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package/.claude/skills/infrastructure-architecture/resources/migration-architecture.md

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-# Migration Architecture
-
-Guide to planning and executing infrastructure migrations with minimal risk and downtime.
-
-## Migration Patterns
-
-### 1. Strangler Fig Pattern
-
-**Gradually replace old system with new:**
-
-```
-Phase 1: Both systems running, proxy routes to old
-┌──────┐     ┌─────────┐
-│Client│────►│  Proxy  │────►Old System (100%)
-└──────┘     └─────────┘
-
-Phase 2: Route new features to new system
-┌──────┐     ┌─────────┐────►Old System (90%)
-│Client│────►│  Proxy  │
-└──────┘     └─────────┘────►New System (10%)
-
-Phase 3: Gradually shift traffic
-┌──────┐     ┌─────────┐────►Old System (50%)
-│Client│────►│  Proxy  │
-└──────┘     └─────────┘────►New System (50%)
-
-Phase 4: Complete migration
-┌──────┐     ┌─────────┐
-│Client│────►│  Proxy  │────►New System (100%)
-└──────┘     └─────────┘     Old System (decommissioned)
-```
-
-**Example:**
-```typescript
-// API proxy routing old → new gradually
-app.use((req, res, next) => {
-  const rolloutPercentage = 20;  // Start with 20%
-
-  // Feature flag or random routing
-  if (Math.random() * 100 < rolloutPercentage) {
-    return proxyToNewAPI(req, res);  // New system
-  } else {
-    return proxyToOldAPI(req, res);  // Old system
-  }
-});
-```
-
-**Advantages:**
-- ✅ Low risk (gradual rollout)
-- ✅ Easy rollback
-- ✅ No big bang
-- ✅ Continuous delivery
-
-**Disadvantages:**
-- ❌ Both systems run simultaneously (higher cost)
-- ❌ Longer timeline
-- ❌ Data synchronization complexity
-
----
-
-### 2. Big Bang Migration
-
-**Switch all at once:**
-
-```
-Friday 11pm: Final backup
-Friday 11:30pm: Migrate data
-Saturday 12am: Switch DNS
-Saturday 12:30am: Verify
-Saturday 1am: Go-live
-
-Downtime: 2 hours
-```
-
-**When to use:**
-- Small applications
-- Can tolerate downtime
-- Tight deadline
-- Data migration simple
-
-**Example:**
-```bash
-#!/bin/bash
-# Big bang migration script
-
-# 1. Stop old application
-kubectl scale deployment/old-app --replicas=0
-
-# 2. Final data export
-pg_dump old_db > final_backup.sql
-
-# 3. Import to new database
-psql new_db < final_backup.sql
-
-# 4. Deploy new application
-kubectl apply -f new-app.yaml
-
-# 5. Update DNS
-aws route53 change-resource-record-sets ...
-
-# 6. Verify
-curl https://api.example.com/health
-```
-
-**Advantages:**
-- ✅ Fast (single maintenance window)
-- ✅ Simple (no dual operation)
-- ✅ Lower cost (no parallel systems)
-
-**Disadvantages:**
-- ❌ High risk (all-or-nothing)
-- ❌ Downtime required
-- ❌ Difficult rollback
-- ❌ Stressful
-
----
-
-### 3. Phased Migration
-
-**Migrate in stages:**
-
-```
-Phase 1: Migrate authentication service (1 week)
-Phase 2: Migrate user profile service (1 week)
-Phase 3: Migrate order service (1 week)
-Phase 4: Migrate product catalog (1 week)
-Phase 5: Decommission old system
-
-Total: 5 weeks
-```
-
-**Advantages:**
-- ✅ Lower risk per phase
-- ✅ Learn and adjust
-- ✅ Easier rollback (per service)
-
-**Disadvantages:**
-- ❌ Longer timeline
-- ❌ Complex coordination
-- ❌ Data consistency challenges
-
----
-
-### 4. Blue-Green Deployment
-
-**Two identical environments:**
-
-```
-Blue (Current):
-┌──────────────┐
-│ v1.0 (100%)  │◄─── Load Balancer (active)
-└──────────────┘
-
-Green (New):
-┌──────────────┐
-│ v2.0 (0%)    │     (idle, testing)
-└──────────────┘
-
-After validation:
-Blue (Old):
-┌──────────────┐
-│ v1.0 (0%)    │     (idle, rollback ready)
-└──────────────┘
-
-Green (New):
-┌──────────────┐
-│ v2.0 (100%)  │◄─── Load Balancer (active)
-└──────────────┘
-```
-
-**Implementation:**
-```yaml
-# Blue deployment
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: app-blue
