superacli 1.1.6 → 1.1.8

package/ref-monty/crates/monty/src/types/str.rs

@@ -1,2051 +0,0 @@
-/// Python string type, wrapping a Rust `String`.
-///
-/// This type provides Python string semantics. Currently supports basic
-/// operations like length and equality comparison.
-use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
-use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Write};
-
-use ahash::AHashSet;
-use smallvec::smallvec;
-
-use super::{Bytes, MontyIter, PyTrait};
-use crate::{
-    args::ArgValues,
-    bytecode::{CallResult, VM},
-    defer_drop, defer_drop_mut,
-    exception_private::{ExcType, RunResult},
-    heap::{DropWithHeap, Heap, HeapData, HeapGuard, HeapId},
-    intern::{StaticStrings, StringId},
-    resource::{ResourceError, ResourceTracker, check_repeat_size, check_replace_size},
-    types::Type,
-    value::{EitherStr, Value},
-};
-
-/// Python string value stored on the heap.
-///
-/// Wraps a Rust `String` and provides Python-compatible operations.
-/// `len()` returns the number of Unicode codepoints (characters), matching Python semantics.
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Default, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
-pub(crate) struct Str(Box<str>);
-
-impl Str {
-    /// Creates a new Str from a Rust String.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(s: String) -> Self {
-        Self(s.into())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns a reference to the inner string.
-    #[must_use]
-    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        &self.0
-    }
-
-    /// Creates a string from the `str()` constructor call.
-    ///
-    /// - `str()` with no args returns an empty string
-    /// - `str(x)` converts x to its string representation using `py_str`
-    pub fn init(vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>, args: ArgValues) -> RunResult<Value> {
-        let value = args.get_zero_one_arg("str", vm.heap)?;
-        match value {
-            None => Ok(Value::InternString(StaticStrings::EmptyString.into())),
-            Some(v) => {
-                defer_drop!(v, vm);
-                let s = v.py_str(vm).into_owned();
-                allocate_string(s, vm.heap)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Handles slice-based indexing for strings.
-    ///
-    /// Returns a new string containing the selected characters (Unicode-aware).
-    fn getitem_slice(&self, slice: &crate::types::Slice, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-        let char_count = self.0.chars().count();
-        let (start, stop, step) = slice
-            .indices(char_count)
-            .map_err(|()| ExcType::value_error_slice_step_zero())?;
-
-        let result_str = get_str_slice(&self.0, start, stop, step);
-        let heap_id = heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(Self::from(result_str)))?;
-        Ok(Value::Ref(heap_id))
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<String> for Str {
-    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
-        Self(s.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<&str> for Str {
-    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
-        Self(s.into())
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<Str> for String {
-    fn from(value: Str) -> Self {
-        value.0.into_string()
-    }
-}
-
-/// Allocates a string, using interned versions when possible.
-///
-/// Optimizations:
-/// - Empty strings return the pre-interned `StaticStrings::EmptyString`
-/// - Single ASCII characters return pre-interned ASCII strings
-/// - Other strings are allocated on the heap
-///
-/// This avoids heap allocation for common cases like results from `strip()`,
-/// `split()`, string iteration, etc.
-pub fn allocate_string(s: String, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    match s.len() {
-        0 => Ok(Value::InternString(StaticStrings::EmptyString.into())),
-        1 => {
-            // Single byte means single ASCII character
-            let byte = s.as_bytes()[0];
-            Ok(Value::InternString(StringId::from_ascii(byte)))
-        }
-        _ => {
-            let heap_id = heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(Str::new(s)))?;
-            Ok(Value::Ref(heap_id))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Allocates a single character as a string value.
-///
-/// ASCII characters use pre-interned strings for efficiency.
-/// Non-ASCII characters are allocated on the heap.
-///
-/// This is used by string iteration and `chr()` builtin.
-pub fn allocate_char(c: char, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> Result<Value, ResourceError> {
-    if c.is_ascii() {
-        Ok(Value::InternString(StringId::from_ascii(c as u8)))
-    } else {
-        let heap_id = heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(Str::new(c.to_string())))?;
-        Ok(Value::Ref(heap_id))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Gets the character at a given index in a string, handling negative indices.
-///
-/// Returns `None` if the index is out of bounds. This uses a single-pass scan
-/// to avoid allocating a `Vec<char>`.
-///
-/// Negative indices count from the end: -1 is the last character.
-pub fn get_char_at_index(s: &str, index: i64) -> Option<char> {
-    let char_count = s.chars().count();
-    let len = i64::try_from(char_count).ok()?;
-    let normalized = if index < 0 { index + len } else { index };
-
-    if normalized < 0 || normalized >= len {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    let idx = usize::try_from(normalized).ok()?;
-    s.chars().nth(idx)
-}
-
-/// Extracts a slice of a string (Unicode-aware).
-///
-/// Handles both positive and negative step values. For negative step,
-/// iterates backward from start down to (but not including) stop.
-/// The `stop` parameter uses a sentinel value of `len + 1` for negative
-/// step to indicate "go to the beginning".
-///
-/// Note: step must be non-zero (callers should validate this via `slice.indices()`).
-pub(crate) fn get_str_slice(s: &str, start: usize, stop: usize, step: i64) -> String {
-    let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
-    let mut result = String::new();
-
-    // try_from succeeds for non-negative step; step==0 rejected upstream by slice.indices()
-    if let Ok(step_usize) = usize::try_from(step) {
-        // Positive step: iterate forward
-        let mut i = start;
-        while i < stop && i < chars.len() {
-            result.push(chars[i]);
-            i += step_usize;
-        }
-    } else {
-        // Negative step: iterate backward
-        // start is the highest index, stop is the sentinel
-        // stop > chars.len() means "go to the beginning"
-        let step_abs = usize::try_from(-step).expect("step is negative so -step is positive");
-        let step_abs_i64 = i64::try_from(step_abs).expect("step magnitude fits in i64");
-        let mut i = i64::try_from(start).expect("start index fits in i64");
-        // stop > chars.len() is sentinel meaning "go to beginning", use -1
-        let stop_i64 = if stop > chars.len() {
-            -1
-        } else {
-            i64::try_from(stop).expect("stop bounded by chars.len() fits in i64")
-        };
-
-        while let Ok(i_usize) = usize::try_from(i) {
-            if i_usize >= chars.len() || i <= stop_i64 {
-                break;
-            }
-            result.push(chars[i_usize]);
-            i -= step_abs_i64;
-        }
-    }
-
-    result
-}
-
-impl std::ops::Deref for Str {
-    type Target = str;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.0
-    }
-}
-
-impl PyTrait for Str {
-    fn py_type(&self, _heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> Type {
-        Type::Str
-    }
-
-    fn py_estimate_size(&self) -> usize {
-        std::mem::size_of::<Self>() + self.0.len()
-    }
-
-    fn py_len(&self, _vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> Option<usize> {
-        // Count Unicode characters, not bytes, to match Python semantics
-        Some(self.0.chars().count())
-    }
-
-    fn py_getitem(&self, key: &Value, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-        let heap = &mut *vm.heap;
-        // Check for slice first (Value::Ref pointing to HeapData::Slice)
-        if let Value::Ref(id) = key
-            && let HeapData::Slice(slice) = heap.get(*id)
-        {
-            // Clone the slice to release the borrow on heap before calling getitem_slice
-            let slice = slice.clone();
-            return self.getitem_slice(&slice, heap);
-        }
-
-        // Extract integer index, accepting Int, Bool (True=1, False=0), and LongInt
-        let index = key.as_index(heap, Type::Str)?;
-
-        // Use single-pass indexing to avoid Vec<char> allocation
-        let c = get_char_at_index(&self.0, index).ok_or_else(ExcType::str_index_error)?;
-        Ok(allocate_char(c, heap)?)
-    }
-
-    fn py_eq(&self, other: &Self, _vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> Result<bool, ResourceError> {
-        Ok(self.0 == other.0)
-    }
-
-    /// Interns don't contain nested heap references.
