blockmine 1.24.0 → 1.25.0

package/.claude/skills/network-engineering/resources/routing-switching.md

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-# Routing and Switching
-
-Comprehensive guide to routing and switching covering BGP, OSPF, EIGRP, VLANs, trunking, spanning tree, and route tables for enterprise and cloud networks.
-
-## Routing Protocols
-
-### BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
-
-**Characteristics:**
-- Path vector protocol
-- Autonomous System (AS) routing
-- Policy-based routing
-- Internet backbone protocol
-
-**BGP Configuration Example:**
-```
-router bgp 65001
-  bgp router-id 10.0.0.1
-  neighbor 203.0.113.2 remote-as 65002
-  neighbor 203.0.113.2 description ISP_Connection
-
-  network 10.0.0.0 mask 255.255.255.0
-  network 192.168.1.0
-
-  address-family ipv4
-    neighbor 203.0.113.2 activate
-  exit-address-family
-```
-
-**BGP Attributes:**
-```
-Weight:           Cisco proprietary, highest wins
-Local Preference: Within AS, highest wins
-AS Path:          Shortest path
-Origin:           IGP > EGP > Incomplete
-MED:              Multi-Exit Discriminator
-```
-
-**AWS Transit Gateway BGP:**
-```hcl
-resource "aws_ec2_transit_gateway" "main" {
-  amazon_side_asn = 64512
-}
-
-resource "aws_customer_gateway" "onprem" {
-  bgp_asn    = 65000
-  ip_address = "203.0.113.10"
-  type       = "ipsec.1"
-}
-
-resource "aws_vpn_connection" "main" {
-  customer_gateway_id = aws_customer_gateway.onprem.id
-  transit_gateway_id  = aws_ec2_transit_gateway.main.id
-  type                = "ipsec.1"
-
-  tunnel1_inside_cidr = "169.254.10.0/30"
-  tunnel2_inside_cidr = "169.254.11.0/30"
-}
-```
-
-### OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
-
-**Areas:**
-```
-Area 0 (Backbone) - Required, all routers
-Area 1 (Standard) - Normal area
-Area 2 (Stub)     - No external routes
-Area 3 (NSSA)     - Not-so-stubby area
-```
-
-**OSPF Configuration:**
-```
-router ospf 1
-  router-id 1.1.1.1
-  network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
-  network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
-
-  area 1 stub
-  passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/0
-```
-
-**OSPF States:**
-```
-Down → Init → 2-Way → ExStart → Exchange → Loading → Full
-```
-
-**Metrics Calculation:**
-```
-Cost = Reference Bandwidth / Interface Bandwidth
-Default Reference: 100 Mbps
-
-10 Gbps   = 1
-1 Gbps    = 1
-100 Mbps  = 1
-10 Mbps   = 10
-1 Mbps    = 100
-```
-
-### EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
-
-**Metric Calculation:**
-```
-Metric = [K1*Bandwidth + (K2*Bandwidth)/(256-Load) + K3*Delay] * [K5/(Reliability+K4)]
-
-Default (K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0):
-Metric = Bandwidth + Delay
-```
-
-**Configuration:**
-```
-router eigrp 100
-  network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.255
-  network 192.168.1.0
-  passive-interface default
-  no passive-interface GigabitEthernet0/1
-  eigrp router-id 1.1.1.1
-```
-
-## Switching
-
-### VLANs (Virtual LANs)
-
-**VLAN Configuration:**
-```
-# Create VLAN
-vlan 10
-  name Engineering
-vlan 20
-  name Sales
-vlan 30
-  name Management
-
-# Assign port to VLAN
-interface FastEthernet0/1
-  switchport mode access
-  switchport access vlan 10
-
-# Trunk port (carries multiple VLANs)
-interface GigabitEthernet0/1
-  switchport mode trunk
-  switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,30
-  switchport trunk native vlan 999
-```
-
-**Inter-VLAN Routing (Router-on-a-Stick):**
-```
-interface GigabitEthernet0/0.10
-  encapsulation dot1Q 10
-  ip address 10.0.10.1 255.255.255.0
-
-interface GigabitEthernet0/0.20
-  encapsulation dot1Q 20
-  ip address 10.0.20.1 255.255.255.0
-```
-
-### Trunking (802.1Q)
-
-**Frame Format:**
-```
-┌────────┬─────┬──────┬─────┬─────┬───┐
-│  Dest  │ Src │ VLAN │Type │Data │FCS│
-│  MAC   │ MAC │ Tag  │     │     │   │
-└────────┴─────┴──────┴─────┴─────┴───┘
-         ↑
-    4 bytes added for VLAN tag
-```
-
-**VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol):**
-```
-vtp mode server
-vtp domain COMPANY
