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package/.claude/skills/network-engineering/resources/network-security.md

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+# Network Security
+
+Comprehensive guide to network security covering firewalls, security groups, network ACLs, DDoS protection, WAF, IDS/IPS, zero trust architecture, and network security best practices.
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+- [Overview](#overview)
+- [Security Layers](#security-layers)
+- [Firewalls](#firewalls)
+- [Security Groups](#security-groups)
+- [Network ACLs](#network-acls)
+- [DDoS Protection](#ddos-protection)
+- [Web Application Firewall (WAF)](#web-application-firewall-waf)
+- [IDS/IPS](#idsips)
+- [Zero Trust Architecture](#zero-trust-architecture)
+- [Network Segmentation](#network-segmentation)
+- [VPN Security](#vpn-security)
+- [Best Practices](#best-practices)
+- [Anti-Patterns](#anti-patterns)
+
+## Overview
+
+Network security protects infrastructure, data, and communications from unauthorized access, attacks, and vulnerabilities through multiple layers of defense.
+
+**Defense in Depth Strategy:**
+```
+┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│ Application Security (WAF, API GW)     │
+├────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Host Security (Firewall, SELinux)     │
+├────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Network Security (SG, NACL, FW)       │
+├────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Perimeter Security (DDoS, IPS)        │
+├────────────────────────────────────────┤
+│ Physical Security (Data Centers)       │
+└────────────────────────────────────────┘
+```
+
+## Security Layers
+
+### Network Zones
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│              Internet                        │
+└──────────────────┬──────────────────────────┘
+                   │
+            ┌──────▼──────┐
+            │   Firewall  │
+            │  (Perimeter)│
+            └──────┬──────┘
+                   │
+       ┌───────────┴───────────┐
+       │                       │
+ ┌─────▼─────┐          ┌─────▼──────┐
+ │   DMZ     │          │  Internal   │
+ │ (Public)  │          │  (Private)  │
+ └───────────┘          └─────┬───────┘
+                              │
+                      ┌───────▼────────┐
+                      │   Database     │
+                      │   (Isolated)   │
+                      └────────────────┘
+```
+
+### Security Control Layers
+
+1. **Perimeter:** DDoS protection, firewall
+2. **Network:** Security groups, NACLs, routing
+3. **Application:** WAF, API gateway
+4. **Data:** Encryption, access control
+5. **Identity:** IAM, authentication, authorization
+
+## Firewalls
+
+### iptables Configuration
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# Flush existing rules
+iptables -F
+iptables -X
+iptables -t nat -F
+iptables -t nat -X
+iptables -t mangle -F
+iptables -t mangle -X
+
+# Default policies
+iptables -P INPUT DROP
+iptables -P FORWARD DROP
+iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
+
+# Allow loopback
+iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
+iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
+
+# Allow established connections
+iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
+
+# Allow SSH (rate limited)
+iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m recent --set
+iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 4 -j DROP
+iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
+
+# Allow HTTP/HTTPS
+iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
+iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
+
+# Allow ping (rate limited)
+iptables -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -m limit --limit 1/s -j ACCEPT
+
+# Drop invalid packets
+iptables -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID -j DROP
+
+# Log dropped packets
+iptables -A INPUT -m limit --limit 5/min -j LOG --log-prefix "iptables denied: " --log-level 7
+
+# Drop everything else
+iptables -A INPUT -j DROP
+
+# Save rules
+iptables-save > /etc/iptables/rules.v4
+```
+
+### nftables (Modern Replacement)
+
+```bash
+#!/usr/sbin/nft -f
+
+flush ruleset
+
+table inet filter {
+    chain input {
+        type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;
+
+        # Allow loopback
