gnache-cli 0.0.1-security → 6.12.2

package/node_modules/secp256k1/src/secp256k1/include/secp256k1_ecdh.h

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#ifndef SECP256K1_ECDH_H
+#define SECP256K1_ECDH_H
+
+#include "secp256k1.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/** A pointer to a function that applies hash function to a point
+ *
+ *  Returns: 1 if a point was successfully hashed. 0 will cause ecdh to fail
+ *  Out:    output:     pointer to an array to be filled by the function
+ *  In:     x:          pointer to a 32-byte x coordinate
+ *          y:          pointer to a 32-byte y coordinate
+ *          data:       Arbitrary data pointer that is passed through
+ */
+typedef int (*secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function)(
+  unsigned char *output,
+  const unsigned char *x,
+  const unsigned char *y,
+  void *data
+);
+
+/** An implementation of SHA256 hash function that applies to compressed public key. */
+SECP256K1_API extern const secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function_sha256;
+
+/** A default ecdh hash function (currently equal to secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function_sha256). */
+SECP256K1_API extern const secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function_default;
+
+/** Compute an EC Diffie-Hellman secret in constant time
+ *  Returns: 1: exponentiation was successful
+ *           0: scalar was invalid (zero or overflow)
+ *  Args:    ctx:        pointer to a context object (cannot be NULL)
+ *  Out:     output:     pointer to an array to be filled by the function
+ *  In:      pubkey:     a pointer to a secp256k1_pubkey containing an
+ *                       initialized public key
+ *           privkey:    a 32-byte scalar with which to multiply the point
+ *           hashfp:     pointer to a hash function. If NULL, secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function_sha256 is used
+ *           data:       Arbitrary data pointer that is passed through
+ */
+SECP256K1_API SECP256K1_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int secp256k1_ecdh(
+  const secp256k1_context* ctx,
+  unsigned char *output,
+  const secp256k1_pubkey *pubkey,
+  const unsigned char *privkey,
+  secp256k1_ecdh_hash_function hashfp,
+  void *data
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(2) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(3) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(4);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* SECP256K1_ECDH_H */

package/node_modules/secp256k1/src/secp256k1/include/secp256k1_preallocated.h

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+#ifndef SECP256K1_PREALLOCATED_H
+#define SECP256K1_PREALLOCATED_H
+
+#include "secp256k1.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/* The module provided by this header file is intended for settings in which it
+ * is not possible or desirable to rely on dynamic memory allocation. It provides
+ * functions for creating, cloning, and destroying secp256k1 context objects in a
+ * contiguous fixed-size block of memory provided by the caller.
+ *
+ * Context objects created by functions in this module can be used like contexts
+ * objects created by functions in secp256k1.h, i.e., they can be passed to any
+ * API function that expects a context object (see secp256k1.h for details). The
+ * only exception is that context objects created by functions in this module
+ * must be destroyed using secp256k1_context_preallocated_destroy (in this
+ * module) instead of secp256k1_context_destroy (in secp256k1.h).
+ *
+ * It is guaranteed that functions in this module will not call malloc or its
+ * friends realloc, calloc, and free.
+ */
+
+/** Determine the memory size of a secp256k1 context object to be created in
+ *  caller-provided memory.
+ *
+ *  The purpose of this function is to determine how much memory must be provided
+ *  to secp256k1_context_preallocated_create.
+ *
+ *  Returns: the required size of the caller-provided memory block
+ *  In:      flags:    which parts of the context to initialize.
+ */
+SECP256K1_API size_t secp256k1_context_preallocated_size(
+    unsigned int flags
+) SECP256K1_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+
+/** Create a secp256k1 context object in caller-provided memory.
+ *
+ *  The caller must provide a pointer to a rewritable contiguous block of memory
+ *  of size at least secp256k1_context_preallocated_size(flags) bytes, suitably
+ *  aligned to hold an object of any type.
+ *
+ *  The block of memory is exclusively owned by the created context object during
+ *  the lifetime of this context object, which begins with the call to this
+ *  function and ends when a call to secp256k1_context_preallocated_destroy
+ *  (which destroys the context object again) returns. During the lifetime of the
+ *  context object, the caller is obligated not to access this block of memory,
+ *  i.e., the caller may not read or write the memory, e.g., by copying the memory
+ *  contents to a different location or trying to create a second context object
+ *  in the memory. In simpler words, the prealloc pointer (or any pointer derived
+ *  from it) should not be used during the lifetime of the context object.
