aigroup-workflow 2.2.1 → 2.2.2

package/skills/ai-ml/fine-tuning-expert/references/dataset-preparation.md

@@ -1,540 +1,540 @@
-# Dataset Preparation for Fine-Tuning
-
----
-
-## Overview
-
-Dataset quality is the most important factor in fine-tuning success. This reference covers data formatting, validation, cleaning, and best practices for creating high-quality training data.
-
-## Dataset Formats
-
-### Alpaca Format (Instruction-Response)
-
-```python
-# Single-turn instruction format
-alpaca_example = {
-    "instruction": "Summarize the following article in 2-3 sentences.",
-    "input": "The article text goes here...",
-    "output": "The summary goes here."
-}
-
-# Without input field
-alpaca_no_input = {
-    "instruction": "What are the three primary colors?",
-    "input": "",
-    "output": "The three primary colors are red, blue, and yellow."
-}
-```
-
-### ShareGPT Format (Multi-Turn Conversations)
-
-```python
-# Multi-turn conversation format
-sharegpt_example = {
-    "conversations": [
-        {"from": "human", "value": "What is machine learning?"},
-        {"from": "gpt", "value": "Machine learning is a subset of AI that enables..."},
-        {"from": "human", "value": "Can you give me an example?"},
-        {"from": "gpt", "value": "A common example is email spam filtering..."}
-    ]
-}
-
-# Alternative format with roles
-openai_format = {
-    "messages": [
-        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
-        {"role": "user", "content": "What is machine learning?"},
-        {"role": "assistant", "content": "Machine learning is..."}
-    ]
-}
-```
-
-### Converting Between Formats
-
-```python
-from typing import TypedDict
-from datasets import Dataset
-
-class AlpacaExample(TypedDict):
-    instruction: str
-    input: str
-    output: str
-
-class ShareGPTExample(TypedDict):
-    conversations: list[dict[str, str]]
-
-def alpaca_to_sharegpt(example: AlpacaExample) -> ShareGPTExample:
-    """Convert Alpaca format to ShareGPT multi-turn format."""
-    user_content = example["instruction"]
-    if example.get("input"):
-        user_content += f"\n\n{example['input']}"
-
-    return {
-        "conversations": [
-            {"from": "human", "value": user_content},
-            {"from": "gpt", "value": example["output"]}
-        ]
-    }
-
-def sharegpt_to_messages(example: ShareGPTExample, system_prompt: str = "") -> dict:
-    """Convert ShareGPT to OpenAI messages format."""
-    messages = []
-    if system_prompt:
-        messages.append({"role": "system", "content": system_prompt})
-
-    role_map = {"human": "user", "gpt": "assistant", "system": "system"}
-    for turn in example["conversations"]:
-        messages.append({
-            "role": role_map.get(turn["from"], turn["from"]),
-            "content": turn["value"]
-        })
-
-    return {"messages": messages}
-```
-
-## Formatting for Training
-
-```python
-from transformers import AutoTokenizer
-
-tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct")
-
-def format_instruction_prompt(
-    instruction: str,
-    input_text: str = "",
-    response: str = "",
-    system_prompt: str = "You are a helpful assistant."
-) -> str:
-    """Format for Llama 3.1 Instruct chat template."""
-    messages = [
-        {"role": "system", "content": system_prompt},
-        {"role": "user", "content": f"{instruction}\n{input_text}".strip()},
-    ]
-    if response:
-        messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": response})
-
-    return tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
-        messages,
-        tokenize=False,
-        add_generation_prompt=not response  # Add prompt if no response
-    )
-
-# Example usage
-formatted = format_instruction_prompt(
-    instruction="Translate to French:",
-    input_text="Hello, how are you?",
-    response="Bonjour, comment allez-vous?"