-    fn py_dec_ref_ids(&mut self, _stack: &mut Vec<HeapId>) {
-        // No-op: strings don't hold Value references
-    }
-
-    fn py_bool(&self, _vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> bool {
-        !self.0.is_empty()
-    }
-
-    fn py_cmp(
-        &self,
-        other: &Self,
-        _vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Ordering>, ResourceError> {
-        Ok(Some(self.0.cmp(&other.0)))
-    }
-
-    fn py_repr_fmt(
-        &self,
-        f: &mut impl Write,
-        _vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-        _heap_ids: &mut AHashSet<HeapId>,
-    ) -> fmt::Result {
-        string_repr_fmt(&self.0, f)
-    }
-
-    fn py_str(&self, _vm: &VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> Cow<'static, str> {
-        self.0.clone().into_string().into()
-    }
-
-    fn py_add(
-        &self,
-        other: &Self,
-        vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-    ) -> Result<Option<Value>, crate::resource::ResourceError> {
-        let result = format!("{}{}", self.0, other.0);
-        let id = vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Str(result.into()))?;
-        Ok(Some(Value::Ref(id)))
-    }
-
-    fn py_call_attr(
-        &mut self,
-        _self_id: HeapId,
-        vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-        attr: &EitherStr,
-        args: ArgValues,
-    ) -> RunResult<CallResult> {
-        let args_guard = HeapGuard::new(args, vm.heap);
-        let Some(method) = attr.static_string() else {
-            return Err(ExcType::attribute_error(Type::Str, attr.as_str(vm.interns)));
-        };
-
-        let args = args_guard.into_inner();
-        call_str_method_impl(&self.0, method, args, vm).map(CallResult::Value)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Dispatches a method call on a string value by method name.
-///
-/// This is the entry point for string method calls from the VM on interned strings.
-/// Converts the `StringId` to `StaticStrings` and delegates to `call_str_method_impl`.
-pub fn call_str_method(
-    s: &str,
-    method_id: StringId,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let args_guard = HeapGuard::new(args, vm.heap);
-    let Some(method) = StaticStrings::from_string_id(method_id) else {
-        return Err(ExcType::attribute_error(Type::Str, vm.interns.get_str(method_id)));
-    };
-    let args = args_guard.into_inner();
-    call_str_method_impl(s, method, args, vm)
-}
-
-/// Dispatches a method call on a string value.
-///
-/// This is the unified implementation for string method calls, used by both:
-/// - `Str::py_call_attr()` for heap-allocated strings
-/// - `call_str_method()` for interned string literals from the VM
-///
-/// # Not Yet Implemented
-///
-/// The following Python string methods are not yet implemented:
-///
-/// - `format()` - Requires implementing the format spec mini-language (PEP 3101),
-///   which is complex and involves parsing format specifications like `{:>10.2f}`.
-/// - `format_map(mapping)` - Similar to `format()` but takes a mapping; depends on
-///   `format()` implementation.
-/// - `maketrans()` / `translate()` - Character translation tables; moderate complexity,
-///   requires building and applying Unicode translation maps.
-/// - `expandtabs(tabsize=8)` - Tab expansion; simple but rarely used in practice.
-/// - `isprintable()` - Checks if all characters are printable; requires accurate Unicode
-///   category data for the "printable" property.
-fn call_str_method_impl(
-    s: &str,
-    method: StaticStrings,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    match method {
-        // Simple transformations (no arguments)
-        StaticStrings::Lower => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.lower", vm.heap)?;
-            str_lower(s, vm.heap)
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Upper => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.upper", vm.heap)?;
-            str_upper(s, vm.heap)
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Capitalize => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.capitalize", vm.heap)?;
-            str_capitalize(s, vm.heap)
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Title => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.title", vm.heap)?;
-            str_title(s, vm.heap)
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Swapcase => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.swapcase", vm.heap)?;
-            str_swapcase(s, vm.heap)
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Casefold => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.casefold", vm.heap)?;
-            str_casefold(s, vm.heap)
-        }
-        // Predicate methods (no arguments, return bool)
-        StaticStrings::Isalpha => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isalpha", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isalpha(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Isdigit => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isdigit", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isdigit(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Isalnum => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isalnum", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isalnum(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Isnumeric => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isnumeric", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isnumeric(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Isspace => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isspace", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isspace(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Islower => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.islower", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_islower(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Isupper => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isupper", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isupper(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Isascii => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isascii", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(s.is_ascii()))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Isdecimal => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isdecimal", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isdecimal(s)))
-        }
-        // Search methods
-        StaticStrings::Find => str_find(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Rfind => str_rfind(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Index => str_index(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Rindex => str_rindex(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Count => str_count(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Startswith => str_startswith(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Endswith => str_endswith(s, args, vm),
-        // Strip/trim methods
-        StaticStrings::Strip => str_strip(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Lstrip => str_lstrip(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Rstrip => str_rstrip(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Removeprefix => str_removeprefix(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Removesuffix => str_removesuffix(s, args, vm),
-        // Split methods
-        StaticStrings::Split => str_split(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Rsplit => str_rsplit(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Splitlines => str_splitlines(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Partition => str_partition(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Rpartition => str_rpartition(s, args, vm),
-        // Replace/modify methods
-        StaticStrings::Replace => str_replace(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Center => str_center(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Ljust => str_ljust(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Rjust => str_rjust(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Zfill => str_zfill(s, args, vm.heap),
-        // Additional methods
-        StaticStrings::Encode => str_encode(s, args, vm),
-        StaticStrings::Isidentifier => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.isidentifier", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_isidentifier(s)))
-        }
-        StaticStrings::Istitle => {
-            args.check_zero_args("str.istitle", vm.heap)?;
-            Ok(Value::Bool(str_istitle(s)))
-        }
-        // Existing method
-        StaticStrings::Join => {
-            let iterable = args.get_one_arg("str.join", vm.heap)?;
-            str_join(s, iterable, vm)
-        }
-        _ => {
-            args.drop_with_heap(vm.heap);
-            Err(ExcType::attribute_error(Type::Str, method.into()))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.join(iterable)` method.
-///
-/// Joins elements of the iterable with the separator string, returning
-/// a new heap-allocated string. Each element must be a string.
-///
-/// # Arguments
-/// * `separator` - The separator string (e.g., "," for comma-separated)
-/// * `iterable` - The iterable containing string elements to join
-/// * `heap` - The heap for allocation and reference counting
-/// * `interns` - The interns table for resolving interned strings
-///
-/// # Errors
-/// Returns `TypeError` if the argument is not iterable or if any element is not a string.
-fn str_join(separator: &str, iterable: Value, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    // Create MontyIter from the iterable, with join-specific error message
-    let Ok(iter) = MontyIter::new(iterable, vm) else {
-        return Err(ExcType::type_error_join_not_iterable());
-    };
-    defer_drop_mut!(iter, vm);
-
-    // Build result string, tracking index for error messages
-    let mut result = String::new();
-    let mut index = 0usize;
-
-    while let Some(item) = iter.for_next(vm)? {
-        defer_drop!(item, vm);
-        if index > 0 {
-            result.push_str(separator);
-        }
-
-        // Check item is a string and extract its content
-        match item {
-            Value::InternString(id) => {
-                result.push_str(vm.interns.get_str(*id));
-            }
-            Value::Ref(heap_id) => {
-                if let HeapData::Str(s) = vm.heap.get(*heap_id) {
-                    result.push_str(s.as_str());
-                } else {
-                    let t = item.py_type(vm.heap);
-                    return Err(ExcType::type_error_join_item(index, t));
-                }
-            }
-            _ => {
-                let t = item.py_type(vm.heap);
-                return Err(ExcType::type_error_join_item(index, t));
-            }
-        }
-        index += 1;
-    }
-
-    // Allocate result (uses interned empty string if result is empty)
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Writes a Python repr() string for a given string slice to a formatter.
