mathjs-min 11.7.2

package/lib/esm/type/matrix/DenseMatrix.js

@@ -0,0 +1,943 @@
+import { isArray, isBigNumber, isCollection, isIndex, isMatrix, isNumber, isString, typeOf } from '../../utils/is.js';
+import { arraySize, getArrayDataType, processSizesWildcard, reshape, resize, unsqueeze, validate, validateIndex } from '../../utils/array.js';
+import { format } from '../../utils/string.js';
+import { isInteger } from '../../utils/number.js';
+import { clone, deepStrictEqual } from '../../utils/object.js';
+import { DimensionError } from '../../error/DimensionError.js';
+import { factory } from '../../utils/factory.js';
+import { maxArgumentCount } from '../../utils/function.js';
+var name = 'DenseMatrix';
+var dependencies = ['Matrix'];
+export var createDenseMatrixClass = /* #__PURE__ */factory(name, dependencies, _ref => {
+  var {
+    Matrix
+  } = _ref;
+  /**
+   * Dense Matrix implementation. A regular, dense matrix, supporting multi-dimensional matrices. This is the default matrix type.
+   * @class DenseMatrix
+   * @enum {{ value, index: number[] }}
+   */
+  function DenseMatrix(data, datatype) {
+    if (!(this instanceof DenseMatrix)) {
+      throw new SyntaxError('Constructor must be called with the new operator');
+    }
+    if (datatype && !isString(datatype)) {
+      throw new Error('Invalid datatype: ' + datatype);
+    }
+    if (isMatrix(data)) {
+      // check data is a DenseMatrix
+      if (data.type === 'DenseMatrix') {
+        // clone data & size
+        this._data = clone(data._data);
+        this._size = clone(data._size);
+        this._datatype = datatype || data._datatype;
+      } else {
+        // build data from existing matrix
+        this._data = data.toArray();
+        this._size = data.size();
+        this._datatype = datatype || data._datatype;
+      }
+    } else if (data && isArray(data.data) && isArray(data.size)) {
+      // initialize fields from JSON representation
+      this._data = data.data;
+      this._size = data.size;
+      // verify the dimensions of the array
+      validate(this._data, this._size);
+      this._datatype = datatype || data.datatype;
+    } else if (isArray(data)) {
+      // replace nested Matrices with Arrays
+      this._data = preprocess(data);
+      // get the dimensions of the array
+      this._size = arraySize(this._data);
+      // verify the dimensions of the array, TODO: compute size while processing array
+      validate(this._data, this._size);
+      // data type unknown
+      this._datatype = datatype;
+    } else if (data) {
+      // unsupported type
+      throw new TypeError('Unsupported type of data (' + typeOf(data) + ')');
+    } else {
+      // nothing provided
+      this._data = [];
+      this._size = [0];
+      this._datatype = datatype;
+    }
+  }
+  DenseMatrix.prototype = new Matrix();
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new DenseMatrix
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.createDenseMatrix = function (data, datatype) {
+    return new DenseMatrix(data, datatype);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Attach type information
+   */
+  Object.defineProperty(DenseMatrix, 'name', {
+    value: 'DenseMatrix'
+  });
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.constructor = DenseMatrix;
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.type = 'DenseMatrix';
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.isDenseMatrix = true;
+
+  /**
+   * Get the matrix type
+   *
+   * Usage:
+   *    const matrixType = matrix.getDataType()  // retrieves the matrix type
+   *
+   * @memberOf DenseMatrix
+   * @return {string}   type information; if multiple types are found from the Matrix, it will return "mixed"
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.getDataType = function () {
+    return getArrayDataType(this._data, typeOf);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get the storage format used by the matrix.
+   *
+   * Usage:
+   *     const format = matrix.storage()  // retrieve storage format
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @return {string}           The storage format.
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.storage = function () {
+    return 'dense';
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get the datatype of the data stored in the matrix.
+   *
+   * Usage:
+   *     const format = matrix.datatype()   // retrieve matrix datatype
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @return {string}           The datatype.
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.datatype = function () {
+    return this._datatype;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new DenseMatrix
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Array} data
+   * @param {string} [datatype]
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.create = function (data, datatype) {
+    return new DenseMatrix(data, datatype);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get a subset of the matrix, or replace a subset of the matrix.
