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package/defaults/plugin-seed/marketplaces/claude-code-workflows/plugins/developer-essentials/skills/sql-optimization-patterns/SKILL.md

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+---
+name: sql-optimization-patterns
+description: Master SQL query optimization, indexing strategies, and EXPLAIN analysis to dramatically improve database performance and eliminate slow queries. Use when debugging slow queries, designing database schemas, or optimizing application performance.
+---
+
+# SQL Optimization Patterns
+
+Transform slow database queries into lightning-fast operations through systematic optimization, proper indexing, and query plan analysis.
+
+## When to Use This Skill
+
+- Debugging slow-running queries
+- Designing performant database schemas
+- Optimizing application response times
+- Reducing database load and costs
+- Improving scalability for growing datasets
+- Analyzing EXPLAIN query plans
+- Implementing efficient indexes
+- Resolving N+1 query problems
+
+## Core Concepts
+
+### 1. Query Execution Plans (EXPLAIN)
+
+Understanding EXPLAIN output is fundamental to optimization.
+
+**PostgreSQL EXPLAIN:**
+
+```sql
+-- Basic explain
+EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'user@example.com';
+
+-- With actual execution stats
+EXPLAIN ANALYZE
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'user@example.com';
+
+-- Verbose output with more details
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, BUFFERS, VERBOSE)
+SELECT u.*, o.order_total
+FROM users u
+JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id
+WHERE u.created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '30 days';
+```
+
+**Key Metrics to Watch:**
+
+- **Seq Scan**: Full table scan (usually slow for large tables)
+- **Index Scan**: Using index (good)
+- **Index Only Scan**: Using index without touching table (best)
+- **Nested Loop**: Join method (okay for small datasets)
+- **Hash Join**: Join method (good for larger datasets)
+- **Merge Join**: Join method (good for sorted data)
+- **Cost**: Estimated query cost (lower is better)
+- **Rows**: Estimated rows returned
+- **Actual Time**: Real execution time
+
+### 2. Index Strategies
+
+Indexes are the most powerful optimization tool.
+
+**Index Types:**
+
+- **B-Tree**: Default, good for equality and range queries
+- **Hash**: Only for equality (=) comparisons
+- **GIN**: Full-text search, array queries, JSONB
+- **GiST**: Geometric data, full-text search
+- **BRIN**: Block Range INdex for very large tables with correlation
+
+```sql
+-- Standard B-Tree index
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
+
+-- Composite index (order matters!)
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_status ON orders(user_id, status);
+
+-- Partial index (index subset of rows)
+CREATE INDEX idx_active_users ON users(email)
+WHERE status = 'active';
+
+-- Expression index
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_lower_email ON users(LOWER(email));
+
+-- Covering index (include additional columns)
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_covering ON users(email)
+INCLUDE (name, created_at);
+
+-- Full-text search index
+CREATE INDEX idx_posts_search ON posts
+USING GIN(to_tsvector('english', title || ' ' || body));
+
+-- JSONB index
+CREATE INDEX idx_metadata ON events USING GIN(metadata);
+```
+
+### 3. Query Optimization Patterns
+
+**Avoid SELECT \*:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Fetches unnecessary columns
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 123;
+
+-- Good: Fetch only what you need
+SELECT id, email, name FROM users WHERE id = 123;
+```
+
+**Use WHERE Clause Efficiently:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Function prevents index usage
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE LOWER(email) = 'user@example.com';
+
+-- Good: Create functional index or use exact match
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_email_lower ON users(LOWER(email));
+-- Then:
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE LOWER(email) = 'user@example.com';
+
+-- Or store normalized data
+SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'user@example.com';
+```
+
+**Optimize JOINs:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Cartesian product then filter
+SELECT u.name, o.total
+FROM users u, orders o
+WHERE u.id = o.user_id AND u.created_at > '2024-01-01';
+
+-- Good: Filter before join
+SELECT u.name, o.total
+FROM users u
+JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id
+WHERE u.created_at > '2024-01-01';
+
+-- Better: Filter both tables
+SELECT u.name, o.total
+FROM (SELECT * FROM users WHERE created_at > '2024-01-01') u
+JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id;
+```
+
+## Optimization Patterns
+
+### Pattern 1: Eliminate N+1 Queries
+
+**Problem: N+1 Query Anti-Pattern**
+
+```python
+# Bad: Executes N+1 queries
+users = db.query("SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10")
+for user in users:
+    orders = db.query("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = ?", user.id)
+    # Process orders
+```
+
+**Solution: Use JOINs or Batch Loading**
+
+```sql
+-- Solution 1: JOIN
+SELECT
+    u.id, u.name,
+    o.id as order_id, o.total
+FROM users u
+LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id
+WHERE u.id IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
+
+-- Solution 2: Batch query
+SELECT * FROM orders
+WHERE user_id IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
+```
+
+```python
+# Good: Single query with JOIN or batch load
+# Using JOIN
+results = db.query("""
+    SELECT u.id, u.name, o.id as order_id, o.total
+    FROM users u
+    LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id
+    WHERE u.id IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+""")
+
+# Or batch load
+users = db.query("SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10")
+user_ids = [u.id for u in users]
+orders = db.query(
+    "SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id IN (?)",
+    user_ids
+)
+# Group orders by user_id
+orders_by_user = {}
+for order in orders:
+    orders_by_user.setdefault(order.user_id, []).append(order)
+```
+
+### Pattern 2: Optimize Pagination
+
+**Bad: OFFSET on Large Tables**
+
+```sql
+-- Slow for large offsets
+SELECT * FROM users
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+LIMIT 20 OFFSET 100000;  -- Very slow!