-///
-/// Chooses between single and double quotes based on the string content:
-/// - Uses double quotes if the string contains single quotes but not double quotes
-/// - Uses single quotes by default, escaping any contained single quotes
-///
-/// Common escape sequences (backslash, newline, tab, carriage return) are always escaped.
-pub fn string_repr_fmt(s: &str, f: &mut impl Write) -> fmt::Result {
-    // Check if the string contains single quotes but not double quotes
-    if s.contains('\'') && !s.contains('"') {
-        // Use double quotes if string contains only single quotes
-        f.write_char('"')?;
-        for c in s.chars() {
-            match c {
-                '\\' => f.write_str("\\\\")?,
-                '\n' => f.write_str("\\n")?,
-                '\t' => f.write_str("\\t")?,
-                '\r' => f.write_str("\\r")?,
-                _ => f.write_char(c)?,
-            }
-        }
-        f.write_char('"')
-    } else {
-        // Use single quotes by default, escape any single quotes in the string
-        f.write_char('\'')?;
-        for c in s.chars() {
-            match c {
-                '\\' => f.write_str("\\\\")?,
-                '\n' => f.write_str("\\n")?,
-                '\t' => f.write_str("\\t")?,
-                '\r' => f.write_str("\\r")?,
-                '\'' => f.write_str("\\'")?,
-                _ => f.write_char(c)?,
-            }
-        }
-        f.write_char('\'')
-    }
-}
-
-/// Formatter for a Python repr() string.
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct StringRepr<'a>(pub &'a str);
-
-impl fmt::Display for StringRepr<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        string_repr_fmt(self.0, f)
-    }
-}
-
-// =============================================================================
-// Simple transformations (no arguments)
-// =============================================================================
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.lower()` method.
-fn str_lower(s: &str, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    allocate_string(s.to_lowercase(), heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.upper()` method.
-fn str_upper(s: &str, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    allocate_string(s.to_uppercase(), heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.capitalize()` method.
-///
-/// Returns a copy of the string with its first character capitalized and the rest lowercased.
-fn str_capitalize(s: &str, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let mut chars = s.chars();
-    let result = match chars.next() {
-        None => String::new(),
-        Some(first) => {
-            let mut result = first.to_uppercase().to_string();
-            for c in chars {
-                result.extend(c.to_lowercase());
-            }
-            result
-        }
-    };
-    allocate_string(result, heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.title()` method.
-///
-/// Returns a titlecased version of the string where words start with an uppercase
-/// character and the remaining characters are lowercase.
-fn str_title(s: &str, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len());
-    let mut prev_is_cased = false;
-
-    for c in s.chars() {
-        if prev_is_cased {
-            result.extend(c.to_lowercase());
-        } else {
-            result.extend(c.to_uppercase());
-        }
-        prev_is_cased = c.is_alphabetic();
-    }
-
-    allocate_string(result, heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.swapcase()` method.
-///
-/// Returns a copy of the string with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.
-fn str_swapcase(s: &str, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let mut result = String::with_capacity(s.len());
-
-    for c in s.chars() {
-        if c.is_uppercase() {
-            result.extend(c.to_lowercase());
-        } else if c.is_lowercase() {
-            result.extend(c.to_uppercase());
-        } else {
-            result.push(c);
-        }
-    }
-
-    allocate_string(result, heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.casefold()` method.
-///
-/// Returns a casefolded copy of the string. Casefolding is similar to lowercasing
-/// but more aggressive because it is intended for caseless string matching.
-fn str_casefold(s: &str, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    // Rust's to_lowercase() is equivalent to Unicode casefolding for most purposes
-    allocate_string(s.to_lowercase(), heap)
-}
-
-// =============================================================================
-// Predicate methods (no arguments, return bool)
-// =============================================================================
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isalpha()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all characters in the string are alphabetic and there is at least one character.
-fn str_isalpha(s: &str) -> bool {
-    !s.is_empty() && s.chars().all(char::is_alphabetic)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isdigit()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all characters in the string are digits and there is at least one character.
-/// In Python, digits include decimal digits (Nd) plus characters with Numeric_Type=Digit
-/// (superscripts, subscripts, circled digits, etc.).
-fn str_isdigit(s: &str) -> bool {
-    !s.is_empty() && s.chars().all(is_unicode_digit)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isalnum()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all characters in the string are alphanumeric and there is at least one character.
-fn str_isalnum(s: &str) -> bool {
-    !s.is_empty() && s.chars().all(char::is_alphanumeric)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isnumeric()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all characters in the string are numeric and there is at least one character.
-/// In Python, numeric includes decimal digits (Nd), letter numerals (Nl), and other numerals (No).
-/// Rust's `char::is_numeric()` checks for all of these categories.
-fn str_isnumeric(s: &str) -> bool {
-    !s.is_empty() && s.chars().all(char::is_numeric)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isspace()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all characters in the string are whitespace and there is at least one character.
-fn str_isspace(s: &str) -> bool {
-    !s.is_empty() && s.chars().all(char::is_whitespace)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.islower()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character.
-fn str_islower(s: &str) -> bool {
-    let mut has_cased = false;
-    for c in s.chars() {
-        if c.is_uppercase() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if c.is_lowercase() {
-            has_cased = true;
-        }
-    }
-    has_cased
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isupper()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and there is at least one cased character.
-fn str_isupper(s: &str) -> bool {
-    let mut has_cased = false;
-    for c in s.chars() {
-        if c.is_lowercase() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if c.is_uppercase() {
-            has_cased = true;
-        }
-    }
-    has_cased
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isdecimal()` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if all characters in the string are decimal characters and there is at least one character.
-/// Decimal characters are those in Unicode category Nd (Decimal_Number) - digits that can be used
-/// to form numbers in base 10.
-fn str_isdecimal(s: &str) -> bool {
-    !s.is_empty() && s.chars().all(is_unicode_decimal)
-}
-
-/// Checks if a character is a Unicode decimal digit (Nd category).
-///
-/// This covers decimal digit ranges from various scripts including ASCII, Arabic-Indic,
-/// Devanagari, Bengali, Thai, Fullwidth, and many others.