+ *
+ *  Returns: a newly created context object.
+ *  In:      prealloc: a pointer to a rewritable contiguous block of memory of
+ *                     size at least secp256k1_context_preallocated_size(flags)
+ *                     bytes, as detailed above (cannot be NULL)
+ *           flags:    which parts of the context to initialize.
+ *
+ *  See also secp256k1_context_randomize (in secp256k1.h)
+ *  and secp256k1_context_preallocated_destroy.
+ */
+SECP256K1_API secp256k1_context* secp256k1_context_preallocated_create(
+    void* prealloc,
+    unsigned int flags
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+
+/** Determine the memory size of a secp256k1 context object to be copied into
+ *  caller-provided memory.
+ *
+ *  Returns: the required size of the caller-provided memory block.
+ *  In:      ctx: an existing context to copy (cannot be NULL)
+ */
+SECP256K1_API size_t secp256k1_context_preallocated_clone_size(
+    const secp256k1_context* ctx
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+
+/** Copy a secp256k1 context object into caller-provided memory.
+ *
+ *  The caller must provide a pointer to a rewritable contiguous block of memory
+ *  of size at least secp256k1_context_preallocated_size(flags) bytes, suitably
+ *  aligned to hold an object of any type.
+ *
+ *  The block of memory is exclusively owned by the created context object during
+ *  the lifetime of this context object, see the description of
+ *  secp256k1_context_preallocated_create for details.
+ *
+ *  Returns: a newly created context object.
+ *  Args:    ctx:      an existing context to copy (cannot be NULL)
+ *  In:      prealloc: a pointer to a rewritable contiguous block of memory of
+ *                     size at least secp256k1_context_preallocated_size(flags)
+ *                     bytes, as detailed above (cannot be NULL)
+ */
+SECP256K1_API secp256k1_context* secp256k1_context_preallocated_clone(
+    const secp256k1_context* ctx,
+    void* prealloc
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(2) SECP256K1_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;
+
+/** Destroy a secp256k1 context object that has been created in
+ *  caller-provided memory.
+ *
+ *  The context pointer may not be used afterwards.
+ *
+ *  The context to destroy must have been created using
+ *  secp256k1_context_preallocated_create or secp256k1_context_preallocated_clone.
+ *  If the context has instead been created using secp256k1_context_create or
+ *  secp256k1_context_clone, the behaviour is undefined. In that case,
+ *  secp256k1_context_destroy must be used instead.
+ *
+ *  If required, it is the responsibility of the caller to deallocate the block
+ *  of memory properly after this function returns, e.g., by calling free on the
+ *  preallocated pointer given to secp256k1_context_preallocated_create or
+ *  secp256k1_context_preallocated_clone.
+ *
+ *  Args:   ctx: an existing context to destroy, constructed using
+ *               secp256k1_context_preallocated_create or
+ *               secp256k1_context_preallocated_clone (cannot be NULL)
+ */
+SECP256K1_API void secp256k1_context_preallocated_destroy(
+    secp256k1_context* ctx
+);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* SECP256K1_PREALLOCATED_H */

package/node_modules/secp256k1/src/secp256k1/include/secp256k1_recovery.h

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#ifndef SECP256K1_RECOVERY_H
+#define SECP256K1_RECOVERY_H
+
+#include "secp256k1.h"
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/** Opaque data structured that holds a parsed ECDSA signature,
+ *  supporting pubkey recovery.
+ *
+ *  The exact representation of data inside is implementation defined and not
+ *  guaranteed to be portable between different platforms or versions. It is
+ *  however guaranteed to be 65 bytes in size, and can be safely copied/moved.
+ *  If you need to convert to a format suitable for storage or transmission, use
+ *  the secp256k1_ecdsa_signature_serialize_* and
+ *  secp256k1_ecdsa_signature_parse_* functions.
+ *
+ *  Furthermore, it is guaranteed that identical signatures (including their
+ *  recoverability) will have identical representation, so they can be
+ *  memcmp'ed.