+   *
+   * Usage:
+   *     const subset = matrix.subset(index)               // retrieve subset
+   *     const value = matrix.subset(index, replacement)   // replace subset
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Index} index
+   * @param {Array | Matrix | *} [replacement]
+   * @param {*} [defaultValue=0]      Default value, filled in on new entries when
+   *                                  the matrix is resized. If not provided,
+   *                                  new matrix elements will be filled with zeros.
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.subset = function (index, replacement, defaultValue) {
+    switch (arguments.length) {
+      case 1:
+        return _get(this, index);
+
+      // intentional fall through
+      case 2:
+      case 3:
+        return _set(this, index, replacement, defaultValue);
+      default:
+        throw new SyntaxError('Wrong number of arguments');
+    }
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get a single element from the matrix.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {number[]} index   Zero-based index
+   * @return {*} value
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.get = function (index) {
+    if (!isArray(index)) {
+      throw new TypeError('Array expected');
+    }
+    if (index.length !== this._size.length) {
+      throw new DimensionError(index.length, this._size.length);
+    }
+
+    // check index
+    for (var x = 0; x < index.length; x++) {
+      validateIndex(index[x], this._size[x]);
+    }
+    var data = this._data;
+    for (var i = 0, ii = index.length; i < ii; i++) {
+      var indexI = index[i];
+      validateIndex(indexI, data.length);
+      data = data[indexI];
+    }
+    return data;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Replace a single element in the matrix.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {number[]} index   Zero-based index
+   * @param {*} value
+   * @param {*} [defaultValue]        Default value, filled in on new entries when
+   *                                  the matrix is resized. If not provided,
+   *                                  new matrix elements will be left undefined.
+   * @return {DenseMatrix} self
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.set = function (index, value, defaultValue) {
+    if (!isArray(index)) {
+      throw new TypeError('Array expected');
+    }
+    if (index.length < this._size.length) {
+      throw new DimensionError(index.length, this._size.length, '<');
+    }
+    var i, ii, indexI;
+
+    // enlarge matrix when needed
+    var size = index.map(function (i) {
+      return i + 1;
+    });
+    _fit(this, size, defaultValue);
+
+    // traverse over the dimensions
+    var data = this._data;
+    for (i = 0, ii = index.length - 1; i < ii; i++) {
+      indexI = index[i];
+      validateIndex(indexI, data.length);
+      data = data[indexI];
+    }
+
+    // set new value
+    indexI = index[index.length - 1];
+    validateIndex(indexI, data.length);
+    data[indexI] = value;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get a submatrix of this matrix
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {DenseMatrix} matrix
+   * @param {Index} index   Zero-based index
+   * @private
+   */
+  function _get(matrix, index) {
+    if (!isIndex(index)) {
+      throw new TypeError('Invalid index');
+    }
+    var isScalar = index.isScalar();
+    if (isScalar) {
+      // return a scalar
+      return matrix.get(index.min());
+    } else {
+      // validate dimensions
+      var size = index.size();
+      if (size.length !== matrix._size.length) {
+        throw new DimensionError(size.length, matrix._size.length);
+      }
+
+      // validate if any of the ranges in the index is out of range
+      var min = index.min();
+      var max = index.max();
+      for (var i = 0, ii = matrix._size.length; i < ii; i++) {
+        validateIndex(min[i], matrix._size[i]);
+        validateIndex(max[i], matrix._size[i]);
+      }
+
+      // retrieve submatrix
+      // TODO: more efficient when creating an empty matrix and setting _data and _size manually
+      return new DenseMatrix(_getSubmatrix(matrix._data, index, size.length, 0), matrix._datatype);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Recursively get a submatrix of a multi dimensional matrix.
+   * Index is not checked for correct number or length of dimensions.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Array} data
+   * @param {Index} index
+   * @param {number} dims   Total number of dimensions
+   * @param {number} dim    Current dimension
+   * @return {Array} submatrix
+   * @private
+   */
+  function _getSubmatrix(data, index, dims, dim) {
+    var last = dim === dims - 1;
+    var range = index.dimension(dim);
+    if (last) {
+      return range.map(function (i) {
+        validateIndex(i, data.length);
+        return data[i];
+      }).valueOf();
+    } else {
+      return range.map(function (i) {
+        validateIndex(i, data.length);
+        var child = data[i];
+        return _getSubmatrix(child, index, dims, dim + 1);
+      }).valueOf();
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replace a submatrix in this matrix
+   * Indexes are zero-based.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {DenseMatrix} matrix
+   * @param {Index} index
+   * @param {DenseMatrix | Array | *} submatrix
+   * @param {*} defaultValue          Default value, filled in on new entries when
+   *                                  the matrix is resized.
