mathjs-min 11.7.2

package/lib/esm/function/algebra/derivative.js

@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+import { isConstantNode, typeOf } from '../../utils/is.js';
+import { factory } from '../../utils/factory.js';
+var name = 'derivative';
+var dependencies = ['typed', 'config', 'parse', 'simplify', 'equal', 'isZero', 'numeric', 'ConstantNode', 'FunctionNode', 'OperatorNode', 'ParenthesisNode', 'SymbolNode'];
+export var createDerivative = /* #__PURE__ */factory(name, dependencies, _ref => {
+  var {
+    typed,
+    config,
+    parse,
+    simplify,
+    equal,
+    isZero,
+    numeric,
+    ConstantNode,
+    FunctionNode,
+    OperatorNode,
+    ParenthesisNode,
+    SymbolNode
+  } = _ref;
+  /**
+   * Takes the derivative of an expression expressed in parser Nodes.
+   * The derivative will be taken over the supplied variable in the
+   * second parameter. If there are multiple variables in the expression,
+   * it will return a partial derivative.
+   *
+   * This uses rules of differentiation which can be found here:
+   *
+   * - [Differentiation rules (Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules)
+   *
+   * Syntax:
+   *
+   *     derivative(expr, variable)
+   *     derivative(expr, variable, options)
+   *
+   * Examples:
+   *
+   *     math.derivative('x^2', 'x')                     // Node '2 * x'
+   *     math.derivative('x^2', 'x', {simplify: false})  // Node '2 * 1 * x ^ (2 - 1)'
+   *     math.derivative('sin(2x)', 'x'))                // Node '2 * cos(2 * x)'
+   *     math.derivative('2*x', 'x').evaluate()          // number 2
+   *     math.derivative('x^2', 'x').evaluate({x: 4})    // number 8
+   *     const f = math.parse('x^2')
+   *     const x = math.parse('x')
+   *     math.derivative(f, x)                           // Node {2 * x}
+   *
+   * See also:
+   *
+   *     simplify, parse, evaluate
+   *
+   * @param  {Node | string} expr           The expression to differentiate
+   * @param  {SymbolNode | string} variable The variable over which to differentiate
+   * @param  {{simplify: boolean}} [options]
+   *                         There is one option available, `simplify`, which
+   *                         is true by default. When false, output will not
+   *                         be simplified.
+   * @return {ConstantNode | SymbolNode | ParenthesisNode | FunctionNode | OperatorNode}    The derivative of `expr`
+   */
+  function plainDerivative(expr, variable) {
+    var options = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : {
+      simplify: true
+    };
+    var constNodes = {};
+    constTag(constNodes, expr, variable.name);
+    var res = _derivative(expr, constNodes);
+    return options.simplify ? simplify(res) : res;
+  }
+  typed.addConversion({
+    from: 'identifier',
+    to: 'SymbolNode',
+    convert: parse
+  });
+  var derivative = typed(name, {
+    'Node, SymbolNode': plainDerivative,
+    'Node, SymbolNode, Object': plainDerivative
+
+    /* TODO: implement and test syntax with order of derivatives -> implement as an option {order: number}
+    'Node, SymbolNode, ConstantNode': function (expr, variable, {order}) {
+      let res = expr
+      for (let i = 0; i < order; i++) {
+        let constNodes = {}
+        constTag(constNodes, expr, variable.name)
+        res = _derivative(res, constNodes)
+      }
+      return res
+    }
+    */
+  });
+
+  typed.removeConversion({
+    from: 'identifier',
+    to: 'SymbolNode',
+    convert: parse
+  });
+  derivative._simplify = true;
+  derivative.toTex = function (deriv) {
+    return _derivTex.apply(null, deriv.args);
+  };
+
+  // FIXME: move the toTex method of derivative to latex.js. Difficulty is that it relies on parse.
