superacli 1.1.6 → 1.1.8

package/ref-monty/crates/monty/src/bytecode/vm/call.rs

@@ -1,767 +0,0 @@
-//! Function call helpers for the VM.
-//!
-//! This module contains the implementation of call-related opcodes and helper
-//! functions for executing function calls. The main entry points are the `exec_*`
-//! methods which are called from the VM's main dispatch loop.
-
-use super::{CallFrame, VM};
-use crate::{
-    args::{ArgValues, KwargsValues},
-    asyncio::Coroutine,
-    builtins::{Builtins, BuiltinsFunctions},
-    bytecode::FrameExit,
-    defer_drop,
-    exception_private::{ExcType, RunError},
-    heap::{DropWithHeap, Heap, HeapData, HeapGuard, HeapId},
-    heap_data::CellValue,
-    intern::{FunctionId, StringId},
-    os::OsFunction,
-    resource::ResourceTracker,
-    types::{Dict, PyTrait, Type, bytes::call_bytes_method, str::call_str_method, r#type::call_type_method},
-    value::{EitherStr, Value},
-};
-
-/// Result of executing a call or attribute method.
-///
-/// Used by the `exec_*` methods and `py_call_attr` implementations to communicate
-/// what action the VM's main loop should take after the call completes.
-///
-/// For attribute methods that complete synchronously, use `CallResult::Value`.
-/// For operations requiring host involvement (OS calls, external functions, etc.),
-/// use the appropriate variant to signal the VM to yield.
-pub(crate) enum CallResult {
-    /// Call completed synchronously with a return value.
-    Value(Value),
-    /// A new frame was pushed for a defined function call.
-    /// The VM should reload its cached frame state.
-    FramePushed,
-    /// External function call requested - VM should pause and return to caller.
-    /// The `EitherStr` is the name of the external function (interned or heap-owned).
-    External(EitherStr, ArgValues),
-    /// OS operation call requested - VM should yield `FrameExit::OsCall` to host.
-    ///
-    /// The host executes the OS operation and resumes the VM with the result.
-    OsCall(OsFunction, ArgValues),
-    /// Dataclass method call requested - VM should yield `FrameExit::MethodCall` to host.
-    ///
-    /// The method name (e.g. `"distance"`) and the args include the dataclass instance
-    /// as the first argument (`self`). Unlike `External`, this uses an `EitherStr` instead
-    /// of `StringId` because method names are only known at runtime when dataclass
-    /// inputs are provided.
-    MethodCall(EitherStr, ArgValues),
-    /// The call returned a value that should be implicitly awaited.
-    ///
-    /// Used by `asyncio.run()` to execute a coroutine without an explicit `await`.
-    /// The VM will push the value onto the stack and execute `exec_get_awaitable`.
-    AwaitValue(Value),
-}
-
-impl<T: ResourceTracker> VM<'_, '_, T> {
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Call Opcode Executors
-    // ========================================================================
-    // These methods are called from the VM's main dispatch loop to execute
-    // call-related opcodes. They handle stack operations and return a result
-    // indicating what the VM should do next.
-
-    /// Executes `CallFunction` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Pops the callable and arguments from the stack, calls the function,
-    /// and returns the result.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_function(&mut self, arg_count: usize) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let args = self.pop_n_args(arg_count);
-        let callable = self.pop();
-        let this = self;
-        defer_drop!(callable, this);
-        this.call_function(callable, args)
-    }
-
-    /// Executes `CallBuiltinFunction` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Calls a builtin function directly without stack manipulation for the callable.
-    /// This is an optimization that avoids constant pool lookup and stack manipulation.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_builtin_function(&mut self, builtin_id: u8, arg_count: usize) -> Result<Value, RunError> {
-        // Convert u8 to BuiltinsFunctions via FromRepr
-        if let Some(builtin) = BuiltinsFunctions::from_repr(builtin_id) {
-            let args = self.pop_n_args(arg_count);
-            builtin.call(self, args)
-        } else {
-            Err(RunError::internal("CallBuiltinFunction: invalid builtin_id"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Executes `CallBuiltinType` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Calls a builtin type constructor directly without stack manipulation for the callable.