+   * @return {DenseMatrix} matrix
+   * @private
+   */
+  function _set(matrix, index, submatrix, defaultValue) {
+    if (!index || index.isIndex !== true) {
+      throw new TypeError('Invalid index');
+    }
+
+    // get index size and check whether the index contains a single value
+    var iSize = index.size();
+    var isScalar = index.isScalar();
+
+    // calculate the size of the submatrix, and convert it into an Array if needed
+    var sSize;
+    if (isMatrix(submatrix)) {
+      sSize = submatrix.size();
+      submatrix = submatrix.valueOf();
+    } else {
+      sSize = arraySize(submatrix);
+    }
+    if (isScalar) {
+      // set a scalar
+
+      // check whether submatrix is a scalar
+      if (sSize.length !== 0) {
+        throw new TypeError('Scalar expected');
+      }
+      matrix.set(index.min(), submatrix, defaultValue);
+    } else {
+      // set a submatrix
+
+      // validate dimensions
+      if (iSize.length < matrix._size.length) {
+        throw new DimensionError(iSize.length, matrix._size.length, '<');
+      }
+      if (sSize.length < iSize.length) {
+        // calculate number of missing outer dimensions
+        var i = 0;
+        var outer = 0;
+        while (iSize[i] === 1 && sSize[i] === 1) {
+          i++;
+        }
+        while (iSize[i] === 1) {
+          outer++;
+          i++;
+        }
+
+        // unsqueeze both outer and inner dimensions
+        submatrix = unsqueeze(submatrix, iSize.length, outer, sSize);
+      }
+
+      // check whether the size of the submatrix matches the index size
+      if (!deepStrictEqual(iSize, sSize)) {
+        throw new DimensionError(iSize, sSize, '>');
+      }
+
+      // enlarge matrix when needed
+      var size = index.max().map(function (i) {
+        return i + 1;
+      });
+      _fit(matrix, size, defaultValue);
+
+      // insert the sub matrix
+      var dims = iSize.length;
+      var dim = 0;
+      _setSubmatrix(matrix._data, index, submatrix, dims, dim);
+    }
+    return matrix;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replace a submatrix of a multi dimensional matrix.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Array} data
+   * @param {Index} index
+   * @param {Array} submatrix
+   * @param {number} dims   Total number of dimensions
+   * @param {number} dim
+   * @private
+   */
+  function _setSubmatrix(data, index, submatrix, dims, dim) {
+    var last = dim === dims - 1;
+    var range = index.dimension(dim);
+    if (last) {
+      range.forEach(function (dataIndex, subIndex) {
+        validateIndex(dataIndex);
+        data[dataIndex] = submatrix[subIndex[0]];
+      });
+    } else {
+      range.forEach(function (dataIndex, subIndex) {
+        validateIndex(dataIndex);
+        _setSubmatrix(data[dataIndex], index, submatrix[subIndex[0]], dims, dim + 1);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resize the matrix to the given size. Returns a copy of the matrix when
+   * `copy=true`, otherwise return the matrix itself (resize in place).
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {number[] || Matrix} size The new size the matrix should have.
+   * @param {*} [defaultValue=0]      Default value, filled in on new entries.
+   *                                  If not provided, the matrix elements will
+   *                                  be filled with zeros.
