npm - blockmine - Versions diffs - 1.23.4 → 1.25.0 - Mend

blockmine 1.23.4 → 1.25.0

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package/.claude/skills/systems-engineering/resources/linux-administration.md DELETED Viewed

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-# Linux Administration
-Comprehensive guide to Linux system administration covering systemd, user management, package management, file systems, and system operations.
-## systemd Service Management
-### Creating Custom Services
-**Example: Node.js Application Service:**
-```ini
-# /etc/systemd/system/myapp.service
-[Unit]
-Description=My Node.js Application
-After=network.target
-Wants=network-online.target
-[Service]
-Type=simple
-User=appuser
-Group=appuser
-WorkingDirectory=/opt/myapp
-Environment="NODE_ENV=production"
-Environment="PORT=3000"
-EnvironmentFile=/etc/myapp/config
-# Main process
-ExecStart=/usr/bin/node /opt/myapp/server.js
-# Restart policy
-Restart=always
-RestartSec=10
-StartLimitInterval=60
-StartLimitBurst=3
-# Resource limits
-MemoryLimit=512M
-CPUQuota=50%
-# Security
-NoNewPrivileges=true
-PrivateTmp=true
-ProtectSystem=strict
-ProtectHome=true
-ReadWritePaths=/var/log/myapp
-# Logging
-StandardOutput=journal
-StandardError=journal
-SyslogIdentifier=myapp
-[Install]
-WantedBy=multi-user.target
-```
-**Service Management Commands:**
-```bash
-# Reload systemd after creating/editing service
-sudo systemctl daemon-reload
-# Start and enable service
-sudo systemctl start myapp
-sudo systemctl enable myapp
-# Check status
-sudo systemctl status myapp
-# View logs
-journalctl -u myapp -f
-journalctl -u myapp --since "1 hour ago"
-journalctl -u myapp --since "2024-01-01" --until "2024-01-31"
-# Restart service
-sudo systemctl restart myapp
-# Reload configuration without restart
-sudo systemctl reload myapp
-```
-### Timer Units (Cron Alternative)
-**Backup Timer Example:**
-```ini
-# /etc/systemd/system/backup.timer
-[Unit]
-Description=Daily backup timer
-Requires=backup.service
-[Timer]
-OnCalendar=daily
-OnCalendar=02:00
-Persistent=true
-RandomizedDelaySec=30min
-[Install]
-WantedBy=timers.target
-```
-**Backup Service:**
-```ini
-# /etc/systemd/system/backup.service
-[Unit]
-Description=Backup service
-Wants=network-online.target
-After=network-online.target
-[Service]
-Type=oneshot
-ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/backup.sh
-User=backup
-Group=backup
-```
-**Enable Timer:**
-```bash
-sudo systemctl enable backup.timer
-sudo systemctl start backup.timer
-sudo systemctl list-timers
-```
-## User and Group Management
-### Creating Users
-```bash
-# Create user with home directory
-sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash -c "Application User" appuser
-# Create system user (no home, no login)
-sudo useradd -r -s /usr/sbin/nologin -c "Service Account" serviceuser
-# Set password
-sudo passwd appuser
-# Create user with specific UID
-sudo useradd -u 1500 -m -s /bin/bash customuser
-# Add user to group
-sudo usermod -aG sudo appuser
-sudo usermod -aG docker appuser
-# Lock/unlock user account
-sudo usermod -L appuser  # Lock
-sudo usermod -U appuser  # Unlock
-# Delete user
-sudo userdel -r appuser  # -r removes home directory
-```
-### Group Management
-```bash
-# Create group
-sudo groupadd developers
-sudo groupadd -g 2000 customgroup
-# Add user to group
-sudo gpasswd -a username groupname
-sudo usermod -aG groupname username
-# Remove user from group
-sudo gpasswd -d username groupname
-# List user's groups
-groups username
-id username
-# Delete group
-sudo groupdel groupname
-```
-### SSH Key Management
-```bash
-# Generate SSH key
-ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -C "user@example.com"
-ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "user@example.com"
-# Copy key to server
-ssh-copy-id user@server
-# Or manually:
-cat ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub | ssh user@server "mkdir -p ~/.ssh && cat >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys"
-# Set proper permissions
-chmod 700 ~/.ssh
-chmod 600 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
-# SSH config for easy access
-cat > ~/.ssh/config <<EOF
-Host production
-    HostName prod.example.com
-    User deploy
-    Port 22
-    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/production_key
-Host staging
-    HostName staging.example.com
-    User deploy
-    ProxyJump bastion.example.com
-EOF