-    /// This is an optimization for type constructors like `list()`, `int()`, `str()`.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_builtin_type(&mut self, type_id: u8, arg_count: usize) -> Result<Value, RunError> {
-        // Convert u8 to Type via callable_from_u8
-        if let Some(t) = Type::callable_from_u8(type_id) {
-            let args = self.pop_n_args(arg_count);
-            t.call(self, args)
-        } else {
-            Err(RunError::internal("CallBuiltinType: invalid type_id"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Executes `CallFunctionKw` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Pops the callable, positional args, and keyword args from the stack,
-    /// builds the appropriate `ArgValues`, and calls the function.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_function_kw(
-        &mut self,
-        pos_count: usize,
-        kwname_ids: Vec<StringId>,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let kw_count = kwname_ids.len();
-
-        // Pop keyword values (TOS is last kwarg value)
-        let kw_values = self.pop_n(kw_count);
-
-        // Pop positional arguments
-        let pos_args = self.pop_n(pos_count);
-
-        // Pop the callable
-        let callable = self.pop();
-        let this = self;
-        defer_drop!(callable, this);
-
-        // Build kwargs as Vec<(StringId, Value)>
-        let kwargs_inline: Vec<(StringId, Value)> = kwname_ids.into_iter().zip(kw_values).collect();
-
-        // Build ArgValues with both positional and keyword args
-        let args = if pos_args.is_empty() && kwargs_inline.is_empty() {
-            ArgValues::Empty
-        } else if pos_args.is_empty() {
-            ArgValues::Kwargs(KwargsValues::Inline(kwargs_inline))
-        } else {
-            ArgValues::ArgsKargs {
-                args: pos_args,
-                kwargs: KwargsValues::Inline(kwargs_inline),
-            }
-        };
-
-        this.call_function(callable, args)
-    }
-
-    /// Executes `CallAttr` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Pops the object and arguments from the stack, calls the attribute,
-    /// and returns a `CallResult` which may indicate an OS or external call.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_attr(&mut self, name_id: StringId, arg_count: usize) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let args = self.pop_n_args(arg_count);
-        let obj = self.pop();
-        self.call_attr(obj, name_id, args)
-    }
-
-    /// Executes `CallAttrKw` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Pops the object, positional args, and keyword args from the stack,
-    /// builds the appropriate `ArgValues`, and calls the attribute.
-    /// Returns a `CallResult` which may indicate an OS or external call.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_attr_kw(
-        &mut self,
-        name_id: StringId,
-        pos_count: usize,
-        kwname_ids: Vec<StringId>,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let kw_count = kwname_ids.len();
-
-        // Pop keyword values (TOS is last kwarg value)
-        let kw_values = self.pop_n(kw_count);
-
-        // Pop positional arguments
-        let pos_args = self.pop_n(pos_count);
-
-        // Pop the object
-        let obj = self.pop();
-
-        // Build kwargs as Vec<(StringId, Value)>
-        let kwargs_inline: Vec<(StringId, Value)> = kwname_ids.into_iter().zip(kw_values).collect();
-
-        // Build ArgValues with both positional and keyword args
-        let args = if pos_args.is_empty() && kwargs_inline.is_empty() {
-            ArgValues::Empty
-        } else if pos_args.is_empty() {
-            ArgValues::Kwargs(KwargsValues::Inline(kwargs_inline))
-        } else {
-            ArgValues::ArgsKargs {
-                args: pos_args,
-                kwargs: KwargsValues::Inline(kwargs_inline),
-            }
-        };
-
-        self.call_attr(obj, name_id, args)
-    }
-
-    /// Executes `CallFunctionExtended` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Handles calls with `*args` and/or `**kwargs` unpacking.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_function_extended(&mut self, has_kwargs: bool) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        // Pop kwargs dict if present
-        let kwargs = if has_kwargs { Some(self.pop()) } else { None };
-
-        // Pop args tuple
-        let args_tuple = self.pop();
-
-        // Pop callable
-        let callable = self.pop();
-
-        // Unpack and call
-        self.call_function_extended(callable, args_tuple, kwargs)
-    }
-
-    /// Executes `CallAttrExtended` opcode.
-    ///
-    /// Handles method calls with `*args` and/or `**kwargs` unpacking.