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    unsigned char data[65];
+} secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature;
+
+/** Parse a compact ECDSA signature (64 bytes + recovery id).
+ *
+ *  Returns: 1 when the signature could be parsed, 0 otherwise
+ *  Args: ctx:     a secp256k1 context object
+ *  Out:  sig:     a pointer to a signature object
+ *  In:   input64: a pointer to a 64-byte compact signature
+ *        recid:   the recovery id (0, 1, 2 or 3)
+ */
+SECP256K1_API int secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature_parse_compact(
+    const secp256k1_context* ctx,
+    secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature* sig,
+    const unsigned char *input64,
+    int recid
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(2) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(3);
+
+/** Convert a recoverable signature into a normal signature.
+ *
+ *  Returns: 1
+ *  Out: sig:    a pointer to a normal signature (cannot be NULL).
+ *  In:  sigin:  a pointer to a recoverable signature (cannot be NULL).
+ */
+SECP256K1_API int secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature_convert(
+    const secp256k1_context* ctx,
+    secp256k1_ecdsa_signature* sig,
+    const secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature* sigin
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(2) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(3);
+
+/** Serialize an ECDSA signature in compact format (64 bytes + recovery id).
+ *
+ *  Returns: 1
+ *  Args: ctx:      a secp256k1 context object
+ *  Out:  output64: a pointer to a 64-byte array of the compact signature (cannot be NULL)
+ *        recid:    a pointer to an integer to hold the recovery id (can be NULL).
+ *  In:   sig:      a pointer to an initialized signature object (cannot be NULL)
+ */
+SECP256K1_API int secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature_serialize_compact(
+    const secp256k1_context* ctx,
+    unsigned char *output64,
+    int *recid,
+    const secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature* sig
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(2) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(3) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(4);
+
+/** Create a recoverable ECDSA signature.
+ *
+ *  Returns: 1: signature created
+ *           0: the nonce generation function failed, or the private key was invalid.
+ *  Args:    ctx:    pointer to a context object, initialized for signing (cannot be NULL)
+ *  Out:     sig:    pointer to an array where the signature will be placed (cannot be NULL)
+ *  In:      msg32:  the 32-byte message hash being signed (cannot be NULL)
+ *           seckey: pointer to a 32-byte secret key (cannot be NULL)
+ *           noncefp:pointer to a nonce generation function. If NULL, secp256k1_nonce_function_default is used
+ *           ndata:  pointer to arbitrary data used by the nonce generation function (can be NULL)
+ */
+SECP256K1_API int secp256k1_ecdsa_sign_recoverable(
+    const secp256k1_context* ctx,
+    secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature *sig,
+    const unsigned char *msg32,
+    const unsigned char *seckey,
+    secp256k1_nonce_function noncefp,
+    const void *ndata
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(2) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(3) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(4);
+
+/** Recover an ECDSA public key from a signature.
+ *
+ *  Returns: 1: public key successfully recovered (which guarantees a correct signature).
+ *           0: otherwise.
+ *  Args:    ctx:        pointer to a context object, initialized for verification (cannot be NULL)
+ *  Out:     pubkey:     pointer to the recovered public key (cannot be NULL)
+ *  In:      sig:        pointer to initialized signature that supports pubkey recovery (cannot be NULL)
+ *           msg32:      the 32-byte message hash assumed to be signed (cannot be NULL)
+ */
+SECP256K1_API SECP256K1_WARN_UNUSED_RESULT int secp256k1_ecdsa_recover(
+    const secp256k1_context* ctx,
+    secp256k1_pubkey *pubkey,
+    const secp256k1_ecdsa_recoverable_signature *sig,
+    const unsigned char *msg32
+) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(1) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(2) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(3) SECP256K1_ARG_NONNULL(4);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* SECP256K1_RECOVERY_H */

package/node_modules/secp256k1/src/secp256k1/libsecp256k1.pc.in

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+prefix=@prefix@
+exec_prefix=@exec_prefix@
+libdir=@libdir@
+includedir=@includedir@
+
+Name: libsecp256k1
+Description: Optimized C library for EC operations on curve secp256k1
+URL: https://github.com/bitcoin-core/secp256k1
+Version: @PACKAGE_VERSION@
+Cflags: -I${includedir}
+Libs: -L${libdir} -lsecp256k1
+Libs.private: @SECP_LIBS@
+

package/node_modules/secp256k1/src/secp256k1/sage/group_prover.sage

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+# This code supports verifying group implementations which have branches
+# or conditional statements (like cmovs), by allowing each execution path
+# to independently set assumptions on input or intermediary variables.