+  // NOTE: the optional "order" parameter here is currently unused
+  var _derivTex = typed('_derivTex', {
+    'Node, SymbolNode': function NodeSymbolNode(expr, x) {
+      if (isConstantNode(expr) && typeOf(expr.value) === 'string') {
+        return _derivTex(parse(expr.value).toString(), x.toString(), 1);
+      } else {
+        return _derivTex(expr.toTex(), x.toString(), 1);
+      }
+    },
+    'Node, ConstantNode': function NodeConstantNode(expr, x) {
+      if (typeOf(x.value) === 'string') {
+        return _derivTex(expr, parse(x.value));
+      } else {
+        throw new Error("The second parameter to 'derivative' is a non-string constant");
+      }
+    },
+    'Node, SymbolNode, ConstantNode': function NodeSymbolNodeConstantNode(expr, x, order) {
+      return _derivTex(expr.toString(), x.name, order.value);
+    },
+    'string, string, number': function stringStringNumber(expr, x, order) {
+      var d;
+      if (order === 1) {
+        d = '{d\\over d' + x + '}';
+      } else {
+        d = '{d^{' + order + '}\\over d' + x + '^{' + order + '}}';
+      }
+      return d + "\\left[".concat(expr, "\\right]");
+    }
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Does a depth-first search on the expression tree to identify what Nodes
+   * are constants (e.g. 2 + 2), and stores the ones that are constants in
+   * constNodes. Classification is done as follows:
+   *
+   *   1. ConstantNodes are constants.
+   *   2. If there exists a SymbolNode, of which we are differentiating over,
+   *      in the subtree it is not constant.
+   *
+   * @param  {Object} constNodes  Holds the nodes that are constant
+   * @param  {ConstantNode | SymbolNode | ParenthesisNode | FunctionNode | OperatorNode} node
+   * @param  {string} varName     Variable that we are differentiating
+   * @return {boolean}  if node is constant
+   */
+  // TODO: can we rewrite constTag into a pure function?
+  var constTag = typed('constTag', {
+    'Object, ConstantNode, string': function ObjectConstantNodeString(constNodes, node) {
+      constNodes[node] = true;
+      return true;
+    },
+    'Object, SymbolNode, string': function ObjectSymbolNodeString(constNodes, node, varName) {
+      // Treat other variables like constants. For reasoning, see:
+      //   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_derivative
+      if (node.name !== varName) {
+        constNodes[node] = true;
+        return true;
+      }
+      return false;
+    },
+    'Object, ParenthesisNode, string': function ObjectParenthesisNodeString(constNodes, node, varName) {
+      return constTag(constNodes, node.content, varName);
+    },
+    'Object, FunctionAssignmentNode, string': function ObjectFunctionAssignmentNodeString(constNodes, node, varName) {
+      if (node.params.indexOf(varName) === -1) {
+        constNodes[node] = true;
+        return true;
+      }
+      return constTag(constNodes, node.expr, varName);
+    },
+    'Object, FunctionNode | OperatorNode, string': function ObjectFunctionNodeOperatorNodeString(constNodes, node, varName) {
+      if (node.args.length > 0) {
+        var isConst = constTag(constNodes, node.args[0], varName);
+        for (var i = 1; i < node.args.length; ++i) {
+          isConst = constTag(constNodes, node.args[i], varName) && isConst;
+        }
+        if (isConst) {
+          constNodes[node] = true;
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Applies differentiation rules.
+   *
+   * @param  {ConstantNode | SymbolNode | ParenthesisNode | FunctionNode | OperatorNode} node
+   * @param  {Object} constNodes  Holds the nodes that are constant
+   * @return {ConstantNode | SymbolNode | ParenthesisNode | FunctionNode | OperatorNode}    The derivative of `expr`
+   */
+  var _derivative = typed('_derivative', {
+    'ConstantNode, Object': function ConstantNodeObject(node) {
+      return createConstantNode(0);
+    },
+    'SymbolNode, Object': function SymbolNodeObject(node, constNodes) {
+      if (constNodes[node] !== undefined) {
+        return createConstantNode(0);
+      }
+      return createConstantNode(1);
+    },
+    'ParenthesisNode, Object': function ParenthesisNodeObject(node, constNodes) {
+      return new ParenthesisNode(_derivative(node.content, constNodes));
+    },
+    'FunctionAssignmentNode, Object': function FunctionAssignmentNodeObject(node, constNodes) {
+      if (constNodes[node] !== undefined) {
+        return createConstantNode(0);
+      }
+      return _derivative(node.expr, constNodes);
+    },
+    'FunctionNode, Object': function FunctionNodeObject(node, constNodes) {
+      if (node.args.length !== 1) {
+        funcArgsCheck(node);
+      }
+      if (constNodes[node] !== undefined) {
+        return createConstantNode(0);
+      }
+      var arg0 = node.args[0];
+      var arg1;
+      var div = false; // is output a fraction?
+      var negative = false; // is output negative?