-    pub(super) fn exec_call_attr_extended(
-        &mut self,
-        name_id: StringId,
-        has_kwargs: bool,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        // Pop kwargs dict if present
-        let kwargs = if has_kwargs { Some(self.pop()) } else { None };
-
-        // Pop args tuple
-        let args_tuple = self.pop();
-
-        // Pop the receiver object
-        let obj = self.pop();
-
-        // Unpack and call
-        self.call_attr_extended(obj, name_id, args_tuple, kwargs)
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Internal Call Helpers
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Pops n arguments from the stack and wraps them in `ArgValues`.
-    fn pop_n_args(&mut self, n: usize) -> ArgValues {
-        match n {
-            0 => ArgValues::Empty,
-            1 => ArgValues::One(self.pop()),
-            2 => {
-                let b = self.pop();
-                let a = self.pop();
-                ArgValues::Two(a, b)
-            }
-            _ => ArgValues::ArgsKargs {
-                args: self.pop_n(n),
-                kwargs: KwargsValues::Empty,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Calls an attribute on an object.
-    ///
-    /// For heap-allocated objects (`Value::Ref`), dispatches to the type's
-    /// attribute call implementation via `Heap::call_attr()`, which may return
-    /// `CallResult::OsCall`, `CallResult::External`, or
-    /// `CallResult::MethodCall` for operations that require host involvement.
-    ///
-    /// For interned strings (`Value::InternString`), uses the unified `call_str_method`.
-    /// For interned bytes (`Value::InternBytes`), uses the unified `call_bytes_method`.
-    fn call_attr(&mut self, obj: Value, name_id: StringId, args: ArgValues) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let this = self;
-        let attr = EitherStr::Interned(name_id);
-
-        match obj {
-            Value::Ref(heap_id) => {
-                defer_drop!(obj, this);
-                Heap::call_attr(this, heap_id, &attr, args)
-            }
-            Value::InternString(string_id) => {
-                // Call string method on interned string literal using the unified dispatcher
-                let s = this.interns.get_str(string_id);
-                call_str_method(s, name_id, args, this).map(CallResult::Value)
-            }
-            Value::InternBytes(bytes_id) => {
-                // Call bytes method on interned bytes literal using the unified dispatcher
-                let b = this.interns.get_bytes(bytes_id);
-                call_bytes_method(b, name_id, args, this).map(CallResult::Value)
-            }
-            Value::Builtin(Builtins::Type(t)) => {
-                // Handle classmethods on type objects like dict.fromkeys()
-                call_type_method(t, name_id, args, this).map(CallResult::Value)
-            }
-            _ => {
-                // Non-heap values without method support
-                let type_name = obj.py_type(this.heap);
-                args.drop_with_heap(this);
-                Err(ExcType::attribute_error(type_name, this.interns.get_str(name_id)))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Evaluates a function in a position that doesn't yet support suspending.
-    ///
-    /// Calls the function and, if it's a user-defined function that pushes a frame,
-    /// runs the VM until that frame returns.
-    ///
-    /// Returns an error for external/OS functions since those require the host to
-    /// execute them and resume, which this synchronous context cannot support.
-    pub(crate) fn evaluate_function(
-        &mut self,
-        ctx: &'static str,
-        callable: &Value,
-        args: ArgValues,
-    ) -> Result<Value, RunError> {
-        match self.call_function(callable, args)? {
-            CallResult::Value(v) => Ok(v),
-            CallResult::FramePushed => {
-                // A new frame was pushed for a defined function call - we need to run it
-                // to completion.
-                let stack_depth = self.frames.len();
-                // Mark the frame as an exit point from the `run()` loop
-                self.current_frame_mut().should_return = true;
-                match self.run()? {
-                    FrameExit::Return(v) => Ok(v),
-                    FrameExit::ResolveFutures(_)
-                    | FrameExit::ExternalCall { .. }
-                    | FrameExit::OsCall { .. }
-                    | FrameExit::MethodCall { .. }
-                    | FrameExit::NameLookup { .. } => {
-                        // Pop frames off the stack from this failed evaluation
-                        while self.frames.len() > stack_depth {
-                            self.pop_frame();
-                        }
-                        Err(RunError::internal(format!(
-                            "{ctx}: external functions are not yet supported in this context"
-                        )))
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            CallResult::External(_, _)
-            | CallResult::OsCall(_, _)
-            | CallResult::MethodCall(_, _)
-            | CallResult::AwaitValue(_) => {
-                // External calls are not supported in this context since the caller doesn't support suspending
-                Err(RunError::internal(format!(
-                    "{ctx}: external functions are not yet supported in this context"
-                )))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Calls a callable value with the given arguments.