+   * @param {boolean} [copy]          Return a resized copy of the matrix
+   *
+   * @return {Matrix}                 The resized matrix
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.resize = function (size, defaultValue, copy) {
+    // validate arguments
+    if (!isCollection(size)) {
+      throw new TypeError('Array or Matrix expected');
+    }
+
+    // SparseMatrix input is always 2d, flatten this into 1d if it's indeed a vector
+    var sizeArray = size.valueOf().map(value => {
+      return Array.isArray(value) && value.length === 1 ? value[0] : value;
+    });
+
+    // matrix to resize
+    var m = copy ? this.clone() : this;
+    // resize matrix
+    return _resize(m, sizeArray, defaultValue);
+  };
+  function _resize(matrix, size, defaultValue) {
+    // check size
+    if (size.length === 0) {
+      // first value in matrix
+      var v = matrix._data;
+      // go deep
+      while (isArray(v)) {
+        v = v[0];
+      }
+      return v;
+    }
+    // resize matrix
+    matrix._size = size.slice(0); // copy the array
+    matrix._data = resize(matrix._data, matrix._size, defaultValue);
+    // return matrix
+    return matrix;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reshape the matrix to the given size. Returns a copy of the matrix when
+   * `copy=true`, otherwise return the matrix itself (reshape in place).
+   *
+   * NOTE: This might be better suited to copy by default, instead of modifying
+   *       in place. For now, it operates in place to remain consistent with
+   *       resize().
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {number[]} size           The new size the matrix should have.
+   * @param {boolean} [copy]          Return a reshaped copy of the matrix
+   *
+   * @return {Matrix}                 The reshaped matrix
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.reshape = function (size, copy) {
+    var m = copy ? this.clone() : this;
+    m._data = reshape(m._data, size);
+    var currentLength = m._size.reduce((length, size) => length * size);
+    m._size = processSizesWildcard(size, currentLength);
+    return m;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Enlarge the matrix when it is smaller than given size.
+   * If the matrix is larger or equal sized, nothing is done.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {DenseMatrix} matrix           The matrix to be resized
+   * @param {number[]} size
+   * @param {*} defaultValue          Default value, filled in on new entries.
+   * @private
+   */
+  function _fit(matrix, size, defaultValue) {
+    var
+    // copy the array
+    newSize = matrix._size.slice(0);
+    var changed = false;
+
+    // add dimensions when needed
+    while (newSize.length < size.length) {
+      newSize.push(0);
+      changed = true;
+    }
+
+    // enlarge size when needed
+    for (var i = 0, ii = size.length; i < ii; i++) {
+      if (size[i] > newSize[i]) {
+        newSize[i] = size[i];
+        changed = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (changed) {
+      // resize only when size is changed
+      _resize(matrix, newSize, defaultValue);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a clone of the matrix
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @return {DenseMatrix} clone
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.clone = function () {
+    var m = new DenseMatrix({
+      data: clone(this._data),
+      size: clone(this._size),
+      datatype: this._datatype
+    });
+    return m;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieve the size of the matrix.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @returns {number[]} size
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.size = function () {
+    return this._size.slice(0); // return a clone of _size
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Create a new matrix with the results of the callback function executed on
+   * each entry of the matrix.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Function} callback   The callback function is invoked with three
+   *                              parameters: the value of the element, the index
+   *                              of the element, and the Matrix being traversed.
+   *
+   * @return {DenseMatrix} matrix
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.map = function (callback) {
+    // matrix instance
+    var me = this;
+    var args = maxArgumentCount(callback);
+    var recurse = function recurse(value, index) {
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        return value.map(function (child, i) {
+          return recurse(child, index.concat(i));
+        });
+      } else {
+        // invoke the callback function with the right number of arguments
+        if (args === 1) {
+          return callback(value);
+        } else if (args === 2) {
+          return callback(value, index);
+        } else {
+          // 3 or -1
+          return callback(value, index, me);
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    // determine the new datatype when the original matrix has datatype defined
+    // TODO: should be done in matrix constructor instead
+    var data = recurse(this._data, []);
+    var datatype = this._datatype !== undefined ? getArrayDataType(data, typeOf) : undefined;
+    return new DenseMatrix(data, datatype);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Execute a callback function on each entry of the matrix.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Function} callback   The callback function is invoked with three
+   *                              parameters: the value of the element, the index
+   *                              of the element, and the Matrix being traversed.