-)
-```
-
-## Dataset Validation
-
-```python
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from collections import Counter
-import re
-
-@dataclass
-class DatasetStats:
-    total_examples: int
-    avg_input_length: float
-    avg_output_length: float
-    max_input_length: int
-    max_output_length: int
-    empty_inputs: int
-    empty_outputs: int
-    duplicate_count: int
-    language_distribution: dict
-
-def validate_dataset(examples: list[dict], tokenizer) -> tuple[DatasetStats, list[str]]:
-    """
-    Validate dataset and return statistics and warnings.
-
-    Args:
-        examples: List of training examples
-        tokenizer: Tokenizer for length calculations
-
-    Returns:
-        Tuple of (stats, warnings)
-    """
-    warnings = []
-    input_lengths = []
-    output_lengths = []
-    seen_inputs = set()
-    duplicates = 0
-
-    for i, ex in enumerate(examples):
-        # Check for required fields
-        if "instruction" not in ex and "messages" not in ex:
-            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Missing instruction or messages field")
-            continue
-
-        # Get input/output text
-        if "instruction" in ex:
-            input_text = f"{ex.get('instruction', '')} {ex.get('input', '')}".strip()
-            output_text = ex.get("output", "")
-        else:
-            input_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in ex["messages"] if m["role"] == "user")
-            output_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in ex["messages"] if m["role"] == "assistant")
-
-        # Check for empty fields
-        if not input_text:
-            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Empty input")
-        if not output_text:
-            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Empty output")
-
-        # Check lengths
-        input_len = len(tokenizer.encode(input_text))
-        output_len = len(tokenizer.encode(output_text))
-        input_lengths.append(input_len)
-        output_lengths.append(output_len)
-
-        if input_len + output_len > 4096:
-            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Total length {input_len + output_len} exceeds 4096")
-
-        # Check for duplicates
-        input_hash = hash(input_text)
-        if input_hash in seen_inputs:
-            duplicates += 1
-        seen_inputs.add(input_hash)
-
-    stats = DatasetStats(
-        total_examples=len(examples),
-        avg_input_length=sum(input_lengths) / len(input_lengths) if input_lengths else 0,
-        avg_output_length=sum(output_lengths) / len(output_lengths) if output_lengths else 0,
-        max_input_length=max(input_lengths) if input_lengths else 0,
-        max_output_length=max(output_lengths) if output_lengths else 0,
-        empty_inputs=sum(1 for w in warnings if "Empty input" in w),
-        empty_outputs=sum(1 for w in warnings if "Empty output" in w),
-        duplicate_count=duplicates,
-        language_distribution={}  # Implement language detection if needed
-    )
-
-    return stats, warnings
-```
-
-## Data Quality Checks
-
-```python
-import re
-from typing import Callable
-
-def create_quality_filter(
-    min_input_tokens: int = 10,
-    max_input_tokens: int = 2048,
-    min_output_tokens: int = 5,
-    max_output_tokens: int = 2048,
-    custom_filters: list[Callable[[dict], bool]] = None
-) -> Callable[[dict, AutoTokenizer], bool]:
-    """
-    Create a quality filter function for dataset examples.
-
-    Returns True if example passes all quality checks.
-    """
-    def quality_filter(example: dict, tokenizer) -> bool:
-        if "instruction" in example:
-            input_text = f"{example.get('instruction', '')} {example.get('input', '')}".strip()
-            output_text = example.get("output", "")
-        else:
-            input_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in example.get("messages", []) if m["role"] == "user")
-            output_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in example.get("messages", []) if m["role"] == "assistant")
-
-        # Length checks
-        input_tokens = len(tokenizer.encode(input_text))
-        output_tokens = len(tokenizer.encode(output_text))
-
-        if not (min_input_tokens <= input_tokens <= max_input_tokens):
-            return False
-        if not (min_output_tokens <= output_tokens <= max_output_tokens):
-            return False
-
-        # Quality checks
-        if not output_text.strip():
-            return False
-
-        # Check for common issues
-        bad_patterns = [
-            r"I cannot",
-            r"I'm sorry, but",
-            r"As an AI",
-            r"I don't have access",
-            r"\[.*\]$",  # Trailing brackets
-        ]
-        for pattern in bad_patterns:
-            if re.search(pattern, output_text, re.IGNORECASE):
-                return False
-
-        # Custom filters
-        if custom_filters:
-            for filter_fn in custom_filters:
-                if not filter_fn(example):
-                    return False
-
-        return True
-
-    return quality_filter
-
-# Usage
-quality_filter = create_quality_filter(min_output_tokens=20)
-filtered_dataset = [ex for ex in dataset if quality_filter(ex, tokenizer)]
-```
-
-## Deduplication
-
-```python
-from datasketch import MinHash, MinHashLSH
-import hashlib
-
-def exact_dedup(examples: list[dict], key_field: str = "instruction") -> list[dict]:
-    """Remove exact duplicates based on a key field."""
