                    users_interested_in.update(additional_users_interested_in)
+
+                    interested_and_updated_users = (
+                        stream_change_cache.get_entities_changed(
+                            users_interested_in, from_key
+                        )
+                    )
+            else:
+                # No from_key has been specified. Return the presence for all users
+                # this user is interested in
+                interested_and_updated_users = (
+                    await self.store.get_users_who_share_room_with_user(user_id)
+                )
+                interested_and_updated_users.update(additional_users_interested_in)
+
+            # Retrieve the current presence state for each user
+            users_to_state = await self.get_presence_handler().current_state_for_users(
+                interested_and_updated_users
+            )
+            presence_updates = list(users_to_state.values())
+
+        if not include_offline:
+            # Filter out offline presence states
+            presence_updates = self._filter_offline_presence_state(presence_updates)
+
+        return presence_updates, max_token
+
+    async def _filter_all_presence_updates_for_user(
+        self,
+        user_id: str,
+        include_offline: bool,
+        from_key: int | None = None,
+    ) -> list[UserPresenceState]:
+        """
+        Computes the presence updates a user should receive.
+
+        First pulls presence updates from the database. Then consults PresenceRouter
+        for whether any updates should be excluded by user ID.
+
+        Args:
+            user_id: The User ID of the user to compute presence updates for.
+            include_offline: Whether to include offline presence states from the results.
+            from_key: The minimum stream ID of updates to pull from the database
+                before filtering.
+
+        Returns:
+            A list of presence states for the given user to receive.
+        """
+        updated_users = None
+        if from_key:
+            # Only return updates since the last sync
+            result = self.store.presence_stream_cache.get_all_entities_changed(from_key)
+            if result.hit:
+                updated_users = result.entities
+
+        if updated_users is not None:
+            # Get the actual presence update for each change
+            users_to_state = await self.get_presence_handler().current_state_for_users(
+                updated_users
+            )
+            presence_updates = list(users_to_state.values())
+
+            if not include_offline:
+                # Filter out offline states
+                presence_updates = self._filter_offline_presence_state(presence_updates)
+        else:
+            users_to_state = await self.store.get_presence_for_all_users(
+                include_offline=include_offline
+            )
+
+            presence_updates = list(users_to_state.values())
+
+        # TODO: This feels wildly inefficient, and it's unfortunate we need to ask the
+        # module for information on a number of users when we then only take the info
+        # for a single user
+
+        # Filter through the presence router
+        users_to_state_set = await self.get_presence_router().get_users_for_states(
+            presence_updates
+        )
+
+        # We only want the mapping for the syncing user
+        presence_updates = list(users_to_state_set[user_id])
+
+        # Return presence information for all users
+        return presence_updates
+
+    def _filter_offline_presence_state(
+        self, presence_updates: Iterable[UserPresenceState]
+    ) -> list[UserPresenceState]:
+        """Given an iterable containing user presence updates, return a list with any offline
+        presence states removed.
+
+        Args:
+            presence_updates: Presence states to filter
+
+        Returns:
+            A new list with any offline presence states removed.
+        """
+        return [
+            update
+            for update in presence_updates
+            if update.state != PresenceState.OFFLINE
+        ]
+
+    def get_current_key(self) -> int:
+        return self.store.get_current_presence_token()
+
+
+def handle_timeouts(
+    user_states: list[UserPresenceState],
+    is_mine_fn: Callable[[str], bool],
+    syncing_user_devices: AbstractSet[tuple[str, str | None]],
+    user_to_devices: dict[str, dict[str | None, UserDevicePresenceState]],
+    now: int,
+) -> list[UserPresenceState]:
+    """Checks the presence of users that have timed out and updates as
+    appropriate.
+
+    Args:
+        user_states: List of UserPresenceState's to check.
+        is_mine_fn: Function that returns if a user_id is ours
+        syncing_user_devices: A set of (user ID, device ID) tuples with active syncs..
+        user_to_devices: A map of user ID to device ID to UserDevicePresenceState.
+        now: Current time in ms.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of UserPresenceState updates
+    """
+    changes = {}  # Actual changes we need to notify people about
+
+    for state in user_states:
+        user_id = state.user_id
+        is_mine = is_mine_fn(user_id)
+
+        new_state = handle_timeout(
+            state,
+            is_mine,
+            syncing_user_devices,
+            user_to_devices.get(user_id, {}),
+            now,
+        )
+        if new_state:
+            changes[state.user_id] = new_state
+
+    return list(changes.values())
+
+
+def handle_timeout(
+    state: UserPresenceState,
+    is_mine: bool,
+    syncing_device_ids: AbstractSet[tuple[str, str | None]],
+    user_devices: dict[str | None, UserDevicePresenceState],
+    now: int,
+) -> UserPresenceState | None:
+    """Checks the presence of the user to see if any of the timers have elapsed
+
+    Args:
+        state: UserPresenceState to check.