+        iif lo accept
+
+        # Allow established/related
+        ct state established,related accept
+
+        # Allow SSH (rate limited)
+        tcp dport 22 ct state new limit rate 3/minute accept
+
+        # Allow HTTP/HTTPS
+        tcp dport { 80, 443 } accept
+
+        # Allow ICMP
+        icmp type echo-request limit rate 1/second accept
+
+        # Log drops
+        limit rate 5/minute log prefix "nftables drop: "
+    }
+
+    chain forward {
+        type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop;
+    }
+
+    chain output {
+        type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall)
+
+```bash
+# Enable UFW
+ufw enable
+
+# Default policies
+ufw default deny incoming
+ufw default allow outgoing
+
+# Allow SSH
+ufw allow ssh
+ufw limit ssh  # Rate limit SSH
+
+# Allow HTTP/HTTPS
+ufw allow 80/tcp
+ufw allow 443/tcp
+
+# Allow from specific IP
+ufw allow from 192.0.2.0/24 to any port 3306
+
+# Allow specific service
+ufw allow from 10.0.0.0/8 to any app 'PostgreSQL'
+
+# Deny specific IP
+ufw deny from 203.0.113.0/24
+
+# Show status
+ufw status verbose
+
+# Application profiles
+ufw app list
+ufw allow 'Nginx Full'
+```
+
+## Security Groups
+
+### AWS Security Groups
+
+```hcl
+# Web server security group
+resource "aws_security_group" "web" {
+  name        = "web-server-sg"
+  description = "Security group for web servers"
+  vpc_id      = aws_vpc.main.id
+
+  # Inbound rules
+  ingress {
+    description     = "HTTPS from ALB"
+    from_port       = 443
+    to_port         = 443
+    protocol        = "tcp"
+    security_groups = [aws_security_group.alb.id]
+  }
+
+  ingress {
+    description     = "HTTP from ALB"
+    from_port       = 80
+    to_port         = 80
+    protocol        = "tcp"
+    security_groups = [aws_security_group.alb.id]
+  }
+
+  ingress {
+    description = "SSH from bastion"
+    from_port   = 22
+    to_port     = 22
+    protocol    = "tcp"
+    security_groups = [aws_security_group.bastion.id]
+  }
+
+  # Outbound rules
+  egress {
+    description = "All outbound"
+    from_port   = 0
+    to_port     = 0
+    protocol    = "-1"
+    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
+  }
+
+  tags = {
+    Name = "web-server-sg"
+  }
+}
+
+# Database security group
+resource "aws_security_group" "database" {
+  name        = "database-sg"
+  description = "Security group for database servers"
+  vpc_id      = aws_vpc.main.id
+
+  ingress {
+    description     = "PostgreSQL from app servers"
+    from_port       = 5432
+    to_port         = 5432
+    protocol        = "tcp"
+    security_groups = [aws_security_group.app.id]
+  }
+
+  egress {
+    description = "No outbound internet"
+    from_port   = 0
+    to_port     = 0
+    protocol    = "-1"
+    cidr_blocks = []
+  }
+
+  tags = {
+    Name = "database-sg"
+  }
+}
+
+# ALB security group
+resource "aws_security_group" "alb" {
+  name        = "alb-sg"
+  description = "Security group for application load balancer"
+  vpc_id      = aws_vpc.main.id
+
+  ingress {
+    description = "HTTPS from internet"
+    from_port   = 443
+    to_port     = 443
+    protocol    = "tcp"
+    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
+  }
+
+  ingress {
+    description = "HTTP from internet (redirect to HTTPS)"
+    from_port   = 80
+    to_port     = 80
+    protocol    = "tcp"
+    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
+  }
+
+  egress {
+    description     = "To web servers"
+    from_port       = 0
+    to_port         = 0
+    protocol        = "-1"
+    security_groups = [aws_security_group.web.id]
+  }
+
+  tags = {
+    Name = "alb-sg"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Azure Network Security Groups
+
+```hcl
+resource "azurerm_network_security_group" "web" {
+  name                = "web-nsg"
+  location            = azurerm_resource_group.main.location
+  resource_group_name = azurerm_resource_group.main.name
+
+  security_rule {
+    name                       = "AllowHTTPS"
+    priority                   = 100
+    direction                  = "Inbound"
+    access                     = "Allow"
+    protocol                   = "Tcp"
+    source_port_range          = "*"
+    destination_port_range     = "443"
+    source_address_prefix      = "*"
+    destination_address_prefix = "*"
+  }
+
+  security_rule {
