superacli 1.1.6 → 1.1.8

package/ref-monty/crates/monty/src/value.rs

@@ -1,2558 +0,0 @@
-use std::{
-    borrow::Cow,
-    cmp::Ordering,
-    collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher,
-    fmt::{self, Write},
-    hash::{Hash, Hasher},
-    mem::discriminant,
-    str::FromStr,
-};
-
-use ahash::AHashSet;
-use num_bigint::BigInt;
-use num_integer::Integer;
-use num_traits::{ToPrimitive, Zero};
-
-use crate::{
-    asyncio::CallId,
-    builtins::Builtins,
-    bytecode::{CallResult, VM},
-    exception_private::{ExcType, RunError, RunResult, SimpleException},
-    heap::{ContainsHeap, Heap, HeapData, HeapGuard, HeapId},
-    heap_data::HeapDataMut,
-    intern::{BytesId, FunctionId, Interns, LongIntId, StaticStrings, StringId},
-    modules::ModuleFunctions,
-    resource::{ResourceError, ResourceTracker, check_div_size, check_lshift_size, check_pow_size, check_repeat_size},
-    types::{
-        LongInt, Property, PyTrait, Str, Type,
-        bytes::{bytes_repr_fmt, get_byte_at_index, get_bytes_slice},
-        path,
-        str::{allocate_char, get_char_at_index, get_str_slice, string_repr_fmt},
-    },
-};
-
-/// Primary value type representing Python objects at runtime.
-///
-/// This enum uses a hybrid design: small immediate values (Int, Bool, None) are stored
-/// inline, while heap-allocated values (List, Str, Dict, etc.) are stored in the arena
-/// and referenced via `Ref(HeapId)`.
-///
-/// NOTE: `Clone` is intentionally NOT derived. Use `clone_with_heap()` for heap values
-/// or `clone_immediate()` for immediate values only. Direct cloning via `.clone()` would
-/// bypass reference counting and cause memory leaks.
-///
-/// NOTE: it's important to keep this size small to minimize memory overhead!
-#[derive(Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
-pub(crate) enum Value {
-    // Immediate values (stored inline, no heap allocation)
-    Undefined,
-    Ellipsis,
-    None,
-    Bool(bool),
-    Int(i64),
-    Float(f64),
-    /// An interned string literal. The StringId references the string in the Interns table.
-    /// To get the actual string content, use `interns.get(string_id)`.
-    InternString(StringId),
-    /// An interned bytes literal. The BytesId references the bytes in the Interns table.
-    /// To get the actual bytes content, use `interns.get_bytes(bytes_id)`.
-    InternBytes(BytesId),
-    /// An interned long integer literal. The `LongIntId` references the `BigInt` in the Interns table.
-    /// Used for integer literals exceeding i64 range. Converted to heap-allocated `LongInt` on load.
-    InternLongInt(LongIntId),
-    /// A builtin function or exception type
-    Builtin(Builtins),
-    /// A function from a module (not a global builtin).
-    /// Module functions require importing a module to access (e.g., `asyncio.gather`).
-    ModuleFunction(ModuleFunctions),
-    /// A function defined in the module (not a closure, doesn't capture any variables)
-    DefFunction(FunctionId),
-    /// Reference to an external function defined on the host.
-    ///
-    /// The `StringId` stores the interned function name. When called, the VM yields
-    /// a `FrameExit::ExternalCall` with this `StringId` so the host can look up and
-    /// execute the function by name.
-    ExtFunction(StringId),
-    /// A marker value representing special objects like sys.stdout/stderr.
-    /// These exist but have minimal functionality in the sandboxed environment.
-    Marker(Marker),
-    /// A property descriptor that computes its value when accessed.
-    /// When retrieved via `py_getattr`, the property's getter is invoked.
-    Property(Property),
-    /// A pending external function call result.
-    ///
-    /// Created when the host calls `run_pending()` instead of `run(result)` for an
-    /// external function call. The CallId correlates with the call that created it.
-    /// When awaited, blocks the task until the host provides a result via `resume()`.
-    ///
-    /// ExternalFutures follow single-shot semantics like coroutines - awaiting an
-    /// already-awaited ExternalFuture raises RuntimeError.
-    ExternalFuture(CallId),
-
-    // Heap-allocated values (stored in arena)
-    Ref(HeapId),
-
-    /// Sentinel value indicating this Value was properly cleaned up via `drop_with_heap`.
-    /// Only exists when `ref-count-panic` feature is enabled. Used to verify reference counting
-    /// correctness - if a `Ref` variant is dropped without calling `drop_with_heap`, the
-    /// Drop impl will panic.
-    #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-    Dereferenced,
-}
-
-/// Drop implementation that panics if a `Ref` variant is dropped without calling `drop_with_heap`.
-/// This helps catch reference counting bugs during development/testing.
-/// Only enabled when the `ref-count-panic` feature is active.
-#[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-impl Drop for Value {
-    fn drop(&mut self) {
-        if let Self::Ref(id) = self {
-            panic!("Value::Ref({id:?}) dropped without calling drop_with_heap() - this is a reference counting bug");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<bool> for Value {
-    fn from(v: bool) -> Self {
-        Self::Bool(v)
-    }
-}
-
-impl PyTrait for Value {
-    fn py_type(&self, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> Type {
-        match self {
-            Self::Undefined => panic!("Cannot get type of undefined value"),
-            Self::Ellipsis => Type::Ellipsis,
-            Self::None => Type::NoneType,
-            Self::Bool(_) => Type::Bool,
-            Self::Int(_) | Self::InternLongInt(_) => Type::Int,
-            Self::Float(_) => Type::Float,
-            Self::InternString(_) => Type::Str,
-            Self::InternBytes(_) => Type::Bytes,
-            Self::Builtin(c) => c.py_type(),
-            Self::ModuleFunction(_) => Type::BuiltinFunction,
-            Self::DefFunction(_) | Self::ExtFunction(_) => Type::Function,
-            Self::Marker(m) => m.py_type(),
-            Self::Property(_) => Type::Property,
-            Self::ExternalFuture(_) => Type::Coroutine,
-            Self::Ref(id) => heap.get(*id).py_type(heap),
-            #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-            Self::Dereferenced => panic!("Cannot access Dereferenced object"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns 0 for Value since immediate values are stack-allocated.
-    ///
-    /// Heap-allocated values (Ref variants) have their size tracked when
-    /// the HeapData is allocated, not here.
-    fn py_estimate_size(&self) -> usize {
-        // Value is stack-allocated; heap data is sized separately when allocated
-        0
-    }
-
-    fn py_len(&self, vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> Option<usize> {
-        match self {
-            // Count Unicode characters, not bytes, to match Python semantics
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => Some(vm.interns.get_str(*string_id).chars().count()),
-            Self::InternBytes(bytes_id) => Some(vm.interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id).len()),
-            Self::Ref(id) => vm.heap.get(*id).py_len(vm),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_eq(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> Result<bool, ResourceError> {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Self::Undefined, _) => Ok(false),
-            (_, Self::Undefined) => Ok(false),
-            (Self::Int(v1), Self::Int(v2)) => Ok(v1 == v2),
-            (Self::Bool(v1), Self::Bool(v2)) => Ok(v1 == v2),
-            (Self::Bool(v1), Self::Int(v2)) => Ok(i64::from(*v1) == *v2),
-            (Self::Int(v1), Self::Bool(v2)) => Ok(*v1 == i64::from(*v2)),
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => Ok(v1 == v2),
-            (Self::Int(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => Ok((*v1 as f64) == *v2),
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Int(v2)) => Ok(*v1 == (*v2 as f64)),
-            (Self::Bool(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => Ok((i64::from(*v1) as f64) == *v2),
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Bool(v2)) => Ok(*v1 == (i64::from(*v2) as f64)),
-            (Self::None, Self::None) => Ok(true),
-
-            // Int == LongInt comparison
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    Ok(BigInt::from(*a) == *li.inner())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt == Int comparison
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    Ok(*li.inner() == BigInt::from(*b))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-            }
-
-            // For interned interns, compare by StringId first (fast path for same interned string)
-            (Self::InternString(s1), Self::InternString(s2)) => Ok(s1 == s2),
-            // for strings we need to account for the fact they might be either interned or not
-            (Self::InternString(string_id), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Str(s2) = vm.heap.get(*id2) {
-                    Ok(interns.get_str(*string_id) == s2.as_str())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::InternString(string_id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Str(s1) = vm.heap.get(*id1) {
-                    Ok(s1.as_str() == interns.get_str(*string_id))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-            }
-
-            // For interned bytes, compare by content (bytes are not deduplicated unlike interns)
-            (Self::InternBytes(b1), Self::InternBytes(b2)) => {
-                // Fast path: same BytesId means same content
-                Ok(b1 == b2 || interns.get_bytes(*b1) == interns.get_bytes(*b2))
-            }
-            // same for bytes
-            (Self::InternBytes(bytes_id), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Bytes(b2) = vm.heap.get(*id2) {
-                    Ok(interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id) == b2.as_slice())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::InternBytes(bytes_id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Bytes(b1) = vm.heap.get(*id1) {
-                    Ok(b1.as_slice() == interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-            }
-
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                if *id1 == *id2 {
-                    return Ok(true);
-                }
-                Heap::with_two(vm, *id1, *id2, |vm, left, right| left.py_eq(right, vm))
-            }
-
-            // Builtins equality - just check the enums are equal
-            (Self::Builtin(b1), Self::Builtin(b2)) => Ok(b1 == b2),
-            // Module functions equality
-            (Self::ModuleFunction(mf1), Self::ModuleFunction(mf2)) => Ok(mf1 == mf2),
-            (Self::DefFunction(f1), Self::DefFunction(f2)) => Ok(f1 == f2),
-            // Markers compare equal if they're the same variant
-            (Self::Marker(m1), Self::Marker(m2)) => Ok(m1 == m2),
-            // Properties compare equal if they're the same variant
-            (Self::Property(p1), Self::Property(p2)) => Ok(p1 == p2),
-
-            _ => Ok(false),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_cmp(
-        &self,
-        other: &Self,
-        vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Ordering>, ResourceError> {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        // py_cmp handles numbers, strings, bytes, and tuples.
-        // Recursion depth tracking for tuples is handled in Tuple::py_cmp.
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Self::Int(s), Self::Int(o)) => Ok(s.partial_cmp(o)),
-            (Self::Float(s), Self::Float(o)) => Ok(s.partial_cmp(o)),
-            (Self::Int(s), Self::Float(o)) => Ok((*s as f64).partial_cmp(o)),
-            (Self::Float(s), Self::Int(o)) => Ok(s.partial_cmp(&(*o as f64))),
-            // Bool promotion: convert to Int and re-dispatch. Recursion is bounded
-            // to at most 2 levels (Bool→Int, then Int matches directly above).