-fn is_unicode_decimal(c: char) -> bool {
-    let cp = c as u32;
-    matches!(
-        cp,
-        // Basic Latin (ASCII digits)
-        0x0030..=0x0039
-        // Arabic-Indic digits
-        | 0x0660..=0x0669
-        // Extended Arabic-Indic digits
-        | 0x06F0..=0x06F9
-        // NKo digits
-        | 0x07C0..=0x07C9
-        // Devanagari digits
-        | 0x0966..=0x096F
-        // Bengali digits
-        | 0x09E6..=0x09EF
-        // Gurmukhi digits
-        | 0x0A66..=0x0A6F
-        // Gujarati digits
-        | 0x0AE6..=0x0AEF
-        // Oriya digits
-        | 0x0B66..=0x0B6F
-        // Tamil digits
-        | 0x0BE6..=0x0BEF
-        // Telugu digits
-        | 0x0C66..=0x0C6F
-        // Kannada digits
-        | 0x0CE6..=0x0CEF
-        // Malayalam digits
-        | 0x0D66..=0x0D6F
-        // Sinhala Lith digits
-        | 0x0DE6..=0x0DEF
-        // Thai digits
-        | 0x0E50..=0x0E59
-        // Lao digits
-        | 0x0ED0..=0x0ED9
-        // Tibetan digits
-        | 0x0F20..=0x0F29
-        // Myanmar digits
-        | 0x1040..=0x1049
-        // Myanmar Shan digits
-        | 0x1090..=0x1099
-        // Khmer digits
-        | 0x17E0..=0x17E9
-        // Mongolian digits
-        | 0x1810..=0x1819
-        // Limbu digits
-        | 0x1946..=0x194F
-        // New Tai Lue digits
-        | 0x19D0..=0x19D9
-        // Tai Tham Hora digits
-        | 0x1A80..=0x1A89
-        // Tai Tham Tham digits
-        | 0x1A90..=0x1A99
-        // Balinese digits
-        | 0x1B50..=0x1B59
-        // Sundanese digits
-        | 0x1BB0..=0x1BB9
-        // Lepcha digits
-        | 0x1C40..=0x1C49
-        // Ol Chiki digits
-        | 0x1C50..=0x1C59
-        // Vai digits
-        | 0xA620..=0xA629
-        // Saurashtra digits
-        | 0xA8D0..=0xA8D9
-        // Kayah Li digits
-        | 0xA900..=0xA909
-        // Javanese digits
-        | 0xA9D0..=0xA9D9
-        // Myanmar Tai Laing digits
-        | 0xA9F0..=0xA9F9
-        // Cham digits
-        | 0xAA50..=0xAA59
-        // Meetei Mayek digits
-        | 0xABF0..=0xABF9
-        // Fullwidth digits
-        | 0xFF10..=0xFF19
-        // Osmanya digits
-        | 0x104A0..=0x104A9
-        // Hanifi Rohingya digits
-        | 0x10D30..=0x10D39
-        // Brahmi digits
-        | 0x11066..=0x1106F
-        // Sora Sompeng digits
-        | 0x110F0..=0x110F9
-        // Chakma digits
-        | 0x11136..=0x1113F
-        // Sharada digits
-        | 0x111D0..=0x111D9
-        // Khudawadi digits
-        | 0x112F0..=0x112F9
-        // Newa digits
-        | 0x11450..=0x11459
-        // Tirhuta digits
-        | 0x114D0..=0x114D9
-        // Modi digits
-        | 0x11650..=0x11659
-        // Takri digits
-        | 0x116C0..=0x116C9
-        // Ahom digits
-        | 0x11730..=0x11739
-        // Warang Citi digits
-        | 0x118E0..=0x118E9
-        // Dives Akuru digits
-        | 0x11950..=0x11959
-        // Bhaiksuki digits
-        | 0x11C50..=0x11C59
-        // Masaram Gondi digits
-        | 0x11D50..=0x11D59
-        // Gunjala Gondi digits
-        | 0x11DA0..=0x11DA9
-        // Adlam digits
-        | 0x1E950..=0x1E959
-        // Segmented digits
-        | 0x1FBF0..=0x1FBF9
-    )
-}
-
-/// Checks if a character is a Unicode digit (isdigit).
-///
-/// This includes decimal digits (Nd) plus characters with Numeric_Type=Digit
-/// such as superscripts, subscripts, and circled digits.
-fn is_unicode_digit(c: char) -> bool {
-    // First check if it's a decimal digit
-    if is_unicode_decimal(c) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    let cp = c as u32;
-    matches!(
-        cp,
-        // Superscripts (², ³)
-        0x00B2..=0x00B3
-        // Superscript 1
-        | 0x00B9
-        // Superscript digits 0, 4-9
-        | 0x2070
-        | 0x2074..=0x2079
-        // Subscript digits 0-9
-        | 0x2080..=0x2089
-        // Circled digits 1-9
-        | 0x2460..=0x2468
-        // Circled digit 0
-        | 0x24EA
-        // Circled digits 10-20
-        | 0x2469..=0x2473
-        // Parenthesized digits 1-9
-        | 0x2474..=0x247C
-        // Period digits 1-9
-        | 0x2488..=0x2490
-        // Double circled digits 1-10
-        | 0x24F5..=0x24FE
-        // Dingbat circled sans-serif digits 1-10
-        | 0x2780..=0x2789
-        // Dingbat negative circled digits 1-10
-        | 0x278A..=0x2793
-        // Dingbat circled sans-serif digits 1-10
-        | 0x24FF
-        // Fullwidth digit zero (already in decimal, but include for completeness)
-        // | 0xFF10..=0xFF19  // Already covered by is_unicode_decimal
-    )
-}
-
-// =============================================================================
-// Search methods
-// =============================================================================
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.find(sub, start?, end?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns the lowest index in the string where substring sub is found within
-/// the slice s[start:end]. Returns -1 if sub is not found.
-fn str_find(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (sub, start, end) = parse_search_args("str.find", s, args, vm)?;
-    let slice = slice_string(s, start, end);
-    let result = match slice.find(&sub) {
-        Some(pos) => {
-            // Convert byte offset to char offset, then add start offset
-            let char_pos = slice[..pos].chars().count();
-            i64::try_from(start + char_pos).unwrap_or(i64::MAX)
-        }
-        None => -1,
-    };
-    Ok(Value::Int(result))
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.rfind(sub, start?, end?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns the highest index in the string where substring sub is found within
-/// the slice s[start:end]. Returns -1 if sub is not found.
-fn str_rfind(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (sub, start, end) = parse_search_args("str.rfind", s, args, vm)?;
-    let slice = slice_string(s, start, end);
-    let result = match slice.rfind(&sub) {
-        Some(pos) => {
-            // Convert byte offset to char offset, then add start offset
-            let char_pos = slice[..pos].chars().count();
-            i64::try_from(start + char_pos).unwrap_or(i64::MAX)
-        }
-        None => -1,
-    };
-    Ok(Value::Int(result))
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.index(sub, start?, end?)` method.
-///
-/// Like find(), but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
-fn str_index(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (sub, start, end) = parse_search_args("str.index", s, args, vm)?;
-    let slice = slice_string(s, start, end);
-    match slice.find(&sub) {
-        Some(pos) => {
-            let char_pos = slice[..pos].chars().count();
-            let result = i64::try_from(start + char_pos).unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
-            Ok(Value::Int(result))
-        }
-        None => Err(ExcType::value_error_substring_not_found()),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.rindex(sub, start?, end?)` method.
-///
-/// Like rfind(), but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.
-fn str_rindex(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (sub, start, end) = parse_search_args("str.rindex", s, args, vm)?;
-    let slice = slice_string(s, start, end);
-    match slice.rfind(&sub) {
-        Some(pos) => {
-            let char_pos = slice[..pos].chars().count();
-            let result = i64::try_from(start + char_pos).unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
-            Ok(Value::Int(result))
-        }
-        None => Err(ExcType::value_error_substring_not_found()),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.count(sub, start?, end?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in
-/// the string s[start:end].
-fn str_count(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (sub, start, end) = parse_search_args("str.count", s, args, vm)?;
-    let slice = slice_string(s, start, end);
-    let count = if sub.is_empty() {
-        // Empty string matches between every character, plus start and end
-        slice.chars().count() + 1
-    } else {
-        slice.matches(&sub).count()
-    };
-    let result = i64::try_from(count).unwrap_or(i64::MAX);
-    Ok(Value::Int(result))
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.startswith(prefix, start?, end?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if the string starts with the prefix, otherwise returns False.
-/// The prefix argument can be a string or a tuple of strings.
-fn str_startswith(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (prefixes, start, end) = parse_prefix_suffix_args("str.startswith", s, args, vm)?;
-    let slice = slice_string(s, start, end);
-    let result = prefixes.iter().any(|prefix| slice.starts_with(prefix));
-    Ok(Value::Bool(result))
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.endswith(suffix, start?, end?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns True if the string ends with the suffix, otherwise returns False.
-/// The suffix argument can be a string or a tuple of strings.
-fn str_endswith(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (suffixes, start, end) = parse_prefix_suffix_args("str.endswith", s, args, vm)?;
-    let slice = slice_string(s, start, end);
-    let result = suffixes.iter().any(|suffix| slice.ends_with(suffix));
-    Ok(Value::Bool(result))
-}
-
-/// Parses arguments for search methods (find, rfind, index, rindex, count, startswith, endswith).
-///
-/// Returns (substring, start, end) where start and end are character indices.
