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package/.claude/skills/backend-dev-guidelines/resources/routing-and-controllers.md

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+# Routing and Controllers - Best Practices
+
+Complete guide to clean route definitions and controller patterns.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Routes: Routing Only](#routes-routing-only)
+- [BaseController Pattern](#basecontroller-pattern)
+- [Good Examples](#good-examples)
+- [Anti-Patterns](#anti-patterns)
+- [Refactoring Guide](#refactoring-guide)
+- [Error Handling](#error-handling)
+- [HTTP Status Codes](#http-status-codes)
+
+---
+
+## Routes: Routing Only
+
+### The Golden Rule
+
+**Routes should ONLY:**
+- ✅ Define route paths
+- ✅ Register middleware
+- ✅ Delegate to controllers
+
+**Routes should NEVER:**
+- ❌ Contain business logic
+- ❌ Access database directly
+- ❌ Implement validation logic (use Zod + controller)
+- ❌ Format complex responses
+- ❌ Handle complex error scenarios
+
+### Clean Route Pattern
+
+```typescript
+// routes/userRoutes.ts
+import { Router } from 'express';
+import { UserController } from '../controllers/UserController';
+import { SSOMiddlewareClient } from '../middleware/SSOMiddleware';
+import { auditMiddleware } from '../middleware/auditMiddleware';
+
+const router = Router();
+const controller = new UserController();
+
+// ✅ CLEAN: Route definition only
+router.get('/:id',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    auditMiddleware,
+    async (req, res) => controller.getUser(req, res)
+);
+
+router.post('/',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    auditMiddleware,
+    async (req, res) => controller.createUser(req, res)
+);
+
+router.put('/:id',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    auditMiddleware,
+    async (req, res) => controller.updateUser(req, res)
+);
+
+export default router;
+```
+
+**Key Points:**
+- Each route: method, path, middleware chain, controller delegation
+- No try-catch needed (controller handles errors)
+- Clean, readable, maintainable
+- Easy to see all endpoints at a glance
+
+---
+
+## BaseController Pattern
+
+### Why BaseController?
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Consistent error handling across all controllers
+- Automatic Sentry integration
+- Standardized response formats
+- Reusable helper methods
+- Performance tracking utilities
+- Logging and breadcrumb helpers
+
+### BaseController Pattern (Template)
+
+**File:** `/email/src/controllers/BaseController.ts`
+
+```typescript
+import * as Sentry from '@sentry/node';
+import { Response } from 'express';
+
+export abstract class BaseController {
+    /**
+     * Handle errors with Sentry integration
+     */
+    protected handleError(
+        error: unknown,
+        res: Response,
+        context: string,
+        statusCode = 500
+    ): void {
+        Sentry.withScope((scope) => {
+            scope.setTag('controller', this.constructor.name);
+            scope.setTag('operation', context);
+            scope.setUser({ id: res.locals?.claims?.userId });
+
+            if (error instanceof Error) {
+                scope.setContext('error_details', {
+                    message: error.message,
+                    stack: error.stack,
+                });
+            }
+
+            Sentry.captureException(error);
+        });
+
+        res.status(statusCode).json({
+            success: false,
+            error: {
+                message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'An error occurred',
+                code: statusCode,
+            },
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handle success responses
+     */
+    protected handleSuccess<T>(
+        res: Response,
+        data: T,
+        message?: string,
+        statusCode = 200
+    ): void {
+        res.status(statusCode).json({
+            success: true,
+            message,
+            data,
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Performance tracking wrapper
+     */
+    protected async withTransaction<T>(
+        name: string,
+        operation: string,
+        callback: () => Promise<T>
+    ): Promise<T> {
+        return await Sentry.startSpan(
+            { name, op: operation },
+            callback
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Validate required fields
+     */
+    protected validateRequest(
+        required: string[],
+        actual: Record<string, any>,
+        res: Response
+    ): boolean {
+        const missing = required.filter((field) => !actual[field]);
+
+        if (missing.length > 0) {
+            Sentry.captureMessage(
+                `Missing required fields: ${missing.join(', ')}`,
+                'warning'
+            );
+
+            res.status(400).json({
+                success: false,
+                error: {
+                    message: 'Missing required fields',
+                    code: 'VALIDATION_ERROR',
+                    details: { missing },
+                },
+            });
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Logging helpers
+     */
+    protected logInfo(message: string, context?: Record<string, any>): void {