-  labels:
-    version: blue
-spec:
-  replicas: 10
-
----
-# Green deployment
-apiVersion: apps/v1
-kind: Deployment
-metadata:
-  name: app-green
-  labels:
-    version: green
-spec:
-  replicas: 10
-
----
-# Service switches between blue/green
-apiVersion: v1
-kind: Service
-metadata:
-  name: app
-spec:
-  selector:
-    version: blue  # Switch to 'green' to cutover
-```
-
-**Advantages:**
-- ✅ Zero downtime
-- ✅ Instant rollback (switch back)
-- ✅ Full validation before cutover
-
-**Disadvantages:**
-- ❌ 2x infrastructure cost
-- ❌ Database migration complexity
-- ❌ Data synchronization during transition
-
----
-
-## Data Migration Strategies
-
-### 1. Dual Writes
-
-**Write to both old and new databases:**
-
-```typescript
-async function createUser(data) {
-  // Write to old database
-  await oldDB.users.create({ data });
-
-  // Also write to new database
-  try {
-    await newDB.users.create({ data });
-  } catch (error) {
-    logger.error('New DB write failed', error);
-    // Continue (old DB is source of truth)
-  }
-}
-
-// Read from old database (still source of truth)
-async function getUser(id) {
-  return await oldDB.users.findUnique({ where: { id } });
-}
-```
-
-**Phases:**
-1. Dual writes (both DBs)
-2. Backfill new DB with historical data
-3. Verify data consistency
-4. Switch reads to new DB
-5. Stop writes to old DB
-
----
-
-### 2. Change Data Capture (CDC)
-
-**Stream changes from old to new:**
-
-```
-Old Database → Debezium → Kafka → Consumer → New Database
-
-Real-time replication without application changes
-```
-
-```yaml
-# Debezium connector
-{
-  "name": "mysql-connector",
-  "config": {
-    "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector",
-    "database.hostname": "old-mysql",
-    "database.port": "3306",
-    "database.user": "debezium",
-    "database.dbname": "prod",
-    "database.server.id": "1",
-    "table.include.list": "prod.users,prod.orders",
-    "database.history.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "kafka:9092",
-    "database.history.kafka.topic": "schema-changes"
-  }
-}
-```
-
-**Advantages:**
-- ✅ No application code changes
-- ✅ Real-time replication
-- ✅ Can replay events
-
-**Disadvantages:**
-- ❌ Requires CDC-capable database
-- ❌ Additional infrastructure (Kafka)
-
----
-
-### 3. Database Replication
-
-**Built-in database replication:**
-
-```
-MySQL → MySQL (read replica) → Promote to standalone
-
-or
-
-PostgreSQL → PostgreSQL (streaming replication)
-```
-
-```sql
--- Create read replica (AWS RDS)
-aws rds create-db-instance-read-replica \
-  --db-instance-identifier prod-db-replica \
-  --source-db-instance-identifier prod-db \
-  --db-instance-class db.r5.xlarge
-
--- Promote replica to standalone
-aws rds promote-read-replica \
-  --db-instance-identifier prod-db-replica
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Checklist
-
-### Pre-Migration
-
-**Planning:**
-- [ ] Document current architecture
-- [ ] Define success criteria
-- [ ] Identify dependencies
-- [ ] Estimate timeline
-- [ ] Calculate costs (old + new during migration)
-- [ ] Plan rollback procedures
-
-**Risk Assessment:**
-- [ ] Identify high-risk components
-- [ ] Plan for data loss scenarios
-- [ ] Define acceptable downtime
-- [ ] Set up monitoring/alerting
-- [ ] Practice in staging
-
-**Communication:**
-- [ ] Notify stakeholders
-- [ ] Create maintenance window (if needed)
-- [ ] Prepare status page updates
-- [ ] Assign on-call engineers
-
----
-
-### During Migration
-
-**Execution:**
-- [ ] Execute migration plan step-by-step
-- [ ] Monitor metrics continuously
-- [ ] Document issues encountered
-- [ ] Be ready to rollback
-
-**Validation:**
-- [ ] Smoke tests (critical paths)
-- [ ] Data integrity checks