-fn parse_search_args(
-    method: &str,
-    s: &str,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<(String, usize, usize)> {
-    let pos = args.into_pos_only(method, vm.heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(pos, vm);
-
-    let str_len = s.chars().count();
-    match pos.as_slice() {
-        [sub_value] => {
-            let sub = extract_string_arg(sub_value, vm)?;
-            Ok((sub, 0, str_len))
-        }
-        [sub_value, start_value] => {
-            let sub = extract_string_arg(sub_value, vm)?;
-            let start = optional_index(start_value, 0, str_len, vm.heap)?;
-            Ok((sub, start, str_len))
-        }
-        [sub_value, start_value, end_value] => {
-            let sub = extract_string_arg(sub_value, vm)?;
-            let start = optional_index(start_value, 0, str_len, vm.heap)?;
-            let end = optional_index(end_value, str_len, str_len, vm.heap)?;
-            Ok((sub, start, end))
-        }
-        [] => Err(ExcType::type_error_at_least(method, 1, 0)),
-        _ => Err(ExcType::type_error_at_most(method, 3, pos.len())),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Parses arguments for startswith/endswith methods.
-///
-/// Returns (prefixes/suffixes as Vec, start, end) where start and end are character indices.
-/// The first argument can be either a string or a tuple of strings.
-fn parse_prefix_suffix_args(
-    method: &str,
-    s: &str,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<(Vec<String>, usize, usize)> {
-    let pos = args.into_pos_only(method, vm.heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(pos, vm);
-
-    let str_len = s.chars().count();
-    match pos.as_slice() {
-        [prefix_value] => {
-            let prefixes = extract_str_or_tuple_of_str(prefix_value, vm)?;
-            Ok((prefixes, 0, str_len))
-        }
-        [prefix_value, start_value] => {
-            let prefixes = extract_str_or_tuple_of_str(prefix_value, vm)?;
-            let start = optional_index(start_value, 0, str_len, vm.heap)?;
-            Ok((prefixes, start, str_len))
-        }
-        [prefix_value, start_value, end_value] => {
-            let prefixes = extract_str_or_tuple_of_str(prefix_value, vm)?;
-            let start = optional_index(start_value, 0, str_len, vm.heap)?;
-            let end = optional_index(end_value, str_len, str_len, vm.heap)?;
-            Ok((prefixes, start, end))
-        }
-        [] => Err(ExcType::type_error_at_least(method, 1, 0)),
-        _ => Err(ExcType::type_error_at_most(method, 3, pos.len())),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Extracts a string or tuple of strings from a Value.
-///
-/// Returns a Vec of strings - a single-element Vec if given a string,
-/// or multiple elements if given a tuple of strings.
-fn extract_str_or_tuple_of_str(value: &Value, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Vec<String>> {
-    match value {
-        Value::InternString(id) => Ok(vec![vm.interns.get_str(*id).to_owned()]),
-        Value::Ref(heap_id) => match vm.heap.get(*heap_id) {
-            HeapData::Str(s) => Ok(vec![s.as_str().to_owned()]),
-            HeapData::Tuple(tuple) => {
-                // Inline string extraction to avoid borrow conflict — vm.heap is
-                // already borrowed immutably to access the tuple's items.
-                let items = tuple.as_slice();
-                let mut strings = Vec::with_capacity(items.len());
-                for item in items {
-                    match item {
-                        Value::InternString(id) => {
-                            strings.push(vm.interns.get_str(*id).to_owned());
-                        }
-                        Value::Ref(hid) => {
-                            if let HeapData::Str(s) = vm.heap.get(*hid) {
-                                strings.push(s.as_str().to_owned());
-                            } else {
-                                return Err(ExcType::type_error("expected str or tuple of str"));
-                            }
-                        }
-                        _ => return Err(ExcType::type_error("expected str or tuple of str")),
-                    }
-                }
-                Ok(strings)
-            }
-            _ => Err(ExcType::type_error("expected str or tuple of str")),
-        },
-        _ => Err(ExcType::type_error("expected str or tuple of str")),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Extracts a string from a Value, returning an error if not a string.
-fn extract_string_arg(value: &Value, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<String> {
-    match value {
-        Value::InternString(id) => Ok(vm.interns.get_str(*id).to_owned()),
-        Value::Ref(heap_id) => {
-            if let HeapData::Str(s) = vm.heap.get(*heap_id) {
-                Ok(s.as_str().to_owned())
-            } else {
-                Err(ExcType::type_error("expected str"))
-            }
-        }
-        _ => Err(ExcType::type_error("expected str")),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Extracts an integer from a Value, returning an error if not an integer.
-fn extract_int_arg(value: &Value, heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<i64> {
-    match value {
-        Value::Int(i) => Ok(*i),
-        Value::Ref(heap_id) => {
-            if let HeapData::LongInt(li) = heap.get(*heap_id) {
-                // Try to convert to i64
-                li.to_i64().ok_or_else(|| ExcType::type_error("integer too large"))
-            } else {
-                Err(ExcType::type_error("expected int"))
-            }
-        }
-        _ => Err(ExcType::type_error("expected int")),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Normalizes a Python-style index to a valid index in range [0, len].
-fn normalize_index(index: i64, len: usize) -> usize {
-    if index < 0 {
-        // Safe cast: we've checked index is negative, so -index is positive
-        // For very large negative numbers that don't fit in usize, saturate to usize::MAX
-        let abs_index = usize::try_from(-index).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        len.saturating_sub(abs_index)
-    } else {
-        // Safe cast: we've checked index is non-negative
-        // For values > usize::MAX, saturate to len
-        usize::try_from(index).unwrap_or(len).min(len)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Extracts an optional index from a `Value`, treating `None` as `default`.
-///
-/// Used by argument parsers where `None` means "use the default index" and
-/// any other value is interpreted as an integer and normalized against `str_len`.
-fn optional_index(
-    value: &Value,
-    default: usize,
-    str_len: usize,
-    heap: &Heap<impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<usize> {
-    if matches!(value, Value::None) {
-        Ok(default)
-    } else {
-        Ok(normalize_index(extract_int_arg(value, heap)?, str_len))
-    }
-}
-
-/// Returns a substring of s from character index start to end.
-fn slice_string(s: &str, start: usize, end: usize) -> &str {
-    if start >= end {
-        return "";
-    }
-
-    let mut start_byte = s.len();
-    let mut end_byte = s.len();
-
-    for (char_idx, (byte_idx, _)) in s.char_indices().enumerate() {
-        if char_idx == start {
-            start_byte = byte_idx;
-        }
-        if char_idx == end {
-            end_byte = byte_idx;
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    &s[start_byte..end_byte]
-}
-
-// =============================================================================
-// Strip/trim methods
-// =============================================================================
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.strip(chars?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a copy of the string with leading and trailing characters removed.
-/// If chars is not specified, whitespace characters are removed.
-fn str_strip(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let chars = parse_strip_arg("str.strip", args, vm)?;
-    let result = match &chars {
-        Some(c) => s.trim_matches(|ch| c.contains(ch)).to_owned(),
-        None => s.trim().to_owned(),
-    };
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.lstrip(chars?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a copy of the string with leading characters removed.
-fn str_lstrip(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let chars = parse_strip_arg("str.lstrip", args, vm)?;
-    let result = match &chars {
-        Some(c) => s.trim_start_matches(|ch| c.contains(ch)).to_owned(),
-        None => s.trim_start().to_owned(),
-    };
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.rstrip(chars?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a copy of the string with trailing characters removed.
-fn str_rstrip(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let chars = parse_strip_arg("str.rstrip", args, vm)?;
-    let result = match &chars {
-        Some(c) => s.trim_end_matches(|ch| c.contains(ch)).to_owned(),
-        None => s.trim_end().to_owned(),
-    };
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Parses the optional chars argument for strip methods.
-///
-/// Accepts None as a value meaning "use default whitespace stripping".
-fn parse_strip_arg(
-    method: &str,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<Option<String>> {
-    let value = args.get_zero_one_arg(method, vm.heap)?;
-    match value {
-        None => Ok(None),
-        Some(Value::None) => Ok(None), // Explicit None means default whitespace
-        Some(v) => {
-            defer_drop!(v, vm);
-            let result = extract_string_arg(v, vm)?;
-            Ok(Some(result))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.removeprefix(prefix)` method.
-///
-/// If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len(prefix):].
-/// Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.
