brainstate 0.2.0__py2.py3-none-any.whl → 0.2.1__py2.py3-none-any.whl

brainstate/nn/_rnns_test.py

@@ -1,593 +1,593 @@
-# Copyright 2024 BrainX Ecosystem Limited. All Rights Reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-# ==============================================================================
-
-"""Comprehensive tests for RNN cell implementations."""
-
-import unittest
-from typing import Type
-
-import jax
-import jax.numpy as jnp
-import numpy as np
-
-import brainstate
-import brainstate.nn as nn
-from brainstate.nn import RNNCell, ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell
-from brainstate.nn import init as init
-from brainstate.nn import _activations as functional
-
-
-class TestRNNCellBase(unittest.TestCase):
-    """Base test class for all RNN cell implementations."""
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        """Set up test fixtures."""
-        self.num_in = 10
-        self.num_out = 20
-        self.batch_size = 32
-        self.sequence_length = 100
-        self.seed = 42
-
-        # Initialize random inputs
-        key = jax.random.PRNGKey(self.seed)
-        self.x = jax.random.normal(key, (self.batch_size, self.num_in))
-        self.sequence = jax.random.normal(
-            key, (self.sequence_length, self.batch_size, self.num_in)
-        )
-
-
-class TestVanillaRNNCell(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Comprehensive tests for VanillaRNNCell."""
-
-    def test_basic_forward(self):
-        """Test basic forward pass."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        output = cell.update(self.x)
-
-        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(output)))
-
-    def test_sequence_processing(self):
-        """Test processing a sequence of inputs."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        outputs = []
-        for t in range(self.sequence_length):
-            output = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
-            outputs.append(output)
-
-        outputs = jnp.stack(outputs)
-        self.assertEqual(outputs.shape, (self.sequence_length, self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(outputs)))
-
-    def test_state_reset(self):
-        """Test state reset functionality."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Process some input
-        _ = cell.update(self.x)
-        state_before = cell.h.value.copy()
-
-        # Reset state
-        cell.reset_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-        state_after = cell.h.value.copy()
-
-        # States should be different (unless randomly the same, which is unlikely)
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(state_before, state_after, atol=1e-6))
-
-    def test_different_batch_sizes(self):
-        """Test with different batch sizes."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-
-        for batch_size in [1, 16, 64]:
-            cell.init_state(batch_size=batch_size)
-            x = jnp.ones((batch_size, self.num_in))
-            output = cell.update(x)
-            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (batch_size, self.num_out))
-
-    def test_activation_functions(self):
-        """Test different activation functions."""
-        activations = ['relu', 'tanh', 'sigmoid', 'gelu']
-
-        for activation in activations:
-            cell = ValinaRNNCell(
-                num_in=self.num_in,
-                num_out=self.num_out,
-                activation=activation
-            )
-            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-            output = cell.update(self.x)
-            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-            self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-
-    def test_custom_initializers(self):
-        """Test custom weight and state initializers."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(
-            num_in=self.num_in,
-            num_out=self.num_out,
-            w_init=init.Orthogonal(),
-            b_init=init.Constant(0.1),
-            state_init=init.Normal(0.01)
-        )
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-        output = cell.update(self.x)
-        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-
-    def test_gradient_flow(self):
-        """Test gradient flow through the cell."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        def loss_fn(x):
-            output = cell.update(x)
-            return jnp.mean(output ** 2)
-
-        grad_fn = jax.grad(loss_fn)
-        grad = grad_fn(self.x)
-
-        self.assertEqual(grad.shape, self.x.shape)
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(grad)))
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.any(grad != 0))  # Gradients should be non-zero
-
-
-class TestGRUCell(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Comprehensive tests for GRUCell."""
-
-    def test_basic_forward(self):
-        """Test basic forward pass."""
-        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        output = cell.update(self.x)
-
-        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-
-    def test_gating_mechanism(self):
-        """Test that gating values are in valid range."""
