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package/.claude/skills/network-engineering/resources/tcp-ip-protocols.md

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+# TCP/IP Protocols
+
+Comprehensive guide to TCP/IP protocols covering OSI model, TCP/UDP, IP addressing, subnetting, CIDR, routing protocols, and packet flow analysis.
+
+## OSI and TCP/IP Models
+
+### Layer Comparison
+
+```
+OSI Model          TCP/IP Model      Protocols/Examples
+─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+7. Application  ┐
+6. Presentation │→ Application     HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SSH,
+5. Session      ┘                  DNS, SMTP, TLS
+
+4. Transport    → Transport        TCP, UDP, SCTP
+
+3. Network      → Internet         IP, ICMP, IGMP, IPsec
+
+2. Data Link    ┐
+1. Physical     ┘→ Network Access  Ethernet, WiFi, ARP
+```
+
+## Transport Layer Protocols
+
+### TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
+
+**Characteristics:**
+- Connection-oriented
+- Reliable delivery (acknowledgments)
+- Ordered delivery
+- Flow control
+- Congestion control
+
+**Three-Way Handshake:**
+```
+Client                Server
+  │                     │
+  │──── SYN ───────────→│  (Sequence = X)
+  │                     │
+  │←─── SYN-ACK ───────│  (Sequence = Y, Ack = X+1)
+  │                     │
+  │──── ACK ───────────→│  (Ack = Y+1)
+  │                     │
+  │   Connection Open   │
+```
+
+**TCP Header:**
+```
+ 0                   1                   2                   3
+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│          Source Port          │       Destination Port        │
+├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│                        Sequence Number                        │
+├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│                    Acknowledgment Number                      │
+├───────┬───┬───────┬───────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│Offset │Res│ Flags │          Window Size                      │
+├───────┴───┴───────┼───────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│      Checksum     │        Urgent Pointer                     │
+└───────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────┘
+
+Flags: URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN, FIN
+```
+
+### UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
+
+**Characteristics:**
+- Connectionless
+- No reliability guarantees
+- No ordering
+- Low overhead
+- Fast
+
+**UDP Header (8 bytes):**
+```
+ 0      7 8     15 16    23 24    31
+├────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┤
+│ Source │  Dest  │ Length │Checksum│
+│  Port  │  Port  │        │        │
+└────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┘
+```
+
+**Use Cases:**
+- DNS queries
+- Video streaming (loss acceptable)
+- Gaming (low latency critical)
+- VoIP
+- IoT sensors
+
+## Network Layer (IP)
+
+### IPv4
+
+**IPv4 Address:**
+```
+Format: 32 bits (4 octets)
+Example: 192.168.1.100
+Binary: 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100
+```
+
+**IPv4 Classes:**
+```
+Class A: 0.0.0.0     - 127.255.255.255  (/8)   16M hosts
+Class B: 128.0.0.0   - 191.255.255.255  (/16)  65K hosts
+Class C: 192.0.0.0   - 223.255.255.255  (/24)  254 hosts
+Class D: 224.0.0.0   - 239.255.255.255  (Multicast)
+Class E: 240.0.0.0   - 255.255.255.255  (Reserved)
+```
+
+**Private IP Ranges (RFC 1918):**
+```
+10.0.0.0      - 10.255.255.255    (10.0.0.0/8)     16M IPs
+172.16.0.0    - 172.31.255.255    (172.16.0.0/12)  1M IPs
+192.168.0.0   - 192.168.255.255   (192.168.0.0/16) 65K IPs
+```
+
+### IPv6
+
+**IPv6 Address:**
+```
+Format: 128 bits (8 groups of 4 hex digits)
+Example: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
+
+Compressed: 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
+(Leading zeros omitted, :: replaces consecutive zeros)
+```
+
+**IPv6 Types:**
+```
+Global Unicast:    2000::/3  (Internet routable)
+Link-Local:        fe80::/10 (Local network only)
+Unique Local:      fc00::/7  (Private, like RFC 1918)
+Multicast:         ff00::/8
+Loopback:          ::1/128
+Unspecified:       ::/128
+```
+
+## Subnetting and CIDR
+
+### Subnet Mask
+
+```
+Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 = /24
+Binary: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
+
+Network portion: First 24 bits
+Host portion: Last 8 bits
+Total hosts: 2^8 - 2 = 254 usable
+```