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.forEach = function (callback) {
+    // matrix instance
+    var me = this;
+    var recurse = function recurse(value, index) {
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        value.forEach(function (child, i) {
+          recurse(child, index.concat(i));
+        });
+      } else {
+        callback(value, index, me);
+      }
+    };
+    recurse(this._data, []);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Iterate over the matrix elements
+   * @return {Iterable<{ value, index: number[] }>}
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype[Symbol.iterator] = function* () {
+    var recurse = function* recurse(value, index) {
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        for (var i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
+          yield* recurse(value[i], index.concat(i));
+        }
+      } else {
+        yield {
+          value,
+          index
+        };
+      }
+    };
+    yield* recurse(this._data, []);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Returns an array containing the rows of a 2D matrix
+   * @returns {Array<Matrix>}
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.rows = function () {
+    var result = [];
+    var s = this.size();
+    if (s.length !== 2) {
+      throw new TypeError('Rows can only be returned for a 2D matrix.');
+    }
+    var data = this._data;
+    for (var row of data) {
+      result.push(new DenseMatrix([row], this._datatype));
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Returns an array containing the columns of a 2D matrix
+   * @returns {Array<Matrix>}
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.columns = function () {
+    var _this = this;
+    var result = [];
+    var s = this.size();
+    if (s.length !== 2) {
+      throw new TypeError('Rows can only be returned for a 2D matrix.');
+    }
+    var data = this._data;
+    var _loop = function _loop(i) {
+      var col = data.map(row => [row[i]]);
+      result.push(new DenseMatrix(col, _this._datatype));
+    };
+    for (var i = 0; i < s[1]; i++) {
+      _loop(i);
+    }
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Create an Array with a copy of the data of the DenseMatrix
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @returns {Array} array
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.toArray = function () {
+    return clone(this._data);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get the primitive value of the DenseMatrix: a multidimensional array
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @returns {Array} array
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.valueOf = function () {
+    return this._data;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get a string representation of the matrix, with optional formatting options.
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Object | number | Function} [options]  Formatting options. See
+   *                                                lib/utils/number:format for a
+   *                                                description of the available
+   *                                                options.
+   * @returns {string} str
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.format = function (options) {
+    return format(this._data, options);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get a string representation of the matrix
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @returns {string} str
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.toString = function () {
+    return format(this._data);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get a JSON representation of the matrix
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @returns {Object}
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.toJSON = function () {
+    return {
+      mathjs: 'DenseMatrix',
+      data: this._data,
+      size: this._size,
+      datatype: this._datatype
+    };
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Get the kth Matrix diagonal.
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {number | BigNumber} [k=0]     The kth diagonal where the vector will retrieved.
+   *
+   * @returns {Matrix}                     The matrix with the diagonal values.
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.diagonal = function (k) {
+    // validate k if any
+    if (k) {
+      // convert BigNumber to a number
+      if (isBigNumber(k)) {
+        k = k.toNumber();
+      }
+      // is must be an integer
+      if (!isNumber(k) || !isInteger(k)) {
+        throw new TypeError('The parameter k must be an integer number');
+      }
+    } else {
+      // default value
+      k = 0;
+    }
+    var kSuper = k > 0 ? k : 0;
+    var kSub = k < 0 ? -k : 0;
+
+    // rows & columns
+    var rows = this._size[0];
+    var columns = this._size[1];
+
+    // number diagonal values
+    var n = Math.min(rows - kSub, columns - kSuper);
+
+    // x is a matrix get diagonal from matrix
+    var data = [];
+
+    // loop rows
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      data[i] = this._data[i + kSub][i + kSuper];
+    }
+
+    // create DenseMatrix
+    return new DenseMatrix({
+      data,
+      size: [n],
+      datatype: this._datatype
+    });
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Create a diagonal matrix.
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Array} size                     The matrix size.
+   * @param {number | Matrix | Array } value The values for the diagonal.
+   * @param {number | BigNumber} [k=0]       The kth diagonal where the vector will be filled in.