+        is_mine: Whether the user is ours
+        syncing_user_devices: A set of (user ID, device ID) tuples with active syncs..
+        user_devices: A map of device ID to UserDevicePresenceState.
+        now: Current time in ms.
+
+    Returns:
+        A UserPresenceState update or None if no update.
+    """
+    if state.state == PresenceState.OFFLINE:
+        # No timeouts are associated with offline states.
+        return None
+
+    changed = False
+
+    if is_mine:
+        # Check per-device whether the device should be considered idle or offline
+        # due to timeouts.
+        device_changed = False
+        offline_devices = []
+        for device_id, device_state in user_devices.items():
+            if device_state.state == PresenceState.ONLINE:
+                if now - device_state.last_active_ts > IDLE_TIMER:
+                    # Currently online, but last activity ages ago so auto
+                    # idle
+                    device_state.state = PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE
+                    device_changed = True
+
+            # If there are have been no sync for a while (and none ongoing),
+            # set presence to offline.
+            if (state.user_id, device_id) not in syncing_device_ids:
+                # If the user has done something recently but hasn't synced,
+                # don't set them as offline.
+                sync_or_active = max(
+                    device_state.last_sync_ts, device_state.last_active_ts
+                )
+
+                # Implementations aren't meant to timeout a device with a busy
+                # state, but it needs to timeout *eventually* or else the user
+                # will be stuck in that state.
+                online_timeout = (
+                    BUSY_ONLINE_TIMEOUT
+                    if device_state.state == PresenceState.BUSY
+                    else SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT
+                )
+                if now - sync_or_active > online_timeout:
+                    # Mark the device as going offline.
+                    offline_devices.append(device_id)
+                    device_changed = True
+
+        # Offline devices are not needed and do not add information.
+        for device_id in offline_devices:
+            user_devices.pop(device_id)
+
+        # If the presence state of the devices changed, then (maybe) update
+        # the user's overall presence state.
+        if device_changed:
+            new_presence = _combine_device_states(user_devices.values())
+            if new_presence != state.state:
+                state = state.copy_and_replace(state=new_presence)
+                changed = True
+
+        if now - state.last_active_ts > LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY:
+            # So that we send down a notification that we've
+            # stopped updating.
+            changed = True
+
+        if now - state.last_federation_update_ts > FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL:
+            # Need to send ping to other servers to ensure they don't
+            # timeout and set us to offline
+            changed = True
+    else:
+        # We expect to be poked occasionally by the other side.
+        # This is to protect against forgetful/buggy servers, so that
+        # no one gets stuck online forever.
+        if now - state.last_federation_update_ts > FEDERATION_TIMEOUT:
+            # The other side seems to have disappeared.
+            state = state.copy_and_replace(state=PresenceState.OFFLINE)
+            changed = True
+
+    return state if changed else None
+
+
+def handle_update(
+    prev_state: UserPresenceState,
+    new_state: UserPresenceState,
+    is_mine: bool,
+    our_server_name: str,
+    wheel_timer: WheelTimer,
+    now: int,
+    persist: bool,
+) -> tuple[UserPresenceState, bool, bool]:
+    """Given a presence update:
+        1. Add any appropriate timers.
+        2. Check if we should notify anyone.
+
+    Args:
+        prev_state
+        new_state
+        is_mine: Whether the user is ours
+        our_server_name: The homeserver name of the our server (`hs.hostname`)
+        wheel_timer
+        now: Time now in ms
+        persist: True if this state should persist until another update occurs.
+            Skips insertion into wheel timers.
+
+    Returns:
+        3-tuple: `(new_state, persist_and_notify, federation_ping)` where:
+            - new_state: is the state to actually persist
+            - persist_and_notify: whether to persist and notify people
+            - federation_ping: whether we should send a ping over federation
+    """
+    user_id = new_state.user_id
+
+    persist_and_notify = False
+    federation_ping = False
+
+    # If the users are ours then we want to set up a bunch of timers
+    # to time things out.