-        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Access internal computation
-        old_h = cell.h.value
-        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, old_h], axis=-1)
-        gates = functional.sigmoid(cell.Wrz(xh))
-
-        # Gates should be between 0 and 1
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gates >= 0))
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gates <= 1))
-
-    def test_state_persistence(self):
-        """Test that state persists across updates."""
-        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Process sequence and track states
-        states = []
-        for t in range(10):
-            _ = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
-            states.append(cell.h.value.copy())
-
-        # States should evolve over time
-        for i in range(1, len(states)):
-            self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(states[i], states[i-1], atol=1e-8))
-
-    def test_reset_vs_update_gates(self):
-        """Test that reset and update gates behave differently."""
-        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Get gates for the same input
-        old_h = cell.h.value
-        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, old_h], axis=-1)
-        r, z = jnp.split(functional.sigmoid(cell.Wrz(xh)), indices_or_sections=2, axis=-1)
-
-        # Reset and update gates should be different
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(r, z, atol=1e-6))
-
-    def test_different_initializers(self):
-        """Test with different weight initializers."""
-        initializers = [
-            init.XavierNormal(),
-            init.XavierUniform(),
-            init.Orthogonal(),
-            init.KaimingNormal(),
-        ]
-
-        for w_init in initializers:
-            cell = GRUCell(
-                num_in=self.num_in,
-                num_out=self.num_out,
-                w_init=w_init
-            )
-            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-            output = cell.update(self.x)
-            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-
-
-class TestMGUCell(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Comprehensive tests for MGUCell."""
-
-    def test_basic_forward(self):
-        """Test basic forward pass."""
-        cell = MGUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        output = cell.update(self.x)
-
-        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-
-    def test_single_gate_mechanism(self):
-        """Test that MGU uses single forget gate."""
-        cell = MGUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Check that only one gate is computed
-        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, cell.h.value], axis=-1)
-        f = functional.sigmoid(cell.Wf(xh))
-
-        # Forget gate should be between 0 and 1
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(f >= 0))
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(f <= 1))
-        self.assertEqual(f.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-
-    def test_parameter_efficiency(self):
-        """Test that MGU has fewer parameters than GRU."""
-        mgu_cell = MGUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        gru_cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-
-        # Count parameters - MGU should have fewer
-        # MGU has 2 weight matrices (Wf, Wh)
-        # GRU has 2 weight matrices but one is double size (Wrz, Wh)
-        mgu_param_count = 2 * ((self.num_in + self.num_out) * self.num_out + self.num_out)
-        gru_param_count = ((self.num_in + self.num_out) * (self.num_out * 2) + self.num_out * 2) + \
-                          ((self.num_in + self.num_out) * self.num_out + self.num_out)
-
-        self.assertLess(mgu_param_count, gru_param_count)
-
-
-class TestLSTMCell(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Comprehensive tests for LSTMCell."""
-
-    def test_basic_forward(self):
-        """Test basic forward pass."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        output = cell.update(self.x)
-
-        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-
-    def test_dual_state_mechanism(self):
-        """Test that LSTM maintains both hidden and cell states."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Check initial states
-        self.assertIsNotNone(cell.h)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(cell.c)
-        self.assertEqual(cell.h.value.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-        self.assertEqual(cell.c.value.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-
-        # Update and check states change
-        h_before = cell.h.value.copy()
-        c_before = cell.c.value.copy()
-
-        _ = cell.update(self.x)
-
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(cell.h.value, h_before, atol=1e-8))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(cell.c.value, c_before, atol=1e-8))
-
-    def test_forget_gate_bias(self):
-        """Test that forget gate has positive bias initialization."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Process with zero input to see bias effect
-        zero_input = jnp.zeros((self.batch_size, self.num_in))
-        xh = jnp.concatenate([zero_input, cell.h.value], axis=-1)
-        gates = cell.W(xh)
-        _, _, f, _ = jnp.split(gates, indices_or_sections=4, axis=-1)
-        f_gate = functional.sigmoid(f + 1.)  # Note the +1 bias
-
-        # Forget gate should be biased towards remembering (> 0.5)
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.mean(f_gate) > 0.5)
-
-    def test_gate_values_range(self):
-        """Test that all gates produce values in [0, 1]."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, cell.h.value], axis=-1)
-        i, g, f, o = jnp.split(cell.W(xh), indices_or_sections=4, axis=-1)
-
-        i_gate = functional.sigmoid(i)
-        f_gate = functional.sigmoid(f + 1.)