-fn str_removeprefix(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let prefix_value = args.get_one_arg("str.removeprefix", vm.heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(prefix_value, vm);
-    let prefix = extract_string_arg(prefix_value, vm)?;
-
-    let result = s.strip_prefix(&prefix).unwrap_or(s).to_owned();
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.removesuffix(suffix)` method.
-///
-/// If the string ends with the suffix string, return string[:-len(suffix)].
-/// Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.
-fn str_removesuffix(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let suffix_value = args.get_one_arg("str.removesuffix", vm.heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(suffix_value, vm);
-    let suffix = extract_string_arg(suffix_value, vm)?;
-
-    let result = s.strip_suffix(&suffix).unwrap_or(s).to_owned();
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-// =============================================================================
-// Split methods
-// =============================================================================
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.split(sep?, maxsplit?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a list of the words in the string, using sep as the delimiter string.
-fn str_split(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (sep, maxsplit) = parse_split_args("str.split", args, vm)?;
-
-    let parts: Vec<&str> = match &sep {
-        Some(sep) => {
-            // Empty separator raises ValueError
-            if sep.is_empty() {
-                return Err(ExcType::value_error_empty_separator());
-            }
-            if maxsplit < 0 {
-                s.split(sep.as_str()).collect()
-            } else {
-                // Safe cast: we've checked maxsplit >= 0
-                let max = usize::try_from(maxsplit).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-                s.splitn(max.saturating_add(1), sep.as_str()).collect()
-            }
-        }
-        None => {
-            // Split on whitespace, filtering empty strings
-            if maxsplit < 0 {
-                s.split_whitespace().collect()
-            } else {
-                // Safe cast: we've checked maxsplit >= 0
-                let max = usize::try_from(maxsplit).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-                split_whitespace_n(s, max)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Convert to list of strings (using interned empty string when applicable)
-    let mut list_items = Vec::with_capacity(parts.len());
-    for part in parts {
-        vm.heap.check_time()?;
-        list_items.push(allocate_string(part.to_owned(), vm.heap)?);
-    }
-
-    let list = crate::types::List::new(list_items);
-    let heap_id = vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::List(list))?;
-    Ok(Value::Ref(heap_id))
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.rsplit(sep?, maxsplit?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a list of the words in the string, using sep as the delimiter string,
-/// splitting from the right.
-fn str_rsplit(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (sep, maxsplit) = parse_split_args("str.rsplit", args, vm)?;
-
-    let parts: Vec<&str> = match &sep {
-        Some(sep) => {
-            // Empty separator raises ValueError
-            if sep.is_empty() {
-                return Err(ExcType::value_error_empty_separator());
-            }
-            if maxsplit < 0 {
-                s.rsplit(sep.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>().into_iter().rev().collect()
-            } else {
-                // Safe cast: we've checked maxsplit >= 0
-                let max = usize::try_from(maxsplit).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-                let mut parts: Vec<_> = s.rsplitn(max.saturating_add(1), sep.as_str()).collect();
-                parts.reverse();
-                parts
-            }
-        }
-        None => {
-            // Split on whitespace from right
-            if maxsplit < 0 {
-                s.split_whitespace().collect()
-            } else {
-                // Safe cast: we've checked maxsplit >= 0
-                let max = usize::try_from(maxsplit).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-                rsplit_whitespace_n(s, max)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Convert to list of strings (using interned empty string when applicable)
-    let mut list_items = Vec::with_capacity(parts.len());
-    for part in parts {
-        vm.heap.check_time()?;
-        list_items.push(allocate_string(part.to_owned(), vm.heap)?);
-    }
-
-    let list = crate::types::List::new(list_items);
-    let heap_id = vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::List(list))?;
-    Ok(Value::Ref(heap_id))
-}
-
-/// Parses arguments for split methods.
-///
-/// Supports both positional and keyword arguments for sep and maxsplit.
-fn parse_split_args(
-    method: &str,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<(Option<String>, i64)> {
-    let (pos, kwargs) = args.into_parts();
-    let kwargs_iter = kwargs.into_iter();
-    defer_drop_mut!(kwargs_iter, vm);
-
-    let mut pos_iter = pos;
-    let sep_value = pos_iter.next();
-    defer_drop_mut!(sep_value, vm);
-    let maxsplit_value = pos_iter.next();
-    defer_drop_mut!(maxsplit_value, vm);
-
-    // Check no extra positional arguments
-    if pos_iter.len() != 0 {
-        return Err(ExcType::type_error_at_most(method, 2, 3));
-    }
-
-    // Extract positional sep (default None)
-    let mut has_pos_sep = sep_value.is_some();
-    let mut sep = if let Some(v) = sep_value.as_ref() {
-        if matches!(v, Value::None) {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(extract_string_arg(v, vm)?)
-        }
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-
-    // Extract positional maxsplit (default -1)
-    let mut has_pos_maxsplit = maxsplit_value.is_some();
-    let mut maxsplit = if let Some(v) = maxsplit_value.as_ref() {
-        extract_int_arg(v, vm.heap)?
-    } else {
-        -1
-    };
-
-    // Process kwargs
-    for (key, value) in kwargs_iter {
-        defer_drop!(key, vm);
-        defer_drop!(value, vm);
-
-        let Some(keyword_name) = key.as_either_str(vm.heap) else {
-            return Err(ExcType::type_error("keywords must be strings"));
-        };
-
-        let key_str = keyword_name.as_str(vm.interns);
-        match key_str {
-            "sep" => {
-                if has_pos_sep {
-                    return Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                        "{method}() got multiple values for argument 'sep'"
-                    )));
-                }
-                if matches!(value, Value::None) {
-                    sep = None;
-                } else {
-                    sep = Some(extract_string_arg(value, vm)?);
-                }
-                has_pos_sep = true;
-            }
-            "maxsplit" => {
-                if has_pos_maxsplit {
-                    return Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                        "{method}() got multiple values for argument 'maxsplit'"
-                    )));
-                }
-                maxsplit = extract_int_arg(value, vm.heap)?;
-                has_pos_maxsplit = true;
-            }
-            _ => {
-                return Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                    "'{key_str}' is an invalid keyword argument for {method}()"
-                )));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok((sep, maxsplit))
-}
-
-/// Split string on whitespace, returning at most `maxsplit + 1` parts.
-fn split_whitespace_n(s: &str, maxsplit: usize) -> Vec<&str> {
-    let mut parts = Vec::new();
-    let mut remaining = s.trim_start();
-    let mut count = 0;
-
-    while !remaining.is_empty() && count < maxsplit {
-        if let Some(end) = remaining.find(|c: char| c.is_whitespace()) {
-            parts.push(&remaining[..end]);
-            remaining = remaining[end..].trim_start();
-            count += 1;
-        } else {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if !remaining.is_empty() {
-        parts.push(remaining);
-    }
-
-    parts
-}
-
-/// Split string on whitespace from the right, returning at most `maxsplit + 1` parts.
-fn rsplit_whitespace_n(s: &str, maxsplit: usize) -> Vec<&str> {
-    let mut parts = Vec::new();
-    let mut remaining = s.trim_end();
-    let mut count = 0;
-
-    while !remaining.is_empty() && count < maxsplit {
-        if let Some(start) = remaining.rfind(|c: char| c.is_whitespace()) {
-            parts.push(&remaining[start + 1..]);
-            remaining = remaining[..start].trim_end();
-            count += 1;
-        } else {
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if !remaining.is_empty() {
-        parts.push(remaining);
-    }
-
-    parts.reverse();
-    parts
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.splitlines(keepends?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a list of the lines in the string, breaking at line boundaries.
-/// Accepts keepends as either positional or keyword argument.