-    ///
-    /// Dispatches based on the callable type:
-    /// - `Value::Builtin`: calls builtin directly, returns `Push`
-    /// - `Value::ModuleFunction`: calls module function directly, returns `Push`
-    /// - `Value::ExtFunction`: returns `External` for caller to execute
-    /// - `Value::DefFunction`: pushes a new frame, returns `FramePushed`
-    /// - `Value::Ref`: checks for closure/function on heap
-    pub(crate) fn call_function(&mut self, callable: &Value, args: ArgValues) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        match callable {
-            Value::Builtin(builtin) => {
-                let result = builtin.call(self, args)?;
-                Ok(CallResult::Value(result))
-            }
-            Value::ModuleFunction(mf) => mf.call(self, args),
-            Value::ExtFunction(name_id) => {
-                // External function - return to caller to execute
-                Ok(CallResult::External(EitherStr::Interned(*name_id), args))
-            }
-            Value::DefFunction(func_id) => {
-                // Defined function without defaults or captured variables
-                self.call_def_function(*func_id, &[], &[], args)
-            }
-            Value::Ref(heap_id) => {
-                // Could be a closure or function with defaults - check heap
-                self.call_heap_callable(*heap_id, args)
-            }
-            _ => {
-                args.drop_with_heap(self);
-                let ty = callable.py_type(self.heap);
-                Err(ExcType::type_error(format!("'{ty}' object is not callable")))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Handles calling a heap-allocated callable (closure, function with defaults, or external function).
-    fn call_heap_callable(&mut self, heap_id: HeapId, args: ArgValues) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let (func_id, cells, defaults) = match self.heap.get(heap_id) {
-            HeapData::Closure(closure) => {
-                let cloned_cells = closure.cells.clone();
-                let cloned_defaults: Vec<Value> = closure.defaults.iter().map(|v| v.clone_with_heap(self)).collect();
-                (closure.func_id, cloned_cells, cloned_defaults)
-            }
-            HeapData::FunctionDefaults(fd) => {
-                let cloned_defaults: Vec<Value> = fd.defaults.iter().map(|v| v.clone_with_heap(self)).collect();
-                (fd.func_id, Vec::new(), cloned_defaults)
-            }
-            HeapData::ExtFunction(name) => {
-                // Heap-allocated external function with a non-interned name
-                let name = name.clone();
-                return Ok(CallResult::External(EitherStr::Heap(name), args));
-            }
-            _ => {
-                args.drop_with_heap(self);
-                return Err(ExcType::type_error("object is not callable"));
-            }
-        };
-
-        let this = self;
-        defer_drop!(defaults, this);
-        this.call_def_function(func_id, &cells, defaults, args)
-    }
-
-    /// Calls a function with unpacked args tuple and optional kwargs dict.
-    ///
-    /// Used for `f(*args)` and `f(**kwargs)` style calls.
-    fn call_function_extended(
-        &mut self,
-        callable: Value,
-        args_tuple: Value,
-        kwargs: Option<Value>,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let this = self;
-        defer_drop!(args_tuple, this);
-        defer_drop!(callable, this);
-
-        // Extract positional args from tuple
-        let copied_args = this.extract_args_tuple(args_tuple);
-
-        // Build ArgValues from positional args and optional kwargs
-        let args = if let Some(kwargs_ref) = kwargs {
-            this.build_args_with_kwargs(copied_args, kwargs_ref)?
-        } else {
-            Self::build_args_positional_only(copied_args)
-        };
-
-        // Call the function (args_tuple guard drops at scope exit)
-        this.call_function(callable, args)
-    }
-
-    /// Calls a method with unpacked args tuple and optional kwargs dict.
-    ///
-    /// Used for `obj.method(*args)` and `obj.method(**kwargs)` style calls.