-- [ ] Performance benchmarks
-- [ ] User acceptance testing
-
----
-
-### Post-Migration
-
-**Verification:**
-- [ ] Monitor for 24-48 hours
-- [ ] Compare metrics (old vs new)
-- [ ] Validate business KPIs
-- [ ] Address any issues
-
-**Cleanup:**
-- [ ] Decommission old infrastructure (after 2-4 weeks)
-- [ ] Update documentation
-- [ ] Delete old backups (after retention period)
-- [ ] Post-mortem meeting
-
----
-
-## Zero-Downtime Migration Techniques
-
-### Database Schema Changes
-
-**Expand-Contract Pattern:**
-
-```sql
--- Phase 1: EXPAND (add new column, keep old)
-ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN full_name VARCHAR(255);
-
--- Dual-write both columns
-UPDATE users SET full_name = CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name);
-
--- Phase 2: Migrate code to use new column
--- (deploy application changes)
-
--- Phase 3: CONTRACT (remove old columns)
-ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN first_name;
-ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN last_name;
-```
-
-**Migration steps must be backward-compatible!**
-
----
-
-### DNS Cutover
-
-```
-1. Lower DNS TTL to 60 seconds (24 hours before)
-2. Update DNS to point to new system
-3. Wait for TTL expiration (1-5 minutes)
-4. Monitor both systems for stragglers
-5. After 24 hours, decommission old
-```
-
----
-
-## Rollback Strategies
-
-### Feature Flags
-
-```typescript
-const useNewAPI = featureFlags.isEnabled('new-api');
-
-if (useNewAPI) {
-  return await newAPI.getUsers();
-} else {
-  return await oldAPI.getUsers();
-}
-
-// Instant rollback: Disable feature flag
-```
-
-### Database Rollback
-
-```bash
-# Backup before migration
-pg_dump prod_db > pre_migration_backup.sql
-
-# If migration fails:
-psql prod_db < pre_migration_backup.sql
-
-# Rollback application
-kubectl rollout undo deployment/api
-```
-
----
-
-## Migration Timeline Template
-
-```markdown
-# Migration: Monolith → Microservices
-
-## Week 1-2: Preparation
-- Document current architecture
-- Set up new infrastructure (Kubernetes)
-- Create migration plan
-- Practice in staging
-
-## Week 3-4: Phase 1 - Authentication Service
-- Extract auth service
-- Deploy to production (0% traffic)
-- Shadow traffic testing
-- Ramp to 10% → 50% → 100%
-- Decommission old auth code
-
-## Week 5-6: Phase 2 - User Profile Service
-- Extract profile service
-- Deploy and test
-- Ramp traffic gradually
-- Monitor and optimize
-
-## Week 7-8: Phase 3 - Order Service
-- (repeat process)
-
-## Week 9: Final Cutover
-- Decommission monolith
-- Update documentation
-- Post-mortem
-
-## Week 10+: Monitoring & Optimization
-- Monitor for 2-4 weeks
-- Performance tuning
-- Cost optimization
-```
-
----
-
-## Common Migration Pitfalls
-
-❌ **No rollback plan** - Always have a way back
-❌ **Insufficient testing** - Practice in staging first
-❌ **Big bang approach** - Prefer gradual migration
-❌ **Ignoring data consistency** - Dual writes, CDC, or replication
-❌ **No monitoring** - Can't detect issues quickly
-❌ **Poor communication** - Stakeholders surprised
-❌ **Rushing** - Give adequate time for each phase
-
----
-
-## Best Practices
-
-✅ **Migrate gradually** - Strangler fig preferred
-✅ **Test thoroughly** - Staging should mirror production
-✅ **Monitor everything** - Metrics before/during/after
-✅ **Have rollback plan** - Test rollback procedure
-✅ **Communicate clearly** - Keep stakeholders informed
-✅ **Document everything** - Architecture, decisions, issues
-✅ **Validate data** - Check integrity after migration
-✅ **Keep old system** - Don't decommission for 2-4 weeks
-
----
-
-**Related Resources:**
-- architecture-patterns.md - Microservices, strangler fig
-- disaster-recovery.md - Backup and recovery procedures
-- multi-region-design.md - Multi-region migration