-        o_gate = functional.sigmoid(o)
-
-        for gate in [i_gate, f_gate, o_gate]:
-            self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gate >= 0))
-            self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gate <= 1))
-
-    def test_cell_state_gradient_flow(self):
-        """Test gradient flow through cell state."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        def loss_fn(x):
-            for t in range(10):
-                _ = cell.update(x)
-            return jnp.mean(cell.c.value ** 2)
-
-        grad_fn = jax.grad(loss_fn)
-        grad = grad_fn(self.x)
-
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(grad)))
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.any(grad != 0))
-
-
-class TestURLSTMCell(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Comprehensive tests for URLSTMCell."""
-
-    def test_basic_forward(self):
-        """Test basic forward pass."""
-        cell = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        output = cell.update(self.x)
-
-        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-
-    def test_untied_bias_mechanism(self):
-        """Test the untied bias initialization."""
-        cell = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Check bias values are initialized
-        self.assertIsNotNone(cell.bias.value)
-        self.assertEqual(cell.bias.value.shape, (self.num_out,))
-
-        # Biases should be diverse (not all the same)
-        self.assertGreater(jnp.std(cell.bias.value), 0.1)
-
-    def test_unified_gate_computation(self):
-        """Test the unified gate mechanism."""
-        cell = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        h, c = cell.h.value, cell.c.value
-        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, h], axis=-1)
-        gates = cell.W(xh)
-        f, r, u, o = jnp.split(gates, indices_or_sections=4, axis=-1)
-
-        f_gate = functional.sigmoid(f + cell.bias.value)
-        r_gate = functional.sigmoid(r - cell.bias.value)
-
-        # Compute unified gate
-        g = 2 * r_gate * f_gate + (1 - 2 * r_gate) * f_gate ** 2
-
-        # Unified gate should be in [0, 1]
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(g >= 0))
-        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(g <= 1))
-
-    def test_comparison_with_lstm(self):
-        """Test that URLSTM behaves differently from standard LSTM."""
-        urlstm = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out, state_init=init.Constant(0.5))
-        lstm = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out, state_init=init.Constant(0.5))
-
-        urlstm.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-        lstm.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Same input should produce different outputs
-        urlstm_out = urlstm.update(self.x)
-        lstm_out = lstm.update(self.x)
-
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(urlstm_out, lstm_out, atol=1e-4))
-
-
-class TestRNNCellIntegration(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Integration tests for all RNN cells."""
-
-    def test_all_cells_compatible_interface(self):
-        """Test that all cells have compatible interfaces."""
-        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
-
-        for CellType in cell_types:
-            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-
-            # Test init_state
-            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-            # Test update
-            output = cell.update(self.x)
-            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-
-            # Test reset_state
-            cell.reset_state(batch_size=16)
-
-            # Test with new batch size
-            x_small = jnp.ones((16, self.num_in))
-            output_small = cell.update(x_small)
-            self.assertEqual(output_small.shape, (16, self.num_out))
-
-    def test_sequence_to_sequence(self):
-        """Test sequence-to-sequence processing."""