+#
+# The general approach is:
+# * A constraint is a tuple of two sets of symbolic expressions:
+#   the first of which are required to evaluate to zero, the second of which
+#   are required to evaluate to nonzero.
+#   - A constraint is said to be conflicting if any of its nonzero expressions
+#     is in the ideal with basis the zero expressions (in other words: when the
+#     zero expressions imply that one of the nonzero expressions are zero).
+# * There is a list of laws that describe the intended behaviour, including
+#   laws for addition and doubling. Each law is called with the symbolic point
+#   coordinates as arguments, and returns:
+#   - A constraint describing the assumptions under which it is applicable,
+#     called "assumeLaw"
+#   - A constraint describing the requirements of the law, called "require"
+# * Implementations are transliterated into functions that operate as well on
+#   algebraic input points, and are called once per combination of branches
+#   executed. Each execution returns:
+#   - A constraint describing the assumptions this implementation requires
+#     (such as Z1=1), called "assumeFormula"
+#   - A constraint describing the assumptions this specific branch requires,
+#     but which is by construction guaranteed to cover the entire space by
+#     merging the results from all branches, called "assumeBranch"
+#   - The result of the computation
+# * All combinations of laws with implementation branches are tried, and:
+#   - If the combination of assumeLaw, assumeFormula, and assumeBranch results
+#     in a conflict, it means this law does not apply to this branch, and it is
+#     skipped.
+#   - For others, we try to prove the require constraints hold, assuming the
+#     information in assumeLaw + assumeFormula + assumeBranch, and if this does
+#     not succeed, we fail.
+#     + To prove an expression is zero, we check whether it belongs to the
+#       ideal with the assumed zero expressions as basis. This test is exact.
+#     + To prove an expression is nonzero, we check whether each of its
+#       factors is contained in the set of nonzero assumptions' factors.
+#       This test is not exact, so various combinations of original and
+#       reduced expressions' factors are tried.
+#   - If we succeed, we print out the assumptions from assumeFormula that
+#     weren't implied by assumeLaw already. Those from assumeBranch are skipped,
+#     as we assume that all constraints in it are complementary with each other.
+#
+# Based on the sage verification scripts used in the Explicit-Formulas Database
+# by Tanja Lange and others, see http://hyperelliptic.org/EFD
+
+class fastfrac:
+  """Fractions over rings."""
+
+  def __init__(self,R,top,bot=1):
+    """Construct a fractional, given a ring, a numerator, and denominator."""
+    self.R = R
+    if parent(top) == ZZ or parent(top) == R:
+      self.top = R(top)
+      self.bot = R(bot)
+    elif top.__class__ == fastfrac:
+      self.top = top.top
+      self.bot = top.bot * bot
+    else:
+      self.top = R(numerator(top))
+      self.bot = R(denominator(top)) * bot
+
+  def iszero(self,I):
+    """Return whether this fraction is zero given an ideal."""
+    return self.top in I and self.bot not in I
+
+  def reduce(self,assumeZero):
+    zero = self.R.ideal(map(numerator, assumeZero))
+    return fastfrac(self.R, zero.reduce(self.top)) / fastfrac(self.R, zero.reduce(self.bot))
+
+  def __add__(self,other):
+    """Add two fractions."""
+    if parent(other) == ZZ:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top + self.bot * other,self.bot)
+    if other.__class__ == fastfrac:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top * other.bot + self.bot * other.top,self.bot * other.bot)
+    return NotImplemented
+
+  def __sub__(self,other):
+    """Subtract two fractions."""
+    if parent(other) == ZZ:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top - self.bot * other,self.bot)
+    if other.__class__ == fastfrac:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top * other.bot - self.bot * other.top,self.bot * other.bot)
+    return NotImplemented
+
+  def __neg__(self):
+    """Return the negation of a fraction."""
