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blockmine 1.23.4 → 1.25.0

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-# VPN Connectivity
-Comprehensive guide to VPN (Virtual Private Network) connectivity covering site-to-site VPN, client VPN, WireGuard, OpenVPN, IPsec, and cloud VPN services.
-## Table of Contents
-- [Overview](#overview)
-- [VPN Types](#vpn-types)
-- [WireGuard](#wireguard)
-- [OpenVPN](#openvpn)
-- [IPsec](#ipsec)
-- [Cloud VPN Services](#cloud-vpn-services)
-- [Site-to-Site VPN](#site-to-site-vpn)
-- [Client VPN](#client-vpn)
-- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
-- [Anti-Patterns](#anti-patterns)
-## Overview
-VPNs create encrypted tunnels over public networks, enabling secure remote access and site-to-site connectivity.
-**Common Use Cases:**
-- Connect on-premises data centers to cloud
-- Secure remote worker access
-- Multi-region connectivity
-- Disaster recovery connections
-- Third-party integrations
-## VPN Types
-### Site-to-Site VPN
-```
-┌─────────────┐         ┌──────────┐         ┌─────────────┐
-│   Office    │         │          │         │    Cloud    │
-│  Network    ├─────────┤ Internet ├─────────┤   VPC       │
-│ 10.0.0.0/16 │  VPN    │          │  VPN    │ 172.16.0/16 │
-└─────────────┘ Tunnel  └──────────┘ Tunnel  └─────────────┘
-```
-**Characteristics:**
-- Connects two networks
-- Always-on connection
-- Typically hardware VPN appliances
-- Redundant tunnels for HA
-### Client VPN (Remote Access)
-```
-┌──────────┐          ┌──────────┐         ┌─────────────┐
-│  Laptop  │          │          │         │  Corporate  │
-│  Remote  ├──────────┤ Internet ├─────────┤   Network   │
-│  Worker  │   VPN    │          │  VPN    │             │
-└──────────┘  Client  └──────────┘ Gateway └─────────────┘
-```
-**Characteristics:**
-- Individual user access
-- On-demand connection
-- Software VPN clients
-- Multi-factor authentication
-## WireGuard
-### Server Configuration
-```ini
-# /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf (Server)
-[Interface]
-PrivateKey = SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY
-Address = 10.200.0.1/24
-ListenPort = 51820
-PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
-PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
-# Client 1
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = CLIENT1_PUBLIC_KEY
-AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.2/32
-PersistentKeepalive = 25
-# Client 2
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = CLIENT2_PUBLIC_KEY
-AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.3/32
-PersistentKeepalive = 25
-```
-### Client Configuration
-```ini
-# /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf (Client)
-[Interface]
-PrivateKey = CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY
-Address = 10.200.0.2/24
-DNS = 10.200.0.1
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = SERVER_PUBLIC_KEY
-Endpoint = vpn.example.com:51820
-AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12
-PersistentKeepalive = 25
-```
-### Key Generation
-```bash
-# Generate private key
-wg genkey > privatekey
-# Generate public key from private key
-wg pubkey < privatekey > publickey
-# Generate pre-shared key (optional, for additional security)
-wg genpsk > presharedkey
-```
-### Managing WireGuard
-```bash
-# Start VPN
-sudo wg-quick up wg0
-# Stop VPN
-sudo wg-quick down wg0
-# Show status
-sudo wg show
-# Enable at boot
-sudo systemctl enable wg-quick@wg0
-# Check interface
-ip addr show wg0
-# Test connectivity
-ping 10.200.0.1
-```
-### Site-to-Site with WireGuard
-```ini
-# Site A (10.0.0.0/16)
-[Interface]
-PrivateKey = SITE_A_PRIVATE_KEY
-Address = 10.200.0.1/30
-ListenPort = 51820
-PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE; ip route add 192.168.0.0/16 dev wg0
-PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE; ip route del 192.168.0.0/16 dev wg0
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = SITE_B_PUBLIC_KEY
-Endpoint = site-b.example.com:51820
-AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.2/32, 192.168.0.0/16
-PersistentKeepalive = 25
-# Site B (192.168.0.0/16)
-[Interface]
-PrivateKey = SITE_B_PRIVATE_KEY
-Address = 10.200.0.2/30
-ListenPort = 51820
-PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE; ip route add 10.0.0.0/16 dev wg0
-PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE; ip route del 10.0.0.0/16 dev wg0
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = SITE_A_PUBLIC_KEY
-Endpoint = site-a.example.com:51820
-AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.1/32, 10.0.0.0/16
-PersistentKeepalive = 25
-```
-## OpenVPN
-### Server Configuration
-```
-# /etc/openvpn/server.conf
-port 1194
-proto udp
-dev tun
-ca /etc/openvpn/ca.crt
-cert /etc/openvpn/server.crt
-key /etc/openvpn/server.key
-dh /etc/openvpn/dh2048.pem
-server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
-ifconfig-pool-persist /var/log/openvpn/ipp.txt
-push "route 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0"
-push "dhcp-option DNS 10.0.0.2"
-push "dhcp-option DOMAIN internal.example.com"
-keepalive 10 120
-cipher AES-256-GCM
-auth SHA256
-user nobody
-group nogroup
-persist-key
-persist-tun
-status /var/log/openvpn/openvpn-status.log
-log-append /var/log/openvpn/openvpn.log
-verb 3
-explicit-exit-notify 1
-# Security enhancements
-tls-auth /etc/openvpn/ta.key 0
-tls-version-min 1.2
-tls-cipher TLS-ECDHE-RSA-WITH-AES-256-GCM-SHA384
-```
-### Client Configuration
-```
-# client.ovpn
-client
-dev tun
-proto udp
-remote vpn.example.com 1194
-resolv-retry infinite
-nobind
-persist-key
-persist-tun
-ca ca.crt
-cert client.crt
-key client.key
-remote-cert-tls server
-cipher AES-256-GCM
-auth SHA256
-tls-version-min 1.2
-verb 3
-```
-### PKI Setup
-```bash
-# Install Easy-RSA
-apt-get install easy-rsa
-# Initialize PKI
-cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa
-./easyrsa init-pki
-# Build CA
-./easyrsa build-ca nopass
-# Generate server certificate
-./easyrsa build-server-full server nopass
-# Generate client certificate
-./easyrsa build-client-full client1 nopass
-# Generate DH parameters
-./easyrsa gen-dh
-# Generate TLS-auth key
-openvpn --genkey --secret /etc/openvpn/ta.key
-```
-### OpenVPN with Docker
-```yaml
-version: '3.8'
-services:
-  openvpn:
-    image: kylemanna/openvpn:latest
-    cap_add:
-    - NET_ADMIN
-    ports:
-    - "1194:1194/udp"
-    volumes:
-    - ./openvpn-data:/etc/openvpn
-    restart: unless-stopped
-# Initialize configuration
-docker-compose run --rm openvpn ovpn_genconfig -u udp://vpn.example.com
-docker-compose run --rm openvpn ovpn_initpki
-# Generate client config
-docker-compose run --rm openvpn easyrsa build-client-full client1 nopass
-docker-compose run --rm openvpn ovpn_getclient client1 > client1.ovpn
-```
-## IPsec
-### StrongSwan Configuration
-```
-# /etc/ipsec.conf
-config setup
-    charondebug="ike 2, knl 2, cfg 2"
-    uniqueids=never
-conn %default
-    ikelifetime=60m
-    keylife=20m
-    rekeymargin=3m
-    keyingtries=1
-    keyexchange=ikev2
-    authby=secret
-conn site-to-site
-    left=203.0.113.10
-    leftsubnet=10.0.0.0/16
-    leftid=@site-a
-    right=203.0.113.20
-    rightsubnet=192.168.0.0/16
-    rightid=@site-b
-    auto=start
-    ike=aes256-sha2_256-modp2048!
-    esp=aes256-sha2_256!
-    dpdaction=restart
-    closeaction=restart
-# /etc/ipsec.secrets
-@site-a @site-b : PSK "your-pre-shared-key-here"
-```
-### IPsec with NAT-T
-```
-conn roadwarrior
-    left=%any
-    leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
-    leftfirewall=yes
-    right=%any
-    rightsubnet=10.0.0.0/8
-    auto=add
-    keyexchange=ikev2
-    ike=aes256-sha2_256-modp2048!
-    esp=aes256-sha2_256!