-        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
-
-        for CellType in cell_types:
-            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-            outputs = []
-            for t in range(self.sequence_length):
-                output = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
-                outputs.append(output)
-
-            outputs = jnp.stack(outputs)
-            self.assertEqual(
-                outputs.shape,
-                (self.sequence_length, self.batch_size, self.num_out)
-            )
-
-    def test_variable_length_sequences(self):
-        """Test handling of variable length sequences with masking."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Create mask for variable lengths
-        lengths = jnp.array([10, 20, 30, 40] * (self.batch_size // 4))
-        mask = jnp.arange(self.sequence_length)[:, None] < lengths[None, :]
-
-        outputs = []
-        for t in range(self.sequence_length):
-            output = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
-            # Apply mask
-            output = output * mask[t:t+1].T
-            outputs.append(output)
-
-        outputs = jnp.stack(outputs)
-
-        # Check that masked positions are zero
-        for b in range(self.batch_size):
-            length = lengths[b]
-            if length < self.sequence_length:
-                self.assertTrue(jnp.allclose(outputs[length:, b, :], 0.0))
-
-    def test_gradient_clipping(self):
-        """Test gradient clipping during training."""
-        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        def loss_fn(x):
-            output = jnp.zeros((self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-            for t in range(50):  # Long sequence
-                output = cell.update(x * (t + 1))  # Amplify input
-            return jnp.mean(output ** 2)
-
-        grad_fn = jax.grad(loss_fn)
-        grad = grad_fn(self.x)
-
-        # Gradients should not explode
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(grad)))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(grad)))
-        self.assertLess(jnp.max(jnp.abs(grad)), 1e6)
-
-
-class TestRNNCellEdgeCases(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Edge case tests for RNN cells."""
-
-    def test_single_sample(self):
-        """Test with batch size of 1."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=1)
-
-        x = jnp.ones((1, self.num_in))
-        output = cell.update(x)
-        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (1, self.num_out))
-
-    def test_zero_input(self):
-        """Test with zero inputs."""
-        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
-
-        for CellType in cell_types:
-            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-            zero_input = jnp.zeros((self.batch_size, self.num_in))
-            output = cell.update(zero_input)
-
-            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
-            self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-
-    def test_large_input_values(self):
-        """Test with large input values."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        large_input = jnp.ones((self.batch_size, self.num_in)) * 100
-        output = cell.update(large_input)
-
-        # Should handle large inputs gracefully (sigmoid saturation)
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(output)))
-
-    def test_very_long_sequence(self):
-        """Test with very long sequences."""
-        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=4)  # Smaller batch for memory
-
-        long_sequence = jnp.ones((1000, 4, self.num_in))
-
-        final_output = None
-        for t in range(1000):
-            final_output = cell.update(long_sequence[t])
-
-        # Should not have numerical issues even after long sequence
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(final_output)))
-        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(final_output)))
-
-    def test_dimension_mismatch_error(self):
-        """Test that dimension mismatches raise appropriate errors."""
-        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
-
-        # Wrong input dimension should raise error
-        wrong_input = jnp.ones((self.batch_size, self.num_in + 5))
-
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
-            _ = cell.update(wrong_input)
-
-
-class TestRNNCellProperties(TestRNNCellBase):
-    """Test cell properties and attributes."""
-
-    def test_cell_attributes(self):
-        """Test that cells have correct attributes."""
-        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-
-        self.assertEqual(cell.num_in, self.num_in)
-        self.assertEqual(cell.num_out, self.num_out)
-        self.assertEqual(cell.in_size, (self.num_in,))
-        self.assertEqual(cell.out_size, (self.num_out,))
-
-    def test_inheritance_structure(self):
-        """Test that all cells inherit from RNNCell."""
-        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
-
-        for CellType in cell_types:
-            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
-            self.assertIsInstance(cell, RNNCell)
-
-    def test_docstring_presence(self):
-        """Test that all cells have proper docstrings."""
-        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
-
-        for CellType in cell_types:
-            self.assertIsNotNone(CellType.__doc__)
-            self.assertIn("Examples", CellType.__doc__)
-            self.assertIn("Parameters", CellType.__doc__)
-            self.assertIn(">>>", CellType.__doc__)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+# Copyright 2024 BrainX Ecosystem Limited. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+# ==============================================================================
+
+"""Comprehensive tests for RNN cell implementations."""