+
+### CIDR Notation
+
+```
+CIDR    Subnet Mask      Hosts    Subnet Count
+/8      255.0.0.0        16,777,214    1
+/16     255.255.0.0      65,534       256
+/24     255.255.255.0    254          65,536
+/25     255.255.255.128  126          131,072
+/26     255.255.255.192  62           262,144
+/27     255.255.255.224  30           524,288
+/28     255.255.255.240  14           1,048,576
+/29     255.255.255.248  6            2,097,152
+/30     255.255.255.252  2            4,194,304
+/32     255.255.255.255  1 (host)     -
+```
+
+### Subnetting Example
+
+**Subnet 192.168.1.0/24 into 4 equal subnets:**
+```
+Original: 192.168.1.0/24 (254 hosts)
+New mask: /26 (2 borrowed bits, 2^2 = 4 subnets)
+
+Subnet 1: 192.168.1.0/26   (192.168.1.1   - 192.168.1.62)
+Subnet 2: 192.168.1.64/26  (192.168.1.65  - 192.168.1.126)
+Subnet 3: 192.168.1.128/26 (192.168.1.129 - 192.168.1.190)
+Subnet 4: 192.168.1.192/26 (192.168.1.193 - 192.168.1.254)
+
+Each subnet: 64 IPs (62 usable)
+```
+
+### VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)
+
+```
+Network: 192.168.1.0/24
+
+Requirements:
+- Sales: 100 hosts → /25 (126 hosts)
+- IT: 50 hosts → /26 (62 hosts)
+- HR: 20 hosts → /27 (30 hosts)
+- Mgmt: 10 hosts → /28 (14 hosts)
+
+Allocation:
+Sales:  192.168.1.0/25    (192.168.1.0   - 192.168.1.127)
+IT:     192.168.1.128/26  (192.168.1.128 - 192.168.1.191)
+HR:     192.168.1.192/27  (192.168.1.192 - 192.168.1.223)
+Mgmt:   192.168.1.224/28  (192.168.1.224 - 192.168.1.239)
+```
+
+## ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
+
+### Common ICMP Types
+
+```
+Type 0:  Echo Reply (Ping response)
+Type 3:  Destination Unreachable
+Type 5:  Redirect
+Type 8:  Echo Request (Ping)
+Type 11: Time Exceeded (TTL=0)
+Type 30: Traceroute
+```
+
+### Ping Example
+
+```bash
+$ ping -c 4 8.8.8.8
+
+PING 8.8.8.8 (8.8.8.8) 56(84) bytes of data.
+64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=1 ttl=117 time=12.3 ms
+64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=2 ttl=117 time=11.8 ms
+64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=3 ttl=117 time=12.1 ms
+64 bytes from 8.8.8.8: icmp_seq=4 ttl=117 time=12.0 ms
+
+--- 8.8.8.8 ping statistics ---
+4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3004ms
+rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 11.849/12.050/12.301/0.174 ms
+```
+
+### Traceroute
+
+```bash
+$ traceroute google.com
+
+ 1  gateway (192.168.1.1)  1.234 ms
+ 2  10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1)  8.456 ms
+ 3  isp-router.net (203.0.113.1)  12.789 ms
+ 4  * * *  (timeout)
+ 5  google-peer.net (172.217.1.1)  15.234 ms
+ 6  google.com (142.250.185.46)  16.123 ms
+```
+
+## Routing Protocols
+
+### Static Routing
+
+```bash
+# Linux
+ip route add 10.0.2.0/24 via 10.0.1.1
+
+# Cisco
+ip route 10.0.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.1.1
+
+# Default route
+ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
+```
+
+### Dynamic Routing Protocols
+
+**RIP (Routing Information Protocol):**
+- Distance vector protocol
+- Metric: Hop count (max 15)
+- Updates every 30 seconds
+- Legacy, rarely used
+
+**OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):**
+- Link-state protocol
+- Metric: Cost (based on bandwidth)
+- Fast convergence
+- Scalable (areas)
+- Widely used in enterprises
+
+**BGP (Border Gateway Protocol):**
+- Path vector protocol
+- Metric: AS path, policies
+- Internet routing protocol
+- Scalable to internet size
+
+### OSPF Areas
+
+```
+┌────────────────────────────────────┐
+│         Backbone Area 0            │
+│         (All routers)              │
+└──────┬─────────┬──────────┬────────┘
+       │         │          │
+   ┌───▼───┐ ┌───▼───┐  ┌───▼───┐
+   │Area 1 │ │Area 2 │  │Area 3 │
+   │       │ │       │  │       │
+   └───────┘ └───────┘  └───────┘
+```
+
+## Packet Flow Analysis
+
+### TCP Packet Capture
+
+```bash
+# Capture with tcpdump
+sudo tcpdump -i eth0 -nn port 80
+
+# Sample output
+12:34:56.789012 IP 192.168.1.100.51234 > 93.184.216.34.80: Flags [S], seq 123456, win 65535
+12:34:56.801234 IP 93.184.216.34.80 > 192.168.1.100.51234: Flags [S.], seq 789012, ack 123457, win 65535
+12:34:56.801456 IP 192.168.1.100.51234 > 93.184.216.34.80: Flags [.], ack 789013, win 65535
+12:34:56.801678 IP 192.168.1.100.51234 > 93.184.216.34.80: Flags [P.], seq 123457:123557
+```
+
+### HTTP Request Flow
+
+```
+1. DNS Resolution
+   Client → DNS Server: "What is example.com?"