-    authby=secret
-```
-## Cloud VPN Services
-### AWS VPN
-```hcl
-# Customer Gateway
-resource "aws_customer_gateway" "main" {
-  bgp_asn    = 65000
-  ip_address = "203.0.113.10"
-  type       = "ipsec.1"
-  tags = {
-    Name = "on-prem-gateway"
-  }
-}
-# Virtual Private Gateway
-resource "aws_vpn_gateway" "main" {
-  vpc_id = aws_vpc.main.id
-  tags = {
-    Name = "main-vpn-gateway"
-  }
-}
-# VPN Connection
-resource "aws_vpn_connection" "main" {
-  vpn_gateway_id      = aws_vpn_gateway.main.id
-  customer_gateway_id = aws_customer_gateway.main.id
-  type                = "ipsec.1"
-  static_routes_only  = false
-  tunnel1_inside_cidr   = "169.254.10.0/30"
-  tunnel1_preshared_key = var.tunnel1_psk
-  tunnel2_inside_cidr   = "169.254.11.0/30"
-  tunnel2_preshared_key = var.tunnel2_psk
-  tags = {
-    Name = "main-vpn-connection"
-  }
-}
-# VPN Connection Route
-resource "aws_vpn_connection_route" "office" {
-  destination_cidr_block = "10.0.0.0/16"
-  vpn_connection_id      = aws_vpn_connection.main.id
-}
-# Route propagation
-resource "aws_vpn_gateway_route_propagation" "main" {
-  vpn_gateway_id = aws_vpn_gateway.main.id
-  route_table_id = aws_route_table.private.id
-}
-```
-### AWS Client VPN
-```hcl
-resource "aws_ec2_client_vpn_endpoint" "main" {
-  description            = "Client VPN endpoint"
-  server_certificate_arn = aws_acm_certificate.vpn_server.arn
-  client_cidr_block      = "10.200.0.0/22"
-  authentication_options {
-    type                       = "certificate-authentication"
-    root_certificate_chain_arn = aws_acm_certificate.vpn_client_root.arn
-  }
-  connection_log_options {
-    enabled               = true
-    cloudwatch_log_group  = aws_cloudwatch_log_group.vpn.name
-    cloudwatch_log_stream = aws_cloudwatch_log_stream.vpn.name
-  }
-  split_tunnel = true
-  dns_servers = ["10.0.0.2"]
-  tags = {
-    Name = "client-vpn"
-  }
-}
-# Network association
-resource "aws_ec2_client_vpn_network_association" "main" {
-  client_vpn_endpoint_id = aws_ec2_client_vpn_endpoint.main.id
-  subnet_id              = aws_subnet.private[0].id
-}
-# Authorization rule
-resource "aws_ec2_client_vpn_authorization_rule" "main" {
-  client_vpn_endpoint_id = aws_ec2_client_vpn_endpoint.main.id
-  target_network_cidr    = aws_vpc.main.cidr_block
-  authorize_all_groups   = true
-}
-# Route
-resource "aws_ec2_client_vpn_route" "main" {
-  client_vpn_endpoint_id = aws_ec2_client_vpn_endpoint.main.id
-  destination_cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
-  target_vpc_subnet_id   = aws_ec2_client_vpn_network_association.main.subnet_id
-}
-```
-### Google Cloud VPN
-```hcl
-resource "google_compute_vpn_gateway" "main" {
-  name    = "vpn-gateway"
-  network = google_compute_network.main.id
-}
-resource "google_compute_address" "vpn" {
-  name = "vpn-gateway-ip"
-}
-resource "google_compute_forwarding_rule" "esp" {
-  name        = "vpn-esp"
-  ip_protocol = "ESP"
-  ip_address  = google_compute_address.vpn.address
-  target      = google_compute_vpn_gateway.main.id
-}
-resource "google_compute_forwarding_rule" "udp500" {
-  name        = "vpn-udp500"
-  ip_protocol = "UDP"
-  port_range  = "500"
-  ip_address  = google_compute_address.vpn.address
-  target      = google_compute_vpn_gateway.main.id
-}
-resource "google_compute_forwarding_rule" "udp4500" {
-  name        = "vpn-udp4500"
-  ip_protocol = "UDP"
-  port_range  = "4500"
-  ip_address  = google_compute_address.vpn.address
-  target      = google_compute_vpn_gateway.main.id
-}
-resource "google_compute_vpn_tunnel" "tunnel1" {
-  name          = "vpn-tunnel1"
-  peer_ip       = "203.0.113.10"
-  shared_secret = var.shared_secret
-  target_vpn_gateway = google_compute_vpn_gateway.main.id
-  local_traffic_selector  = ["10.0.0.0/16"]
-  remote_traffic_selector = ["192.168.0.0/16"]
-  depends_on = [
-    google_compute_forwarding_rule.esp,
-    google_compute_forwarding_rule.udp500,
-    google_compute_forwarding_rule.udp4500,
-  ]
-}
-resource "google_compute_route" "route1" {
-  name       = "vpn-route1"
-  network    = google_compute_network.main.name
-  dest_range = "192.168.0.0/16"
-  priority   = 1000
-  next_hop_vpn_tunnel = google_compute_vpn_tunnel.tunnel1.id
-}
-```
-### Azure VPN Gateway
-```hcl
-resource "azurerm_virtual_network_gateway" "main" {
-  name                = "vpn-gateway"
-  location            = azurerm_resource_group.main.location
-  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.main.name
-  type     = "Vpn"
-  vpn_type = "RouteBased"