-vtp password SecurePass
-vtp version 2
-```
-
-### Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
-
-**STP Port States:**
-```
-Blocking → Listening → Learning → Forwarding
-(20s)      (15s)       (15s)      (Active)
-```
-
-**STP Configuration:**
-```
-# Set root bridge priority
-spanning-tree vlan 1 priority 0
-
-# PortFast (skip listening/learning on access ports)
-interface FastEthernet0/1
-  spanning-tree portfast
-
-# BPDU Guard (disable port if BPDU received)
-spanning-tree portfast bpduguard default
-```
-
-**Rapid STP (802.1w):**
-```
-Discarding → Learning → Forwarding
-(Faster convergence: < 1 second)
-```
-
-## Route Tables
-
-### Linux Route Table
-
-```bash
-# View routes
-ip route show
-
-# Default route
-default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 proto dhcp metric 100
-
-# Network routes
-10.0.0.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 10.0.0.10
-192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.100
-
-# Add route
-ip route add 10.1.0.0/16 via 10.0.0.1 dev eth1
-
-# Delete route
-ip route del 10.1.0.0/16
-
-# Multiple routing tables
-ip route add default via 192.168.2.1 table 200
-ip rule add from 192.168.2.0/24 table 200
-```
-
-### AWS Route Tables
-
-```hcl
-resource "aws_route_table" "private" {
-  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id
-
-  route {
-    cidr_block     = "0.0.0.0/0"
-    nat_gateway_id = aws_nat_gateway.main.id
-  }
-
-  route {
-    cidr_block         = "10.1.0.0/16"
-    transit_gateway_id = aws_ec2_transit_gateway.main.id
-  }
-
-  route {
-    cidr_block                = "10.2.0.0/16"
-    vpc_peering_connection_id = aws_vpc_peering_connection.peer.id
-  }
-
-  tags = {
-    Name = "private-route-table"
-  }
-}
-
-resource "aws_route_table_association" "private" {
-  subnet_id      = aws_subnet.private.id
-  route_table_id = aws_route_table.private.id
-}
-```
-
-## Advanced Routing
-
-### Policy-Based Routing
-
-```
-# Route based on source IP
-access-list 100 permit ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any
-
-route-map PBR-MAP permit 10
-  match ip address 100
-  set ip next-hop 10.0.0.1
-
-interface GigabitEthernet0/0
-  ip policy route-map PBR-MAP
-```
-
-### Multipath Routing (ECMP)
-
-```
-# Configure multiple paths
-ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1
-ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.2
-
-# Traffic load-balanced across both paths
-# Per-packet or per-destination based on platform
-```
-
-**Linux ECMP:**
-```bash
-ip route add default \
-  nexthop via 192.168.1.1 weight 1 \
-  nexthop via 192.168.2.1 weight 1
-```
-
-## Link Aggregation (LACP)
-
-### 802.3ad Configuration
-
-**Cisco:**
-```
-interface Port-channel1
-  switchport mode trunk
-
-interface GigabitEthernet0/1
-  channel-group 1 mode active
-  switchport mode trunk
-
-interface GigabitEthernet0/2
-  channel-group 1 mode active
-  switchport mode trunk
-```
-
-**Linux Bonding:**
-```bash
-# /etc/network/interfaces
-auto bond0
-iface bond0 inet static
-    address 10.0.0.10
-    netmask 255.255.255.0
-    bond-mode 802.3ad
-    bond-miimon 100
-    bond-slaves eth0 eth1
-```
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-### Routing Issues
-
-```bash
-# Verify routing table
-ip route show
-route -n
-
-# Trace route
-traceroute 8.8.8.8
-mtr 8.8.8.8
-
-# Check neighbors (BGP, OSPF)
-show ip bgp summary
-show ip ospf neighbor
-
-# Debug routing
-debug ip routing
-debug ip bgp
-debug ip ospf events
-```
-
-### Switching Issues
-
-```bash
-# Check VLAN
-show vlan brief
-show vlan id 10
-
-# Check trunk
-show interfaces trunk
-show interfaces GigabitEthernet0/1 switchport
-
-# Spanning tree
-show spanning-tree
-show spanning-tree vlan 1
-
-# MAC address table
-show mac address-table
-show mac address-table interface GigabitEthernet0/1
-```
-
----
-
-**Related Topics:**
-- See [network-architecture.md](network-architecture.md) for network design
-- See [tcp-ip-protocols.md](tcp-ip-protocols.md) for protocol fundamentals
-- See [network-troubleshooting.md](network-troubleshooting.md) for debugging