+    name                       = "AllowHTTP"
+    priority                   = 110
+    direction                  = "Inbound"
+    access                     = "Allow"
+    protocol                   = "Tcp"
+    source_port_range          = "*"
+    destination_port_range     = "80"
+    source_address_prefix      = "*"
+    destination_address_prefix = "*"
+  }
+
+  security_rule {
+    name                       = "DenyAll"
+    priority                   = 4096
+    direction                  = "Inbound"
+    access                     = "Deny"
+    protocol                   = "*"
+    source_port_range          = "*"
+    destination_port_range     = "*"
+    source_address_prefix      = "*"
+    destination_address_prefix = "*"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## Network ACLs
+
+### AWS Network ACLs
+
+```hcl
+resource "aws_network_acl" "public" {
+  vpc_id     = aws_vpc.main.id
+  subnet_ids = aws_subnet.public[*].id
+
+  # Inbound rules
+  ingress {
+    protocol   = "tcp"
+    rule_no    = 100
+    action     = "allow"
+    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
+    from_port  = 443
+    to_port    = 443
+  }
+
+  ingress {
+    protocol   = "tcp"
+    rule_no    = 110
+    action     = "allow"
+    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
+    from_port  = 80
+    to_port    = 80
+  }
+
+  # Ephemeral ports for return traffic
+  ingress {
+    protocol   = "tcp"
+    rule_no    = 120
+    action     = "allow"
+    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
+    from_port  = 1024
+    to_port    = 65535
+  }
+
+  # Deny known malicious IPs
+  ingress {
+    protocol   = "-1"
+    rule_no    = 50
+    action     = "deny"
+    cidr_block = "203.0.113.0/24"  # Example malicious range
+    from_port  = 0
+    to_port    = 0
+  }
+
+  # Outbound rules
+  egress {
+    protocol   = "-1"
+    rule_no    = 100
+    action     = "allow"
+    cidr_block = "0.0.0.0/0"
+    from_port  = 0
+    to_port    = 0
+  }
+
+  tags = {
+    Name = "public-nacl"
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## DDoS Protection
+
+### AWS Shield and WAF
+
+```hcl
+# AWS Shield Advanced
+resource "aws_shield_protection" "alb" {
+  name         = "alb-protection"
+  resource_arn = aws_lb.main.arn
+}
+
+# Rate limiting with WAF
+resource "aws_wafv2_web_acl" "main" {
+  name  = "rate-limit-acl"
+  scope = "REGIONAL"
+
+  default_action {
+    allow {}
+  }
+
+  # Rate limiting rule
+  rule {
+    name     = "RateLimitRule"
+    priority = 1
+
+    action {
+      block {}
+    }
+
+    statement {
+      rate_based_statement {
+        limit              = 2000
+        aggregate_key_type = "IP"
+      }
+    }
+
+    visibility_config {
+      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+      metric_name                = "RateLimitRule"
+      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  # Geographic blocking
+  rule {
+    name     = "GeoBlockRule"
+    priority = 2
+
+    action {
+      block {}
+    }
+
+    statement {
+      geo_match_statement {
+        country_codes = ["CN", "RU"]  # Example countries
+      }
+    }
+
+    visibility_config {
+      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+      metric_name                = "GeoBlockRule"
+      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  visibility_config {
+    cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+    metric_name                = "MainWebACL"
+    sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+  }
+}
+
+# Associate WAF with ALB
+resource "aws_wafv2_web_acl_association" "main" {
+  resource_arn = aws_lb.main.arn
+  web_acl_arn  = aws_wafv2_web_acl.main.arn
+}
+```
+
+### Cloudflare DDoS Protection
+
+```hcl
+resource "cloudflare_rate_limit" "api" {
+  zone_id = var.cloudflare_zone_id
+
+  threshold = 1000
+  period    = 60
+  match {
+    request {
+      url_pattern = "api.example.com/v1/*"
+    }
+  }
+
+  action {
+    mode    = "challenge"
+    timeout = 3600
+  }
+}
+
+resource "cloudflare_firewall_rule" "block_countries" {
+  zone_id     = var.cloudflare_zone_id
+  description = "Block traffic from specific countries"
+  filter_id   = cloudflare_filter.geo_block.id
+  action      = "block"
+}
+
+resource "cloudflare_filter" "geo_block" {
+  zone_id     = var.cloudflare_zone_id
+  description = "Block specific countries"