-chmod 600 ~/.ssh/config
-```
-## Package Management
-### apt (Debian/Ubuntu)
-```bash
-# Update package index
-sudo apt update
-# Upgrade all packages
-sudo apt upgrade
-sudo apt full-upgrade  # More aggressive
-# Search for packages
-apt search nginx
-apt-cache search nginx
-# Install package
-sudo apt install nginx
-# Install specific version
-sudo apt install nginx=1.18.0-0ubuntu1
-# Remove package
-sudo apt remove nginx
-sudo apt purge nginx  # Also removes config files
-# Clean up
-sudo apt autoremove
-sudo apt autoclean
-# Show package information
-apt show nginx
-apt-cache policy nginx
-# List installed packages
-apt list --installed
-dpkg -l
-# Hold package version
-sudo apt-mark hold nginx
-sudo apt-mark unhold nginx
-```
-### yum/dnf (RHEL/CentOS)
-```bash
-# Update system
-sudo yum update
-sudo dnf update  # dnf on newer systems
-# Search packages
-yum search nginx
-dnf search nginx
-# Install package
-sudo yum install nginx
-sudo dnf install nginx
-# Install specific version
-sudo yum install nginx-1.18.0
-# Remove package
-sudo yum remove nginx
-sudo dnf remove nginx
-# List installed
-yum list installed
-dnf list installed
-# Show package info
-yum info nginx
-dnf info nginx
-# Clean cache
-sudo yum clean all
-sudo dnf clean all
-# Enable/disable repository
-sudo yum-config-manager --enable epel
-sudo dnf config-manager --set-enabled epel
-```
-### snap (Universal Packages)
-```bash
-# Install snap
-sudo apt install snapd
-# Search snaps
-snap find name
-# Install snap
-sudo snap install --classic code
-# List installed snaps
-snap list
-# Update snaps
-sudo snap refresh
-sudo snap refresh code
-# Remove snap
-sudo snap remove code
-# View snap info
-snap info code
-```
-## File Systems
-### ext4 File System
-```bash
-# Create ext4 filesystem
-sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
-# Create with label
-sudo mkfs.ext4 -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1
-# Check filesystem
-sudo fsck.ext4 /dev/sdb1
-sudo e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1
-# Resize filesystem
-sudo resize2fs /dev/sdb1
-# View filesystem info
-sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sdb1
-sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1
-# Set reserved blocks
-sudo tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sdb1  # Reserve 1% for root
-```
-### XFS File System
-```bash
-# Create XFS filesystem
-sudo mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
-# Create with label
-sudo mkfs.xfs -L "data_volume" /dev/sdb1
-# Check XFS filesystem
-sudo xfs_repair /dev/sdb1
-# Grow XFS (cannot shrink!)
-sudo xfs_growfs /mount/point
-# View info
-sudo xfs_info /dev/sdb1
-```
-### Mount Management
-**Permanent Mounts (/etc/fstab):**
-```bash
-# /etc/fstab
-# <device>              <mount point>  <type>  <options>                    <dump> <pass>
-UUID=xxx-xxx-xxx        /data          ext4    defaults,noatime             0      2
-/dev/sdb1               /backup        xfs     defaults,noatime,nodiratime  0      2
-//server/share          /mnt/share     cifs    credentials=/root/.smbcreds  0      0
-nfs-server:/export      /mnt/nfs       nfs     defaults,soft,timeo=30       0      0
-```
-**Mount Commands:**
-```bash
-# Mount filesystem
-sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
-# Mount with options
-sudo mount -o noatime,nodiratime /dev/sdb1 /mnt
-# Mount all in fstab
-sudo mount -a
-# Unmount
-sudo umount /mnt
-sudo umount -l /mnt  # Lazy unmount
-# Show mounted filesystems
-mount
-df -h
-findmnt
-# Get UUID
-sudo blkid /dev/sdb1
-lsblk -f
-```
-## Boot Process
-### GRUB Configuration
-```bash
-# Edit GRUB config
-sudo vim /etc/default/grub
-# Example changes:
-GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
-GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="quiet splash"
-GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="nomodeset"  # For graphics issues
-# Update GRUB
-sudo update-grub  # Debian/Ubuntu
-sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg  # RHEL/CentOS
-# Set default boot entry
-sudo grub-set-default 0
-```
-### systemd Boot Targets
-```bash
-# View current target
-systemctl get-default
-# Change default target
-sudo systemctl set-default multi-user.target  # Text mode
-sudo systemctl set-default graphical.target   # GUI mode
-# Switch target (without reboot)
-sudo systemctl isolate multi-user.target
-# List all targets
-systemctl list-units --type=target