-            (Self::Bool(s), _) => Self::Int(i64::from(*s)).py_cmp(other, vm),
-            (_, Self::Bool(s)) => self.py_cmp(&Self::Int(i64::from(*s)), vm),
-            // Int vs LongInt comparison
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    Ok(BigInt::from(*a).partial_cmp(li.inner()))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt vs Int comparison
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    Ok(li.inner().partial_cmp(&BigInt::from(*b)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // Ref vs Ref comparison: handles LongInt, Str, and Tuple
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => match (vm.heap.get(*id1), vm.heap.get(*id2)) {
-                (HeapData::LongInt(a), HeapData::LongInt(b)) => Ok(a.inner().partial_cmp(b.inner())),
-                (HeapData::Str(a), HeapData::Str(b)) => Ok(a.as_str().partial_cmp(b.as_str())),
-                (HeapData::Tuple(_), HeapData::Tuple(_)) => {
-                    Heap::with_two(vm, *id1, *id2, |vm, left, right| left.py_cmp(right, vm))
-                }
-                _ => Ok(None),
-            },
-            // Interned string comparisons
-            (Self::InternString(s1), Self::InternString(s2)) => {
-                Ok(interns.get_str(*s1).partial_cmp(interns.get_str(*s2)))
-            }
-            // Cross-type string comparisons: interned vs heap-allocated
-            (Self::InternString(s1), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Str(s2) = vm.heap.get(*id2) {
-                    Ok(interns.get_str(*s1).partial_cmp(s2.as_str()))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::InternString(s2)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Str(s1) = vm.heap.get(*id1) {
-                    Ok(s1.as_str().partial_cmp(interns.get_str(*s2)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::InternBytes(b1), Self::InternBytes(b2)) => {
-                Ok(interns.get_bytes(*b1).partial_cmp(interns.get_bytes(*b2)))
-            }
-            _ => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_dec_ref_ids(&mut self, stack: &mut Vec<HeapId>) {
-        if let Self::Ref(id) = self {
-            stack.push(*id);
-            // Mark as Dereferenced to prevent Drop panic
-            #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-            self.dec_ref_forget();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_bool(&self, vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::Undefined => false,
-            Self::Ellipsis => true,
-            Self::None => false,
-            Self::Bool(b) => *b,
-            Self::Int(v) => *v != 0,
-            Self::Float(f) => *f != 0.0,
-            // InternLongInt is always truthy (if it were zero, it would fit in i64)
-            Self::InternLongInt(_) => true,
-            Self::Builtin(_) | Self::ModuleFunction(_) => true, // Builtins are always truthy
-            Self::DefFunction(_) | Self::ExtFunction(_) => true, // Functions are always truthy
-            Self::Marker(_) => true,                            // Markers are always truthy
-            Self::Property(_) => true,                          // Properties are always truthy
-            Self::ExternalFuture(_) => true,                    // ExternalFutures are always truthy
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => !vm.interns.get_str(*string_id).is_empty(),
-            Self::InternBytes(bytes_id) => !vm.interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id).is_empty(),
-            Self::Ref(id) => vm.heap.get(*id).py_bool(vm),
-            #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-            Self::Dereferenced => panic!("Cannot access Dereferenced object"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_repr_fmt(
-        &self,
-        f: &mut impl Write,
-        vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-        heap_ids: &mut AHashSet<HeapId>,
-    ) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        match self {
-            Self::Undefined => f.write_str("Undefined"),
-            Self::Ellipsis => f.write_str("Ellipsis"),
-            Self::None => f.write_str("None"),
-            Self::Bool(true) => f.write_str("True"),
-            Self::Bool(false) => f.write_str("False"),
-            Self::Int(v) => write!(f, "{v}"),
-            Self::InternLongInt(long_int_id) => write!(f, "{}", interns.get_long_int(*long_int_id)),
-            Self::Float(v) => {
-                let s = v.to_string();
-                if s.contains('.') {
-                    f.write_str(&s)
-                } else {
-                    write!(f, "{s}.0")
-                }
-            }
-            Self::Builtin(b) => b.py_repr_fmt(f),
-            Self::ModuleFunction(mf) => mf.py_repr_fmt(f, self.id()),
-            Self::DefFunction(f_id) => interns.get_function(*f_id).py_repr_fmt(f, interns, self.id()),
-            Self::ExtFunction(name_id) => {
-                write!(f, "<function '{}' external>", interns.get_str(*name_id))
-            }
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => string_repr_fmt(interns.get_str(*string_id), f),
-            Self::InternBytes(bytes_id) => bytes_repr_fmt(interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id), f),
-            Self::Marker(m) => m.py_repr_fmt(f),
-            Self::Property(p) => write!(f, "<property {p:?}>"),
-            Self::ExternalFuture(call_id) => write!(f, "<coroutine external_future({})>", call_id.raw()),
-            Self::Ref(id) => {
-                if heap_ids.contains(id) {
-                    // Cycle detected - write type-specific placeholder following Python semantics
-                    match vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                        HeapData::List(_) => f.write_str("[...]"),
-                        HeapData::Tuple(_) => f.write_str("(...)"),
-                        HeapData::Dict(_) => f.write_str("{...}"),
-                        // Other types don't typically have cycles, but handle gracefully
-                        _ => f.write_str("..."),
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    heap_ids.insert(*id);
-                    let result = vm.heap.get(*id).py_repr_fmt(f, vm, heap_ids);
-                    heap_ids.remove(id);
-                    result
-                }
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-            Self::Dereferenced => panic!("Cannot access Dereferenced object"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_str(&self, vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> Cow<'static, str> {
-        match self {
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => vm.interns.get_str(*string_id).to_owned().into(),
-            Self::Ref(id) => vm.heap.get(*id).py_str(vm),
-            _ => self.py_repr(vm),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_add(
-        &self,
-        other: &Self,
-        vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Value>, crate::resource::ResourceError> {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        match (self, other) {
-            // Int + Int with overflow detection
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let Some(result) = a.checked_add(*b) {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-                } else {
-                    // Overflow - promote to LongInt
-                    let li = LongInt::from(*a) + LongInt::from(*b);
-                    li.into_value(vm.heap).map(Some)
-                }
-            }
-            // Int + LongInt
-            (Self::Int(i), Self::Ref(id)) | (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(i)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    let result = LongInt::new(li.inner() + i);
-                    result.into_value(vm.heap).map(Some)
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(v1 + v2))),
-            // Int + Float and Float + Int
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Float(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(*a as f64 + b))),
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Int(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(a + *b as f64))),
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                Heap::with_two(vm, *id1, *id2, |vm, left, right| left.py_add(right, vm))
-            }
-            (Self::InternString(s1), Self::InternString(s2)) => {
-                let concat = format!("{}{}", interns.get_str(*s1), interns.get_str(*s2));
-                Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(concat.into()))?)))
-            }
-            // for strings we need to account for the fact they might be either interned or not
-            (Self::InternString(string_id), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Str(s2) = vm.heap.get(*id2) {
-                    let concat = format!("{}{}", interns.get_str(*string_id), s2.as_str());
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(concat.into()))?)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::InternString(string_id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Str(s1) = vm.heap.get(*id1) {
-                    let concat = format!("{}{}", s1.as_str(), interns.get_str(*string_id));
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(concat.into()))?)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // same for bytes
-            (Self::InternBytes(b1), Self::InternBytes(b2)) => {
-                let bytes1 = interns.get_bytes(*b1);
-                let bytes2 = interns.get_bytes(*b2);
-                let mut b = Vec::with_capacity(bytes1.len() + bytes2.len());
-                b.extend_from_slice(bytes1);
-                b.extend_from_slice(bytes2);
-                Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(b.into()))?)))