-    fn call_attr_extended(
-        &mut self,
-        obj: Value,
-        name_id: StringId,
-        args_tuple: Value,
-        kwargs: Option<Value>,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let this = self;
-        defer_drop!(args_tuple, this);
-
-        // Extract positional args from tuple
-        let copied_args = this.extract_args_tuple_for_attr(args_tuple);
-
-        // Build ArgValues from positional args and optional kwargs
-        let args = if let Some(kwargs_ref) = kwargs {
-            this.build_args_with_kwargs_for_attr(copied_args, kwargs_ref)?
-        } else {
-            Self::build_args_positional_only(copied_args)
-        };
-
-        // Call the method (args_tuple guard drops at scope exit)
-        this.call_attr(obj, name_id, args)
-    }
-
-    /// Extracts arguments from a tuple for `CallFunctionExtended`.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    /// Panics if `args_tuple` is not a tuple. This indicates a compiler bug since
-    /// the compiler always emits `ListToTuple` before `CallFunctionExtended`.
-    fn extract_args_tuple(&mut self, args_tuple: &Value) -> Vec<Value> {
-        let Value::Ref(id) = args_tuple else {
-            unreachable!("CallFunctionExtended: args_tuple must be a Ref")
-        };
-        let HeapData::Tuple(tuple) = self.heap.get(*id) else {
-            unreachable!("CallFunctionExtended: args_tuple must be a Tuple")
-        };
-        tuple.as_slice().iter().map(|v| v.clone_with_heap(self)).collect()
-    }
-
-    /// Builds `ArgValues` with kwargs for `CallFunctionExtended`.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    /// Panics if `kwargs_ref` is not a dict. This indicates a compiler bug since
-    /// the compiler always emits `BuildDict` before `CallFunctionExtended` with kwargs.
-    fn build_args_with_kwargs(&mut self, copied_args: Vec<Value>, kwargs_ref: Value) -> Result<ArgValues, RunError> {
-        let this = self;
-        defer_drop!(kwargs_ref, this);
-
-        // Extract kwargs dict items
-        let Value::Ref(id) = kwargs_ref else {
-            unreachable!("CallFunctionExtended: kwargs must be a Ref")
-        };
-        let HeapData::Dict(dict) = this.heap.get(*id) else {
-            unreachable!("CallFunctionExtended: kwargs must be a Dict")
-        };
-        let copied_kwargs: Vec<(Value, Value)> = dict
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone_with_heap(this), v.clone_with_heap(this)))
-            .collect();
-
-        let kwargs_values = if copied_kwargs.is_empty() {
-            KwargsValues::Empty
-        } else {
-            let kwargs_dict = Dict::from_pairs(copied_kwargs, this)?;
-            KwargsValues::Dict(kwargs_dict)
-        };
-
-        Ok(
-            if copied_args.is_empty() && matches!(kwargs_values, KwargsValues::Empty) {
-                ArgValues::Empty
-            } else if copied_args.is_empty() {
-                ArgValues::Kwargs(kwargs_values)
-            } else {
-                ArgValues::ArgsKargs {
-                    args: copied_args,
-                    kwargs: kwargs_values,
-                }
-            },
-        )
-    }
-
-    /// Builds `ArgValues` from positional args only.
-    fn build_args_positional_only(copied_args: Vec<Value>) -> ArgValues {
-        match copied_args.len() {
-            0 => ArgValues::Empty,
-            1 => ArgValues::One(copied_args.into_iter().next().unwrap()),
-            2 => {
-                let mut iter = copied_args.into_iter();
-                ArgValues::Two(iter.next().unwrap(), iter.next().unwrap())
-            }
-            _ => ArgValues::ArgsKargs {
-                args: copied_args,
-                kwargs: KwargsValues::Empty,
-            },
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Extracts arguments from a tuple for `CallAttrExtended`.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    /// Panics if `args_tuple` is not a tuple. This indicates a compiler bug since
-    /// the compiler always emits `ListToTuple` before `CallAttrExtended`.