+    if is_mine:
+        if new_state.state == PresenceState.ONLINE:
+            # Idle timer
+            if not persist:
+                wheel_timer.insert(
+                    now=now, obj=user_id, then=new_state.last_active_ts + IDLE_TIMER
+                )
+
+            active = now - new_state.last_active_ts < LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY
+            new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(currently_active=active)
+
+            if active and not persist:
+                wheel_timer.insert(
+                    now=now,
+                    obj=user_id,
+                    then=new_state.last_active_ts + LAST_ACTIVE_GRANULARITY,
+                )
+
+        if new_state.state != PresenceState.OFFLINE:
+            # User has stopped syncing
+            if not persist:
+                wheel_timer.insert(
+                    now=now,
+                    obj=user_id,
+                    then=new_state.last_user_sync_ts + SYNC_ONLINE_TIMEOUT,
+                )
+
+            last_federate = new_state.last_federation_update_ts
+            if now - last_federate > FEDERATION_PING_INTERVAL:
+                # Been a while since we've poked remote servers
+                new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(last_federation_update_ts=now)
+                federation_ping = True
+
+        if new_state.state == PresenceState.BUSY and not persist:
+            wheel_timer.insert(
+                now=now,
+                obj=user_id,
+                then=new_state.last_user_sync_ts + BUSY_ONLINE_TIMEOUT,
+            )
+
+    else:
+        # An update for a remote user was received.
+        if not persist:
+            wheel_timer.insert(
+                now=now,
+                obj=user_id,
+                then=new_state.last_federation_update_ts + FEDERATION_TIMEOUT,
+            )
+
+    # Check whether the change was something worth notifying about
+    if should_notify(prev_state, new_state, is_mine, our_server_name):
+        new_state = new_state.copy_and_replace(last_federation_update_ts=now)
+        persist_and_notify = True
+
+    return new_state, persist_and_notify, federation_ping
+
+
+PRESENCE_BY_PRIORITY = {
+    PresenceState.BUSY: 4,
+    PresenceState.ONLINE: 3,
+    PresenceState.UNAVAILABLE: 2,
+    PresenceState.OFFLINE: 1,
+}
+
+
+def _combine_device_states(
+    device_states: Iterable[UserDevicePresenceState],
+) -> str:
+    """
+    Find the device to use presence information from.
+
+    Orders devices by priority, then last_active_ts.
+
+    Args:
+        device_states: An iterable of device presence states
+
+    Return:
+        The combined presence state.
+    """
+
+    # Based on (all) the user's devices calculate the new presence state.
+    presence = PresenceState.OFFLINE
+    last_active_ts = -1
+
+    # Find the device to use the presence state of based on the presence priority,
+    # but tie-break with how recently the device has been seen.
+    for device_state in device_states:
+        if (PRESENCE_BY_PRIORITY[device_state.state], device_state.last_active_ts) > (
+            PRESENCE_BY_PRIORITY[presence],
+            last_active_ts,
+        ):
+            presence = device_state.state
+            last_active_ts = device_state.last_active_ts
+
+    return presence
+
+
+async def get_interested_parties(
+    store: DataStore, presence_router: PresenceRouter, states: list[UserPresenceState]
+) -> tuple[dict[str, list[UserPresenceState]], dict[str, list[UserPresenceState]]]:
+    """Given a list of states return which entities (rooms, users)
+    are interested in the given states.
+
+    Args:
+        store: The homeserver's data store.
+        presence_router: A module for augmenting the destinations for presence updates.
+        states: A list of incoming user presence updates.
+
+    Returns:
+        A 2-tuple of `(room_ids_to_states, users_to_states)`,
+        with each item being a dict of `entity_name` -> `[UserPresenceState]`
+    """
+    room_ids_to_states: dict[str, list[UserPresenceState]] = {}
+    users_to_states: dict[str, list[UserPresenceState]] = {}
+    for state in states:
+        room_ids = await store.get_rooms_for_user(state.user_id)
+        for room_id in room_ids:
+            room_ids_to_states.setdefault(room_id, []).append(state)
+
+        # Always notify self
+        users_to_states.setdefault(state.user_id, []).append(state)
+
+    # Ask a presence routing module for any additional parties if one
+    # is loaded.
+    router_users_to_states = await presence_router.get_users_for_states(states)
+
+    # Update the dictionaries with additional destinations and state to send
+    for user_id, user_states in router_users_to_states.items():
+        users_to_states.setdefault(user_id, []).extend(user_states)
+
+    return room_ids_to_states, users_to_states
+
+
+async def get_interested_remotes(
+    store: DataStore,
+    presence_router: PresenceRouter,
+    states: list[UserPresenceState],
+) -> list[tuple[StrCollection, Collection[UserPresenceState]]]:
+    """Given a list of presence states figure out which remote servers
+    should be sent which.