-            }
-            (Self::InternBytes(bytes_id), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Bytes(b2) = vm.heap.get(*id2) {
-                    let bytes1 = interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id);
-                    let mut b = Vec::with_capacity(bytes1.len() + b2.len());
-                    b.extend_from_slice(bytes1);
-                    b.extend_from_slice(b2);
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(b.into()))?)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::InternBytes(bytes_id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::Bytes(b1) = vm.heap.get(*id1) {
-                    let bytes2 = interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id);
-                    let mut b = Vec::with_capacity(b1.len() + bytes2.len());
-                    b.extend_from_slice(b1);
-                    b.extend_from_slice(bytes2);
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(b.into()))?)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            _ => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_sub(
-        &self,
-        other: &Self,
-        vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Self>, crate::resource::ResourceError> {
-        match (self, other) {
-            // Int - Int with overflow detection
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let Some(result) = a.checked_sub(*b) {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-                } else {
-                    // Overflow - promote to LongInt
-                    let li = LongInt::from(*a) - LongInt::from(*b);
-                    li.into_value(vm.heap).map(Some)
-                }
-            }
-            // Int - LongInt
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    let result = LongInt::from(*a) - LongInt::new(li.inner().clone());
-                    result.into_value(vm.heap).map(Some)
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt - Int
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    let result = LongInt::new(li.inner().clone()) - LongInt::from(*b);
-                    result.into_value(vm.heap).map(Some)
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt - LongInt
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                Heap::with_two(vm, *id1, *id2, |vm, left, right| left.py_sub(right, vm))
-            }
-            // Float - Float
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Float(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(a - b))),
-            // Int - Float and Float - Int
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Float(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(*a as f64 - b))),
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Int(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(a - *b as f64))),
-            _ => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_mod(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Option<Self>> {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else if let Some(r) = a.checked_rem(*b) {
-                    // Python modulo: result has the same sign as divisor (b)
-                    let result = if r != 0 && (*a < 0) != (*b < 0) { r + *b } else { r };
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-                } else {
-                    // Overflow - i64::MIN % -1 is 0
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(0)))
-                }
-            }
-            // Int % LongInt
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                // Clone to avoid borrow conflict with heap mutation
-                let b_clone = if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if li.is_zero() {
-                        return Err(ExcType::zero_division().into());
-                    }
-                    li.inner().clone()
-                } else {
-                    return Ok(None);
-                };
-                let bi = BigInt::from(*a).mod_floor(&b_clone);
-                Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-            }
-            // LongInt % Int
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    return Err(ExcType::zero_division().into());
-                }
-                // Clone to avoid borrow conflict with heap mutation
-                let a_clone = if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    li.inner().clone()
-                } else {
-                    return Ok(None);
-                };
-                let bi = a_clone.mod_floor(&BigInt::from(*b));
-                Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-            }
-            // LongInt % LongInt
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                Heap::with_two(vm, *id1, *id2, |vm, left, right| left.py_mod(right, vm))
-            }
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => {
-                if *v2 == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(v1 % v2)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Int(v2)) => {
-                if *v2 == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(v1 % (*v2 as f64))))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Int(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => {
-                if *v2 == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float((*v1 as f64) % v2)))
-                }
-            }
-            _ => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_mod_eq(&self, other: &Self, right_value: i64) -> Option<bool> {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Self::Int(v1), Self::Int(v2)) => {
-                if let Some(r) = v1.checked_rem(*v2) {
-                    // Python modulo: result has same sign as divisor
-                    let result = if r != 0 && (*v1 < 0) != (*v2 < 0) { r + *v2 } else { r };
-                    Some(result == right_value)
-                } else {
-                    // checked_rem returns None for overflow (i64::MIN % -1) or zero division
-                    (*v2 != 0).then_some(0 == right_value)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => Some(v1 % v2 == right_value as f64),
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Int(v2)) => Some(v1 % (*v2 as f64) == right_value as f64),
-            (Self::Int(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => Some((*v1 as f64) % v2 == right_value as f64),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_iadd(
-        &mut self,
-        other: &Self,
-        vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-        _self_id: Option<HeapId>,
-    ) -> Result<bool, crate::resource::ResourceError> {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        match (&self, other) {
-            (Self::Int(v1), Self::Int(v2)) => {
-                if let Some(result) = v1.checked_add(*v2) {
-                    *self = Self::Int(result);
-                } else {
-                    // Overflow - promote to LongInt
-                    let li = LongInt::from(*v1) + LongInt::from(*v2);
-                    *self = li.into_value(vm.heap)?;
-                }
-                Ok(true)
-            }
-            (Self::Float(v1), Self::Float(v2)) => {
-                *self = Self::Float(*v1 + *v2);
-                Ok(true)
-            }
-            (Self::InternString(s1), Self::InternString(s2)) => {
-                let concat = format!("{}{}", interns.get_str(*s1), interns.get_str(*s2));
-                *self = Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(concat.into()))?);
-                Ok(true)
-            }
-            (Self::InternString(string_id), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                let result = if let HeapData::Str(s2) = vm.heap.get(*id2) {
-                    let concat = format!("{}{}", interns.get_str(*string_id), s2.as_str());
-                    *self = Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(concat.into()))?);
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                };
-                Ok(result)
-            }
-            // same for bytes
-            (Self::InternBytes(b1), Self::InternBytes(b2)) => {
-                let bytes1 = interns.get_bytes(*b1);
-                let bytes2 = interns.get_bytes(*b2);
-                let mut b = Vec::with_capacity(bytes1.len() + bytes2.len());
-                b.extend_from_slice(bytes1);
-                b.extend_from_slice(bytes2);
-                *self = Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(b.into()))?);
-                Ok(true)
-            }
-            (Self::InternBytes(bytes_id), Self::Ref(id2)) => {
-                let result = if let HeapData::Bytes(b2) = vm.heap.get(*id2) {
-                    let bytes1 = interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id);
-                    let mut b = Vec::with_capacity(bytes1.len() + b2.len());
-                    b.extend_from_slice(bytes1);
-                    b.extend_from_slice(b2);
-                    *self = Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(b.into()))?);
-                    true
-                } else {
-                    false
-                };
-                Ok(result)
-            }
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Ref(_)) => {
-                Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, *id, |vm, mut data| data.py_iadd(other, vm, Some(*id)))
-            }
-            _ => Ok(false),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_mult(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Option<Value>> {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        match (self, other) {
-            // Numeric multiplication with overflow promotion to LongInt
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let Some(result) = a.checked_mul(*b) {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-                } else {
-                    // Overflow - promote to LongInt
-                    let li = LongInt::from(*a) * LongInt::from(*b);
-                    Ok(Some(li.into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                }
-            }
-            // Int * Ref (LongInt or sequence)
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Ref(id)) => vm.heap.mult_ref_by_i64(*id, *a),
-            // Ref * Int (LongInt or sequence)
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(b)) => vm.heap.mult_ref_by_i64(*id, *b),
-            // Ref * Ref (LongInt * LongInt, sequence * LongInt, etc.)
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => vm.heap.mult_heap_values(*id1, *id2),
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Float(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(a * b))),
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Float(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(*a as f64 * b))),
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Int(b)) => Ok(Some(Self::Float(a * *b as f64))),
-
-            // Bool numeric multiplication (True=1, False=0)
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                let a_int = i64::from(*a);
-                Ok(Some(Self::Int(a_int * b)))
-            }
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                let b_int = i64::from(*b);
-                Ok(Some(Self::Int(a * b_int)))
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                let a_float = if *a { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
-                Ok(Some(Self::Float(a_float * b)))
-            }
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                let b_float = if *b { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
-                Ok(Some(Self::Float(a * b_float)))
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                let result = i64::from(*a) * i64::from(*b);
-                Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-            }
-
-            // String repetition: "ab" * 3 or 3 * "ab"
-            (Self::InternString(s), Self::Int(n)) | (Self::Int(n), Self::InternString(s)) => {
-                let count = i64_to_repeat_count(*n)?;
-                let str_ref = interns.get_str(*s);
-                check_repeat_size(str_ref.len(), count, vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                let result = str_ref.repeat(count);
-                Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(result.into()))?)))
-            }
-
-            // Bytes repetition: b"ab" * 3 or 3 * b"ab"
-            (Self::InternBytes(b), Self::Int(n)) | (Self::Int(n), Self::InternBytes(b)) => {
-                let count = i64_to_repeat_count(*n)?;
-                let bytes_ref = interns.get_bytes(*b);
-                check_repeat_size(bytes_ref.len(), count, vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                let result: Vec<u8> = bytes_ref.repeat(count);
-                Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(result.into()))?)))
-            }
-
-            // String repetition with LongInt: "ab" * bigint or bigint * "ab"
-            (Self::InternString(s), Self::Ref(id)) | (Self::Ref(id), Self::InternString(s)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    let count = longint_to_repeat_count(li)?;
-                    let str_ref = interns.get_str(*s);
-                    check_repeat_size(str_ref.len(), count, vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                    let result = str_ref.repeat(count);
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(result.into()))?)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Bytes repetition with LongInt: b"ab" * bigint or bigint * b"ab"
-            (Self::InternBytes(b), Self::Ref(id)) | (Self::Ref(id), Self::InternBytes(b)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    let count = longint_to_repeat_count(li)?;
-                    let bytes_ref = interns.get_bytes(*b);
-                    check_repeat_size(bytes_ref.len(), count, vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                    let result: Vec<u8> = bytes_ref.repeat(count);
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Ref(vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(result.into()))?)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-
-            _ => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_div(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Option<Value>> {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        match (self, other) {
-            // True division always returns float
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(*a as f64 / *b as f64)))
-                }
-            }
-            // Int / LongInt
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if li.is_zero() {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        // Convert both to f64 for division
-                        let a_f64 = *a as f64;
-                        let b_f64 = li.to_f64().unwrap_or(f64::INFINITY);
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float(a_f64 / b_f64)))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt / Int
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if *b == 0 {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        // Convert both to f64 for division
-                        let a_f64 = li.to_f64().unwrap_or(f64::INFINITY);
-                        let b_f64 = *b as f64;
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float(a_f64 / b_f64)))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt / LongInt
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => match (vm.heap.get(*id1), vm.heap.get(*id2)) {
-                (HeapData::LongInt(li1), HeapData::LongInt(li2)) => {
-                    if li2.is_zero() {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        let a_f64 = li1.to_f64().unwrap_or(f64::INFINITY);
-                        let b_f64 = li2.to_f64().unwrap_or(f64::INFINITY);
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float(a_f64 / b_f64)))
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => Ok(None),
-            },
-            // LongInt / Float
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if *b == 0.0 {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        let a_f64 = li.to_f64().unwrap_or(f64::INFINITY);
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float(a_f64 / b)))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // Float / LongInt
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if li.is_zero() {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        let b_f64 = li.to_f64().unwrap_or(f64::INFINITY);
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float(a / b_f64)))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(a / b)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(*a as f64 / b)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(a / *b as f64)))
-                }
-            }
-            // Bool division (True=1, False=0)
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(f64::from(*a) / *b as f64)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                if *b {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(*a as f64))) // a / 1 = a
-                } else {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(f64::from(*a) / b)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                if *b {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(*a))) // a / 1.0 = a
-                } else {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                if *b {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(f64::from(*a)))) // a / 1 = a
-                } else {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {
-                // Check for Path / (str or Path) - path concatenation
-                if let Self::Ref(id) = self
-                    && matches!(vm.heap.get(*id), HeapData::Path(_))
-                {
-                    return path::path_div(*id, other, vm.heap, interns);
-                }
-                Ok(None)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_floordiv(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Option<Value>> {
-        match (self, other) {
-            // Floor division: int // int returns int
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else if let Some((d, _)) = floor_divmod(*a, *b) {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(d)))
-                } else {
-                    // Overflow - promote to LongInt
-                    check_div_size(i64_bits(*a), vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                    let bi = BigInt::from(*a).div_floor(&BigInt::from(*b));
-                    Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                }
-            }