-    seen = set()
-    unique = []
-    for ex in examples:
-        key = ex.get(key_field, "")
-        if key not in seen:
-            seen.add(key)
-            unique.append(ex)
-    return unique
-
-def fuzzy_dedup(
-    examples: list[dict],
-    key_field: str = "output",
-    threshold: float = 0.8,
-    num_perm: int = 128
-) -> list[dict]:
-    """
-    Remove near-duplicate examples using MinHash LSH.
-
-    Args:
-        examples: List of examples
-        key_field: Field to check for similarity
-        threshold: Jaccard similarity threshold (0-1)
-        num_perm: Number of permutations for MinHash
-    """
-    lsh = MinHashLSH(threshold=threshold, num_perm=num_perm)
-    unique = []
-
-    for i, ex in enumerate(examples):
-        text = ex.get(key_field, "")
-        words = text.lower().split()
-
-        # Create MinHash
-        m = MinHash(num_perm=num_perm)
-        for word in words:
-            m.update(word.encode('utf-8'))
-
-        # Check for near-duplicates
-        result = lsh.query(m)
-        if not result:
-            lsh.insert(str(i), m)
-            unique.append(ex)
-
-    return unique
-
-# Combined deduplication pipeline
-def deduplicate_dataset(examples: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
-    """Full deduplication pipeline."""
-    print(f"Starting examples: {len(examples)}")
-
-    # Step 1: Exact deduplication on input
-    examples = exact_dedup(examples, key_field="instruction")
-    print(f"After exact dedup on instruction: {len(examples)}")
-
-    # Step 2: Fuzzy deduplication on output
-    examples = fuzzy_dedup(examples, key_field="output", threshold=0.85)
-    print(f"After fuzzy dedup on output: {len(examples)}")
-
-    return examples
-```
-
-## Train/Validation Split
-
-```python
-from datasets import Dataset, DatasetDict
-from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
-import random
-
-def create_stratified_split(
-    examples: list[dict],
-    test_size: float = 0.1,
-    stratify_field: str = None,
-    seed: int = 42
-) -> DatasetDict:
-    """
-    Create train/validation split with optional stratification.
-
-    Args:
-        examples: List of examples
-        test_size: Fraction for validation set
-        stratify_field: Field to stratify by (e.g., "category")
-        seed: Random seed for reproducibility
-    """
-    if stratify_field and all(stratify_field in ex for ex in examples):
-        stratify = [ex[stratify_field] for ex in examples]
-        train_examples, val_examples = train_test_split(
-            examples,
-            test_size=test_size,
-            stratify=stratify,
-            random_state=seed
-        )
-    else:
-        random.seed(seed)
-        shuffled = examples.copy()
-        random.shuffle(shuffled)
-        split_idx = int(len(shuffled) * (1 - test_size))
-        train_examples = shuffled[:split_idx]
-        val_examples = shuffled[split_idx:]
-
-    return DatasetDict({
-        "train": Dataset.from_list(train_examples),
-        "validation": Dataset.from_list(val_examples)
-    })
-```
-
-## Data Augmentation
-
-```python
-import random
-
-def augment_instruction(example: dict) -> list[dict]:
-    """Generate augmented versions of an instruction example."""