+
+    All the presence states should be for local users only.
+
+    Args:
+        store: The homeserver's data store.
+        presence_router: A module for augmenting the destinations for presence updates.
+        states: A list of incoming user presence updates.
+
+    Returns:
+        A map from destinations to presence states to send to that destination.
+    """
+    hosts_and_states: list[tuple[StrCollection, Collection[UserPresenceState]]] = []
+
+    # First we look up the rooms each user is in (as well as any explicit
+    # subscriptions), then for each distinct room we look up the remote
+    # hosts in those rooms.
+    for state in states:
+        room_ids = await store.get_rooms_for_user(state.user_id)
+        hosts: set[str] = set()
+        for room_id in room_ids:
+            room_hosts = await store.get_current_hosts_in_room(room_id)
+            hosts.update(room_hosts)
+        hosts_and_states.append((hosts, [state]))
+
+    # Ask a presence routing module for any additional parties if one
+    # is loaded.
+    router_users_to_states = await presence_router.get_users_for_states(states)
+
+    for user_id, user_states in router_users_to_states.items():
+        host = get_domain_from_id(user_id)
+        hosts_and_states.append(([host], user_states))
+
+    return hosts_and_states
+
+
+class PresenceFederationQueue:
+    """Handles sending ad hoc presence updates over federation, which are *not*
+    due to state updates (that get handled via the presence stream), e.g.
+    federation pings and sending existing present states to newly joined hosts.
+
+    Only the last N minutes will be queued, so if a federation sender instance
+    is down for longer then some updates will be dropped. This is OK as presence
+    is ephemeral, and so it will self correct eventually.
+
+    On workers the class tracks the last received position of the stream from
+    replication, and handles querying for missed updates over HTTP replication,
+    c.f. `get_current_token` and `get_replication_rows`.
+    """
+
+    # How long to keep entries in the queue for. Workers that are down for
+    # longer than this duration will miss out on older updates.
+    _KEEP_ITEMS_IN_QUEUE_FOR_MS = 5 * 60 * 1000
+
+    # How often to check if we can expire entries from the queue.
+    _CLEAR_ITEMS_EVERY_MS = Duration(minutes=1)
+
+    def __init__(self, hs: "HomeServer", presence_handler: BasePresenceHandler):
+        self._clock = hs.get_clock()
+        self._notifier = hs.get_notifier()
+        self._instance_name = hs.get_instance_name()
+        self._presence_handler = presence_handler
+        self._repl_client = ReplicationGetStreamUpdates.make_client(hs)
+
+        # Should we keep a queue of recent presence updates? We only bother if
+        # another process may be handling federation sending.
+        self._queue_presence_updates = True
+
+        # Whether this instance is a presence writer.
+        self._presence_writer = self._instance_name in hs.config.worker.writers.presence
+
+        # The FederationSender instance, if this process sends federation traffic directly.
+        self._federation = None
+
+        if hs.should_send_federation():
+            self._federation = hs.get_federation_sender()
+
+            # We don't bother queuing up presence states if only this instance
+            # is sending federation.
+            if hs.config.worker.federation_shard_config.instances == [
+                self._instance_name
+            ]:
+                self._queue_presence_updates = False
+
+        # The queue of recently queued updates as tuples of: `(timestamp,
+        # stream_id, destinations, user_ids)`. We don't store the full states
+        # for efficiency, and remote workers will already have the full states
+        # cached.
+        self._queue: list[tuple[int, int, StrCollection, set[str]]] = []
+
+        self._next_id = 1
+
+        # Map from instance name to current token
+        self._current_tokens: dict[str, int] = {}
+
+        if self._queue_presence_updates:
+            self._clock.looping_call(self._clear_queue, self._CLEAR_ITEMS_EVERY_MS)
+
+    def _clear_queue(self) -> None:
+        """Clear out older entries from the queue."""
+        clear_before = self._clock.time_msec() - self._KEEP_ITEMS_IN_QUEUE_FOR_MS
+
+        # The queue is sorted by timestamp, so we can bisect to find the right
+        # place to purge before. Note that we are searching using a 1-tuple with
+        # the time, which does The Right Thing since the queue is a tuple where
+        # the first item is a timestamp.
+        index = bisect(self._queue, (clear_before,))
+        self._queue = self._queue[index:]
+
+    async def send_presence_to_destinations(
+        self, states: Collection[UserPresenceState], destinations: StrCollection
+    ) -> None:
+        """Send the presence states to the given destinations.