+
+import unittest
+from typing import Type
+
+import jax
+import jax.numpy as jnp
+import numpy as np
+
+import brainstate
+import brainstate.nn as nn
+from brainstate.nn import RNNCell, ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell
+from brainstate.nn import init as init
+from brainstate.nn import _activations as functional
+
+
+class TestRNNCellBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Base test class for all RNN cell implementations."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Set up test fixtures."""
+        self.num_in = 10
+        self.num_out = 20
+        self.batch_size = 32
+        self.sequence_length = 100
+        self.seed = 42
+
+        # Initialize random inputs
+        key = jax.random.PRNGKey(self.seed)
+        self.x = jax.random.normal(key, (self.batch_size, self.num_in))
+        self.sequence = jax.random.normal(
+            key, (self.sequence_length, self.batch_size, self.num_in)
+        )
+
+
+class TestVanillaRNNCell(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Comprehensive tests for VanillaRNNCell."""
+
+    def test_basic_forward(self):
+        """Test basic forward pass."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        output = cell.update(self.x)
+
+        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(output)))
+
+    def test_sequence_processing(self):
+        """Test processing a sequence of inputs."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        outputs = []
+        for t in range(self.sequence_length):
+            output = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
+            outputs.append(output)
+
+        outputs = jnp.stack(outputs)
+        self.assertEqual(outputs.shape, (self.sequence_length, self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(outputs)))
+
+    def test_state_reset(self):
+        """Test state reset functionality."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Process some input
+        _ = cell.update(self.x)
+        state_before = cell.h.value.copy()
+
+        # Reset state
+        cell.reset_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+        state_after = cell.h.value.copy()
+
+        # States should be different (unless randomly the same, which is unlikely)
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(state_before, state_after, atol=1e-6))
+
+    def test_different_batch_sizes(self):
+        """Test with different batch sizes."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+
+        for batch_size in [1, 16, 64]:
+            cell.init_state(batch_size=batch_size)
+            x = jnp.ones((batch_size, self.num_in))
+            output = cell.update(x)
+            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (batch_size, self.num_out))
+
+    def test_activation_functions(self):
+        """Test different activation functions."""
+        activations = ['relu', 'tanh', 'sigmoid', 'gelu']
+
+        for activation in activations:
+            cell = ValinaRNNCell(
+                num_in=self.num_in,
+                num_out=self.num_out,
+                activation=activation
+            )
+            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+            output = cell.update(self.x)
+            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+            self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+
+    def test_custom_initializers(self):
+        """Test custom weight and state initializers."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(
+            num_in=self.num_in,
+            num_out=self.num_out,
+            w_init=init.Orthogonal(),
+            b_init=init.Constant(0.1),
+            state_init=init.Normal(0.01)
+        )
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+        output = cell.update(self.x)
+        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+
+    def test_gradient_flow(self):
+        """Test gradient flow through the cell."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        def loss_fn(x):
+            output = cell.update(x)
+            return jnp.mean(output ** 2)
+
+        grad_fn = jax.grad(loss_fn)
+        grad = grad_fn(self.x)
+
+        self.assertEqual(grad.shape, self.x.shape)
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(grad)))
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.any(grad != 0))  # Gradients should be non-zero
+
+
+class TestGRUCell(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Comprehensive tests for GRUCell."""
+
+    def test_basic_forward(self):
+        """Test basic forward pass."""
+        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        output = cell.update(self.x)
+
+        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+
+    def test_gating_mechanism(self):
+        """Test that gating values are in valid range."""
+        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Access internal computation
+        old_h = cell.h.value
+        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, old_h], axis=-1)
+        gates = functional.sigmoid(cell.Wrz(xh))
+
+        # Gates should be between 0 and 1
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gates >= 0))
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gates <= 1))
+
+    def test_state_persistence(self):
+        """Test that state persists across updates."""