+        Sentry.addBreadcrumb({
+            category: this.constructor.name,
+            message,
+            level: 'info',
+            data: context,
+        });
+    }
+
+    protected logWarning(message: string, context?: Record<string, any>): void {
+        Sentry.captureMessage(message, {
+            level: 'warning',
+            tags: { controller: this.constructor.name },
+            extra: context,
+        });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Add Sentry breadcrumb
+     */
+    protected addBreadcrumb(
+        message: string,
+        category: string,
+        data?: Record<string, any>
+    ): void {
+        Sentry.addBreadcrumb({ message, category, level: 'info', data });
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Capture custom metric
+     */
+    protected captureMetric(name: string, value: number, unit: string): void {
+        Sentry.metrics.gauge(name, value, { unit });
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Using BaseController
+
+```typescript
+// controllers/UserController.ts
+import { Request, Response } from 'express';
+import { BaseController } from './BaseController';
+import { UserService } from '../services/userService';
+import { createUserSchema } from '../validators/userSchemas';
+
+export class UserController extends BaseController {
+    private userService: UserService;
+
+    constructor() {
+        super();
+        this.userService = new UserService();
+    }
+
+    async getUser(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        try {
+            this.addBreadcrumb('Fetching user', 'user_controller', { userId: req.params.id });
+
+            const user = await this.userService.findById(req.params.id);
+
+            if (!user) {
+                return this.handleError(
+                    new Error('User not found'),
+                    res,
+                    'getUser',
+                    404
+                );
+            }
+
+            this.handleSuccess(res, user);
+        } catch (error) {
+            this.handleError(error, res, 'getUser');
+        }
+    }
+
+    async createUser(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        try {
+            // Validate input
+            const validated = createUserSchema.parse(req.body);
+
+            // Track performance
+            const user = await this.withTransaction(
+                'user.create',
+                'db.query',
+                () => this.userService.create(validated)
+            );
+
+            this.handleSuccess(res, user, 'User created successfully', 201);
+        } catch (error) {
+            this.handleError(error, res, 'createUser');
+        }
+    }
+
+    async updateUser(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        try {
+            const validated = updateUserSchema.parse(req.body);
+            const user = await this.userService.update(req.params.id, validated);
+            this.handleSuccess(res, user, 'User updated');
+        } catch (error) {
+            this.handleError(error, res, 'updateUser');
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Benefits:**
+- Consistent error handling
+- Automatic Sentry integration
+- Performance tracking
+- Clean, readable code
+- Easy to test
+
+---
+
+## Good Examples
+
+### Example 1: Email Notification Routes (Excellent ✅)
+
+**File:** `/email/src/routes/notificationRoutes.ts`
+
+```typescript
+import { Router } from 'express';
+import { NotificationController } from '../controllers/NotificationController';
+import { SSOMiddlewareClient } from '../middleware/SSOMiddleware';
+
+const router = Router();
+const controller = new NotificationController();
+
+// ✅ EXCELLENT: Clean delegation
+router.get('/',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    async (req, res) => controller.getNotifications(req, res)
+);
+
+router.post('/',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    async (req, res) => controller.createNotification(req, res)
+);
+
+router.put('/:id/read',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    async (req, res) => controller.markAsRead(req, res)
+);
+
+export default router;
+```
+
+**What Makes This Excellent:**
+- Zero business logic in routes
+- Clear middleware chain
+- Consistent pattern
+- Easy to understand
+
+### Example 2: Proxy Routes with Validation (Good ✅)
+
+**File:** `/form/src/routes/proxyRoutes.ts`
+
+```typescript
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+const createProxySchema = z.object({
+    originalUserID: z.string().min(1),
+    proxyUserID: z.string().min(1),
+    startsAt: z.string().datetime(),
+    expiresAt: z.string().datetime(),
+});
+
+router.post('/',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    async (req, res) => {
+        try {
+            const validated = createProxySchema.parse(req.body);
+            const proxy = await proxyService.createProxyRelationship(validated);
+            res.status(201).json({ success: true, data: proxy });
+        } catch (error) {
+            handler.handleException(res, error);
+        }
+    }
+);
+```
+
+**What Makes This Good:**
+- Zod validation