+
+      var funcDerivative;
+      switch (node.name) {
+        case 'cbrt':
+          // d/dx(cbrt(x)) = 1 / (3x^(2/3))
+          div = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [createConstantNode(3), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0, new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [createConstantNode(2), createConstantNode(3)])])]);
+          break;
+        case 'sqrt':
+        case 'nthRoot':
+          // d/dx(sqrt(x)) = 1 / (2*sqrt(x))
+          if (node.args.length === 1) {
+            div = true;
+            funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [createConstantNode(2), new FunctionNode('sqrt', [arg0])]);
+          } else if (node.args.length === 2) {
+            // Rearrange from nthRoot(x, a) -> x^(1/a)
+            arg1 = new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [createConstantNode(1), node.args[1]]);
+
+            // Is a variable?
+            constNodes[arg1] = constNodes[node.args[1]];
+            return _derivative(new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0, arg1]), constNodes);
+          }
+          break;
+        case 'log10':
+          arg1 = createConstantNode(10);
+        /* fall through! */
+        case 'log':
+          if (!arg1 && node.args.length === 1) {
+            // d/dx(log(x)) = 1 / x
+            funcDerivative = arg0.clone();
+            div = true;
+          } else if (node.args.length === 1 && arg1 || node.args.length === 2 && constNodes[node.args[1]] !== undefined) {
+            // d/dx(log(x, c)) = 1 / (x*ln(c))
+            funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [arg0.clone(), new FunctionNode('log', [arg1 || node.args[1]])]);
+            div = true;
+          } else if (node.args.length === 2) {
+            // d/dx(log(f(x), g(x))) = d/dx(log(f(x)) / log(g(x)))
+            return _derivative(new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [new FunctionNode('log', [arg0]), new FunctionNode('log', [node.args[1]])]), constNodes);
+          }
+          break;
+        case 'pow':
+          constNodes[arg1] = constNodes[node.args[1]];
+          // Pass to pow operator node parser
+          return _derivative(new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0, node.args[1]]), constNodes);
+        case 'exp':
+          // d/dx(e^x) = e^x
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('exp', [arg0.clone()]);
+          break;
+        case 'sin':
+          // d/dx(sin(x)) = cos(x)
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('cos', [arg0.clone()]);
+          break;
+        case 'cos':
+          // d/dx(cos(x)) = -sin(x)
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('-', 'unaryMinus', [new FunctionNode('sin', [arg0.clone()])]);
+          break;
+        case 'tan':
+          // d/dx(tan(x)) = sec(x)^2
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [new FunctionNode('sec', [arg0.clone()]), createConstantNode(2)]);
+          break;
+        case 'sec':
+          // d/dx(sec(x)) = sec(x)tan(x)
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [node, new FunctionNode('tan', [arg0.clone()])]);
+          break;
+        case 'csc':
+          // d/dx(csc(x)) = -csc(x)cot(x)
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [node, new FunctionNode('cot', [arg0.clone()])]);
+          break;
+        case 'cot':
+          // d/dx(cot(x)) = -csc(x)^2
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [new FunctionNode('csc', [arg0.clone()]), createConstantNode(2)]);
+          break;
+        case 'asin':
+          // d/dx(asin(x)) = 1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)
+          div = true;
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [createConstantNode(1), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)])])]);
+          break;
+        case 'acos':
+          // d/dx(acos(x)) = -1 / sqrt(1 - x^2)
+          div = true;
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [createConstantNode(1), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)])])]);
+          break;
+        case 'atan':
+          // d/dx(atan(x)) = 1 / (x^2 + 1)
+          div = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('+', 'add', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)]), createConstantNode(1)]);
+          break;
+        case 'asec':
+          // d/dx(asec(x)) = 1 / (|x|*sqrt(x^2 - 1))
+          div = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [new FunctionNode('abs', [arg0.clone()]), new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)]), createConstantNode(1)])])]);
+          break;
+        case 'acsc':
+          // d/dx(acsc(x)) = -1 / (|x|*sqrt(x^2 - 1))
+          div = true;