+        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Process sequence and track states
+        states = []
+        for t in range(10):
+            _ = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
+            states.append(cell.h.value.copy())
+
+        # States should evolve over time
+        for i in range(1, len(states)):
+            self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(states[i], states[i-1], atol=1e-8))
+
+    def test_reset_vs_update_gates(self):
+        """Test that reset and update gates behave differently."""
+        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Get gates for the same input
+        old_h = cell.h.value
+        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, old_h], axis=-1)
+        r, z = jnp.split(functional.sigmoid(cell.Wrz(xh)), indices_or_sections=2, axis=-1)
+
+        # Reset and update gates should be different
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(r, z, atol=1e-6))
+
+    def test_different_initializers(self):
+        """Test with different weight initializers."""
+        initializers = [
+            init.XavierNormal(),
+            init.XavierUniform(),
+            init.Orthogonal(),
+            init.KaimingNormal(),
+        ]
+
+        for w_init in initializers:
+            cell = GRUCell(
+                num_in=self.num_in,
+                num_out=self.num_out,
+                w_init=w_init
+            )
+            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+            output = cell.update(self.x)
+            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+
+
+class TestMGUCell(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Comprehensive tests for MGUCell."""
+
+    def test_basic_forward(self):
+        """Test basic forward pass."""
+        cell = MGUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        output = cell.update(self.x)
+
+        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+
+    def test_single_gate_mechanism(self):
+        """Test that MGU uses single forget gate."""
+        cell = MGUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Check that only one gate is computed
+        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, cell.h.value], axis=-1)
+        f = functional.sigmoid(cell.Wf(xh))
+
+        # Forget gate should be between 0 and 1
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(f >= 0))
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(f <= 1))
+        self.assertEqual(f.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+
+    def test_parameter_efficiency(self):
+        """Test that MGU has fewer parameters than GRU."""
+        mgu_cell = MGUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        gru_cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+
+        # Count parameters - MGU should have fewer
+        # MGU has 2 weight matrices (Wf, Wh)
+        # GRU has 2 weight matrices but one is double size (Wrz, Wh)
+        mgu_param_count = 2 * ((self.num_in + self.num_out) * self.num_out + self.num_out)
+        gru_param_count = ((self.num_in + self.num_out) * (self.num_out * 2) + self.num_out * 2) + \
+                          ((self.num_in + self.num_out) * self.num_out + self.num_out)
+
+        self.assertLess(mgu_param_count, gru_param_count)
+
+
+class TestLSTMCell(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Comprehensive tests for LSTMCell."""
+
+    def test_basic_forward(self):
+        """Test basic forward pass."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        output = cell.update(self.x)
+
+        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+
+    def test_dual_state_mechanism(self):
+        """Test that LSTM maintains both hidden and cell states."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Check initial states
+        self.assertIsNotNone(cell.h)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(cell.c)
+        self.assertEqual(cell.h.value.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+        self.assertEqual(cell.c.value.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+
+        # Update and check states change
+        h_before = cell.h.value.copy()
+        c_before = cell.c.value.copy()
+
+        _ = cell.update(self.x)
+
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(cell.h.value, h_before, atol=1e-8))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(cell.c.value, c_before, atol=1e-8))
+
+    def test_forget_gate_bias(self):
+        """Test that forget gate has positive bias initialization."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Process with zero input to see bias effect
+        zero_input = jnp.zeros((self.batch_size, self.num_in))
+        xh = jnp.concatenate([zero_input, cell.h.value], axis=-1)
+        gates = cell.W(xh)
+        _, _, f, _ = jnp.split(gates, indices_or_sections=4, axis=-1)
+        f_gate = functional.sigmoid(f + 1.)  # Note the +1 bias
+
+        # Forget gate should be biased towards remembering (> 0.5)
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.mean(f_gate) > 0.5)
+
+    def test_gate_values_range(self):
+        """Test that all gates produce values in [0, 1]."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, cell.h.value], axis=-1)
+        i, g, f, o = jnp.split(cell.W(xh), indices_or_sections=4, axis=-1)
+
+        i_gate = functional.sigmoid(i)
+        f_gate = functional.sigmoid(f + 1.)
