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blockmine 1.24.0 → 1.25.0

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package/.claude/skills/systems-engineering/resources/storage-management.md DELETED Viewed

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-# Storage Management
-Comprehensive guide to Linux storage management covering LVM operations, RAID configurations, filesystem selection, backup strategies, and capacity planning.
-## Table of Contents
-- [Storage Architecture](#storage-architecture)
-- [LVM Operations](#lvm-operations)
-- [RAID Configurations](#raid-configurations)
-- [Filesystem Selection](#filesystem-selection)
-- [Backup Strategies](#backup-strategies)
-- [Snapshot Management](#snapshot-management)
-- [Performance Monitoring](#performance-monitoring)
-- [Capacity Planning](#capacity-planning)
-## Storage Architecture
-### Storage Stack
-```
-Applications
-    ↓
-Filesystem (ext4, xfs, btrfs)
-    ↓
-Logical Volume (LVM)
-    ↓
-RAID (mdadm)
-    ↓
-Physical Devices (SSD, HDD)
-```
-### Disk Information
-```bash
-# List block devices
-lsblk
-lsblk -f  # With filesystem info
-# Disk details
-sudo fdisk -l
-sudo parted -l
-# Disk usage
-df -h
-df -i  # Inode usage
-# SMART info (disk health)
-sudo apt install smartmontools
-sudo smartctl -a /dev/sda
-sudo smartctl -H /dev/sda  # Health summary
-```
-## LVM Operations
-### LVM Concepts
-```
-Physical Volumes (PV) → Volume Groups (VG) → Logical Volumes (LV)
-/dev/sda1, /dev/sdb1 → vg_data → lv_data, lv_logs
-```
-### Creating LVM
-```bash
-# 1. Create physical volume
-sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb
-sudo pvcreate /dev/sdc
-# View PVs
-sudo pvdisplay
-sudo pvs
-# 2. Create volume group
-sudo vgcreate vg_data /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
-# View VGs
-sudo vgdisplay
-sudo vgs
-# 3. Create logical volume
-sudo lvcreate -L 100G -n lv_data vg_data
-# Or use percentage
-sudo lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n lv_data vg_data
-# View LVs
-sudo lvdisplay
-sudo lvs
-# 4. Create filesystem
-sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# 5. Mount
-sudo mkdir -p /mnt/data
-sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_data /mnt/data
-# 6. Add to fstab
-echo '/dev/vg_data/lv_data /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 2' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
-```
-### Extending LVM
-```bash
-# Add new disk to VG
-sudo pvcreate /dev/sdd
-sudo vgextend vg_data /dev/sdd
-# Extend logical volume
-sudo lvextend -L +50G /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# Or use all free space
-sudo lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# Resize filesystem
-# ext4
-sudo resize2fs /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# xfs
-sudo xfs_growfs /mnt/data
-# All in one (extend LV and resize FS)
-sudo lvextend -L +50G -r /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-```
-### Reducing LVM (ext4 only, not xfs)
-```bash
-# CAUTION: Back up data first!
-# Cannot shrink mounted filesystem
-# 1. Unmount
-sudo umount /mnt/data
-# 2. Check filesystem
-sudo e2fsck -f /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# 3. Resize filesystem first
-sudo resize2fs /dev/vg_data/lv_data 50G
-# 4. Reduce LV
-sudo lvreduce -L 50G /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# 5. Remount
-sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_data /mnt/data
-```
-### LVM Snapshots
-```bash
-# Create snapshot (10G for changes)
-sudo lvcreate -L 10G -s -n lv_data_snap /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# Mount snapshot
-sudo mkdir -p /mnt/snap
-sudo mount /dev/vg_data/lv_data_snap /mnt/snap
-# Use for backup
-tar -czf /backup/data-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz -C /mnt/snap .