-    fn extract_args_tuple_for_attr(&mut self, args_tuple: &Value) -> Vec<Value> {
-        let Value::Ref(id) = args_tuple else {
-            unreachable!("CallAttrExtended: args_tuple must be a Ref")
-        };
-        let HeapData::Tuple(tuple) = self.heap.get(*id) else {
-            unreachable!("CallAttrExtended: args_tuple must be a Tuple")
-        };
-        tuple.as_slice().iter().map(|v| v.clone_with_heap(self)).collect()
-    }
-
-    /// Builds `ArgValues` with kwargs for `CallAttrExtended`.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    /// Panics if `kwargs_ref` is not a dict. This indicates a compiler bug since
-    /// the compiler always emits `BuildDict` before `CallAttrExtended` with kwargs.
-    fn build_args_with_kwargs_for_attr(
-        &mut self,
-        copied_args: Vec<Value>,
-        kwargs_ref: Value,
-    ) -> Result<ArgValues, RunError> {
-        let this = self;
-        defer_drop!(kwargs_ref, this);
-
-        // Extract kwargs dict items
-        let Value::Ref(id) = kwargs_ref else {
-            unreachable!("CallAttrExtended: kwargs must be a Ref")
-        };
-        let HeapData::Dict(dict) = this.heap.get(*id) else {
-            unreachable!("CallAttrExtended: kwargs must be a Dict")
-        };
-        let copied_kwargs: Vec<(Value, Value)> = dict
-            .iter()
-            .map(|(k, v)| (k.clone_with_heap(this.heap), v.clone_with_heap(this.heap)))
-            .collect();
-
-        let kwargs_values = if copied_kwargs.is_empty() {
-            KwargsValues::Empty
-        } else {
-            let kwargs_dict = Dict::from_pairs(copied_kwargs, this)?;
-            KwargsValues::Dict(kwargs_dict)
-        };
-
-        Ok(
-            if copied_args.is_empty() && matches!(kwargs_values, KwargsValues::Empty) {
-                ArgValues::Empty
-            } else if copied_args.is_empty() {
-                ArgValues::Kwargs(kwargs_values)
-            } else {
-                ArgValues::ArgsKargs {
-                    args: copied_args,
-                    kwargs: kwargs_values,
-                }
-            },
-        )
-    }
-
-    // ========================================================================
-    // Frame Setup
-    // ========================================================================
-
-    /// Calls a defined function by pushing a new frame or creating a coroutine.
-    ///
-    /// For sync functions: sets up the function's namespace with bound arguments,
-    /// cell variables, and free variables, then pushes a new frame.
-    ///
-    /// For async functions: binds arguments immediately but returns a Coroutine
-    /// instead of pushing a frame. The coroutine stores the pre-bound namespace
-    /// and will be executed when awaited.
-    fn call_def_function(
-        &mut self,
-        func_id: FunctionId,
-        cells: &[HeapId],
-        defaults: &[Value],
-        args: ArgValues,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let func = self.interns.get_function(func_id);
-
-        if func.is_async {
-            self.create_coroutine(func_id, cells, defaults, args)
-        } else {
-            self.call_sync_function(func_id, cells, defaults, args)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a Coroutine for an async function call.
-    ///
-    /// The coroutine is executed when awaited via Await.
-    fn create_coroutine(
-        &mut self,
-        func_id: FunctionId,
-        cells: &[HeapId],
-        defaults: &[Value],
-        args: ArgValues,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let func = self.interns.get_function(func_id);
-
-        // 1. Create namespace for the coroutine with bound arguments and captured cells.