+    return fastfrac(self.R,-self.top,self.bot)
+
+  def __mul__(self,other):
+    """Multiply two fractions."""
+    if parent(other) == ZZ:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top * other,self.bot)
+    if other.__class__ == fastfrac:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top * other.top,self.bot * other.bot)
+    return NotImplemented
+
+  def __rmul__(self,other):
+    """Multiply something else with a fraction."""
+    return self.__mul__(other)
+
+  def __div__(self,other):
+    """Divide two fractions."""
+    if parent(other) == ZZ:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top,self.bot * other)
+    if other.__class__ == fastfrac:
+      return fastfrac(self.R,self.top * other.bot,self.bot * other.top)
+    return NotImplemented
+
+  def __pow__(self,other):
+    """Compute a power of a fraction."""
+    if parent(other) == ZZ:
+      if other < 0:
+        # Negative powers require flipping top and bottom
+        return fastfrac(self.R,self.bot ^ (-other),self.top ^ (-other))
+      else:
+        return fastfrac(self.R,self.top ^ other,self.bot ^ other)
+    return NotImplemented
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    return "fastfrac((" + str(self.top) + ") / (" + str(self.bot) + "))"
+  def __repr__(self):
+    return "%s" % self
+
+  def numerator(self):
+    return self.top
+
+class constraints:
+  """A set of constraints, consisting of zero and nonzero expressions.
+
+  Constraints can either be used to express knowledge or a requirement.
+
+  Both the fields zero and nonzero are maps from expressions to description
+  strings. The expressions that are the keys in zero are required to be zero,
+  and the expressions that are the keys in nonzero are required to be nonzero.
+
+  Note that (a != 0) and (b != 0) is the same as (a*b != 0), so all keys in
+  nonzero could be multiplied into a single key. This is often much less
+  efficient to work with though, so we keep them separate inside the
+  constraints. This allows higher-level code to do fast checks on the individual
+  nonzero elements, or combine them if needed for stronger checks.
+
+  We can't multiply the different zero elements, as it would suffice for one of
+  the factors to be zero, instead of all of them. Instead, the zero elements are
+  typically combined into an ideal first.
+  """
+
+  def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+    if 'zero' in kwargs:
+      self.zero = dict(kwargs['zero'])
+    else:
+      self.zero = dict()
+    if 'nonzero' in kwargs:
+      self.nonzero = dict(kwargs['nonzero'])
+    else:
+      self.nonzero = dict()
+
+  def negate(self):
+    return constraints(zero=self.nonzero, nonzero=self.zero)
+
+  def __add__(self, other):
+    zero = self.zero.copy()
+    zero.update(other.zero)
+    nonzero = self.nonzero.copy()
+    nonzero.update(other.nonzero)
+    return constraints(zero=zero, nonzero=nonzero)
+
+  def __str__(self):
+    return "constraints(zero=%s,nonzero=%s)" % (self.zero, self.nonzero)
+
+  def __repr__(self):
+    return "%s" % self
+
+
+def conflicts(R, con):
+  """Check whether any of the passed non-zero assumptions is implied by the zero assumptions"""
+  zero = R.ideal(map(numerator, con.zero))
+  if 1 in zero:
+    return True
+  # First a cheap check whether any of the individual nonzero terms conflict on
+  # their own.
+  for nonzero in con.nonzero:
+    if nonzero.iszero(zero):
+      return True
+  # It can be the case that entries in the nonzero set do not individually
+  # conflict with the zero set, but their combination does. For example, knowing
+  # that either x or y is zero is equivalent to having x*y in the zero set.
+  # Having x or y individually in the nonzero set is not a conflict, but both
+  # simultaneously is, so that is the right thing to check for.