-```
-## Kernel Management
-### Kernel Tuning (sysctl)
-```bash
-# View all parameters
-sysctl -a
-# View specific parameter
-sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward
-# Set temporarily
-sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
-# Persistent configuration
-sudo vim /etc/sysctl.d/99-custom.conf
-```
-**Common Kernel Parameters:**
-```bash
-# /etc/sysctl.d/99-performance.conf
-# Network performance
-net.core.rmem_max = 134217728
-net.core.wmem_max = 134217728
-net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 134217728
-net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 65536 134217728
-# Connection tracking
-net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max = 1000000
-net.nf_conntrack_max = 1000000
-# File descriptors
-fs.file-max = 2097152
-# Swappiness
-vm.swappiness = 10
-# Disk I/O
-vm.dirty_ratio = 15
-vm.dirty_background_ratio = 5
-# Apply changes
-sudo sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/99-performance.conf
-```
-### Kernel Modules
-```bash
-# List loaded modules
-lsmod
-# Load module
-sudo modprobe module_name
-# Unload module
-sudo modprobe -r module_name
-# Module info
-modinfo module_name
-# Persistent module loading
-echo "module_name" | sudo tee -a /etc/modules
-# Blacklist module
-echo "blacklist module_name" | sudo tee -a /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf
-```
-## Log Management
-### journalctl (systemd logs)
-```bash
-# View all logs
-journalctl
-# Follow logs
-journalctl -f
-# View specific unit
-journalctl -u nginx.service
-# Since/until
-journalctl --since "2024-01-01 00:00:00"
-journalctl --since "1 hour ago"
-journalctl --until "2024-01-31 23:59:59"
-# Priority filtering
-journalctl -p err  # Errors only
-journalctl -p warning  # Warnings and above
-# Boot logs
-journalctl -b  # Current boot
-journalctl -b -1  # Previous boot
-journalctl --list-boots
-# Show last N lines
-journalctl -n 100
-# Output format
-journalctl -o json-pretty
-# Clear old logs
-sudo journalctl --vacuum-time=7d
-sudo journalctl --vacuum-size=500M
-```
-### Log Rotation
-```bash
-# /etc/logrotate.d/myapp
-/var/log/myapp/*.log {
-    daily
-    rotate 14
-    compress
-    delaycompress
-    notifempty
-    create 0640 appuser appuser
-    sharedscripts
-    postrotate
-        systemctl reload myapp > /dev/null 2>&1 || true
-    endscript
-}
-```
-## Process Management
-```bash
-# View processes
-ps aux
-ps -ef
-pstree
-# Top processes
-top
-htop
-# Kill process
-kill PID
-kill -9 PID  # Force kill
-killall process_name
-pkill pattern
-# Process priority (nice)
-nice -n 10 command  # Lower priority
-sudo renice -5 PID  # Higher priority
-# Background jobs
-command &
-jobs
-fg %1
-bg %1
-# Detach from terminal
-nohup command &
-screen
-tmux
-```
-## System Information
-```bash
-# OS information
-cat /etc/os-release
-lsb_release -a
-uname -a
-# Hardware info
-lscpu  # CPU
-lsmem  # Memory
-lsblk  # Block devices
-lspci  # PCI devices
-lsusb  # USB devices
-dmidecode  # BIOS/hardware
-# System resources
-free -h  # Memory
-df -h    # Disk usage
-uptime   # Uptime and load
-# Network
-ip addr
-ip route
-hostname
-hostnamectl
-```
-## Best Practices
-1. **Service Management:**
-   - Use systemd for services
-   - Set resource limits
-   - Enable security features
-   - Configure proper logging
-2. **User Management:**
-   - Use SSH keys, not passwords
-   - Follow least privilege principle
-   - Disable root login
-   - Regular user audits
-3. **Package Management:**
-   - Keep system updated
-   - Use package manager, avoid manual installs
-   - Document installed packages
-   - Test updates in staging first
-4. **File Systems:**
-   - Use appropriate filesystem for workload
-   - Mount with noatime for performance
-   - Regular filesystem checks
-   - Monitor disk usage
-5. **Monitoring:**
-   - Centralize logs
-   - Set up log rotation
-   - Monitor system resources
-   - Alert on anomalies
-## Common Issues
-**Service fails to start:**
-```bash
-systemctl status service.service
-journalctl -u service.service -n 50
-systemctl cat service.service  # View service file
-```
-**Out of disk space:**
-```bash
-df -h  # Find full filesystem
-du -sh /* | sort -h  # Find large directories
-find / -type f -size +100M  # Find large files
-```
-**High load:**
-```bash
-top  # Identify resource hogs
-ps aux --sort=-%cpu  # CPU hogs
-ps aux --sort=-%mem  # Memory hogs
-```