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [new FunctionNode('abs', [arg0.clone()]), new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)]), createConstantNode(1)])])]);
+          break;
+        case 'acot':
+          // d/dx(acot(x)) = -1 / (x^2 + 1)
+          div = true;
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('+', 'add', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)]), createConstantNode(1)]);
+          break;
+        case 'sinh':
+          // d/dx(sinh(x)) = cosh(x)
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('cosh', [arg0.clone()]);
+          break;
+        case 'cosh':
+          // d/dx(cosh(x)) = sinh(x)
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('sinh', [arg0.clone()]);
+          break;
+        case 'tanh':
+          // d/dx(tanh(x)) = sech(x)^2
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [new FunctionNode('sech', [arg0.clone()]), createConstantNode(2)]);
+          break;
+        case 'sech':
+          // d/dx(sech(x)) = -sech(x)tanh(x)
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [node, new FunctionNode('tanh', [arg0.clone()])]);
+          break;
+        case 'csch':
+          // d/dx(csch(x)) = -csch(x)coth(x)
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [node, new FunctionNode('coth', [arg0.clone()])]);
+          break;
+        case 'coth':
+          // d/dx(coth(x)) = -csch(x)^2
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [new FunctionNode('csch', [arg0.clone()]), createConstantNode(2)]);
+          break;
+        case 'asinh':
+          // d/dx(asinh(x)) = 1 / sqrt(x^2 + 1)
+          div = true;
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('+', 'add', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)]), createConstantNode(1)])]);
+          break;
+        case 'acosh':
+          // d/dx(acosh(x)) = 1 / sqrt(x^2 - 1); XXX potentially only for x >= 1 (the real spectrum)
+          div = true;
+          funcDerivative = new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)]), createConstantNode(1)])]);
+          break;
+        case 'atanh':
+          // d/dx(atanh(x)) = 1 / (1 - x^2)
+          div = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [createConstantNode(1), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)])]);
+          break;
+        case 'asech':
+          // d/dx(asech(x)) = -1 / (x*sqrt(1 - x^2))
+          div = true;
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [arg0.clone(), new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [createConstantNode(1), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)])])])]);
+          break;
+        case 'acsch':
+          // d/dx(acsch(x)) = -1 / (|x|*sqrt(x^2 + 1))
+          div = true;
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [new FunctionNode('abs', [arg0.clone()]), new FunctionNode('sqrt', [new OperatorNode('+', 'add', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)]), createConstantNode(1)])])]);
+          break;
+        case 'acoth':
+          // d/dx(acoth(x)) = -1 / (1 - x^2)
+          div = true;
+          negative = true;
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [createConstantNode(1), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg0.clone(), createConstantNode(2)])]);
+          break;
+        case 'abs':
+          // d/dx(abs(x)) = abs(x)/x
+          funcDerivative = new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [new FunctionNode(new SymbolNode('abs'), [arg0.clone()]), arg0.clone()]);
+          break;
+        case 'gamma': // Needs digamma function, d/dx(gamma(x)) = gamma(x)digamma(x)
+        default:
+          throw new Error('Function "' + node.name + '" is not supported by derivative, or a wrong number of arguments is passed');
+      }
+      var op, func;
+      if (div) {
+        op = '/';
+        func = 'divide';
+      } else {
+        op = '*';
+        func = 'multiply';
+      }
+
+      /* Apply chain rule to all functions:
+         F(x)  = f(g(x))
+         F'(x) = g'(x)*f'(g(x)) */
+      var chainDerivative = _derivative(arg0, constNodes);
+      if (negative) {
+        chainDerivative = new OperatorNode('-', 'unaryMinus', [chainDerivative]);
+      }
+      return new OperatorNode(op, func, [chainDerivative, funcDerivative]);
+    },
+    'OperatorNode, Object': function OperatorNodeObject(node, constNodes) {
+      if (constNodes[node] !== undefined) {
+        return createConstantNode(0);
+      }
+      if (node.op === '+') {
+        // d/dx(sum(f(x)) = sum(f'(x))
+        return new OperatorNode(node.op, node.fn, node.args.map(function (arg) {
+          return _derivative(arg, constNodes);
+        }));
+      }
+      if (node.op === '-') {
+        // d/dx(+/-f(x)) = +/-f'(x)
+        if (node.isUnary()) {