+        o_gate = functional.sigmoid(o)
+
+        for gate in [i_gate, f_gate, o_gate]:
+            self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gate >= 0))
+            self.assertTrue(jnp.all(gate <= 1))
+
+    def test_cell_state_gradient_flow(self):
+        """Test gradient flow through cell state."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        def loss_fn(x):
+            for t in range(10):
+                _ = cell.update(x)
+            return jnp.mean(cell.c.value ** 2)
+
+        grad_fn = jax.grad(loss_fn)
+        grad = grad_fn(self.x)
+
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(grad)))
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.any(grad != 0))
+
+
+class TestURLSTMCell(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Comprehensive tests for URLSTMCell."""
+
+    def test_basic_forward(self):
+        """Test basic forward pass."""
+        cell = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        output = cell.update(self.x)
+
+        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+
+    def test_untied_bias_mechanism(self):
+        """Test the untied bias initialization."""
+        cell = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Check bias values are initialized
+        self.assertIsNotNone(cell.bias.value)
+        self.assertEqual(cell.bias.value.shape, (self.num_out,))
+
+        # Biases should be diverse (not all the same)
+        self.assertGreater(jnp.std(cell.bias.value), 0.1)
+
+    def test_unified_gate_computation(self):
+        """Test the unified gate mechanism."""
+        cell = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        h, c = cell.h.value, cell.c.value
+        xh = jnp.concatenate([self.x, h], axis=-1)
+        gates = cell.W(xh)
+        f, r, u, o = jnp.split(gates, indices_or_sections=4, axis=-1)
+
+        f_gate = functional.sigmoid(f + cell.bias.value)
+        r_gate = functional.sigmoid(r - cell.bias.value)
+
+        # Compute unified gate
+        g = 2 * r_gate * f_gate + (1 - 2 * r_gate) * f_gate ** 2
+
+        # Unified gate should be in [0, 1]
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(g >= 0))
+        self.assertTrue(jnp.all(g <= 1))
+
+    def test_comparison_with_lstm(self):
+        """Test that URLSTM behaves differently from standard LSTM."""
+        urlstm = URLSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out, state_init=init.Constant(0.5))
+        lstm = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out, state_init=init.Constant(0.5))
+
+        urlstm.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+        lstm.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Same input should produce different outputs
+        urlstm_out = urlstm.update(self.x)
+        lstm_out = lstm.update(self.x)
+
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.allclose(urlstm_out, lstm_out, atol=1e-4))
+
+
+class TestRNNCellIntegration(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Integration tests for all RNN cells."""
+
+    def test_all_cells_compatible_interface(self):
+        """Test that all cells have compatible interfaces."""
+        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
+
+        for CellType in cell_types:
+            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+
+            # Test init_state
+            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+            # Test update
+            output = cell.update(self.x)
+            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+
+            # Test reset_state
+            cell.reset_state(batch_size=16)
+
+            # Test with new batch size
+            x_small = jnp.ones((16, self.num_in))
+            output_small = cell.update(x_small)
+            self.assertEqual(output_small.shape, (16, self.num_out))
+
+    def test_sequence_to_sequence(self):
+        """Test sequence-to-sequence processing."""
+        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
+
+        for CellType in cell_types:
+            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+            outputs = []
+            for t in range(self.sequence_length):
+                output = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
+                outputs.append(output)
+
+            outputs = jnp.stack(outputs)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                outputs.shape,
+                (self.sequence_length, self.batch_size, self.num_out)
+            )
+
+    def test_variable_length_sequences(self):
+        """Test handling of variable length sequences with masking."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Create mask for variable lengths
+        lengths = jnp.array([10, 20, 30, 40] * (self.batch_size // 4))
+        mask = jnp.arange(self.sequence_length)[:, None] < lengths[None, :]
+
+        outputs = []
+        for t in range(self.sequence_length):
+            output = cell.update(self.sequence[t])
+            # Apply mask
+            output = output * mask[t:t+1].T
+            outputs.append(output)
+
+        outputs = jnp.stack(outputs)
+
+        # Check that masked positions are zero
+        for b in range(self.batch_size):
+            length = lengths[b]
+            if length < self.sequence_length:
+                self.assertTrue(jnp.allclose(outputs[length:, b, :], 0.0))
+
+    def test_gradient_clipping(self):
+        """Test gradient clipping during training."""