-    augmented = [example]
-
-    instruction = example.get("instruction", "")
-    input_text = example.get("input", "")
-    output = example.get("output", "")
-
-    # Instruction paraphrasing templates
-    prefixes = [
-        "",
-        "Please ",
-        "Can you ",
-        "I need you to ",
-        "Your task is to ",
-    ]
-    suffixes = [
-        "",
-        " Be concise.",
-        " Provide a detailed response.",
-        " Think step by step.",
-    ]
-
-    # Generate variations
-    for prefix in random.sample(prefixes, min(2, len(prefixes))):
-        for suffix in random.sample(suffixes, min(2, len(suffixes))):
-            new_instruction = f"{prefix}{instruction[0].lower() if prefix else instruction[0]}{instruction[1:]}{suffix}"
-            if new_instruction != instruction:
-                augmented.append({
-                    "instruction": new_instruction.strip(),
-                    "input": input_text,
-                    "output": output
-                })
-
-    return augmented
-
-def augment_dataset(examples: list[dict], augmentation_factor: float = 1.5) -> list[dict]:
-    """
-    Augment dataset to reach target size.
-
-    Args:
-        examples: Original examples
-        augmentation_factor: Target size as multiple of original
-    """
-    augmented = []
-    target_size = int(len(examples) * augmentation_factor)
-
-    for ex in examples:
-        variations = augment_instruction(ex)
-        augmented.extend(variations)
-
-    # Deduplicate and trim to target
-    augmented = exact_dedup(augmented, "instruction")
-    random.shuffle(augmented)
-    return augmented[:target_size]
-```
-
-## Loading and Saving Datasets
-
-```python
-from datasets import load_dataset, Dataset
-import json
-
-def load_custom_dataset(path: str) -> Dataset:
-    """Load dataset from various formats."""
-    if path.endswith(".jsonl"):
-        return load_dataset("json", data_files=path, split="train")
-    elif path.endswith(".json"):
-        with open(path, "r") as f:
-            data = json.load(f)
-        return Dataset.from_list(data)
-    elif path.endswith(".parquet"):
-        return load_dataset("parquet", data_files=path, split="train")
-    else:
-        # Try loading from Hugging Face Hub
-        return load_dataset(path, split="train")
-
-def save_dataset(dataset: Dataset, path: str, format: str = "jsonl"):
-    """Save dataset in specified format."""
-    if format == "jsonl":
-        dataset.to_json(path, orient="records", lines=True)
-    elif format == "parquet":
-        dataset.to_parquet(path)
-    elif format == "json":
-        with open(path, "w") as f:
-            json.dump(list(dataset), f, indent=2)
-```
-
-## Dataset Size Guidelines
-
-| Task Type | Minimum Examples | Recommended | Notes |
-|-----------|------------------|-------------|-------|
-| Classification | 100 per class | 500+ per class | Balance classes |
-| Instruction Following | 1,000 | 5,000-10,000 | Diverse instructions |
-| Domain Adaptation | 5,000 | 20,000+ | High-quality domain data |
-| Code Generation | 2,000 | 10,000+ | Include edge cases |
-| Multi-turn Chat | 1,000 conversations | 5,000+ | Varied conversation lengths |
-
-## Quick Reference
-
-```python
-# Complete dataset preparation pipeline
-from datasets import Dataset
-
-def prepare_dataset(raw_data_path: str, output_path: str, tokenizer) -> Dataset:
-    """Full dataset preparation pipeline."""