+  if reduce(lambda a,b: a * b, con.nonzero, fastfrac(R, 1)).iszero(zero):
+    return True
+  return False
+
+
+def get_nonzero_set(R, assume):
+  """Calculate a simple set of nonzero expressions"""
+  zero = R.ideal(map(numerator, assume.zero))
+  nonzero = set()
+  for nz in map(numerator, assume.nonzero):
+    for (f,n) in nz.factor():
+      nonzero.add(f)
+    rnz = zero.reduce(nz)
+    for (f,n) in rnz.factor():
+      nonzero.add(f)
+  return nonzero
+
+
+def prove_nonzero(R, exprs, assume):
+  """Check whether an expression is provably nonzero, given assumptions"""
+  zero = R.ideal(map(numerator, assume.zero))
+  nonzero = get_nonzero_set(R, assume)
+  expl = set()
+  ok = True
+  for expr in exprs:
+    if numerator(expr) in zero:
+      return (False, [exprs[expr]])
+  allexprs = reduce(lambda a,b: numerator(a)*numerator(b), exprs, 1)
+  for (f, n) in allexprs.factor():
+    if f not in nonzero:
+      ok = False
+  if ok:
+    return (True, None)
+  ok = True
+  for (f, n) in zero.reduce(numerator(allexprs)).factor():
+    if f not in nonzero:
+      ok = False
+  if ok:
+    return (True, None)
+  ok = True
+  for expr in exprs:
+    for (f,n) in numerator(expr).factor():
+      if f not in nonzero:
+        ok = False
+  if ok:
+    return (True, None)
+  ok = True
+  for expr in exprs:
+    for (f,n) in zero.reduce(numerator(expr)).factor():
+      if f not in nonzero:
+        expl.add(exprs[expr])
+  if expl:
+    return (False, list(expl))
+  else:
+    return (True, None)
+
+
+def prove_zero(R, exprs, assume):
+  """Check whether all of the passed expressions are provably zero, given assumptions"""
+  r, e = prove_nonzero(R, dict(map(lambda x: (fastfrac(R, x.bot, 1), exprs[x]), exprs)), assume)
+  if not r:
+    return (False, map(lambda x: "Possibly zero denominator: %s" % x, e))
+  zero = R.ideal(map(numerator, assume.zero))
+  nonzero = prod(x for x in assume.nonzero)
+  expl = []
+  for expr in exprs:
+    if not expr.iszero(zero):
+      expl.append(exprs[expr])
+  if not expl:
+    return (True, None)
+  return (False, expl)
+
+
+def describe_extra(R, assume, assumeExtra):
+  """Describe what assumptions are added, given existing assumptions"""
+  zerox = assume.zero.copy()
+  zerox.update(assumeExtra.zero)
+  zero = R.ideal(map(numerator, assume.zero))
+  zeroextra = R.ideal(map(numerator, zerox))
+  nonzero = get_nonzero_set(R, assume)
+  ret = set()
+  # Iterate over the extra zero expressions
+  for base in assumeExtra.zero:
+    if base not in zero:
+      add = []
+      for (f, n) in numerator(base).factor():
+        if f not in nonzero:
+          add += ["%s" % f]
+      if add:
+        ret.add((" * ".join(add)) + " = 0 [%s]" % assumeExtra.zero[base])
+  # Iterate over the extra nonzero expressions
+  for nz in assumeExtra.nonzero:
+    nzr = zeroextra.reduce(numerator(nz))
+    if nzr not in zeroextra:
+      for (f,n) in nzr.factor():
+        if zeroextra.reduce(f) not in nonzero:
+          ret.add("%s != 0" % zeroextra.reduce(f))
+  return ", ".join(x for x in ret)
+
+
+def check_symbolic(R, assumeLaw, assumeAssert, assumeBranch, require):
+  """Check a set of zero and nonzero requirements, given a set of zero and nonzero assumptions"""
+  assume = assumeLaw + assumeAssert + assumeBranch
+
+  if conflicts(R, assume):
+    # This formula does not apply
+    return None
+
+  describe = describe_extra(R, assumeLaw + assumeBranch, assumeAssert)
+
+  ok, msg = prove_zero(R, require.zero, assume)
+  if not ok:
+    return "FAIL, %s fails (assuming %s)" % (str(msg), describe)
+
+  res, expl = prove_nonzero(R, require.nonzero, assume)
+  if not res:
+    return "FAIL, %s fails (assuming %s)" % (str(expl), describe)
+
+  if describe != "":
+    return "OK (assuming %s)" % describe
+  else:
+    return "OK"
+
+
+def concrete_verify(c):
+  for k in c.zero:
+    if k != 0:
+      return (False, c.zero[k])
+  for k in c.nonzero:
+    if k == 0:
+      return (False, c.nonzero[k])
+  return (True, None)