-            // Int // LongInt
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if li.is_zero() {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        let bi = BigInt::from(*a).div_floor(li.inner());
-                        Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt // Int
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if *b == 0 {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        let bi = li.inner().div_floor(&BigInt::from(*b));
-                        Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt // LongInt
-            (Self::Ref(id1), Self::Ref(id2)) => match (vm.heap.get(*id1), vm.heap.get(*id2)) {
-                (HeapData::LongInt(li1), HeapData::LongInt(li2)) => {
-                    if li2.is_zero() {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                    } else {
-                        let bi = li1.inner().div_floor(li2.inner());
-                        Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                    }
-                }
-                _ => Ok(None),
-            },
-            // Float floor division returns float
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float((a / b).floor())))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float((*a as f64 / b).floor())))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float((a / *b as f64).floor())))
-                }
-            }
-            // Bool floor division (True=1, False=0)
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Int(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    let a_int = i64::from(*a);
-                    // Use same floor division logic as Int // Int
-                    let d = a_int / b;
-                    let r = a_int % b;
-                    let result = if r != 0 && (a_int < 0) != (*b < 0) { d - 1 } else { d };
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Int(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                if *b {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(*a))) // a // 1 = a
-                } else {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Float(b)) => {
-                if *b == 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float((f64::from(*a) / b).floor())))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                if *b {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(a.floor()))) // a // 1.0 = floor(a)
-                } else {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(a), Self::Bool(b)) => {
-                if *b {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(i64::from(*a)))) // a // 1 = a
-                } else {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_division().into())
-                }
-            }
-            _ => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_pow(&self, other: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Option<Value>> {
-        match (self, other) {
-            (Self::Int(base), Self::Int(exp)) => {
-                if *base == 0 && *exp < 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                } else if *exp >= 0 {
-                    // Positive exponent: try to return int, promote to LongInt on overflow
-                    if let Ok(exp_u32) = u32::try_from(*exp) {
-                        if let Some(result) = base.checked_pow(exp_u32) {
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-                        } else {
-                            // Overflow - promote to LongInt
-                            // Check size before computing to prevent DoS
-                            check_pow_size(i64_bits(*base), u64::from(exp_u32), vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                            let bi = BigInt::from(*base).pow(exp_u32);
-                            Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        // exp > u32::MAX - use BigInt with modpow-style exponentiation
-                        // For very large exponents, we still need LongInt
-                        // Safety: exp >= 0 is guaranteed by the outer if condition
-                        #[expect(clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
-                        let exp_u64 = *exp as u64;
-                        // Check size before computing to prevent DoS
-                        check_pow_size(i64_bits(*base), exp_u64, vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                        let bi = bigint_pow(BigInt::from(*base), exp_u64);
-                        Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Negative exponent: return float
-                    // Use powi if exp fits in i32, otherwise use powf
-                    if let Ok(exp_i32) = i32::try_from(*exp) {
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float((*base as f64).powi(exp_i32))))
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float((*base as f64).powf(*exp as f64))))
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            // LongInt ** Int
-            (Self::Ref(id), Self::Int(exp)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if li.is_zero() && *exp < 0 {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                    } else if *exp >= 0 {
-                        // Use BigInt pow for positive exponents
-                        if let Ok(exp_u32) = u32::try_from(*exp) {
-                            // Check size before computing to prevent DoS
-                            check_pow_size(li.bits(), u64::from(exp_u32), vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                            let bi = li.inner().pow(exp_u32);
-                            Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                        } else {
-                            // Safety: exp >= 0 is guaranteed by the outer if condition
-                            #[expect(clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
-                            let exp_u64 = *exp as u64;
-                            // Check size before computing to prevent DoS
-                            check_pow_size(li.bits(), exp_u64, vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                            let bi = bigint_pow(li.inner().clone(), exp_u64);
-                            Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        // Negative exponent: return float (LongInt base becomes 0.0 for large values)
-                        if let Some(base_f64) = li.to_f64() {
-                            if let Ok(exp_i32) = i32::try_from(*exp) {
-                                Ok(Some(Self::Float(base_f64.powi(exp_i32))))
-                            } else {
-                                Ok(Some(Self::Float(base_f64.powf(*exp as f64))))
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            // Base too large for f64, result approaches 0
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Float(0.0)))
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            // Int ** LongInt (only small positive exponents make sense)
-            (Self::Int(base), Self::Ref(id)) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = vm.heap.get(*id) {
-                    if *base == 0 && li.is_negative() {
-                        Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                    } else if !li.is_negative() {
-                        // For very large exponents, most results are huge or 0/1
-                        // Check for x ** 0 = 1 first (including 0 ** 0 = 1)
-                        if li.is_zero() {
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Int(1)))
-                        } else if *base == 0 {
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Int(0)))
-                        } else if *base == 1 {
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Int(1)))
-                        } else if *base == -1 {
-                            // (-1) ** n = 1 if n is even, -1 if n is odd
-                            let is_even = (li.inner() % 2i32).is_zero();
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Int(if is_even { 1 } else { -1 })))
-                        } else if let Some(exp_u32) = li.to_u32() {
-                            // Reasonable exponent size
-                            if let Some(result) = base.checked_pow(exp_u32) {
-                                Ok(Some(Self::Int(result)))
-                            } else {
-                                // Check size before computing to prevent DoS
-                                check_pow_size(i64_bits(*base), u64::from(exp_u32), vm.heap.tracker())?;
-                                let bi = BigInt::from(*base).pow(exp_u32);
-                                Ok(Some(LongInt::new(bi).into_value(vm.heap)?))
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            // Exponent too large - result would be astronomically large
-                            // Python handles this, but it would take forever. Use OverflowError
-                            Err(SimpleException::new_msg(ExcType::OverflowError, "exponent too large").into())
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        // Negative LongInt exponent: return float
-                        if let (Some(base_f64), Some(exp_f64)) = (Some(*base as f64), li.to_f64()) {
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Float(base_f64.powf(exp_f64))))
-                        } else {
-                            Ok(Some(Self::Float(0.0)))
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    Ok(None)
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(base), Self::Float(exp)) => {
-                if *base == 0.0 && *exp < 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(base.powf(*exp))))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Int(base), Self::Float(exp)) => {
-                if *base == 0 && *exp < 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float((*base as f64).powf(*exp))))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(base), Self::Int(exp)) => {
-                if *base == 0.0 && *exp < 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                } else if let Ok(exp_i32) = i32::try_from(*exp) {
-                    // Use powi if exp fits in i32
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(base.powi(exp_i32))))
-                } else {
-                    // Fall back to powf for exponents outside i32 range
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(base.powf(*exp as f64))))
-                }
-            }
-            // Bool power operations (True=1, False=0)
-            (Self::Bool(base), Self::Int(exp)) => {
-                let base_int = i64::from(*base);
-                if base_int == 0 && *exp < 0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                } else if *exp >= 0 {
-                    // Positive exponent: 1**n=1, 0**n=0 (for n>0), 0**0=1
-                    if let Ok(exp_u32) = u32::try_from(*exp) {
-                        match base_int.checked_pow(exp_u32) {
-                            Some(result) => Ok(Some(Self::Int(result))),
-                            None => Ok(Some(Self::Float((base_int as f64).powf(*exp as f64)))),
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float((base_int as f64).powf(*exp as f64))))
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    // Negative exponent: return float (1**-n=1.0)
-                    if let Ok(exp_i32) = i32::try_from(*exp) {
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float((base_int as f64).powi(exp_i32))))
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(Some(Self::Float((base_int as f64).powf(*exp as f64))))
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Int(base), Self::Bool(exp)) => {
-                // n ** True = n, n ** False = 1
-                if *exp {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(*base)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(1)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(base), Self::Float(exp)) => {
-                let base_float = f64::from(*base);
-                if base_float == 0.0 && *exp < 0.0 {
-                    Err(ExcType::zero_negative_power())
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(base_float.powf(*exp))))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Float(base), Self::Bool(exp)) => {
-                // base ** True = base, base ** False = 1.0
-                if *exp {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(*base)))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Float(1.0)))
-                }
-            }
-            (Self::Bool(base), Self::Bool(exp)) => {
-                // True ** True = 1, True ** False = 1, False ** True = 0, False ** False = 1
-                let base_int = i64::from(*base);
-                let exp_int = i64::from(*exp);
-                if exp_int == 0 {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(1))) // anything ** 0 = 1
-                } else {
-                    Ok(Some(Self::Int(base_int))) // base ** 1 = base
-                }
-            }
-            _ => Ok(None),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_getitem(&self, key: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Self> {
-        let interns = vm.interns;
-        match self {
-            Self::Ref(id) => Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, *id, |vm, data| data.py_getitem(key, vm)),
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => {
-                // Check for slice first
-                if let Self::Ref(key_id) = key
-                    && let HeapData::Slice(slice_obj) = vm.heap.get(*key_id)
-                {
-                    let s = interns.get_str(*string_id);
-                    let char_count = s.chars().count();
-                    let (start, stop, step) = slice_obj
-                        .indices(char_count)
-                        .map_err(|()| ExcType::value_error_slice_step_zero())?;
-                    let result_str = get_str_slice(s, start, stop, step);
-                    let heap_id = vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(Str::from(result_str)))?;
-                    return Ok(Self::Ref(heap_id));
-                }
-
-                // Handle interned string indexing, accepting Int and Bool
-                let index = match key {
-                    Self::Int(i) => *i,
-                    Self::Bool(b) => i64::from(*b),
-                    _ => return Err(ExcType::type_error_indices(Type::Str, key.py_type(vm.heap))),
-                };
-
-                let s = interns.get_str(*string_id);
-                let c = get_char_at_index(s, index).ok_or_else(ExcType::str_index_error)?;
-                Ok(allocate_char(c, vm.heap)?)
-            }
-            Self::InternBytes(bytes_id) => {
-                // Check for slice first
-                if let Self::Ref(key_id) = key
-                    && let HeapData::Slice(slice_obj) = vm.heap.get(*key_id)
-                {
-                    let bytes = interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id);
-                    let (start, stop, step) = slice_obj
-                        .indices(bytes.len())
-                        .map_err(|()| ExcType::value_error_slice_step_zero())?;
-                    let result_bytes = get_bytes_slice(bytes, start, stop, step);
-                    let heap_id = vm
-                        .heap
-                        .allocate(HeapData::Bytes(crate::types::Bytes::new(result_bytes)))?;
-                    return Ok(Self::Ref(heap_id));
-                }
-
-                // Handle interned bytes indexing - returns integer byte value
-                let index = match key {
-                    Self::Int(i) => *i,
-                    Self::Bool(b) => i64::from(*b),
-                    _ => return Err(ExcType::type_error_indices(Type::Bytes, key.py_type(vm.heap))),
-                };
-
-                let bytes = interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id);
-                let byte = get_byte_at_index(bytes, index).ok_or_else(ExcType::bytes_index_error)?;
-                Ok(Self::Int(i64::from(byte)))
-            }
-            _ => Err(ExcType::type_error_not_sub(self.py_type(vm.heap))),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn py_setitem(&mut self, key: Self, value: Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<()> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Ref(id) => Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, *id, |vm, mut data| data.py_setitem(key, value, vm)),
-            _ => Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                "'{}' object does not support item assignment",
-                self.py_type(vm.heap)
-            ))),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl Value {
-    /// Returns a stable, unique identifier for this value.
-    ///
-    /// Should match Python's `id()` function conceptually.
-    ///
-    /// For immediate values (Int, Float, Builtins), this computes a deterministic ID
-    /// based on the value's hash, avoiding heap allocation. This means `id(5) == id(5)` will
-    /// return True (unlike CPython for large integers outside the interning range).
-    ///
-    /// Singletons (None, True, False, etc.) return IDs from a dedicated tagged range.
-    /// Interned strings/bytes use their interner index for stable identity.
-    /// Heap-allocated values (Ref) reuse their `HeapId` inside the heap-tagged range.
-    pub fn id(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            // Singletons have fixed tagged IDs
-            Self::Undefined => singleton_id(SingletonSlot::Undefined),
-            Self::Ellipsis => singleton_id(SingletonSlot::Ellipsis),
-            Self::None => singleton_id(SingletonSlot::None),
-            Self::Bool(b) => {
-                if *b {
-                    singleton_id(SingletonSlot::True)
-                } else {
-                    singleton_id(SingletonSlot::False)
-                }
-            }
-            // Interned strings/bytes/bigints use their index directly - the index is the stable identifier
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => INTERN_STR_ID_TAG | (string_id.index() & INTERN_STR_ID_MASK),
-            Self::InternBytes(bytes_id) => INTERN_BYTES_ID_TAG | (bytes_id.index() & INTERN_BYTES_ID_MASK),
-            Self::InternLongInt(long_int_id) => {
-                INTERN_LONG_INT_ID_TAG | (long_int_id.index() & INTERN_LONG_INT_ID_MASK)
-            }
-            // Already heap-allocated (includes Range and Exception), return id within a dedicated tag range
-            Self::Ref(id) => heap_tagged_id(*id),
-            // Value-based IDs for immediate types (no heap allocation!)