+        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        def loss_fn(x):
+            output = jnp.zeros((self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+            for t in range(50):  # Long sequence
+                output = cell.update(x * (t + 1))  # Amplify input
+            return jnp.mean(output ** 2)
+
+        grad_fn = jax.grad(loss_fn)
+        grad = grad_fn(self.x)
+
+        # Gradients should not explode
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(grad)))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(grad)))
+        self.assertLess(jnp.max(jnp.abs(grad)), 1e6)
+
+
+class TestRNNCellEdgeCases(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Edge case tests for RNN cells."""
+
+    def test_single_sample(self):
+        """Test with batch size of 1."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=1)
+
+        x = jnp.ones((1, self.num_in))
+        output = cell.update(x)
+        self.assertEqual(output.shape, (1, self.num_out))
+
+    def test_zero_input(self):
+        """Test with zero inputs."""
+        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
+
+        for CellType in cell_types:
+            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+            cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+            zero_input = jnp.zeros((self.batch_size, self.num_in))
+            output = cell.update(zero_input)
+
+            self.assertEqual(output.shape, (self.batch_size, self.num_out))
+            self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+
+    def test_large_input_values(self):
+        """Test with large input values."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        large_input = jnp.ones((self.batch_size, self.num_in)) * 100
+        output = cell.update(large_input)
+
+        # Should handle large inputs gracefully (sigmoid saturation)
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(output)))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(output)))
+
+    def test_very_long_sequence(self):
+        """Test with very long sequences."""
+        cell = GRUCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=4)  # Smaller batch for memory
+
+        long_sequence = jnp.ones((1000, 4, self.num_in))
+
+        final_output = None
+        for t in range(1000):
+            final_output = cell.update(long_sequence[t])
+
+        # Should not have numerical issues even after long sequence
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isnan(final_output)))
+        self.assertFalse(jnp.any(jnp.isinf(final_output)))
+
+    def test_dimension_mismatch_error(self):
+        """Test that dimension mismatches raise appropriate errors."""
+        cell = ValinaRNNCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+        cell.init_state(batch_size=self.batch_size)
+
+        # Wrong input dimension should raise error
+        wrong_input = jnp.ones((self.batch_size, self.num_in + 5))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            _ = cell.update(wrong_input)
+
+
+class TestRNNCellProperties(TestRNNCellBase):
+    """Test cell properties and attributes."""
+
+    def test_cell_attributes(self):
+        """Test that cells have correct attributes."""
+        cell = LSTMCell(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+
+        self.assertEqual(cell.num_in, self.num_in)
+        self.assertEqual(cell.num_out, self.num_out)
+        self.assertEqual(cell.in_size, (self.num_in,))
+        self.assertEqual(cell.out_size, (self.num_out,))
+
+    def test_inheritance_structure(self):
+        """Test that all cells inherit from RNNCell."""
+        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
+
+        for CellType in cell_types:
+            cell = CellType(num_in=self.num_in, num_out=self.num_out)
+            self.assertIsInstance(cell, RNNCell)
+
+    def test_docstring_presence(self):
+        """Test that all cells have proper docstrings."""
+        cell_types = [ValinaRNNCell, GRUCell, MGUCell, LSTMCell, URLSTMCell]
+
+        for CellType in cell_types:
+            self.assertIsNotNone(CellType.__doc__)
+            self.assertIn("Examples", CellType.__doc__)
+            self.assertIn("Parameters", CellType.__doc__)
+            self.assertIn(">>>", CellType.__doc__)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()