+```
+
+**Good: Cursor-Based Pagination**
+
+```sql
+-- Much faster: Use cursor (last seen ID)
+SELECT * FROM users
+WHERE created_at < '2024-01-15 10:30:00'  -- Last cursor
+ORDER BY created_at DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+
+-- With composite sorting
+SELECT * FROM users
+WHERE (created_at, id) < ('2024-01-15 10:30:00', 12345)
+ORDER BY created_at DESC, id DESC
+LIMIT 20;
+
+-- Requires index
+CREATE INDEX idx_users_cursor ON users(created_at DESC, id DESC);
+```
+
+### Pattern 3: Aggregate Efficiently
+
+**Optimize COUNT Queries:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Counts all rows
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders;  -- Slow on large tables
+
+-- Good: Use estimates for approximate counts
+SELECT reltuples::bigint AS estimate
+FROM pg_class
+WHERE relname = 'orders';
+
+-- Good: Filter before counting
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders
+WHERE created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '7 days';
+
+-- Better: Use index-only scan
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_created ON orders(created_at);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders
+WHERE created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '7 days';
+```
+
+**Optimize GROUP BY:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Group by then filter
+SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) as order_count
+FROM orders
+GROUP BY user_id
+HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;
+
+-- Better: Filter first, then group (if possible)
+SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) as order_count
+FROM orders
+WHERE status = 'completed'
+GROUP BY user_id
+HAVING COUNT(*) > 10;
+
+-- Best: Use covering index
+CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_status ON orders(user_id, status);
+```
+
+### Pattern 4: Subquery Optimization
+
+**Transform Correlated Subqueries:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Correlated subquery (runs for each row)
+SELECT u.name, u.email,
+    (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders o WHERE o.user_id = u.id) as order_count
+FROM users u;
+
+-- Good: JOIN with aggregation
+SELECT u.name, u.email, COUNT(o.id) as order_count
+FROM users u
+LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.user_id = u.id
+GROUP BY u.id, u.name, u.email;
+
+-- Better: Use window functions
+SELECT DISTINCT ON (u.id)
+    u.name, u.email,
+    COUNT(o.id) OVER (PARTITION BY u.id) as order_count
+FROM users u
+LEFT JOIN orders o ON o.user_id = u.id;
+```
+
+**Use CTEs for Clarity:**
+
+```sql
+-- Using Common Table Expressions
+WITH recent_users AS (
+    SELECT id, name, email
+    FROM users
+    WHERE created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '30 days'
+),
+user_order_counts AS (
+    SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) as order_count
+    FROM orders
+    WHERE created_at > NOW() - INTERVAL '30 days'
+    GROUP BY user_id
+)
+SELECT ru.name, ru.email, COALESCE(uoc.order_count, 0) as orders
+FROM recent_users ru
+LEFT JOIN user_order_counts uoc ON ru.id = uoc.user_id;
+```
+
+### Pattern 5: Batch Operations
+
+**Batch INSERT:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Multiple individual inserts
+INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Alice', 'alice@example.com');
+INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Bob', 'bob@example.com');
+INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('Carol', 'carol@example.com');
+
+-- Good: Batch insert
+INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES
+    ('Alice', 'alice@example.com'),
+    ('Bob', 'bob@example.com'),
+    ('Carol', 'carol@example.com');
+
+-- Better: Use COPY for bulk inserts (PostgreSQL)
+COPY users (name, email) FROM '/tmp/users.csv' CSV HEADER;
+```
+
+**Batch UPDATE:**
+
+```sql
+-- Bad: Update in loop
+UPDATE users SET status = 'active' WHERE id = 1;
+UPDATE users SET status = 'active' WHERE id = 2;
+-- ... repeat for many IDs
+
+-- Good: Single UPDATE with IN clause
+UPDATE users
+SET status = 'active'
+WHERE id IN (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...);
+
+-- Better: Use temporary table for large batches
+CREATE TEMP TABLE temp_user_updates (id INT, new_status VARCHAR);
+INSERT INTO temp_user_updates VALUES (1, 'active'), (2, 'active'), ...;
+
+UPDATE users u
+SET status = t.new_status
+FROM temp_user_updates t
+WHERE u.id = t.id;
+```
+
+## Advanced Techniques
+
+### Materialized Views
+
+Pre-compute expensive queries.