+
+        Will forward to the local federation sender (if there is one) and queue
+        to send over replication (if there are other federation sender instances.).
+
+        Must only be called on the presence writer process.
+        """
+
+        # This should only be called on a presence writer.
+        assert self._presence_writer
+
+        if not states or not destinations:
+            # Ignore calls which either don't have any new states or don't need
+            # to be sent anywhere.
+            return
+
+        if self._federation:
+            await self._federation.send_presence_to_destinations(
+                states=states,
+                destinations=destinations,
+            )
+
+        if not self._queue_presence_updates:
+            return
+
+        now = self._clock.time_msec()
+
+        stream_id = self._next_id
+        self._next_id += 1
+
+        self._queue.append((now, stream_id, destinations, {s.user_id for s in states}))
+
+        self._notifier.notify_replication()
+
+    def get_current_token(self, instance_name: str) -> int:
+        """Get the current position of the stream.
+
+        On workers this returns the last stream ID received from replication.
+        """
+        if instance_name == self._instance_name:
+            return self._next_id - 1
+        else:
+            return self._current_tokens.get(instance_name, 0)
+
+    async def get_replication_rows(
+        self,
+        instance_name: str,
+        from_token: int,
+        upto_token: int,
+        target_row_count: int,
+    ) -> tuple[list[tuple[int, tuple[str, str]]], int, bool]:
+        """Get all the updates between the two tokens.
+
+        We return rows in the form of `(destination, user_id)` to keep the size
+        of each row bounded (rather than returning the sets in a row).
+
+        On workers this will query the presence writer process via HTTP replication.
+        """
+        if instance_name != self._instance_name:
+            # If not local we query over http replication from the presence
+            # writer
+            result = await self._repl_client(
+                instance_name=instance_name,
+                stream_name=PresenceFederationStream.NAME,
+                from_token=from_token,
+                upto_token=upto_token,
+            )
+            return result["updates"], result["upto_token"], result["limited"]
+
+        # If the from_token is the current token then there's nothing to return
+        # and we can trivially no-op.
+        if from_token == self._next_id - 1:
+            return [], upto_token, False
+
+        # We can find the correct position in the queue by noting that there is
+        # exactly one entry per stream ID, and that the last entry has an ID of
+        # `self._next_id - 1`, so we can count backwards from the end.
+        #
+        # Since we are returning all states in the range `from_token < stream_id
+        # <= upto_token` we look for the index with a `stream_id` of `from_token
+        # + 1`.
+        #
+        # Since the start of the queue is periodically truncated we need to
+        # handle the case where `from_token` stream ID has already been dropped.
+        start_idx = max(from_token + 1 - self._next_id, -len(self._queue))
+
+        to_send: list[tuple[int, tuple[str, str]]] = []
+        limited = False
+        new_id = upto_token
+        for _, stream_id, destinations, user_ids in self._queue[start_idx:]:
+            if stream_id <= from_token:
+                # Paranoia check that we are actually only sending states that
+                # are have stream_id strictly greater than from_token. We should
+                # never hit this.
+                logger.warning(
+                    "Tried returning presence federation stream ID: %d less than from_token: %d (next_id: %d, len: %d)",
+                    stream_id,
+                    from_token,
+                    self._next_id,
+                    len(self._queue),
+                )
+                continue
+
+            if stream_id > upto_token:
+                break
+
+            new_id = stream_id
+
+            to_send.extend(
+                (stream_id, (destination, user_id))
+                for destination in destinations
+                for user_id in user_ids
+            )
+
+            if len(to_send) > target_row_count:
+                limited = True
+                break
+
+        return to_send, new_id, limited
+
+    async def process_replication_rows(
+        self, stream_name: str, instance_name: str, token: int, rows: list
+    ) -> None:
+        if stream_name != PresenceFederationStream.NAME:
+            return
+
+        # We keep track of the current tokens (so that we can catch up with anything we missed after a disconnect)
+        self._current_tokens[instance_name] = token
+
+        # If we're a federation sender we pull out the presence states to send
+        # and forward them on.
+        if not self._federation:
+            return
+
+        hosts_to_users: dict[str, set[str]] = {}
+        for row in rows:
+            hosts_to_users.setdefault(row.destination, set()).add(row.user_id)
+
+        for host, user_ids in hosts_to_users.items():
+            states = await self._presence_handler.current_state_for_users(user_ids)
+            await self._federation.send_presence_to_destinations(
+                states=states.values(),
+                destinations=[host],
+            )