-fn str_splitlines(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let keepends = parse_splitlines_args(args, vm)?;
-
-    let mut lines = Vec::new();
-    let mut start = 0;
-    let bytes = s.as_bytes();
-    let len = bytes.len();
-
-    while start < len {
-        vm.heap.check_time()?;
-
-        // Find the next line ending
-        let mut end = start;
-        let mut line_end = start;
-
-        while end < len {
-            match bytes[end] {
-                b'\n' => {
-                    line_end = end;
-                    end += 1;
-                    break;
-                }
-                b'\r' => {
-                    line_end = end;
-                    end += 1;
-                    // Check for \r\n
-                    if end < len && bytes[end] == b'\n' {
-                        end += 1;
-                    }
-                    break;
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    end += 1;
-                    line_end = end;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        let line = if keepends { &s[start..end] } else { &s[start..line_end] };
-
-        lines.push(allocate_string(line.to_owned(), vm.heap)?);
-
-        start = end;
-    }
-
-    let list = crate::types::List::new(lines);
-    let heap_id = vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::List(list))?;
-    Ok(Value::Ref(heap_id))
-}
-
-/// Parses arguments for splitlines method.
-///
-/// Supports both positional and keyword arguments for keepends.
-fn parse_splitlines_args(args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<bool> {
-    let (pos, kwargs) = args.into_parts();
-    let kwargs_iter = kwargs.into_iter();
-    defer_drop_mut!(kwargs_iter, vm);
-
-    let mut pos_iter = pos;
-    let keepends_value = pos_iter.next();
-    defer_drop_mut!(keepends_value, vm);
-
-    // Check no extra positional arguments
-    if pos_iter.len() != 0 {
-        return Err(ExcType::type_error_at_most("str.splitlines", 1, 2));
-    }
-
-    // Extract positional keepends (default false)
-    let mut has_pos_keepends = keepends_value.is_some();
-    let mut keepends = if let Some(v) = keepends_value.as_ref() {
-        value_is_truthy(v)
-    } else {
-        false
-    };
-
-    // Process kwargs
-    for (key, value) in kwargs_iter {
-        defer_drop!(key, vm);
-        defer_drop!(value, vm);
-
-        let Some(keyword_name) = key.as_either_str(vm.heap) else {
-            return Err(ExcType::type_error("keywords must be strings"));
-        };
-
-        let key_str = keyword_name.as_str(vm.interns);
-        if key_str == "keepends" {
-            if has_pos_keepends {
-                return Err(ExcType::type_error(
-                    "str.splitlines() got multiple values for argument 'keepends'",
-                ));
-            }
-            keepends = value_is_truthy(value);
-            has_pos_keepends = true;
-        } else {
-            return Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                "'{key_str}' is an invalid keyword argument for str.splitlines()"
-            )));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok(keepends)
-}
-
-/// Checks if a value is truthy for bool conversion.
-fn value_is_truthy(v: &Value) -> bool {
-    match v {
-        Value::Bool(b) => *b,
-        Value::Int(i) => *i != 0,
-        Value::None => false,
-        _ => true, // Most other values are truthy
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.partition(sep)` method.
-///
-/// Splits the string at the first occurrence of sep, and returns a 3-tuple
-/// containing the part before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after.
-fn str_partition(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let sep_value = args.get_one_arg("str.partition", vm.heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(sep_value, vm);
-    let sep = extract_string_arg(sep_value, vm)?;
-
-    if sep.is_empty() {
-        return Err(ExcType::value_error_empty_separator());
-    }
-
-    let (before, sep_found, after) = match s.find(&sep) {
-        Some(pos) => (&s[..pos], &sep[..], &s[pos + sep.len()..]),
-        None => (s, "", ""),
-    };
-
-    let before_val = allocate_string(before.to_owned(), vm.heap)?;
-    let sep_val = allocate_string(sep_found.to_owned(), vm.heap)?;
-    let after_val = allocate_string(after.to_owned(), vm.heap)?;
-
-    Ok(crate::types::allocate_tuple(
-        smallvec![before_val, sep_val, after_val],
-        vm.heap,
-    )?)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.rpartition(sep)` method.
-///
-/// Splits the string at the last occurrence of sep, and returns a 3-tuple
-/// containing the part before the separator, the separator itself, and the part after.
-fn str_rpartition(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let sep_value = args.get_one_arg("str.rpartition", vm.heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(sep_value, vm);
-    let sep = extract_string_arg(sep_value, vm)?;
-
-    if sep.is_empty() {
-        return Err(ExcType::value_error_empty_separator());
-    }
-
-    let (before, sep_found, after) = match s.rfind(&sep) {
-        Some(pos) => (&s[..pos], &sep[..], &s[pos + sep.len()..]),
-        None => ("", "", s),
-    };
-
-    let before_val = allocate_string(before.to_owned(), vm.heap)?;
-    let sep_val = allocate_string(sep_found.to_owned(), vm.heap)?;
-    let after_val = allocate_string(after.to_owned(), vm.heap)?;
-
-    Ok(crate::types::allocate_tuple(
-        smallvec![before_val, sep_val, after_val],
-        vm.heap,
-    )?)
-}
-
-// =============================================================================
-// Replace/modify methods
-// =============================================================================
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.replace(old, new, count?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a copy with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new.
-/// If count is given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.
-fn str_replace(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (old, new, count) = parse_replace_args("str.replace", args, vm)?;
-
-    check_replace_size(s.len(), old.len(), new.len(), count, vm.heap.tracker())?;
-
-    let result = if count < 0 {
-        s.replace(&old, &new)
-    } else {
-        // Safe cast: we've checked count >= 0
-        let n = usize::try_from(count).unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        s.replacen(&old, &new, n)
-    };
-
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Parses arguments for the replace method.
-///
-/// Supports both positional and keyword arguments for count (Python 3.13+).
-fn parse_replace_args(
-    method: &str,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<(String, String, i64)> {
-    let (pos, kwargs) = args.into_parts();
-    let kwargs_iter = kwargs.into_iter();
-    defer_drop_mut!(kwargs_iter, vm);
-
-    let mut pos_iter = pos;
-    let Some(old_value) = pos_iter.next() else {
-        return Err(ExcType::type_error_at_least(method, 2, 0));
-    };
-    defer_drop!(old_value, vm);
-
-    let Some(new_value) = pos_iter.next() else {
-        return Err(ExcType::type_error_at_least(method, 2, 1));
-    };
-    defer_drop!(new_value, vm);
-
-    let count_value = pos_iter.next();
-    defer_drop_mut!(count_value, vm);
-
-    // Check no extra positional arguments
-    if pos_iter.len() != 0 {
-        return Err(ExcType::type_error_at_most(method, 3, 4));
-    }
-
-    let old = extract_string_arg(old_value, vm)?;
-    let new = extract_string_arg(new_value, vm)?;
-
-    let mut has_pos_count = count_value.is_some();
-    let mut count = if let Some(v) = count_value.as_ref() {
-        extract_int_arg(v, vm.heap)?
-    } else {
-        -1
-    };
-
-    // Process kwargs (Python 3.13+ allows count as keyword)
-    for (key, value) in kwargs_iter {
-        defer_drop!(key, vm);
-        defer_drop!(value, vm);
-
-        let Some(keyword_name) = key.as_either_str(vm.heap) else {
-            return Err(ExcType::type_error("keywords must be strings"));
-        };
-
-        let key_str = keyword_name.as_str(vm.interns);
-        if key_str == "count" {
-            if has_pos_count {
-                return Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                    "{method}() got multiple values for argument 'count'"
-                )));
-            }
-            count = extract_int_arg(value, vm.heap)?;
-            has_pos_count = true;
-        } else {
-            return Err(ExcType::type_error(format!(
-                "'{key_str}' is an invalid keyword argument for {method}()"
-            )));
-        }
-    }
-
-    Ok((old, new, count))
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.center(width, fillchar?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns centered in a string of length width. Padding is done using the
-/// specified fill character (default is a space).
-fn str_center(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (width, fillchar) = parse_justify_args("str.center", args, vm)?;
-    let len = s.chars().count();
-
-    let result = if width <= len {
-        s.to_owned()
-    } else {
-        check_repeat_size(width, fillchar.len_utf8(), vm.heap.tracker())?;
-        let total_pad = width - len;
-        let left_pad = total_pad / 2;
-        let right_pad = total_pad - left_pad;
-        let mut result = String::with_capacity(width);
-        for _ in 0..left_pad {
-            result.push(fillchar);
-        }
-        result.push_str(s);
-        for _ in 0..right_pad {
-            result.push(fillchar);
-        }
-        result
-    };
-
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.ljust(width, fillchar?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns left-justified in a string of length width.