+          return new OperatorNode(node.op, node.fn, [_derivative(node.args[0], constNodes)]);
+        }
+
+        // Linearity of differentiation, d/dx(f(x) +/- g(x)) = f'(x) +/- g'(x)
+        if (node.isBinary()) {
+          return new OperatorNode(node.op, node.fn, [_derivative(node.args[0], constNodes), _derivative(node.args[1], constNodes)]);
+        }
+      }
+      if (node.op === '*') {
+        // d/dx(c*f(x)) = c*f'(x)
+        var constantTerms = node.args.filter(function (arg) {
+          return constNodes[arg] !== undefined;
+        });
+        if (constantTerms.length > 0) {
+          var nonConstantTerms = node.args.filter(function (arg) {
+            return constNodes[arg] === undefined;
+          });
+          var nonConstantNode = nonConstantTerms.length === 1 ? nonConstantTerms[0] : new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', nonConstantTerms);
+          var newArgs = constantTerms.concat(_derivative(nonConstantNode, constNodes));
+          return new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', newArgs);
+        }
+
+        // Product Rule, d/dx(f(x)*g(x)) = f'(x)*g(x) + f(x)*g'(x)
+        return new OperatorNode('+', 'add', node.args.map(function (argOuter) {
+          return new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', node.args.map(function (argInner) {
+            return argInner === argOuter ? _derivative(argInner, constNodes) : argInner.clone();
+          }));
+        }));
+      }
+      if (node.op === '/' && node.isBinary()) {
+        var arg0 = node.args[0];
+        var arg1 = node.args[1];
+
+        // d/dx(f(x) / c) = f'(x) / c
+        if (constNodes[arg1] !== undefined) {
+          return new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [_derivative(arg0, constNodes), arg1]);
+        }
+
+        // Reciprocal Rule, d/dx(c / f(x)) = -c(f'(x)/f(x)^2)
+        if (constNodes[arg0] !== undefined) {
+          return new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [new OperatorNode('-', 'unaryMinus', [arg0]), new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [_derivative(arg1, constNodes), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg1.clone(), createConstantNode(2)])])]);
+        }
+
+        // Quotient rule, d/dx(f(x) / g(x)) = (f'(x)g(x) - f(x)g'(x)) / g(x)^2
+        return new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [_derivative(arg0, constNodes), arg1.clone()]), new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [arg0.clone(), _derivative(arg1, constNodes)])]), new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [arg1.clone(), createConstantNode(2)])]);
+      }
+      if (node.op === '^' && node.isBinary()) {
+        var _arg = node.args[0];
+        var _arg2 = node.args[1];
+        if (constNodes[_arg] !== undefined) {
+          // If is secretly constant; 0^f(x) = 1 (in JS), 1^f(x) = 1
+          if (isConstantNode(_arg) && (isZero(_arg.value) || equal(_arg.value, 1))) {
+            return createConstantNode(0);
+          }
+
+          // d/dx(c^f(x)) = c^f(x)*ln(c)*f'(x)
+          return new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [node, new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [new FunctionNode('log', [_arg.clone()]), _derivative(_arg2.clone(), constNodes)])]);
+        }
+        if (constNodes[_arg2] !== undefined) {
+          if (isConstantNode(_arg2)) {
+            // If is secretly constant; f(x)^0 = 1 -> d/dx(1) = 0
+            if (isZero(_arg2.value)) {
+              return createConstantNode(0);
+            }
+            // Ignore exponent; f(x)^1 = f(x)
+            if (equal(_arg2.value, 1)) {
+              return _derivative(_arg, constNodes);
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Elementary Power Rule, d/dx(f(x)^c) = c*f'(x)*f(x)^(c-1)
+          var powMinusOne = new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [_arg.clone(), new OperatorNode('-', 'subtract', [_arg2, createConstantNode(1)])]);
+          return new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [_arg2.clone(), new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [_derivative(_arg, constNodes), powMinusOne])]);
+        }
+
+        // Functional Power Rule, d/dx(f^g) = f^g*[f'*(g/f) + g'ln(f)]
+        return new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [new OperatorNode('^', 'pow', [_arg.clone(), _arg2.clone()]), new OperatorNode('+', 'add', [new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [_derivative(_arg, constNodes), new OperatorNode('/', 'divide', [_arg2.clone(), _arg.clone()])]), new OperatorNode('*', 'multiply', [_derivative(_arg2, constNodes), new FunctionNode('log', [_arg.clone()])])])]);
+      }
+      throw new Error('Operator "' + node.op + '" is not supported by derivative, or a wrong number of arguments is passed');