+
+```sql
+-- Create materialized view
+CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW user_order_summary AS
+SELECT
+    u.id,
+    u.name,
+    COUNT(o.id) as total_orders,
+    SUM(o.total) as total_spent,
+    MAX(o.created_at) as last_order_date
+FROM users u
+LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id
+GROUP BY u.id, u.name;
+
+-- Add index to materialized view
+CREATE INDEX idx_user_summary_spent ON user_order_summary(total_spent DESC);
+
+-- Refresh materialized view
+REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW user_order_summary;
+
+-- Concurrent refresh (PostgreSQL)
+REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY user_order_summary;
+
+-- Query materialized view (very fast)
+SELECT * FROM user_order_summary
+WHERE total_spent > 1000
+ORDER BY total_spent DESC;
+```
+
+### Partitioning
+
+Split large tables for better performance.
+
+```sql
+-- Range partitioning by date (PostgreSQL)
+CREATE TABLE orders (
+    id SERIAL,
+    user_id INT,
+    total DECIMAL,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP
+) PARTITION BY RANGE (created_at);
+
+-- Create partitions
+CREATE TABLE orders_2024_q1 PARTITION OF orders
+    FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-01-01') TO ('2024-04-01');
+
+CREATE TABLE orders_2024_q2 PARTITION OF orders
+    FOR VALUES FROM ('2024-04-01') TO ('2024-07-01');
+
+-- Queries automatically use appropriate partition
+SELECT * FROM orders
+WHERE created_at BETWEEN '2024-02-01' AND '2024-02-28';
+-- Only scans orders_2024_q1 partition
+```
+
+### Query Hints and Optimization
+
+```sql
+-- Force index usage (MySQL)
+SELECT * FROM users
+USE INDEX (idx_users_email)
+WHERE email = 'user@example.com';
+
+-- Parallel query (PostgreSQL)
+SET max_parallel_workers_per_gather = 4;
+SELECT * FROM large_table WHERE condition;
+
+-- Join hints (PostgreSQL)
+SET enable_nestloop = OFF;  -- Force hash or merge join
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Index Selectively**: Too many indexes slow down writes
+2. **Monitor Query Performance**: Use slow query logs
+3. **Keep Statistics Updated**: Run ANALYZE regularly
+4. **Use Appropriate Data Types**: Smaller types = better performance
+5. **Normalize Thoughtfully**: Balance normalization vs performance
+6. **Cache Frequently Accessed Data**: Use application-level caching
+7. **Connection Pooling**: Reuse database connections
+8. **Regular Maintenance**: VACUUM, ANALYZE, rebuild indexes
+
+```sql
+-- Update statistics
+ANALYZE users;
+ANALYZE VERBOSE orders;
+
+-- Vacuum (PostgreSQL)
+VACUUM ANALYZE users;
+VACUUM FULL users;  -- Reclaim space (locks table)
+
+-- Reindex
+REINDEX INDEX idx_users_email;
+REINDEX TABLE users;
+```
+
+## Common Pitfalls
+
+- **Over-Indexing**: Each index slows down INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
+- **Unused Indexes**: Waste space and slow writes
+- **Missing Indexes**: Slow queries, full table scans
+- **Implicit Type Conversion**: Prevents index usage
+- **OR Conditions**: Can't use indexes efficiently
+- **LIKE with Leading Wildcard**: `LIKE '%abc'` can't use index
+- **Function in WHERE**: Prevents index usage unless functional index exists
+
+## Monitoring Queries
+
+```sql
+-- Find slow queries (PostgreSQL)
+SELECT query, calls, total_time, mean_time
+FROM pg_stat_statements
+ORDER BY mean_time DESC
+LIMIT 10;
+
+-- Find missing indexes (PostgreSQL)
+SELECT
+    schemaname,
+    tablename,
+    seq_scan,
+    seq_tup_read,
+    idx_scan,
+    seq_tup_read / seq_scan AS avg_seq_tup_read
+FROM pg_stat_user_tables
+WHERE seq_scan > 0
+ORDER BY seq_tup_read DESC
+LIMIT 10;
+
+-- Find unused indexes (PostgreSQL)
+SELECT
+    schemaname,
+    tablename,
+    indexname,
+    idx_scan,
+    idx_tup_read,
+    idx_tup_fetch
+FROM pg_stat_user_indexes
+WHERE idx_scan = 0
+ORDER BY pg_relation_size(indexrelid) DESC;
+```