-            Self::Int(v) => int_value_id(*v),
-            Self::Float(v) => float_value_id(*v),
-            Self::Builtin(c) => builtin_value_id(*c),
-            Self::ModuleFunction(mf) => module_function_value_id(*mf),
-            Self::DefFunction(f_id) => function_value_id(*f_id),
-            Self::ExtFunction(name_id) => ext_function_value_id(*name_id),
-            // Markers get deterministic IDs based on discriminant
-            Self::Marker(m) => marker_value_id(*m),
-            // Properties get deterministic IDs based on discriminant
-            Self::Property(p) => property_value_id(*p),
-            // ExternalFutures get IDs based on their call_id
-            Self::ExternalFuture(call_id) => external_future_value_id(*call_id),
-            #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-            Self::Dereferenced => panic!("Cannot get id of Dereferenced object"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the Ref ID if this value is a reference, otherwise returns None.
-    pub fn ref_id(&self) -> Option<HeapId> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Ref(id) => Some(*id),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the module name if this value is a module, otherwise returns "<unknown>".
-    ///
-    /// Used for error messages in `from module import name` when the name doesn't exist.
-    pub fn module_name(&self, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>, interns: &Interns) -> String {
-        match self {
-            Self::Ref(id) => match heap.get(*id) {
-                HeapData::Module(module) => interns.get_str(module.name()).to_string(),
-                _ => "<unknown>".to_string(),
-            },
-            _ => "<unknown>".to_string(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Equivalent of Python's `is` operator.
-    ///
-    /// Compares value identity by comparing their IDs.
-    pub fn is(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.id() == other.id()
-    }
-
-    /// Computes the hash value for this value, used for dict keys.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `Ok(Some(hash))` for hashable types (immediate values and immutable heap types).
-    /// Returns `Ok(None)` for unhashable types (list, dict).
-    /// Returns `Err(ResourceError::Recursion)` if the recursion limit is exceeded
-    /// while hashing deeply nested containers (e.g., tuples of tuples).
-    ///
-    /// For heap-allocated values (Ref variant), this computes the hash lazily
-    /// on first use and caches it for subsequent calls.
-    ///
-    /// The `interns` parameter is needed for InternString/InternBytes to look up
-    /// their actual content and hash it consistently with equivalent heap Str/Bytes.
-    pub fn py_hash(
-        &self,
-        heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>,
-        interns: &Interns,
-    ) -> Result<Option<u64>, ResourceError> {
-        // strings bytes bigints and heap allocated values have their own hashing logic
-        match self {
-            // Hash just the actual string or bytes content for consistency with heap Str/Bytes
-            // hence we don't include the discriminant
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => {
-                let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-                interns.get_str(*string_id).hash(&mut hasher);
-                return Ok(Some(hasher.finish()));
-            }
-            Self::InternBytes(bytes_id) => {
-                let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-                interns.get_bytes(*bytes_id).hash(&mut hasher);
-                return Ok(Some(hasher.finish()));
-            }
-            // Hash BigInt consistently with LongInt (using sign and bytes for large values)
-            Self::InternLongInt(long_int_id) => {
-                let bi = interns.get_long_int(*long_int_id);
-                let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-                let (sign, bytes) = bi.to_bytes_le();
-                sign.hash(&mut hasher);
-                bytes.hash(&mut hasher);
-                return Ok(Some(hasher.finish()));
-            }
-            // For heap-allocated values (includes Range and Exception), compute hash lazily and cache it
-            Self::Ref(id) => return heap.get_or_compute_hash(*id, interns),
-            _ => {}
-        }
-
-        let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-        // hash based on discriminant to avoid collisions with different types
-        discriminant(self).hash(&mut hasher);
-        match self {
-            // Immediate values can be hashed directly
-            Self::Undefined | Self::Ellipsis | Self::None => {}
-            Self::Bool(b) => b.hash(&mut hasher),
-            Self::Int(i) => i.hash(&mut hasher),
-            // Hash the bit representation of float for consistency
-            Self::Float(f) => f.to_bits().hash(&mut hasher),
-            Self::Builtin(b) => b.hash(&mut hasher),
-            Self::ModuleFunction(mf) => mf.hash(&mut hasher),
-            // Hash functions based on function ID
-            Self::DefFunction(f_id) => f_id.hash(&mut hasher),
-            Self::ExtFunction(name_id) => name_id.hash(&mut hasher),
-            // Markers are hashable based on their discriminant (already included above)
-            Self::Marker(m) => m.hash(&mut hasher),
-            // Properties are hashable based on their OS function discriminant
-            Self::Property(p) => p.hash(&mut hasher),
-            // ExternalFutures are hashable based on their call ID
-            Self::ExternalFuture(call_id) => call_id.raw().hash(&mut hasher),
-            Self::InternString(_) | Self::InternBytes(_) | Self::InternLongInt(_) | Self::Ref(_) => {
-                unreachable!("covered above")
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-            Self::Dereferenced => panic!("Cannot access Dereferenced object"),
-        }
-        Ok(Some(hasher.finish()))
-    }
-
-    /// TODO this doesn't have many tests!!! also doesn't cover bytes
-    /// Checks if `item` is contained in `self` (the container).
-    ///
-    /// Implements Python's `in` operator for various container types:
-    /// - List/Tuple: linear search with equality
-    /// - Dict: key lookup
-    /// - Set/FrozenSet: element lookup
-    /// - Str: substring search
-    pub fn py_contains(&self, item: &Self, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<bool> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Ref(heap_id) => Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, *heap_id, |vm, data| match data {
-                HeapDataMut::List(list) => {
-                    for el in list.as_slice() {
-                        if item.py_eq(el, vm)? {
-                            return Ok(true);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-                HeapDataMut::Tuple(tuple) => {
-                    for el in tuple.as_slice() {
-                        if item.py_eq(el, vm)? {
-                            return Ok(true);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Ok(false)
-                }
-                HeapDataMut::Dict(dict) => dict.get(item, vm).map(|m| m.is_some()),
-                HeapDataMut::DictKeysView(view) => Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, view.dict_id(), |vm, dict_data| {
-                    let HeapDataMut::Dict(dict) = dict_data else {
-                        panic!("dict_keys view must reference a dict");
-                    };
-                    dict.get(item, vm).map(|m| m.is_some())
-                }),
-                HeapDataMut::DictItemsView(view) => {
-                    let Some((key, value)) = cloned_items_view_candidate(item, vm) else {
-                        return Ok(false);
-                    };
-                    let mut key_guard = HeapGuard::new(key, vm);
-                    let (key, vm) = key_guard.as_parts_mut();
-                    let mut value_guard = HeapGuard::new(value, vm);
-                    let (value, vm) = value_guard.as_parts_mut();
-                    Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, view.dict_id(), |vm, dict_data| {
-                        let HeapDataMut::Dict(dict) = dict_data else {
-                            panic!("dict_items view must reference a dict");
-                        };
-                        match dict.get(key, vm) {
-                            Ok(Some(existing_value)) => value.py_eq(existing_value, vm).map_err(RunError::from),
-                            Ok(None) => Ok(false),
-                            Err(e) => Err(e),
-                        }
-                    })
-                }
-                HeapDataMut::DictValuesView(view) => Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, view.dict_id(), |vm, dict_data| {
-                    let HeapDataMut::Dict(dict) = dict_data else {
-                        panic!("dict_values view must reference a dict");
-                    };
-                    for (_, value) in dict.iter() {
-                        if item.py_eq(value, vm)? {
-                            return Ok(true);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Ok(false)
-                }),
-                HeapDataMut::Set(set) => set.contains(item, vm),
-                HeapDataMut::FrozenSet(fset) => fset.contains(item, vm),
-                HeapDataMut::Str(s) => str_contains(s.as_str(), item, vm.heap, vm.interns),
-                HeapDataMut::Range(range) => {
-                    // Range containment is O(1) - check bounds and step alignment
-                    let n = match item {
-                        Self::Int(i) => *i,
-                        Self::Bool(b) => i64::from(*b),
-                        Self::Float(f) => {
-                            // Floats are contained if they equal an integer in the range
-                            // e.g., 3.0 in range(5) is True, but 3.5 in range(5) is False
-                            if f.fract() != 0.0 {
-                                return Ok(false);
-                            }
-                            // Check if float is within i64 range and convert safely
-                            // f64 can represent integers up to 2^53 exactly
-                            let int_val = f.trunc();
-                            if int_val < i64::MIN as f64 || int_val > i64::MAX as f64 {
-                                return Ok(false);
-                            }
-                            // Safe conversion: we've verified it's a whole number in i64 range
-                            #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-                            let n = int_val as i64;
-                            n
-                        }
-                        _ => return Ok(false),
-                    };
-                    Ok(range.contains(n))
-                }
-                other => {
-                    let type_name = other.py_type(vm.heap);
-                    Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                        "argument of type '{type_name}' is not iterable"
-                    )))
-                }
-            }),
-            Self::InternString(string_id) => {
-                let container_str = vm.interns.get_str(*string_id);
-                str_contains(container_str, item, vm.heap, vm.interns)
-            }
-            _ => {
-                let type_name = self.py_type(vm.heap);
-                Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                    "argument of type '{type_name}' is not iterable"
-                )))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Gets an attribute from this value.
-    ///
-    /// Dispatches to `py_getattr` on the underlying types where appropriate.
-    /// Accepts `EitherStr` to support both interned and heap-allocated attribute names.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `AttributeError` for other types or unknown attributes.
-    pub fn py_getattr(&self, attr: &EitherStr, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<CallResult> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Ref(heap_id) => {
-                // Use with_entry_mut to get access to both data and heap without borrow conflicts.
-                // This allows py_getattr to allocate (for computed attributes) while we hold the data.
-                let opt_result = Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, *heap_id, |vm, data| data.py_getattr(attr, vm))?;
-                if let Some(call_result) = opt_result {
-                    return Ok(call_result);
-                }
-            }
-            Self::Builtin(Builtins::Type(t)) => {
-                // Handle type object attributes like __name__
-                let is_dunder_name = attr.static_string().map_or_else(
-                    || attr.as_str(vm.interns) == "__name__",
-                    |ss| ss == StaticStrings::DunderName,
-                );
-                if is_dunder_name {
-                    let name_str = t.to_string();
-                    let str_id = vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(Str::from(name_str)))?;
-                    return Ok(CallResult::Value(Self::Ref(str_id)));
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {}
-        }
-        let type_name = self.py_type(vm.heap);
-        Err(ExcType::attribute_error(type_name, attr.as_str(vm.interns)))
-    }
-
-    /// Sets an attribute on this value.