+- Delegates to service
+- Proper HTTP status codes
+- Error handling
+
+**Could Be Better:**
+- Move validation to controller
+- Use BaseController
+
+---
+
+## Anti-Patterns
+
+### Anti-Pattern 1: Business Logic in Routes (Bad ❌)
+
+**File:** `/form/src/routes/responseRoutes.ts` (actual production code)
+
+```typescript
+// ❌ ANTI-PATTERN: 200+ lines of business logic in route
+router.post('/:formID/submit', async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
+    try {
+        const username = res.locals.claims.preferred_username;
+        const responses = req.body.responses;
+        const stepInstanceId = req.body.stepInstanceId;
+
+        // ❌ Permission checking in route
+        const userId = await userProfileService.getProfileByEmail(username).then(p => p.id);
+        const canComplete = await permissionService.canCompleteStep(userId, stepInstanceId);
+        if (!canComplete) {
+            return res.status(403).json({ error: 'No permission' });
+        }
+
+        // ❌ Workflow logic in route
+        const { createWorkflowEngine, CompleteStepCommand } = require('../workflow/core/WorkflowEngineV3');
+        const engine = await createWorkflowEngine();
+        const command = new CompleteStepCommand(
+            stepInstanceId,
+            userId,
+            responses,
+            additionalContext
+        );
+        const events = await engine.executeCommand(command);
+
+        // ❌ Impersonation handling in route
+        if (res.locals.isImpersonating) {
+            impersonationContextStore.storeContext(stepInstanceId, {
+                originalUserId: res.locals.originalUserId,
+                effectiveUserId: userId,
+            });
+        }
+
+        // ❌ Response processing in route
+        const post = await PrismaService.main.post.findUnique({
+            where: { id: postData.id },
+            include: { comments: true },
+        });
+
+        // ❌ Permission check in route
+        await checkPostPermissions(post, userId);
+
+        // ... 100+ more lines of business logic
+
+        res.json({ success: true, data: result });
+    } catch (e) {
+        handler.handleException(res, e);
+    }
+});
+```
+
+**Why This Is Terrible:**
+- 200+ lines of business logic
+- Hard to test (requires HTTP mocking)
+- Hard to reuse (tied to route)
+- Mixed responsibilities
+- Difficult to debug
+- Performance tracking difficult
+
+### How to Refactor (Step-by-Step)
+
+**Step 1: Create Controller**
+
+```typescript
+// controllers/PostController.ts
+export class PostController extends BaseController {
+    private postService: PostService;
+
+    constructor() {
+        super();
+        this.postService = new PostService();
+    }
+
+    async createPost(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+        try {
+            const validated = createPostSchema.parse({
+                ...req.body,
+            });
+
+            const result = await this.postService.createPost(
+                validated,
+                res.locals.userId
+            );
+
+            this.handleSuccess(res, result, 'Post created successfully');
+        } catch (error) {
+            this.handleError(error, res, 'createPost');
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Step 2: Create Service**
+
+```typescript
+// services/postService.ts
+export class PostService {
+    async createPost(
+        data: CreatePostDTO,
+        userId: string
+    ): Promise<PostResult> {
+        // Permission check
+        const canCreate = await permissionService.canCreatePost(userId);
+        if (!canCreate) {
+            throw new ForbiddenError('No permission to create post');
+        }
+
+        // Execute workflow
+        const engine = await createWorkflowEngine();
+        const command = new CompleteStepCommand(/* ... */);
+        const events = await engine.executeCommand(command);
+
+        // Handle impersonation if needed
+        if (context.isImpersonating) {
+            await this.handleImpersonation(data.stepInstanceId, context);
+        }
+
+        // Synchronize roles
+        await this.synchronizeRoles(events, userId);
+
+        return { events, success: true };
+    }
+
+    private async handleImpersonation(stepInstanceId: number, context: any) {
+        impersonationContextStore.storeContext(stepInstanceId, {
+            originalUserId: context.originalUserId,
+            effectiveUserId: context.effectiveUserId,
+        });
+    }
+
+    private async synchronizeRoles(events: WorkflowEvent[], userId: string) {
+        // Role synchronization logic
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**Step 3: Update Route**
+
+```typescript
+// routes/postRoutes.ts
+import { PostController } from '../controllers/PostController';
+
+const router = Router();
+const controller = new PostController();
+
+// ✅ CLEAN: Just routing
+router.post('/',
+    SSOMiddlewareClient.verifyLoginStatus,
+    auditMiddleware,
+    async (req, res) => controller.createPost(req, res)
+);
+```
+
+**Result:**
+- Route: 8 lines (was 200+)
+- Controller: 25 lines (request handling)
+- Service: 50 lines (business logic)
+- Testable, reusable, maintainable!