-    # 1. Load raw data
-    examples = load_custom_dataset(raw_data_path)
-
-    # 2. Validate
-    stats, warnings = validate_dataset(list(examples), tokenizer)
-    print(f"Dataset stats: {stats}")
-    if warnings[:10]:  # Show first 10 warnings
-        print(f"Sample warnings: {warnings[:10]}")
-
-    # 3. Filter for quality
-    quality_filter = create_quality_filter()
-    examples = [ex for ex in examples if quality_filter(ex, tokenizer)]
-    print(f"After quality filter: {len(examples)}")
-
-    # 4. Deduplicate
-    examples = deduplicate_dataset(examples)
-    print(f"After deduplication: {len(examples)}")
-
-    # 5. Split
-    dataset = create_stratified_split(examples, test_size=0.1)
-
-    # 6. Save
-    dataset["train"].to_json(f"{output_path}/train.jsonl", lines=True)
-    dataset["validation"].to_json(f"{output_path}/val.jsonl", lines=True)
-
-    return dataset
-
-# Usage
-dataset = prepare_dataset("raw_data.jsonl", "./processed", tokenizer)
-```
-
-## Related References
-
-- `lora-peft.md` - Training configuration
-- `evaluation-metrics.md` - Measuring dataset quality impact
-- `hyperparameter-tuning.md` - Adjusting training for dataset size
+# Dataset Preparation for Fine-Tuning
+
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+Dataset quality is the most important factor in fine-tuning success. This reference covers data formatting, validation, cleaning, and best practices for creating high-quality training data.
+
+## Dataset Formats
+
+### Alpaca Format (Instruction-Response)
+
+```python
+# Single-turn instruction format
+alpaca_example = {
+    "instruction": "Summarize the following article in 2-3 sentences.",
+    "input": "The article text goes here...",
+    "output": "The summary goes here."
+}
+
+# Without input field
+alpaca_no_input = {
+    "instruction": "What are the three primary colors?",
+    "input": "",
+    "output": "The three primary colors are red, blue, and yellow."
+}
+```
+
+### ShareGPT Format (Multi-Turn Conversations)
+
+```python
+# Multi-turn conversation format
+sharegpt_example = {
+    "conversations": [
+        {"from": "human", "value": "What is machine learning?"},
+        {"from": "gpt", "value": "Machine learning is a subset of AI that enables..."},
+        {"from": "human", "value": "Can you give me an example?"},
+        {"from": "gpt", "value": "A common example is email spam filtering..."}
+    ]
+}
+
+# Alternative format with roles
+openai_format = {
+    "messages": [
+        {"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."},
+        {"role": "user", "content": "What is machine learning?"},
+        {"role": "assistant", "content": "Machine learning is..."}
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+### Converting Between Formats
+
+```python
+from typing import TypedDict
+from datasets import Dataset
+
+class AlpacaExample(TypedDict):
+    instruction: str
+    input: str
+    output: str
+
+class ShareGPTExample(TypedDict):
+    conversations: list[dict[str, str]]
+
+def alpaca_to_sharegpt(example: AlpacaExample) -> ShareGPTExample:
+    """Convert Alpaca format to ShareGPT multi-turn format."""
+    user_content = example["instruction"]
+    if example.get("input"):
+        user_content += f"\n\n{example['input']}"
+
+    return {
+        "conversations": [
+            {"from": "human", "value": user_content},
+            {"from": "gpt", "value": example["output"]}
+        ]
+    }
+
+def sharegpt_to_messages(example: ShareGPTExample, system_prompt: str = "") -> dict:
+    """Convert ShareGPT to OpenAI messages format."""
+    messages = []
+    if system_prompt:
+        messages.append({"role": "system", "content": system_prompt})
+
+    role_map = {"human": "user", "gpt": "assistant", "system": "system"}
+    for turn in example["conversations"]:
+        messages.append({
+            "role": role_map.get(turn["from"], turn["from"]),
+            "content": turn["value"]
+        })
+
+    return {"messages": messages}
+```
+
+## Formatting for Training
+
+```python
+from transformers import AutoTokenizer
+
+tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct")
+
+def format_instruction_prompt(
+    instruction: str,
+    input_text: str = "",
+    response: str = "",
+    system_prompt: str = "You are a helpful assistant."
+) -> str:
+    """Format for Llama 3.1 Instruct chat template."""