-    ///
-    /// Currently only Dataclass objects support attribute setting.
-    /// Returns AttributeError for other types.
-    ///
-    /// Takes ownership of `value` and drops it on error.
-    /// On success, drops the old attribute value if one existed.
-    pub fn py_set_attr(
-        &self,
-        name_id: StringId,
-        value: Self,
-        vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-    ) -> RunResult<()> {
-        let attr_name = vm.interns.get_str(name_id);
-
-        if let Self::Ref(heap_id) = self {
-            let heap_id = *heap_id;
-            let is_dataclass = matches!(vm.heap.get(heap_id), HeapData::Dataclass(_));
-
-            if is_dataclass {
-                let name_value = Self::InternString(name_id);
-                Heap::with_entry_mut(vm, heap_id, |vm, data| {
-                    if let HeapDataMut::Dataclass(dc) = data {
-                        match dc.set_attr(name_value, value, vm) {
-                            Ok(old_value) => {
-                                if let Some(old) = old_value {
-                                    old.drop_with_heap(vm.heap);
-                                }
-                                Ok(())
-                            }
-                            Err(e) => Err(e),
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        unreachable!("type changed during borrow")
-                    }
-                })
-            } else {
-                let type_name = vm.heap.get(heap_id).py_type(vm.heap);
-                value.drop_with_heap(vm.heap);
-                Err(ExcType::attribute_error_no_setattr(type_name, attr_name))
-            }
-        } else {
-            let type_name = self.py_type(vm.heap);
-            value.drop_with_heap(vm.heap);
-            Err(ExcType::attribute_error_no_setattr(type_name, attr_name))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Extracts an integer value from the Value.
-    ///
-    /// Accepts `Int` and `LongInt` (if it fits in i64). Returns a `TypeError` for other types
-    /// and an `OverflowError` if the `LongInt` value is too large.
-    ///
-    /// Note: The LongInt-to-i64 conversion path is defensive code. In normal execution,
-    /// heap-allocated `LongInt` values always exceed i64 range because `LongInt::into_value()`
-    /// automatically demotes i64-fitting values to `Value::Int`. However, this path could be
-    /// reached via deserialization of crafted snapshot data.
-    pub fn as_int(&self, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<i64> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Int(i) => Ok(*i),
-            Self::Ref(heap_id) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = heap.get(*heap_id) {
-                    li.to_i64().ok_or_else(ExcType::overflow_shift_count)
-                } else {
-                    let msg = format!("'{}' object cannot be interpreted as an integer", self.py_type(heap));
-                    Err(SimpleException::new_msg(ExcType::TypeError, msg).into())
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {
-                let msg = format!("'{}' object cannot be interpreted as an integer", self.py_type(heap));
-                Err(SimpleException::new_msg(ExcType::TypeError, msg).into())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Extracts an index value for sequence operations.
-    ///
-    /// Accepts `Int`, `Bool` (True=1, False=0), and `LongInt` (if it fits in i64).
-    /// Returns a `TypeError` for other types with the container type name included.
-    /// Returns an `IndexError` if the `LongInt` value is too large to use as an index.
-    ///
-    /// Note: The LongInt-to-i64 conversion path is defensive code. In normal execution,
-    /// heap-allocated `LongInt` values always exceed i64 range because `LongInt::into_value()`
-    /// automatically demotes i64-fitting values to `Value::Int`. However, this path could be
-    /// reached via deserialization of crafted snapshot data.
-    pub fn as_index(&self, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>, container_type: Type) -> RunResult<i64> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Int(i) => Ok(*i),
-            Self::Bool(b) => Ok(i64::from(*b)),
-            Self::Ref(heap_id) => {
-                if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = heap.get(*heap_id) {
-                    li.to_i64().ok_or_else(ExcType::index_error_int_too_large)
-                } else {
-                    Err(ExcType::type_error_indices(container_type, self.py_type(heap)))
-                }
-            }
-            _ => Err(ExcType::type_error_indices(container_type, self.py_type(heap))),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Performs a binary bitwise operation on two values.
-    ///
-    /// Python only supports bitwise operations on integers (and bools, which coerce to int).
-    /// Returns a `TypeError` if either operand is not an integer, bool, or LongInt.
-    ///
-    /// For shift operations:
-    /// - Negative shift counts raise `ValueError`
-    /// - Left shifts may produce LongInt results for large shifts
-    /// - Right shifts with large counts return 0 (or -1 for negative numbers)
-    pub fn py_bitwise(
-        &self,
-        other: &Self,
-        op: BitwiseOp,
-        heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, RunError> {
-        // Capture types for error messages
-        let lhs_type = self.py_type(heap);
-        let rhs_type = other.py_type(heap);
-
-        // Extract BigInt from all numeric types
-        let lhs_bigint = extract_bigint(self, heap);
-        let rhs_bigint = extract_bigint(other, heap);
-
-        if let (Some(l), Some(r)) = (lhs_bigint, rhs_bigint) {
-            let result = match op {
-                BitwiseOp::And => l & r,
-                BitwiseOp::Or => l | r,
-                BitwiseOp::Xor => l ^ r,
-                BitwiseOp::LShift => {
-                    // Get shift amount as i64 for validation
-                    let shift_amount = r.to_i64();
-                    if let Some(shift) = shift_amount {
-                        if shift < 0 {
-                            return Err(ExcType::value_error_negative_shift_count());
-                        }
-                        // Python allows arbitrarily large left shifts - use BigInt's shift
-                        // Safety: shift >= 0 is guaranteed by the check above
-                        #[expect(clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
-                        let shift_u64 = shift as u64;
-                        // Check size before computing to prevent DoS
-                        check_lshift_size(l.bits(), shift_u64, heap.tracker())?;
-                        l << shift_u64
-                    } else if r.sign() == num_bigint::Sign::Minus {
-                        return Err(ExcType::value_error_negative_shift_count());
-                    } else {
-                        // Shift amount too large to fit in i64 - this would be astronomically large
-                        return Err(ExcType::overflow_shift_count());
-                    }
-                }
-                BitwiseOp::RShift => {
-                    // Get shift amount as i64 for validation
-                    let shift_amount = r.to_i64();
-                    if let Some(shift) = shift_amount {
-                        if shift < 0 {
-                            return Err(ExcType::value_error_negative_shift_count());
-                        }
-                        // Safety: shift >= 0 is guaranteed by the check above
-                        #[expect(clippy::cast_sign_loss)]
-                        let shift_u64 = shift as u64;
-                        l >> shift_u64
-                    } else if r.sign() == num_bigint::Sign::Minus {
-                        return Err(ExcType::value_error_negative_shift_count());
-                    } else {
-                        // Shift amount too large - result is 0 or -1 depending on sign
-                        if l.sign() == num_bigint::Sign::Minus {
-                            BigInt::from(-1)
-                        } else {
-                            BigInt::from(0)
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            };
-            // Convert result back to Value, demoting to i64 if it fits
-            LongInt::new(result).into_value(heap).map_err(Into::into)
-        } else {
-            Err(ExcType::binary_type_error(op.as_str(), lhs_type, rhs_type))
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Clones an value with proper heap reference counting.
-    ///
-    /// For immediate values (Int, Bool, None, etc.), this performs a simple copy.
-    /// For heap-allocated values (Ref variant), this increments the reference count
-    /// and returns a new reference to the same heap value.
-    ///
-    /// Takes `ContainsHeap` to allow directly passing the `VM` in many contexts. Where
-    /// borrow checking creates conflicts, it may be preferred to pass `&Heap` directly
-    /// (e.g. as `vm.heap` / `self.heap` etc.).
-    ///
-    /// # Important
-    /// This method MUST be used instead of the derived `Clone` implementation to ensure
-    /// proper reference counting. Using `.clone()` directly will bypass reference counting
-    /// and cause memory leaks or double-frees.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn clone_with_heap(&self, heap: &impl ContainsHeap) -> Self {
-        match self {
-            Self::Ref(id) => {
-                heap.heap().inc_ref(*id);
-                Self::Ref(*id)
-            }
-            // Immediate values can be copied without heap interaction
-            other => other.clone_immediate(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Drops an value, decrementing its heap reference count if applicable.
-    ///
-    /// For immediate values, this is a no-op. For heap-allocated values (Ref variant),
-    /// this decrements the reference count and frees the value (and any children) when
-    /// the count reaches zero. For Closure variants, this decrements ref counts on all
-    /// captured cells.
-    ///
-    /// Takes `ContainsHeap` to allow directly passing the `VM` in many contexts. Where
-    /// borrow checking creates conflicts, it may be preferred to pass `&mut Heap` directly
-    /// (e.g. as `vm.heap` / `self.heap` etc.).
-    ///
-    /// # Important
-    /// This method MUST be called before overwriting a namespace slot or discarding
-    /// a value to prevent memory leaks.
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "ref-count-panic"))]
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn drop_with_heap(self, heap: &mut impl ContainsHeap) {
-        if let Self::Ref(id) = self {
-            heap.heap_mut().dec_ref(id);
-        }
-    }
-    /// With `ref-count-panic` enabled, `Ref` variants are replaced with `Dereferenced` and
-    /// the original is forgotten to prevent the Drop impl from panicking. Non-Ref variants
-    /// are left unchanged since they don't trigger the Drop panic.
-    #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-    pub fn drop_with_heap(mut self, heap: &mut impl ContainsHeap) {
-        let old = std::mem::replace(&mut self, Self::Dereferenced);
-        if let Self::Ref(id) = &old {
-            heap.heap_mut().dec_ref(*id);
-            std::mem::forget(old);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Internal helper for copying immediate values without heap interaction.
-    ///
-    /// This method should only be called by `clone_with_heap()` for immediate values.
-    /// Attempting to clone a Ref variant will panic.