+    }
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Ensures the number of arguments for a function are correct,
+   * and will throw an error otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {FunctionNode} node
+   */
+  function funcArgsCheck(node) {
+    // TODO add min, max etc
+    if ((node.name === 'log' || node.name === 'nthRoot' || node.name === 'pow') && node.args.length === 2) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // There should be an incorrect number of arguments if we reach here
+
+    // Change all args to constants to avoid unidentified
+    // symbol error when compiling function
+    for (var i = 0; i < node.args.length; ++i) {
+      node.args[i] = createConstantNode(0);
+    }
+    node.compile().evaluate();
+    throw new Error('Expected TypeError, but none found');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Helper function to create a constant node with a specific type
+   * (number, BigNumber, Fraction)
+   * @param {number} value
+   * @param {string} [valueType]
+   * @return {ConstantNode}
+   */
+  function createConstantNode(value, valueType) {
+    return new ConstantNode(numeric(value, valueType || config.number));
+  }
+  return derivative;
+});

package/lib/esm/function/algebra/leafCount.js

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+import { factory } from '../../utils/factory.js';
+var name = 'leafCount';
+var dependencies = ['parse', 'typed'];
+export var createLeafCount = /* #__PURE__ */factory(name, dependencies, _ref => {
+  var {
+    parse,
+    typed
+  } = _ref;
+  // This does the real work, but we don't have to recurse through
+  // a typed call if we separate it out
+  function countLeaves(node) {
+    var count = 0;
+    node.forEach(n => {
+      count += countLeaves(n);
+    });
+    return count || 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gives the number of "leaf nodes" in the parse tree of the given expression
+   * A leaf node is one that has no subexpressions, essentially either a
+   * symbol or a constant. Note that `5!` has just one leaf, the '5'; the
+   * unary factorial operator does not add a leaf. On the other hand,
+   * function symbols do add leaves, so `sin(x)/cos(x)` has four leaves.
+   *
+   * The `simplify()` function should generally not increase the `leafCount()`
+   * of an expression, although currently there is no guarantee that it never
+   * does so. In many cases, `simplify()` reduces the leaf count.
+   *
+   * Syntax:
+   *
+   *     leafCount(expr)
+   *
+   * Examples:
+   *
+   *     math.leafCount('x') // 1
+   *     math.leafCount(math.parse('a*d-b*c')) // 4
+   *     math.leafCount('[a,b;c,d][0,1]') // 6
+   *
+   * See also:
+   *
+   *     simplify
+   *
+   * @param {Node|string} expr    The expression to count the leaves of
+   *
+   * @return {number}  The number of leaves of `expr`
+   *
+   */
+  return typed(name, {
+    Node: function Node(expr) {
+      return countLeaves(expr);
+    }
+  });
+});

package/lib/esm/function/algebra/lyap.js

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import { factory } from '../../utils/factory.js';
+var name = 'lyap';
+var dependencies = ['typed', 'matrix', 'sylvester', 'multiply', 'transpose'];
+export var createLyap = /* #__PURE__ */factory(name, dependencies, _ref => {
+  var {
+    typed,
+    matrix,
+    sylvester,
+    multiply,
+    transpose
+  } = _ref;
+  /**
+   *
+   * Solves the Continuous-time Lyapunov equation AP+PA'+Q=0 for P, where
+   * Q is an input matrix. When Q is symmetric, P is also symmetric. Notice
+   * that different equivalent definitions exist for the Continuous-time
+   * Lyapunov equation.
+   * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyapunov_equation
+   *
+   * Syntax:
+   *
+   *     math.lyap(A, Q)
+   *
+   * Examples:
+   *
+   *     const A = [[-2, 0], [1, -4]]
+   *     const Q = [[3, 1], [1, 3]]
+   *     const P = math.lyap(A, Q)
+   *
+   * See also:
+   *
+   *     sylvester, schur
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix | Array} A  Matrix A
+   * @param {Matrix | Array} Q  Matrix Q
+   * @return {Matrix | Array} Matrix P solution to the Continuous-time Lyapunov equation AP+PA'=Q
+   */
+  return typed(name, {
+    'Matrix, Matrix': function MatrixMatrix(A, Q) {
+      return sylvester(A, transpose(A), multiply(-1, Q));
+    },
+    'Array, Matrix': function ArrayMatrix(A, Q) {
+      return sylvester(matrix(A), transpose(matrix(A)), multiply(-1, Q));
+    },
+    'Matrix, Array': function MatrixArray(A, Q) {
+      return sylvester(A, transpose(matrix(A)), matrix(multiply(-1, Q)));
+    },
+    'Array, Array': function ArrayArray(A, Q) {
+      return sylvester(matrix(A), transpose(matrix(A)), matrix(multiply(-1, Q))).toArray();
+    }
+  });
+});