-# Remove snapshot
-sudo umount /mnt/snap
-sudo lvremove /dev/vg_data/lv_data_snap
-# Revert to snapshot (restore)
-sudo umount /mnt/data
-sudo lvconvert --merge /dev/vg_data/lv_data_snap
-# Reboot to complete merge
-sudo reboot
-```
-### Removing LVM
-```bash
-# 1. Unmount
-sudo umount /mnt/data
-# 2. Remove LV
-sudo lvremove /dev/vg_data/lv_data
-# 3. Remove VG
-sudo vgremove vg_data
-# 4. Remove PV
-sudo pvremove /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
-```
-## RAID Configurations
-### RAID Levels
-```
-RAID 0 (Striping)
-- Min disks: 2
-- Capacity: Sum of all disks
-- Performance: Excellent (read/write)
-- Redundancy: None
-- Use: Non-critical data, temp storage
-RAID 1 (Mirroring)
-- Min disks: 2
-- Capacity: Size of smallest disk
-- Performance: Good read, normal write
-- Redundancy: Can lose N-1 disks
-- Use: Critical data, boot drives
-RAID 5 (Striping + Parity)
-- Min disks: 3
-- Capacity: (N-1) × disk size
-- Performance: Good read, moderate write
-- Redundancy: Can lose 1 disk
-- Use: File servers, general storage
-RAID 6 (Striping + Double Parity)
-- Min disks: 4
-- Capacity: (N-2) × disk size
-- Performance: Good read, slower write
-- Redundancy: Can lose 2 disks
-- Use: Large arrays, critical data
-RAID 10 (Mirror + Stripe)
-- Min disks: 4
-- Capacity: (N/2) × disk size
-- Performance: Excellent
-- Redundancy: Can lose 1 disk per mirror
-- Use: Databases, high performance
-```
-### Creating RAID with mdadm
-```bash
-# Install mdadm
-sudo apt install mdadm
-# RAID 1 (mirror)
-sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
-# RAID 5
-sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=5 --raid-devices=3 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
-# RAID 10
-sudo mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=10 --raid-devices=4 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde
-# Check status
-cat /proc/mdstat
-sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md0
-# Create filesystem
-sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0
-# Mount
-sudo mkdir -p /mnt/raid
-sudo mount /dev/md0 /mnt/raid
-# Save configuration
-sudo mdadm --detail --scan | sudo tee -a /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
-sudo update-initramfs -u
-# Add to fstab
-echo '/dev/md0 /mnt/raid ext4 defaults 0 2' | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
-```
-### RAID Maintenance
-```bash
-# Monitor RAID
-cat /proc/mdstat
-sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md0
-# Check for errors
-sudo mdadm --examine /dev/sdb
-dmesg | grep md
-# Replace failed disk
-# 1. Mark disk as failed (if not auto-detected)
-sudo mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb
-# 2. Remove failed disk
-sudo mdadm /dev/md0 --remove /dev/sdb
-# 3. Physically replace disk
-# 4. Add new disk
-sudo mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb
-# 5. Monitor rebuild
-watch cat /proc/mdstat
-# Stop RAID
-sudo umount /mnt/raid
-sudo mdadm --stop /dev/md0
-# Remove RAID
-sudo mdadm --remove /dev/md0
-sudo mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb /dev/sdc
-```
-## Filesystem Selection
-### Filesystem Comparison
-```
-ext4
-- Mature, stable
-- Max file: 16TB
-- Max volume: 1EB
-- Good general performance
-- No built-in compression
-- Use: General purpose, boot drives
-xfs
-- High performance
-- Max file: 8EB
-- Max volume: 8EB
-- Excellent for large files
-- Cannot shrink
-- Use: Large files, databases, NFS
-btrfs
-- Modern features