-    pub fn clone_immediate(&self) -> Self {
-        match self {
-            Self::Undefined => Self::Undefined,
-            Self::Ellipsis => Self::Ellipsis,
-            Self::None => Self::None,
-            Self::Bool(b) => Self::Bool(*b),
-            Self::Int(v) => Self::Int(*v),
-            Self::Float(v) => Self::Float(*v),
-            Self::Builtin(b) => Self::Builtin(*b),
-            Self::ModuleFunction(mf) => Self::ModuleFunction(*mf),
-            Self::DefFunction(f) => Self::DefFunction(*f),
-            Self::ExtFunction(f) => Self::ExtFunction(*f),
-            Self::InternString(s) => Self::InternString(*s),
-            Self::InternBytes(b) => Self::InternBytes(*b),
-            Self::InternLongInt(bi) => Self::InternLongInt(*bi),
-            Self::Marker(m) => Self::Marker(*m),
-            Self::Property(p) => Self::Property(*p),
-            Self::ExternalFuture(call_id) => Self::ExternalFuture(*call_id),
-            Self::Ref(_) => panic!("Ref clones must go through clone_with_heap to maintain refcounts"),
-            #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-            Self::Dereferenced => panic!("Cannot copy Dereferenced object"),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Mark as Dereferenced to prevent Drop panic
-    ///
-    /// This should be called from `py_dec_ref_ids` methods only
-    #[cfg(feature = "ref-count-panic")]
-    pub fn dec_ref_forget(&mut self) {
-        let old = std::mem::replace(self, Self::Dereferenced);
-        std::mem::forget(old);
-    }
-
-    /// Converts the value into a keyword string representation if possible.
-    ///
-    /// Returns `Some(KeywordStr)` for `InternString` values or heap `str`
-    /// objects, otherwise returns `None`.
-    pub fn as_either_str(&self, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> Option<EitherStr> {
-        match self {
-            Self::InternString(id) => Some(EitherStr::Interned(*id)),
-            Self::Ref(heap_id) => match heap.get(*heap_id) {
-                HeapData::Str(s) => Some(EitherStr::Heap(s.as_str().to_owned())),
-                _ => None,
-            },
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// check if the value is a string.
-    pub fn is_str(&self, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::InternString(_) => true,
-            Self::Ref(heap_id) => matches!(heap.get(*heap_id), HeapData::Str(_)),
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Interned or heap-owned string identifier.
-///
-/// Used when a string value can come from either the intern table (for known
-/// static strings and keywords) or from a heap-allocated Python string object.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
-pub(crate) enum EitherStr {
-    /// Interned string identifier (cheap comparisons and no allocation).
-    Interned(StringId),
-    /// Heap-owned string extracted from a `str` object.
-    Heap(String),
-}
-
-impl From<StringId> for EitherStr {
-    fn from(id: StringId) -> Self {
-        Self::Interned(id)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<StaticStrings> for EitherStr {
-    fn from(s: StaticStrings) -> Self {
-        Self::Interned(s.into())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Convert String to EitherStr: use Interned for known static strings,
-/// otherwise use Heap for user-defined field names.
-impl From<String> for EitherStr {
-    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
-        match StaticStrings::from_str(&s) {
-            Ok(s) => s.into(),
-            Err(_) => Self::Heap(s),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl EitherStr {
-    /// Returns the keyword as a str slice for error messages or comparisons.
-    pub fn as_str<'a>(&'a self, interns: &'a Interns) -> &'a str {
-        match self {
-            Self::Interned(id) => interns.get_str(*id),
-            Self::Heap(s) => s.as_str(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Checks whether this keyword matches the given interned identifier.
-    pub fn matches(&self, target: StringId, interns: &Interns) -> bool {
-        match self {
-            Self::Interned(id) => *id == target,
-            Self::Heap(s) => s == interns.get_str(target),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the `StringId` if this is an interned attribute.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn string_id(&self) -> Option<StringId> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Interned(id) => Some(*id),
-            Self::Heap(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the `StaticStrings` if this is an interned attribute from `StaticStrings`s.
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn static_string(&self) -> Option<StaticStrings> {
-        match self {
-            Self::Interned(id) => StaticStrings::from_string_id(*id),
-            Self::Heap(_) => None,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Converts this `EitherStr` into an owned `String`.
-    ///
-    /// For interned strings, looks up and clones the string content.
-    /// For heap strings, returns the owned string directly.
-    pub fn into_string(self, interns: &Interns) -> String {
-        match self {
-            Self::Interned(id) => interns.get_str(id).to_owned(),
-            Self::Heap(s) => s,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn py_estimate_size(&self) -> usize {
-        match self {
-            Self::Interned(_) => 0,
-            Self::Heap(s) => s.capacity(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Bitwise operation type for `py_bitwise`.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum BitwiseOp {
-    And,
-    Or,
-    Xor,
-    LShift,
-    RShift,
-}
-
-impl BitwiseOp {
-    /// Returns the operator symbol for error messages.
-    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            Self::And => "&",
-            Self::Or => "|",
-            Self::Xor => "^",
-            Self::LShift => "<<",
-            Self::RShift => ">>",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Marker values for special objects that exist but have minimal functionality.
-///
-/// These are used for:
-/// - System objects like `sys.stdout` and `sys.stderr` that need to exist but don't
-///   provide functionality in the sandboxed environment
-/// - Typing constructs from the `typing` module that are imported for type hints but
-///   don't need runtime functionality
-///
-/// Wraps a `StaticStrings` variant to leverage its string conversion capabilities.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
-pub(crate) struct Marker(pub StaticStrings);
-
-impl Marker {
-    /// Returns the Python type of this marker.
-    ///
-    /// System markers (stdout, stderr) are `TextIOWrapper`.
-    /// `typing.Union` has type `type` (matching CPython).
-    /// Other typing markers (Any, Optional, etc.) are `_SpecialForm`.
-    pub(crate) fn py_type(self) -> Type {
-        match self.0 {
-            StaticStrings::Stdout | StaticStrings::Stderr => Type::TextIOWrapper,
-            StaticStrings::UnionType => Type::Type,
-            _ => Type::SpecialForm,
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Writes the Python repr for this marker.
-    ///
-    /// System markers have special repr formats ("<stdout>", "<stderr>").
-    /// `typing.Union` uses `<class 'typing.Union'>` format (matching CPython).
-    /// Other typing markers are prefixed with "typing." (e.g., "typing.Any").
-    fn py_repr_fmt(self, f: &mut impl Write) -> fmt::Result {
-        let s: &'static str = self.0.into();
-        match self.0 {
-            StaticStrings::Stdout => f.write_str("<stdout>")?,
-            StaticStrings::Stderr => f.write_str("<stderr>")?,
-            StaticStrings::UnionType => f.write_str("<class 'typing.Union'>")?,
-            _ => write!(f, "typing.{s}")?,
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-}
-
-/// High-bit tag reserved for literal singletons (None, Ellipsis, booleans).
-const SINGLETON_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 1);
-/// High-bit tag reserved for interned string `id()` values.
-const INTERN_STR_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 2);
-/// High-bit tag reserved for interned bytes `id()` values to avoid colliding with any other space.
-const INTERN_BYTES_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 3);
-/// High-bit tag reserved for heap-backed `HeapId`s.
-const HEAP_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 4);
-
-/// Mask that keeps pointer-derived bits below the bytes tag bit.
-const INTERN_BYTES_ID_MASK: usize = INTERN_BYTES_ID_TAG - 1;
-/// Mask that keeps pointer-derived bits below the string tag bit.
-const INTERN_STR_ID_MASK: usize = INTERN_STR_ID_TAG - 1;
-/// Mask that keeps per-singleton offsets below the singleton tag bit.
-const SINGLETON_ID_MASK: usize = SINGLETON_ID_TAG - 1;
-/// Mask that keeps heap value IDs below the heap tag bit.
-const HEAP_ID_MASK: usize = HEAP_ID_TAG - 1;
-
-/// High-bit tag for Int value-based IDs (no heap allocation needed).
-const INT_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 5);
-/// High-bit tag for Float value-based IDs.
-const FLOAT_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 6);
-/// High-bit tag for Callable value-based IDs.
-const BUILTIN_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 7);
-/// High-bit tag for Function value-based IDs.
-const FUNCTION_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 8);
-/// High-bit tag for External Function value-based IDs.
-const EXTFUNCTION_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 9);
-/// High-bit tag for Marker value-based IDs (stdout, stderr, etc.).
-const MARKER_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 10);
-/// High-bit tag for ExternalFuture value-based IDs.
-const EXTERNAL_FUTURE_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 11);
-/// High-bit tag for ModuleFunction value-based IDs.
-const MODULE_FUNCTION_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 12);
-/// High-bit tag for interned LongInt `id()` values.
-const INTERN_LONG_INT_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 13);
-/// High-bit tag for Property value-based IDs.
-const PROPERTY_ID_TAG: usize = 1usize << (usize::BITS - 14);
-
-/// Masks for value-based ID tags (keep bits below the tag bit).
-const INT_ID_MASK: usize = INT_ID_TAG - 1;
-const FLOAT_ID_MASK: usize = FLOAT_ID_TAG - 1;
-const BUILTIN_ID_MASK: usize = BUILTIN_ID_TAG - 1;
-const FUNCTION_ID_MASK: usize = FUNCTION_ID_TAG - 1;
-const EXTFUNCTION_ID_MASK: usize = EXTFUNCTION_ID_TAG - 1;
-const MARKER_ID_MASK: usize = MARKER_ID_TAG - 1;
-const EXTERNAL_FUTURE_ID_MASK: usize = EXTERNAL_FUTURE_ID_TAG - 1;
-const MODULE_FUNCTION_ID_MASK: usize = MODULE_FUNCTION_ID_TAG - 1;
-const INTERN_LONG_INT_ID_MASK: usize = INTERN_LONG_INT_ID_TAG - 1;
-const PROPERTY_ID_MASK: usize = PROPERTY_ID_TAG - 1;
-
-/// Enumerates singleton literal slots so we can issue stable `id()` values without heap allocation.
-#[repr(usize)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
-enum SingletonSlot {
-    Undefined = 0,
-    Ellipsis = 1,
-    None = 2,
-    False = 3,
-    True = 4,
-}
-
-/// Returns the fully tagged `id()` value for the requested singleton literal.
-#[inline]
-const fn singleton_id(slot: SingletonSlot) -> usize {
-    SINGLETON_ID_TAG | ((slot as usize) & SINGLETON_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes Python-style floor division and modulo.
-///
-/// Python's division rounds toward negative infinity (floor division),
-/// and the remainder has the same sign as the divisor.
-/// This differs from Rust's truncating division.
-///
-/// Returns `None` on overflow (i64::MIN / -1 doesn't fit in i64).
-pub(crate) fn floor_divmod(a: i64, b: i64) -> Option<(i64, i64)> {
-    let quot = a.checked_div(b)?;
-    let rem = a.checked_rem(b)?;
-
-    if rem != 0 && (rem < 0) != (b < 0) {
-        Some((quot - 1, rem + b))
-    } else {
-        Some((quot, rem))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Converts a heap `HeapId` into its tagged `id()` value, ensuring it never collides with other spaces.
-#[inline]
-pub fn heap_tagged_id(heap_id: HeapId) -> usize {
-    HEAP_ID_TAG | (heap_id.index() & HEAP_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for an i64 integer value.
-/// Uses the value's hash combined with a type tag to ensure uniqueness across types.