+   * @param {number} [defaultValue]          The default value for non-diagonal
+   * @param {string} [datatype]              The datatype for the diagonal
+   *
+   * @returns {DenseMatrix}
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.diagonal = function (size, value, k, defaultValue) {
+    if (!isArray(size)) {
+      throw new TypeError('Array expected, size parameter');
+    }
+    if (size.length !== 2) {
+      throw new Error('Only two dimensions matrix are supported');
+    }
+
+    // map size & validate
+    size = size.map(function (s) {
+      // check it is a big number
+      if (isBigNumber(s)) {
+        // convert it
+        s = s.toNumber();
+      }
+      // validate arguments
+      if (!isNumber(s) || !isInteger(s) || s < 1) {
+        throw new Error('Size values must be positive integers');
+      }
+      return s;
+    });
+
+    // validate k if any
+    if (k) {
+      // convert BigNumber to a number
+      if (isBigNumber(k)) {
+        k = k.toNumber();
+      }
+      // is must be an integer
+      if (!isNumber(k) || !isInteger(k)) {
+        throw new TypeError('The parameter k must be an integer number');
+      }
+    } else {
+      // default value
+      k = 0;
+    }
+    var kSuper = k > 0 ? k : 0;
+    var kSub = k < 0 ? -k : 0;
+
+    // rows and columns
+    var rows = size[0];
+    var columns = size[1];
+
+    // number of non-zero items
+    var n = Math.min(rows - kSub, columns - kSuper);
+
+    // value extraction function
+    var _value;
+
+    // check value
+    if (isArray(value)) {
+      // validate array
+      if (value.length !== n) {
+        // number of values in array must be n
+        throw new Error('Invalid value array length');
+      }
+      // define function
+      _value = function _value(i) {
+        // return value @ i
+        return value[i];
+      };
+    } else if (isMatrix(value)) {
+      // matrix size
+      var ms = value.size();
+      // validate matrix
+      if (ms.length !== 1 || ms[0] !== n) {
+        // number of values in array must be n
+        throw new Error('Invalid matrix length');
+      }
+      // define function
+      _value = function _value(i) {
+        // return value @ i
+        return value.get([i]);
+      };
+    } else {
+      // define function
+      _value = function _value() {
+        // return value
+        return value;
+      };
+    }
+
+    // discover default value if needed
+    if (!defaultValue) {
+      // check first value in array
+      defaultValue = isBigNumber(_value(0)) ? _value(0).mul(0) // trick to create a BigNumber with value zero
+      : 0;
+    }
+
+    // empty array
+    var data = [];
+
+    // check we need to resize array
+    if (size.length > 0) {
+      // resize array
+      data = resize(data, size, defaultValue);
+      // fill diagonal
+      for (var d = 0; d < n; d++) {
+        data[d + kSub][d + kSuper] = _value(d);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // create DenseMatrix
+    return new DenseMatrix({
+      data,
+      size: [rows, columns]
+    });
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Generate a matrix from a JSON object
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Object} json  An object structured like
+   *                       `{"mathjs": "DenseMatrix", data: [], size: []}`,
+   *                       where mathjs is optional
+   * @returns {DenseMatrix}
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.fromJSON = function (json) {
+    return new DenseMatrix(json);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Swap rows i and j in Matrix.
+   *
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {number} i       Matrix row index 1
+   * @param {number} j       Matrix row index 2
+   *
+   * @return {Matrix}        The matrix reference
+   */
+  DenseMatrix.prototype.swapRows = function (i, j) {
+    // check index
+    if (!isNumber(i) || !isInteger(i) || !isNumber(j) || !isInteger(j)) {
+      throw new Error('Row index must be positive integers');
+    }
+    // check dimensions
+    if (this._size.length !== 2) {
+      throw new Error('Only two dimensional matrix is supported');
+    }
+    // validate index
+    validateIndex(i, this._size[0]);
+    validateIndex(j, this._size[0]);
+
+    // swap rows
+    DenseMatrix._swapRows(i, j, this._data);
+    // return current instance
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Swap rows i and j in Dense Matrix data structure.
+   *
+   * @param {number} i       Matrix row index 1
+   * @param {number} j       Matrix row index 2
+   * @param {Array} data     Matrix data
+   */
+  DenseMatrix._swapRows = function (i, j, data) {
+    // swap values i <-> j
+    var vi = data[i];
+    data[i] = data[j];
+    data[j] = vi;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Preprocess data, which can be an Array or DenseMatrix with nested Arrays and
+   * Matrices. Replaces all nested Matrices with Arrays
+   * @memberof DenseMatrix
+   * @param {Array} data
+   * @return {Array} data
+   */
+  function preprocess(data) {
+    for (var i = 0, ii = data.length; i < ii; i++) {
+      var elem = data[i];
+      if (isArray(elem)) {
+        data[i] = preprocess(elem);
+      } else if (elem && elem.isMatrix === true) {
+        data[i] = preprocess(elem.valueOf());
+      }
+    }
+    return data;
+  }
+  return DenseMatrix;
+}, {
+  isClass: true
+});