-- Snapshots, compression
-- Self-healing with redundancy
-- CoW (Copy-on-Write)
-- Still maturing
-- Use: Advanced features needed
-ZFS
-- Enterprise features
-- Built-in RAID
-- Compression, deduplication
-- High memory usage
-- Licensing concerns
-- Use: Enterprise storage
-```
-### Creating Filesystems
-```bash
-# ext4
-sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
-sudo mkfs.ext4 -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1  # With label
-# xfs
-sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
-sudo mkfs.xfs -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1
-# btrfs
-sudo mkfs.btrfs /dev/sdb1
-sudo mkfs.btrfs -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1
-# Check filesystem
-sudo fsck.ext4 /dev/sdb1
-sudo xfs_repair /dev/sdb1
-sudo btrfs check /dev/sdb1
-```
-### Filesystem Tuning
-```bash
-# ext4 optimization
-# Reserve less space for root (default 5%)
-sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sdb1
-# Disable access time updates
-# Add to /etc/fstab
-/dev/sdb1 /data ext4 noatime,nodiratime 0 2
-# xfs optimization
-# Mount options in /etc/fstab
-/dev/sdb1 /data xfs noatime,nodiratime,logbufs=8,logbsize=256k 0 2
-# View filesystem info
-sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1  # ext4
-sudo xfs_info /dev/sdb1    # xfs
-```
-## Backup Strategies
-### Backup Methods
-#### 1. rsync Backups
-```bash
-# Basic rsync backup
-rsync -avz --delete /source/ /backup/
-# Remote backup
-rsync -avz -e ssh /source/ user@backup-server:/backup/
-# Exclude files
-rsync -avz --exclude='*.tmp' --exclude='cache/' /source/ /backup/
-# Incremental backup with hard links
-rsync -avz --link-dest=/backup/2024-01-01/ /source/ /backup/2024-01-02/
-# Backup script with rotation
-#!/bin/bash
-SOURCE="/data"
-BACKUP_DIR="/backup"
-DATE=$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
-LATEST="$BACKUP_DIR/latest"
-# Create backup with hard links to previous
-rsync -avz --delete --link-dest="$LATEST" "$SOURCE/" "$BACKUP_DIR/$DATE/"
-# Update latest link
-rm -f "$LATEST"
-ln -s "$DATE" "$LATEST"
-# Delete backups older than 30 days
-find "$BACKUP_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +30 -exec rm -rf {} \;
-```
-#### 2. tar Backups
-```bash
-# Create archive
-tar -czf backup-$(date +%Y%m%d).tar.gz /data
-# Incremental backup
-tar -czf full-backup.tar.gz -g snapshot.file /data
-# Later incremental
-tar -czf inc-backup.tar.gz -g snapshot.file /data
-# Extract
-tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /restore/
-# Verify
-tar -tzf backup.tar.gz
-```
-#### 3. restic (Modern Backup Tool)
-```bash
-# Install restic
-sudo apt install restic
-# Initialize repository
-restic init --repo /backup/restic
-# Backup
-restic backup /data --repo /backup/restic
-# List snapshots
-restic snapshots --repo /backup/restic
-# Restore
-restic restore latest --target /restore --repo /backup/restic
-# Forget old backups
-restic forget --keep-daily 7 --keep-weekly 4 --keep-monthly 6 --repo /backup/restic
-restic prune --repo /backup/restic
-```
-#### 4. Borg Backup
-```bash
-# Install
-sudo apt install borgbackup
-# Initialize
-borg init --encryption=repokey /backup/borg
-# Create backup
-borg create /backup/borg::$(date +%Y-%m-%d) /data
-# List archives
-borg list /backup/borg
-# Restore
-borg extract /backup/borg::2024-01-01
-# Prune old backups
-borg prune /backup/borg --keep-daily=7 --keep-weekly=4 --keep-monthly=6
-```
-### Backup Strategy (3-2-1 Rule)
-```
-3 copies of data