-  active_active = false
-  enable_bgp    = true
-  sku           = "VpnGw2"
-  ip_configuration {
-    name                          = "vnetGatewayConfig"
-    public_ip_address_id          = azurerm_public_ip.vpn.id
-    private_ip_address_allocation = "Dynamic"
-    subnet_id                     = azurerm_subnet.gateway.id
-  }
-  bgp_settings {
-    asn = 65515
-  }
-}
-resource "azurerm_local_network_gateway" "onprem" {
-  name                = "onprem-gateway"
-  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.main.name
-  location            = azurerm_resource_group.main.location
-  gateway_address     = "203.0.113.10"
-  address_space       = ["10.0.0.0/16"]
-  bgp_settings {
-    asn                 = 65000
-    bgp_peering_address = "10.0.0.1"
-  }
-}
-resource "azurerm_virtual_network_gateway_connection" "onprem" {
-  name                = "onprem-connection"
-  location            = azurerm_resource_group.main.location
-  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.main.name
-  type                       = "IPsec"
-  virtual_network_gateway_id = azurerm_virtual_network_gateway.main.id
-  local_network_gateway_id   = azurerm_local_network_gateway.onprem.id
-  shared_key = var.shared_key
-  enable_bgp = true
-}
-```
-## Site-to-Site VPN
-### High Availability Setup
-```
-Primary Tunnel:
-Office Router A ←→ Cloud VPN Gateway 1
-Backup Tunnel:
-Office Router A ←→ Cloud VPN Gateway 2
-Secondary Backup:
-Office Router B ←→ Cloud VPN Gateway 1
-```
-### BGP Configuration
-```
-# Cisco Router
-router bgp 65000
- bgp log-neighbor-changes
- neighbor 169.254.10.1 remote-as 65515
- neighbor 169.254.10.1 timers 10 30 30
- !
- address-family ipv4
-  network 10.0.0.0 mask 255.255.0.0
-  neighbor 169.254.10.1 activate
-  neighbor 169.254.10.1 soft-reconfiguration inbound
- exit-address-family
-# For redundancy
- neighbor 169.254.11.1 remote-as 65515
- neighbor 169.254.11.1 timers 10 30 30
- !
- address-family ipv4
-  neighbor 169.254.11.1 activate
-  neighbor 169.254.11.1 soft-reconfiguration inbound
- exit-address-family
-```
-## Client VPN
-### WireGuard Client VPN
-```bash
-# Server configuration for road warriors
-[Interface]
-Address = 10.200.0.1/24
-ListenPort = 51820
-PrivateKey = SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY
-# Enable IP forwarding
-PostUp = sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
-PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT
-PostUp = iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
-PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT
-PostDown = iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
-# Client 1
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = CLIENT1_PUBLIC
-AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.10/32
-# Client 2
-[Peer]
-PublicKey = CLIENT2_PUBLIC
-AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.11/32
-```
-### OpenVPN Access Server
-```bash
-# Install OpenVPN Access Server
-wget https://as-repository.openvpn.net/as-repo-public.gpg -O /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/as-repository.gpg
-echo "deb http://as-repository.openvpn.net/as/debian focal main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/openvpn-as-repo.list
-apt update && apt install openvpn-as
-# Configure
-/usr/local/openvpn_as/bin/ovpn-init --batch
-# Access admin UI
-# https://your-server-ip:943/admin
-```
-## Best Practices
-1. **Use modern protocols** - WireGuard or IKEv2, avoid PPTP
-2. **Enable strong encryption** - AES-256-GCM, SHA-256
-3. **Implement redundancy** - Multiple tunnels, BGP
-4. **Monitor VPN health** - Tunnel status, throughput, latency
-5. **Use split-tunnel** - Only route necessary traffic through VPN
-6. **Enable logging** - Connection logs, authentication logs
-7. **Regular key rotation** - Rotate pre-shared keys periodically
-8. **Use certificate authentication** - More secure than PSK
-9. **Implement MFA** - For client VPN access
-10. **Test failover** - Ensure backup tunnels work
-## Anti-Patterns
-- **Using PPTP** - Outdated, insecure protocol
-- **Weak encryption** - DES, 3DES are obsolete
-- **Single tunnel** - No redundancy
-- **No monitoring** - Can't detect VPN failures
-- **Full tunnel always** - Unnecessary bandwidth usage
-- **Hard-coded credentials** - Use secrets management
-- **No logging** - Can't audit or troubleshoot
-- **Ignoring MTU** - Can cause packet fragmentation
-- **No firewall rules** - VPN doesn't mean trusted
-- **Manual configuration** - Use infrastructure as code