-fn str_ljust(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (width, fillchar) = parse_justify_args("str.ljust", args, vm)?;
-    let len = s.chars().count();
-
-    let result = if width <= len {
-        s.to_owned()
-    } else {
-        check_repeat_size(width, fillchar.len_utf8(), vm.heap.tracker())?;
-        let pad = width - len;
-        let mut result = String::with_capacity(width);
-        result.push_str(s);
-        for _ in 0..pad {
-            result.push(fillchar);
-        }
-        result
-    };
-
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.rjust(width, fillchar?)` method.
-///
-/// Returns right-justified in a string of length width.
-fn str_rjust(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (width, fillchar) = parse_justify_args("str.rjust", args, vm)?;
-    let len = s.chars().count();
-
-    let result = if width <= len {
-        s.to_owned()
-    } else {
-        check_repeat_size(width, fillchar.len_utf8(), vm.heap.tracker())?;
-        let pad = width - len;
-        let mut result = String::with_capacity(width);
-        for _ in 0..pad {
-            result.push(fillchar);
-        }
-        result.push_str(s);
-        result
-    };
-
-    allocate_string(result, vm.heap)
-}
-
-/// Parses arguments for justify methods (center, ljust, rjust).
-fn parse_justify_args(
-    method: &str,
-    args: ArgValues,
-    vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>,
-) -> RunResult<(usize, char)> {
-    let pos = args.into_pos_only(method, vm.heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(pos, vm);
-
-    match pos.as_slice() {
-        [width_value] => {
-            let w = extract_int_arg(width_value, vm.heap)?;
-            let width = if w < 0 {
-                0
-            } else {
-                usize::try_from(w).unwrap_or(usize::MAX)
-            };
-            Ok((width, ' '))
-        }
-        [width_value, fillchar_value] => {
-            let w = extract_int_arg(width_value, vm.heap)?;
-            let width = if w < 0 {
-                0
-            } else {
-                usize::try_from(w).unwrap_or(usize::MAX)
-            };
-            let fill_str = extract_string_arg(fillchar_value, vm)?;
-            if fill_str.chars().count() != 1 {
-                return Err(ExcType::type_error_fillchar_must_be_single_char());
-            }
-            Ok((width, fill_str.chars().next().unwrap()))
-        }
-        [] => Err(ExcType::type_error_at_least(method, 1, 0)),
-        _ => Err(ExcType::type_error_at_most(method, 2, pos.len())),
-    }
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.zfill(width)` method.
-///
-/// Returns a copy of the string left filled with ASCII '0' digits to make a
-/// string of length width. A sign prefix is handled correctly.
-fn str_zfill(s: &str, args: ArgValues, heap: &mut Heap<impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let width_value = args.get_one_arg("str.zfill", heap)?;
-    defer_drop!(width_value, heap);
-    let width_i64 = extract_int_arg(width_value, heap)?;
-
-    // Safe cast: treat negative as 0, saturate large positive values
-    let width = if width_i64 < 0 {
-        0
-    } else {
-        usize::try_from(width_i64).unwrap_or(usize::MAX)
-    };
-    let len = s.chars().count();
-
-    let result = if width <= len {
-        s.to_owned()
-    } else {
-        // zfill always pads with ASCII '0' (1 byte)
-        check_repeat_size(width, 1, heap.tracker())?;
-        let pad = width - len;
-        let mut chars = s.chars();
-        let first = chars.next();
-
-        let mut result = String::with_capacity(width);
-
-        // Handle sign prefix
-        if matches!(first, Some('+' | '-')) {
-            result.push(first.unwrap());
-            for _ in 0..pad {
-                result.push('0');
-            }
-            result.extend(chars);
-        } else {
-            for _ in 0..pad {
-                result.push('0');
-            }
-            result.push_str(s);
-        }
-        result
-    };
-
-    allocate_string(result, heap)
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.encode(encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')` method.
-///
-/// Returns an encoded version of the string as a bytes object. Only supports
-/// UTF-8 encoding (the native encoding for Rust strings).
-fn str_encode(s: &str, args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<Value> {
-    let (encoding, errors) = parse_encode_args(args, vm)?;
-
-    // Only UTF-8 is supported - Rust strings are always valid UTF-8
-    let encoding_lower = encoding.to_ascii_lowercase();
-    if encoding_lower != "utf-8" && encoding_lower != "utf8" {
-        return Err(ExcType::lookup_error_unknown_encoding(&encoding));
-    }
-
-    // For UTF-8 encoding of a valid UTF-8 string, errors mode doesn't matter
-    // since there's nothing to handle - the string is already valid UTF-8
-    if errors != "strict" && errors != "ignore" && errors != "replace" && errors != "backslashreplace" {
-        return Err(ExcType::lookup_error_unknown_error_handler(&errors));
-    }
-
-    let bytes = s.as_bytes().to_vec();
-    let heap_id = vm.heap.allocate(HeapData::Bytes(Bytes::new(bytes)))?;
-    Ok(Value::Ref(heap_id))
-}
-
-/// Parses arguments for `str.encode()`.
-///
-/// Returns (encoding, errors) with defaults "utf-8" and "strict".
-fn parse_encode_args(args: ArgValues, vm: &mut VM<'_, '_, impl ResourceTracker>) -> RunResult<(String, String)> {
-    let (first, second) = args.get_zero_one_two_args("str.encode", vm.heap)?;
-
-    let encoding = if let Some(v) = first {
-        defer_drop!(v, vm);
-        extract_string_arg(v, vm)?
-    } else {
-        "utf-8".to_owned()
-    };
-
-    let errors = if let Some(v) = second {
-        defer_drop!(v, vm);
-        extract_string_arg(v, vm)?
-    } else {
-        "strict".to_owned()
-    };
-
-    Ok((encoding, errors))
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.isidentifier()` predicate.
-///
-/// Returns True if the string is a valid Python identifier according to
-/// the language definition (starts with letter or underscore, followed by
-/// letters, digits, or underscores). Empty strings return False.
-fn str_isidentifier(s: &str) -> bool {
-    if s.is_empty() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    let mut chars = s.chars();
-
-    // First character must be a letter (Unicode) or underscore
-    let first = chars.next().unwrap();
-    if !is_xid_start(first) && first != '_' {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Remaining characters must be letters, digits (Unicode), or underscores
-    chars.all(is_xid_continue)
-}
-
-/// Checks if a character is valid at the start of an identifier (XID_Start).
-///
-/// This is a simplified implementation that covers ASCII and common Unicode letters.
-/// Python uses the full Unicode XID_Start property.
-fn is_xid_start(c: char) -> bool {
-    c.is_alphabetic()
-}
-
-/// Checks if a character is valid in the continuation of an identifier (XID_Continue).
-///
-/// This is a simplified implementation that covers ASCII and common Unicode.
-/// Python uses the full Unicode XID_Continue property.
-fn is_xid_continue(c: char) -> bool {
-    c.is_alphanumeric() || c == '_'
-}
-
-/// Implements Python's `str.istitle()` predicate.
-///
-/// Returns True if the string is titlecased: uppercase characters follow
-/// uncased characters and lowercase characters follow cased characters.
-/// Empty strings return False.
-fn str_istitle(s: &str) -> bool {
-    if s.is_empty() {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    let mut prev_cased = false;
-    let mut has_cased = false;
-
-    for c in s.chars() {
-        if c.is_uppercase() {
-            // Uppercase must follow uncased
-            if prev_cased {
-                return false;
-            }
-            prev_cased = true;
-            has_cased = true;
-        } else if c.is_lowercase() {
-            // Lowercase must follow cased
-            if !prev_cased {
-                return false;
-            }
-            prev_cased = true;
-            has_cased = true;
-        } else {
-            // Uncased character
-            prev_cased = false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    has_cased
-}