-2 different media types
-1 offsite copy
-Example:
-- Original data on server
-- Local backup on NAS
-- Cloud backup (AWS S3, Backblaze B2)
-```
-## Snapshot Management
-### LVM Snapshots (covered above)
-### btrfs Snapshots
-```bash
-# Create snapshot
-sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot /mnt/data /mnt/data/.snapshots/$(date +%Y-%m-%d)
-# List snapshots
-sudo btrfs subvolume list /mnt/data
-# Delete snapshot
-sudo btrfs subvolume delete /mnt/data/.snapshots/2024-01-01
-# Automated snapshots
-#!/bin/bash
-SUBVOL="/mnt/data"
-SNAP_DIR="$SUBVOL/.snapshots"
-mkdir -p "$SNAP_DIR"
-# Create snapshot
-sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot -r "$SUBVOL" "$SNAP_DIR/$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M%S)"
-# Keep only last 7 days
-find "$SNAP_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -type d -mtime +7 | while read snap; do
-    sudo btrfs subvolume delete "$snap"
-done
-```
-## Performance Monitoring
-### Disk Performance
-```bash
-# I/O statistics
-iostat -x 1 5
-# Key metrics:
-# - %util: Disk utilization
-# - await: Average wait time
-# - r/s, w/s: Read/write per second
-# - rkB/s, wkB/s: Throughput
-# Per-process I/O
-sudo iotop
-sudo iotop -oPa  # Accumulated I/O
-# Disk latency
-sudo ioping /dev/sda
-# Benchmark disk
-# Write test
-dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/testfile bs=1G count=1 oflag=direct
-# Read test
-dd if=/tmp/testfile of=/dev/null bs=1G count=1 iflag=direct
-# Better benchmarking with fio
-sudo apt install fio
-fio --name=random-read --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=16 --rw=randread --bs=4k --direct=1 --size=1G --numjobs=4 --runtime=60 --group_reporting
-```
-## Capacity Planning
-### Monitoring Disk Usage
-```bash
-# Disk usage
-df -h
-du -sh /*
-du -sh /var/* | sort -h
-# Find large files
-find / -type f -size +1G -exec ls -lh {} \; 2>/dev/null
-# Disk usage trends
-# Use monitoring tools (Prometheus + Grafana)
-# Or cron job
-cat > /usr/local/bin/disk-usage-log.sh <<'EOF'
-#!/bin/bash
-echo "$(date +%Y-%m-%d,%H:%M:%S),$(df / | tail -1 | awk '{print $5}')" >> /var/log/disk-usage.csv
-EOF
-chmod +x /usr/local/bin/disk-usage-log.sh
-# Add to cron (hourly)
-0 * * * * /usr/local/bin/disk-usage-log.sh
-```
-### Capacity Planning
-```bash
-# Calculate growth rate
-# Analyze disk-usage.csv
-awk -F, '{print $1,$3}' /var/log/disk-usage.csv | \
-  awk 'NR>1 {print ($2-prev)/(NR-1); prev=$2}'
-# Predict when disk will be full
-# Based on growth rate and current usage
-# Alert when > 80% full
-```
-### Cleanup Strategies
-```bash
-# Log rotation (automatic)
-# /etc/logrotate.d/myapp
-/var/log/myapp/*.log {
-    daily
-    rotate 14
-    compress
-    delaycompress
-    notifempty
-    create 0640 myapp myapp
-}
-# Clean package cache
-sudo apt clean
-sudo yum clean all
-# Clean systemd journal
-sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=30d
-sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=1G
-# Remove old kernels
-sudo apt autoremove --purge
-# Clean temp files
-sudo find /tmp -type f -atime +7 -delete
-sudo find /var/tmp -type f -atime +30 -delete
-```
----
-**Related Topics:**
-- See [linux-administration.md](linux-administration.md) for filesystem basics
-- See [performance-tuning.md](performance-tuning.md) for I/O optimization
-- See [troubleshooting-guide.md](troubleshooting-guide.md) for disk issues
-- See [automation-patterns.md](automation-patterns.md) for backup automation