+
+---
+
+## Error Handling
+
+### Controller Error Handling
+
+```typescript
+async createUser(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+        const result = await this.userService.create(req.body);
+        this.handleSuccess(res, result, 'User created', 201);
+    } catch (error) {
+        // BaseController.handleError automatically:
+        // - Captures to Sentry with context
+        // - Sets appropriate status code
+        // - Returns formatted error response
+        this.handleError(error, res, 'createUser');
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Custom Error Status Codes
+
+```typescript
+async getUser(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+        const user = await this.userService.findById(req.params.id);
+
+        if (!user) {
+            // Custom 404 status
+            return this.handleError(
+                new Error('User not found'),
+                res,
+                'getUser',
+                404  // Custom status code
+            );
+        }
+
+        this.handleSuccess(res, user);
+    } catch (error) {
+        this.handleError(error, res, 'getUser');
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Validation Errors
+
+```typescript
+async createUser(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+        const validated = createUserSchema.parse(req.body);
+        const user = await this.userService.create(validated);
+        this.handleSuccess(res, user, 'User created', 201);
+    } catch (error) {
+        // Zod errors get 400 status
+        if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
+            return this.handleError(error, res, 'createUser', 400);
+        }
+        this.handleError(error, res, 'createUser');
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+## HTTP Status Codes
+
+### Standard Codes
+
+| Code | Use Case | Example |
+|------|----------|---------|
+| 200 | Success (GET, PUT) | User retrieved, Updated |
+| 201 | Created (POST) | User created |
+| 204 | No Content (DELETE) | User deleted |
+| 400 | Bad Request | Invalid input data |
+| 401 | Unauthorized | Not authenticated |
+| 403 | Forbidden | No permission |
+| 404 | Not Found | Resource doesn't exist |
+| 409 | Conflict | Duplicate resource |
+| 422 | Unprocessable Entity | Validation failed |
+| 500 | Internal Server Error | Unexpected error |
+
+### Usage Examples
+
+```typescript
+// 200 - Success (default)
+this.handleSuccess(res, user);
+
+// 201 - Created
+this.handleSuccess(res, user, 'Created', 201);
+
+// 400 - Bad Request
+this.handleError(error, res, 'operation', 400);
+
+// 404 - Not Found
+this.handleError(new Error('Not found'), res, 'operation', 404);
+
+// 403 - Forbidden
+this.handleError(new ForbiddenError('No permission'), res, 'operation', 403);
+```
+
+---
+
+## Refactoring Guide
+
+### Identify Routes Needing Refactoring
+
+**Red Flags:**
+- Route file > 100 lines
+- Multiple try-catch blocks in one route
+- Direct database access (Prisma calls)
+- Complex business logic (if statements, loops)
+- Permission checks in routes
+
+**Check your routes:**
+```bash
+# Find large route files
+wc -l form/src/routes/*.ts | sort -n
+
+# Find routes with Prisma usage
+grep -r "PrismaService" form/src/routes/
+```
+
+### Refactoring Process
+
+**1. Extract to Controller:**
+```typescript
+// Before: Route with logic
+router.post('/action', async (req, res) => {
+    try {
+        // 50 lines of logic
+    } catch (e) {
+        handler.handleException(res, e);
+    }
+});
+
+// After: Clean route
+router.post('/action', (req, res) => controller.performAction(req, res));
+
+// New controller method
+async performAction(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+        const result = await this.service.performAction(req.body);
+        this.handleSuccess(res, result);
+    } catch (error) {
+        this.handleError(error, res, 'performAction');
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**2. Extract to Service:**
+```typescript
+// Controller stays thin
+async performAction(req: Request, res: Response): Promise<void> {
+    try {
+        const validated = actionSchema.parse(req.body);
+        const result = await this.actionService.execute(validated);
+        this.handleSuccess(res, result);
+    } catch (error) {
+        this.handleError(error, res, 'performAction');
+    }
+}
+
+// Service contains business logic
+export class ActionService {
+    async execute(data: ActionDTO): Promise<Result> {
+        // All business logic here
+        // Permission checks
+        // Database operations
+        // Complex transformations
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+**3. Add Repository (if needed):**
+```typescript
+// Service calls repository
+export class ActionService {
+    constructor(private actionRepository: ActionRepository) {}
+
+    async execute(data: ActionDTO): Promise<Result> {
+        // Business logic
+        const entity = await this.actionRepository.findById(data.id);
+        // More logic
+        return await this.actionRepository.update(data.id, changes);
+    }
+}
+
+// Repository handles data access
+export class ActionRepository {
+    async findById(id: number): Promise<Entity | null> {
+        return PrismaService.main.entity.findUnique({ where: { id } });
+    }
+
+    async update(id: number, data: Partial<Entity>): Promise<Entity> {
+        return PrismaService.main.entity.update({ where: { id }, data });
+    }
+}
+```
+
+---
+
+**Related Files:**
+- [SKILL.md](SKILL.md) - Main guide
+- [services-and-repositories.md](services-and-repositories.md) - Service layer details
+- [complete-examples.md](complete-examples.md) - Full refactoring examples