-#[inline]
-fn int_value_id(value: i64) -> usize {
-    let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-    value.hash(&mut hasher);
-    let hash_u64 = hasher.finish();
-    // Mask to usize range before conversion to handle 32-bit platforms
-    let masked = hash_u64 & (usize::MAX as u64);
-    let hash_usize = usize::try_from(masked).expect("masked value fits in usize");
-    INT_ID_TAG | (hash_usize & INT_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for an f64 float value.
-/// Uses the bit representation's hash for consistency (handles NaN, infinities, etc.).
-#[inline]
-fn float_value_id(value: f64) -> usize {
-    let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-    value.to_bits().hash(&mut hasher);
-    let hash_u64 = hasher.finish();
-    // Mask to usize range before conversion to handle 32-bit platforms
-    let masked = hash_u64 & (usize::MAX as u64);
-    let hash_usize = usize::try_from(masked).expect("masked value fits in usize");
-    FLOAT_ID_TAG | (hash_usize & FLOAT_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for a builtin based on its discriminant.
-#[inline]
-fn builtin_value_id(b: Builtins) -> usize {
-    let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-    b.hash(&mut hasher);
-    let hash_u64 = hasher.finish();
-    // wrapping here is fine
-    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-    let hash_usize = hash_u64 as usize;
-    BUILTIN_ID_TAG | (hash_usize & BUILTIN_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for a function based on its id.
-#[inline]
-fn function_value_id(f_id: FunctionId) -> usize {
-    FUNCTION_ID_TAG | (f_id.index() & FUNCTION_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for an external function based on its interned name.
-#[inline]
-fn ext_function_value_id(name_id: StringId) -> usize {
-    EXTFUNCTION_ID_TAG | (name_id.index() & EXTFUNCTION_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for a marker value based on its discriminant.
-#[inline]
-fn marker_value_id(m: Marker) -> usize {
-    MARKER_ID_TAG | ((m.0 as usize) & MARKER_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for a property value based on its discriminant.
-#[inline]
-fn property_value_id(p: Property) -> usize {
-    let discriminant = match p {
-        Property::Os(os_fn) => os_fn as usize,
-    };
-    PROPERTY_ID_TAG | (discriminant & PROPERTY_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for an external future based on its call ID.
-#[inline]
-fn external_future_value_id(call_id: CallId) -> usize {
-    EXTERNAL_FUTURE_ID_TAG | ((call_id.raw() as usize) & EXTERNAL_FUTURE_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Computes a deterministic ID for a module function based on its discriminant.
-#[inline]
-fn module_function_value_id(mf: ModuleFunctions) -> usize {
-    let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
-    mf.hash(&mut hasher);
-    let hash_u64 = hasher.finish();
-    // wrapping here is fine
-    #[expect(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
-    let hash_usize = hash_u64 as usize;
-    MODULE_FUNCTION_ID_TAG | (hash_usize & MODULE_FUNCTION_ID_MASK)
-}
-
-/// Converts an i64 repeat count to usize, handling negative values and overflow.
-///
-/// Returns 0 for negative values (Python treats negative repeat counts as 0).
-/// Returns `OverflowError` if the value exceeds `usize::MAX`.
-#[inline]
-fn i64_to_repeat_count(n: i64) -> RunResult<usize> {
-    if n <= 0 {
-        Ok(0)
-    } else {
-        usize::try_from(n).map_err(|_| ExcType::overflow_repeat_count().into())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Converts a LongInt repeat count to usize, handling negative values and overflow.
-///
-/// Returns 0 for negative values (Python treats negative repeat counts as 0).
-/// Returns `OverflowError` if the value exceeds `usize::MAX`.
-#[inline]
-fn longint_to_repeat_count(li: &LongInt) -> RunResult<usize> {
-    if li.is_negative() {
-        Ok(0)
-    } else if let Some(count) = li.to_usize() {
-        Ok(count)
-    } else {
-        Err(ExcType::overflow_repeat_count().into())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Extracts a BigInt from a Value for bitwise operations.
-///
-/// Returns `Some(BigInt)` for Int, Bool, and LongInt values.
-/// Returns `None` for other types (Float, Str, etc.).
-fn extract_bigint(value: &Value, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> Option<BigInt> {
-    match value {
-        Value::Int(i) => Some(BigInt::from(*i)),
-        Value::Bool(b) => Some(BigInt::from(i64::from(*b))),
-        Value::Ref(id) => {
-            if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = heap.get(*id) {
-                Some(li.inner().clone())
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        }
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Extracts and clones the `(key, value)` probe accepted by `dict_items.__contains__`.
-///
-/// CPython treats only 2-tuples as valid probes for items-view membership. Monty
-/// also accepts namedtuples of length two so tuple-like runtime values behave
-/// sensibly even though namedtuples are not modeled as a true tuple subclass.
-fn cloned_items_view_candidate(item: &Value, heap: &impl ContainsHeap) -> Option<(Value, Value)> {
-    let Value::Ref(heap_id) = item else {
-        return None;
-    };
-
-    match heap.heap().get(*heap_id) {
-        HeapData::Tuple(tuple) => {
-            let items = tuple.as_slice();
-            if items.len() == 2 {
-                Some((items[0].clone_with_heap(heap), items[1].clone_with_heap(heap)))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        }
-        HeapData::NamedTuple(namedtuple) => {
-            let items = namedtuple.as_vec();
-            if items.len() == 2 {
-                Some((items[0].clone_with_heap(heap), items[1].clone_with_heap(heap)))
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
-        }
-        _ => None,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Helper for substring containment check in strings.
-///
-/// Called by `py_contains` when the container is a string.
-/// The item must also be a string (either interned or heap-allocated).
-fn str_contains(
-    container_str: &str,
-    item: &Value,
-    heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>,
-    interns: &Interns,
-) -> RunResult<bool> {
-    match item {
-        Value::InternString(item_id) => {
-            let item_str = interns.get_str(*item_id);
-            Ok(container_str.contains(item_str))
-        }
-        Value::Ref(item_heap_id) => {
-            if let HeapData::Str(item_str) = heap.get(*item_heap_id) {
-                Ok(container_str.contains(item_str.as_str()))
-            } else {
-                Err(ExcType::type_error("'in <str>' requires string as left operand"))
-            }
-        }
-        _ => Err(ExcType::type_error("'in <str>' requires string as left operand")),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Computes the number of significant bits in an i64.
-///
-/// Returns 0 for 0, otherwise returns ceil(log2(|value|)) + 1 (accounting for sign).
-/// For example: 0 -> 0, 1 -> 1, 2 -> 2, 255 -> 8, 256 -> 9.
-fn i64_bits(value: i64) -> u64 {
-    if value == 0 {
-        0
-    } else {
-        // For negative numbers, use unsigned_abs to get magnitude
-        u64::from(64 - value.unsigned_abs().leading_zeros())
-    }
-}
-
-/// Computes BigInt exponentiation for exponents larger than u32::MAX.
-///
-/// Uses repeated squaring for efficiency. This is needed when the exponent
-/// doesn't fit in a u32, which is required by the `num-bigint` pow method.
-fn bigint_pow(base: BigInt, exp: u64) -> BigInt {
-    if exp == 0 {
-        return BigInt::from(1);
-    }
-    if exp == 1 {
-        return base;
-    }
-
-    // Use repeated squaring
-    let mut result = BigInt::from(1);
-    let mut b = base;
-    let mut e = exp;
-
-    while e > 0 {
-        if e & 1 == 1 {
-            result *= &b;
-        }
-        b = &b * &b;
-        e >>= 1;
-    }
-
-    result
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use num_bigint::BigInt;
-
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::resource::NoLimitTracker;
-
-    /// Creates a heap and directly allocates a LongInt with the given BigInt value.
-    ///
-    /// This bypasses `LongInt::into_value()` which would demote i64-fitting values.
-    /// Used to test defensive code paths that handle LongInt-as-index scenarios.
-    fn create_heap_with_longint(value: BigInt) -> (Heap<NoLimitTracker>, HeapId) {
-        let mut heap = Heap::new(16, NoLimitTracker);
-        let long_int = LongInt::new(value);
-        let heap_id = heap.allocate(HeapData::LongInt(long_int)).unwrap();
-        (heap, heap_id)
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that `as_index()` correctly handles a LongInt containing an i64-fitting value.
-    ///
-    /// This tests a defensive code path that's normally unreachable because
-    /// `LongInt::into_value()` demotes i64-fitting values to `Value::Int`.
-    /// However, this path could be reached via deserialization of crafted data.
-    #[test]
-    fn as_index_longint_fits_in_i64() {
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(BigInt::from(42));
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_index(&heap, Type::List);
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), 42);
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that `as_index()` correctly handles a negative LongInt that fits in i64.
-    #[test]
-    fn as_index_longint_negative_fits_in_i64() {
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(BigInt::from(-100));
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_index(&heap, Type::List);
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), -100);
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that `as_index()` returns IndexError for LongInt values too large for i64.
-    #[test]
-    fn as_index_longint_too_large() {
-        // 2^100 is way larger than i64::MAX
-        let big_value = BigInt::from(2).pow(100);
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(big_value);
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_index(&heap, Type::List);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that `as_int()` correctly handles a LongInt containing an i64-fitting value.
-    ///
-    /// Similar to `as_index`, this tests a defensive code path normally unreachable.
-    #[test]
-    fn as_int_longint_fits_in_i64() {
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(BigInt::from(12345));
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_int(&heap);
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), 12345);
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests that `as_int()` returns an error for LongInt values too large for i64.
-    #[test]
-    fn as_int_longint_too_large() {
-        let big_value = BigInt::from(2).pow(100);
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(big_value);
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_int(&heap);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests boundary values: i64::MAX as a LongInt.
-    #[test]
-    fn as_index_longint_at_i64_max() {
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(BigInt::from(i64::MAX));
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_index(&heap, Type::List);
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), i64::MAX);
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests boundary values: i64::MIN as a LongInt.
-    #[test]
-    fn as_index_longint_at_i64_min() {
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(BigInt::from(i64::MIN));
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_index(&heap, Type::List);
-        assert_eq!(result.unwrap(), i64::MIN);
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests boundary values: i64::MAX + 1 as a LongInt (should fail).
-    #[test]
-    fn as_index_longint_just_over_i64_max() {
-        let big_value = BigInt::from(i64::MAX) + BigInt::from(1);
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(big_value);
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_index(&heap, Type::List);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-
-    /// Tests boundary values: i64::MIN - 1 as a LongInt (should fail).
-    #[test]
-    fn as_index_longint_just_under_i64_min() {
-        let big_value = BigInt::from(i64::MIN) - BigInt::from(1);
-        let (mut heap, heap_id) = create_heap_with_longint(big_value);
-        let value = Value::Ref(heap_id);
-
-        let result = value.as_index(&heap, Type::List);
-        assert!(result.is_err());
-        value.drop_with_heap(&mut heap);
-    }
-}