+   DNS Server → Client: "93.184.216.34"
+
+2. TCP Handshake
+   Client → Server: SYN
+   Server → Client: SYN-ACK
+   Client → Server: ACK
+
+3. HTTP Request
+   Client → Server: GET / HTTP/1.1
+                    Host: example.com
+
+4. HTTP Response
+   Server → Client: HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+                    Content-Type: text/html
+                    <html>...</html>
+
+5. Connection Close
+   Client → Server: FIN
+   Server → Client: ACK
+   Server → Client: FIN
+   Client → Server: ACK
+```
+
+## Network Address Translation (NAT)
+
+### NAT Types
+
+**SNAT (Source NAT):**
+```
+Internal → External
+10.0.1.5:12345 → 203.0.113.1:54321
+(Private IP → Public IP)
+```
+
+**DNAT (Destination NAT / Port Forwarding):**
+```
+External → Internal
+203.0.113.1:80 → 10.0.1.10:8080
+(Public → Private web server)
+```
+
+**PAT (Port Address Translation):**
+```
+Multiple internal hosts share one public IP
+10.0.1.5:12345 → 203.0.113.1:54321
+10.0.1.6:12346 → 203.0.113.1:54322
+10.0.1.7:12347 → 203.0.113.1:54323
+```
+
+## Quality of Service (QoS)
+
+### DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point)
+
+```
+ToS Field in IP Header (8 bits)
+┌──────────┬────┐
+│ DSCP (6) │ECN │
+└──────────┴────┘
+
+DSCP Values:
+EF (Expedited Forwarding): 46 - VoIP, real-time
+AF41 (Assured Forwarding): 34 - Video
+AF31: 26 - High-priority data
+BE (Best Effort): 0 - Default
+```
+
+### Traffic Shaping
+
+```bash
+# Linux tc (traffic control)
+tc qdisc add dev eth0 root tbf rate 1mbit burst 32kbit latency 400ms
+
+# Prioritize SSH traffic
+tc filter add dev eth0 protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 1 u32 \
+   match ip dport 22 0xffff flowid 1:1
+```
+
+## Protocol Encapsulation
+
+### Packet Structure
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────┐
+│      Ethernet Header (14 bytes)     │
+├─────────────────────────────────────┤
+│      IP Header (20+ bytes)          │
+├─────────────────────────────────────┤
+│      TCP Header (20+ bytes)         │
+├─────────────────────────────────────┤
+│      Application Data               │
+└─────────────────────────────────────┘
+
+MTU: 1500 bytes (Ethernet)
+MSS: 1460 bytes (MTU - IP - TCP headers)
+```
+
+### Tunneling Protocols
+
+**GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation):**
+```
+┌──────────┐
+│ Outer IP │
+├──────────┤
+│   GRE    │
+├──────────┤
+│ Inner IP │
+├──────────┤
+│   Data   │
+└──────────┘
+```
+
+**IPsec:**
+```
+Transport Mode:
+┌──────────┬─────────┬──────────┐
+│ IP Header│ESP/AH   │ Payload  │
+└──────────┴─────────┴──────────┘
+
+Tunnel Mode:
+┌──────────┬────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
+│ New IP   │ESP/AH  │ Orig IP  │ Payload  │
+└──────────┴────────┴──────────┴──────────┘
+```
+
+---
+
+**Related Topics:**
+- See [network-architecture.md](network-architecture.md) for network design
+- See [routing-switching.md](routing-switching.md) for routing protocols
+- See [network-troubleshooting.md](network-troubleshooting.md) for packet analysis
+- See [vpn-connectivity.md](vpn-connectivity.md) for VPN protocols