+  expression  = "(ip.geoip.country in {\"CN\" \"RU\"})"
+}
+```
+
+## Web Application Firewall (WAF)
+
+### AWS WAF Rules
+
+```hcl
+resource "aws_wafv2_web_acl" "comprehensive" {
+  name  = "comprehensive-waf"
+  scope = "REGIONAL"
+
+  default_action {
+    allow {}
+  }
+
+  # SQL injection protection
+  rule {
+    name     = "SQLInjectionRule"
+    priority = 1
+
+    override_action {
+      none {}
+    }
+
+    statement {
+      managed_rule_group_statement {
+        vendor_name = "AWS"
+        name        = "AWSManagedRulesSQLiRuleSet"
+      }
+    }
+
+    visibility_config {
+      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+      metric_name                = "SQLInjectionRule"
+      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  # XSS protection
+  rule {
+    name     = "XSSRule"
+    priority = 2
+
+    override_action {
+      none {}
+    }
+
+    statement {
+      managed_rule_group_statement {
+        vendor_name = "AWS"
+        name        = "AWSManagedRulesKnownBadInputsRuleSet"
+      }
+    }
+
+    visibility_config {
+      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+      metric_name                = "XSSRule"
+      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  # Core rule set
+  rule {
+    name     = "CoreRuleSet"
+    priority = 3
+
+    override_action {
+      none {}
+    }
+
+    statement {
+      managed_rule_group_statement {
+        vendor_name = "AWS"
+        name        = "AWSManagedRulesCommonRuleSet"
+      }
+    }
+
+    visibility_config {
+      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+      metric_name                = "CoreRuleSet"
+      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  # IP reputation list
+  rule {
+    name     = "IPReputationRule"
+    priority = 4
+
+    override_action {
+      none {}
+    }
+
+    statement {
+      managed_rule_group_statement {
+        vendor_name = "AWS"
+        name        = "AWSManagedRulesAmazonIpReputationList"
+      }
+    }
+
+    visibility_config {
+      cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+      metric_name                = "IPReputationRule"
+      sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+    }
+  }
+
+  visibility_config {
+    cloudwatch_metrics_enabled = true
+    metric_name                = "ComprehensiveWAF"
+    sampled_requests_enabled   = true
+  }
+}
+```
+
+## IDS/IPS
+
+### Snort Configuration
+
+```bash
+# /etc/snort/snort.conf
+
+# Network variables
+ipvar HOME_NET 10.0.0.0/8
+ipvar EXTERNAL_NET !$HOME_NET
+
+# Port lists
+portvar HTTP_PORTS [80,443,8080]
+portvar SSH_PORTS 22
+
+# Rules
+include $RULE_PATH/local.rules
+
+# Custom rules in local.rules:
+# Detect port scanning
+alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET any (msg:"SCAN nmap TCP"; flags:S; threshold:type both, track by_src, count 5, seconds 60; sid:10000001;)
+
+# Detect SSH brute force
+alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET $SSH_PORTS (msg:"SSH Brute Force Attempt"; flow:to_server,established; content:"SSH"; threshold:type both, track by_src, count 5, seconds 60; sid:10000002;)
+
+# Detect SQL injection
+alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET $HTTP_PORTS (msg:"SQL Injection Attempt"; flow:to_server,established; content:"UNION"; content:"SELECT"; sid:10000003;)
+```
+
+### Suricata (Modern IDS/IPS)
+
+```yaml
+# /etc/suricata/suricata.yaml
+vars:
+  address-groups:
+    HOME_NET: "[10.0.0.0/8]"
+    EXTERNAL_NET: "!$HOME_NET"
+
+  port-groups:
+    HTTP_PORTS: "80,443"
+    SSH_PORTS: "22"
+
+af-packet:
+  - interface: eth0
+    threads: auto
+    cluster-id: 99
+    cluster-type: cluster_flow
+
+outputs:
+  - fast:
+      enabled: yes
+      filename: fast.log
+  - eve-log:
+      enabled: yes
+      filetype: regular
+      filename: eve.json
+      types:
+        - alert
+        - http
+        - dns
+        - tls
+
+# Custom rules
+rule-files:
+  - local.rules
+  - emerging-threats.rules
+```
+
+## Zero Trust Architecture
+
+### Zero Trust Principles
+
+```
+Traditional:          Zero Trust:
+Trust inside         Trust nothing
+Verify once          Verify always
+Network-based        Identity-based
+Perimeter security   Micro-segmentation
+```
+
+### Implementation with Service Mesh
+
+```yaml
+# Istio authorization policy (zero trust)
+apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
+kind: AuthorizationPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: deny-all
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  {}  # Empty spec denies all
+
+---
+apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
+kind: AuthorizationPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: allow-frontend-to-api
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: api
+  action: ALLOW
+  rules:
+  - from:
+    - source:
+        principals: ["cluster.local/ns/production/sa/frontend"]
+    to:
+    - operation:
+        methods: ["GET", "POST"]
+        paths: ["/api/*"]
+
+---
+# Require mTLS
+apiVersion: security.istio.io/v1beta1
+kind: PeerAuthentication
+metadata:
+  name: default
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  mtls:
+    mode: STRICT
+```
+
+## Network Segmentation
+
+### VLAN Segmentation
+
+```
+VLAN 10: Management (10.0.10.0/24)
+VLAN 20: Web Tier (10.0.20.0/24)
+VLAN 30: App Tier (10.0.30.0/24)
+VLAN 40: Database Tier (10.0.40.0/24)
+VLAN 50: DMZ (10.0.50.0/24)
+```
+
+### Kubernetes Network Policies
+
+```yaml
+# Default deny all
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: default-deny-all
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  podSelector: {}
+  policyTypes:
+  - Ingress
+  - Egress
+
+---
+# Allow frontend to API
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: allow-frontend-to-api
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: api
+  policyTypes:
+  - Ingress
+  ingress:
+  - from:
+    - podSelector:
+        matchLabels:
+          app: frontend
+    ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 8080
+
+---
+# Allow API to database
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: allow-api-to-db
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: database
+  policyTypes:
+  - Ingress
+  ingress:
+  - from:
+    - podSelector:
+        matchLabels:
+          app: api
+    ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 5432
+
+---
+# Allow egress to external APIs
+apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
+kind: NetworkPolicy
+metadata:
+  name: allow-api-egress
+  namespace: production
+spec:
+  podSelector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: api
+  policyTypes:
+  - Egress
+  egress:
+  - to:
+    - namespaceSelector: {}
+    ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 443
+  - to:
+    - podSelector:
+        matchLabels:
+          app: database
+    ports:
+    - protocol: TCP
+      port: 5432
+```
+
+## VPN Security
+
+### WireGuard Configuration
+
+```ini
+# /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
+[Interface]
+PrivateKey = <server-private-key>
+Address = 10.200.0.1/24
+ListenPort = 51820
+PostUp = iptables -A FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
+PostDown = iptables -D FORWARD -i wg0 -j ACCEPT; iptables -t nat -D POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
+
+[Peer]
+# Client 1
+PublicKey = <client1-public-key>
+AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.2/32
+
+[Peer]
+# Client 2
+PublicKey = <client2-public-key>
+AllowedIPs = 10.200.0.3/32
+```
+
+## Best Practices
+
+1. **Implement defense in depth** - Multiple security layers
+2. **Principle of least privilege** - Minimum necessary access
+3. **Default deny** - Explicitly allow only what's needed
+4. **Network segmentation** - Isolate workloads and data
+5. **Enable logging** - Monitor and audit all traffic
+6. **Regular security audits** - Review and update rules
+7. **Encrypt in transit** - Use TLS/mTLS for all communications
+8. **Rate limiting** - Protect against abuse and DDoS
+9. **Keep systems updated** - Patch vulnerabilities promptly
+10. **Incident response plan** - Be prepared for security events
+
+## Anti-Patterns
+
+- **0.0.0.0/0 everywhere** - Overly permissive rules
+- **No logging** - Can't detect or investigate incidents
+- **Single security layer** - Insufficient defense
+- **Trusting internal network** - Internal threats exist
+- **No rate limiting** - Vulnerable to DDoS
+- **Ignoring egress filtering** - Data exfiltration risk
+- **Weak encryption** - Use modern TLS versions only
+- **No security monitoring** - Can't detect breaches
+- **Manual firewall rules** - Inconsistent and error-prone
+- **No incident response plan** - Slow reaction to breaches