-        let namespace = Vec::with_capacity(func.namespace_size);
-        let mut namespace_guard = HeapGuard::new(namespace, self);
-        let (namespace, this) = namespace_guard.as_parts_mut();
-
-        // 2. Bind arguments to parameters
-        func.signature.bind(args, defaults, this, func.name, namespace)?;
-
-        // 3. Create cells for variables captured by nested functions
-        {
-            let param_count = func.signature.total_slots();
-            for (i, maybe_param_idx) in func.cell_param_indices.iter().enumerate() {
-                let cell_slot = param_count + i;
-                let cell_value = if let Some(param_idx) = maybe_param_idx {
-                    namespace[*param_idx].clone_with_heap(this.heap)
-                } else {
-                    Value::Undefined
-                };
-                let cell_id = this.heap.allocate(HeapData::Cell(CellValue(cell_value)))?;
-                namespace.resize_with(cell_slot, || Value::Undefined);
-                namespace.push(Value::Ref(cell_id));
-            }
-
-            // 4. Copy captured cells (free vars) into namespace
-            let free_var_start = param_count + func.cell_var_count;
-            for (i, &cell_id) in cells.iter().enumerate() {
-                this.heap.inc_ref(cell_id);
-                let slot = free_var_start + i;
-                namespace.resize_with(slot, || Value::Undefined);
-                namespace.push(Value::Ref(cell_id));
-            }
-
-            // 5. Fill remaining slots with Undefined
-            namespace.resize_with(func.namespace_size, || Value::Undefined);
-        }
-
-        // 6. Create Coroutine on heap
-        let (namespace, this) = namespace_guard.into_parts();
-        let coroutine = Coroutine::new(func_id, namespace);
-        let coroutine_id = this.heap.allocate(HeapData::Coroutine(coroutine))?;
-
-        Ok(CallResult::Value(Value::Ref(coroutine_id)))
-    }
-
-    /// Calls a sync function by pushing a new frame.
-    ///
-    /// Sets up the function's namespace with bound arguments, cell variables,
-    /// and free variables (captured from enclosing scope for closures).
-    ///
-    /// Locals are built directly on the VM stack using a [`StackGuard`] that
-    /// automatically rolls back on error. The frame's `stack_base` points to
-    /// the start of this locals region, and operands are pushed above it.
-    fn call_sync_function(
-        &mut self,
-        func_id: FunctionId,
-        cells: &[HeapId],
-        defaults: &[Value],
-        args: ArgValues,
-    ) -> Result<CallResult, RunError> {
-        let call_position = self.current_position();
-        let stack_base = self.stack.len();
-
-        let func = self.interns.get_function(func_id);
-        let namespace_size = func.namespace_size;
-        let locals_count = u16::try_from(namespace_size).expect("function namespace size exceeds u16");
-
-        // Track memory for this frame's locals
-        let size = namespace_size * std::mem::size_of::<Value>();
-        self.heap.tracker_mut().on_allocate(|| size)?;
-
-        // 1. Create namespace for the frame in a temporary vec, will extend to stack later
-        let namespace = Vec::with_capacity(func.namespace_size);
-        let mut namespace_guard = HeapGuard::new(namespace, self);
-        let (namespace, this) = namespace_guard.as_parts_mut();
-
-        // 2. Bind arguments to parameters
-        {
-            let bind_result = func.signature.bind(args, defaults, this, func.name, namespace);
-
-            if let Err(e) = bind_result {
-                this.heap.tracker_mut().on_free(|| size);
-                return Err(e);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // 3. Create cells for variables captured by nested functions
-        {
-            let param_count = func.signature.total_slots();
-            for (i, maybe_param_idx) in func.cell_param_indices.iter().enumerate() {
-                let cell_slot = param_count + i;
-                let cell_value = if let Some(param_idx) = maybe_param_idx {
-                    namespace[*param_idx].clone_with_heap(this.heap)
-                } else {
-                    Value::Undefined
-                };
-                let cell_id = this.heap.allocate(HeapData::Cell(CellValue(cell_value)))?;
-                namespace.resize_with(cell_slot, || Value::Undefined);
-                namespace.push(Value::Ref(cell_id));
-            }
-
-            // 4. Copy captured cells (free vars) into namespace
-            let free_var_start = param_count + func.cell_var_count;
-            for (i, &cell_id) in cells.iter().enumerate() {
-                this.heap.inc_ref(cell_id);
-                let slot = free_var_start + i;
-                namespace.resize_with(slot, || Value::Undefined);
-                namespace.push(Value::Ref(cell_id));
-            }
-
-            // 5. Fill remaining slots with Undefined
-            namespace.resize_with(namespace_size, || Value::Undefined);
-        }
-
-        let code = &func.code;
-
-        // 6. Commit the guard (no rollback) and push the frame
-        let (namespace, this) = namespace_guard.into_parts();
-        this.stack.extend(namespace);
-
-        this.push_frame(CallFrame::new_function(
-            code,
-            stack_base,
-            locals_count,
-            func_id,
-            Some(call_position),
-        ))?;
-
-        Ok(CallResult::FramePushed)
-    }
-}