+    messages = [
+        {"role": "system", "content": system_prompt},
+        {"role": "user", "content": f"{instruction}\n{input_text}".strip()},
+    ]
+    if response:
+        messages.append({"role": "assistant", "content": response})
+
+    return tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
+        messages,
+        tokenize=False,
+        add_generation_prompt=not response  # Add prompt if no response
+    )
+
+# Example usage
+formatted = format_instruction_prompt(
+    instruction="Translate to French:",
+    input_text="Hello, how are you?",
+    response="Bonjour, comment allez-vous?"
+)
+```
+
+## Dataset Validation
+
+```python
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from collections import Counter
+import re
+
+@dataclass
+class DatasetStats:
+    total_examples: int
+    avg_input_length: float
+    avg_output_length: float
+    max_input_length: int
+    max_output_length: int
+    empty_inputs: int
+    empty_outputs: int
+    duplicate_count: int
+    language_distribution: dict
+
+def validate_dataset(examples: list[dict], tokenizer) -> tuple[DatasetStats, list[str]]:
+    """
+    Validate dataset and return statistics and warnings.
+
+    Args:
+        examples: List of training examples
+        tokenizer: Tokenizer for length calculations
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (stats, warnings)
+    """
+    warnings = []
+    input_lengths = []
+    output_lengths = []
+    seen_inputs = set()
+    duplicates = 0
+
+    for i, ex in enumerate(examples):
+        # Check for required fields
+        if "instruction" not in ex and "messages" not in ex:
+            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Missing instruction or messages field")
+            continue
+
+        # Get input/output text
+        if "instruction" in ex:
+            input_text = f"{ex.get('instruction', '')} {ex.get('input', '')}".strip()
+            output_text = ex.get("output", "")
+        else:
+            input_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in ex["messages"] if m["role"] == "user")
+            output_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in ex["messages"] if m["role"] == "assistant")
+
+        # Check for empty fields
+        if not input_text:
+            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Empty input")
+        if not output_text:
+            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Empty output")
+
+        # Check lengths
+        input_len = len(tokenizer.encode(input_text))
+        output_len = len(tokenizer.encode(output_text))
+        input_lengths.append(input_len)
+        output_lengths.append(output_len)
+
+        if input_len + output_len > 4096:
+            warnings.append(f"Example {i}: Total length {input_len + output_len} exceeds 4096")
+
+        # Check for duplicates
+        input_hash = hash(input_text)
+        if input_hash in seen_inputs:
+            duplicates += 1
+        seen_inputs.add(input_hash)
+
+    stats = DatasetStats(
+        total_examples=len(examples),
+        avg_input_length=sum(input_lengths) / len(input_lengths) if input_lengths else 0,
+        avg_output_length=sum(output_lengths) / len(output_lengths) if output_lengths else 0,
+        max_input_length=max(input_lengths) if input_lengths else 0,
+        max_output_length=max(output_lengths) if output_lengths else 0,
+        empty_inputs=sum(1 for w in warnings if "Empty input" in w),
+        empty_outputs=sum(1 for w in warnings if "Empty output" in w),
+        duplicate_count=duplicates,
+        language_distribution={}  # Implement language detection if needed
+    )
+
+    return stats, warnings
+```
+
+## Data Quality Checks
+
+```python
+import re
+from typing import Callable
+
+def create_quality_filter(
+    min_input_tokens: int = 10,
+    max_input_tokens: int = 2048,
+    min_output_tokens: int = 5,
+    max_output_tokens: int = 2048,
+    custom_filters: list[Callable[[dict], bool]] = None
+) -> Callable[[dict, AutoTokenizer], bool]:
+    """
+    Create a quality filter function for dataset examples.
+
+    Returns True if example passes all quality checks.
+    """
+    def quality_filter(example: dict, tokenizer) -> bool:
+        if "instruction" in example:
+            input_text = f"{example.get('instruction', '')} {example.get('input', '')}".strip()
+            output_text = example.get("output", "")
+        else:
+            input_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in example.get("messages", []) if m["role"] == "user")
+            output_text = " ".join(m["content"] for m in example.get("messages", []) if m["role"] == "assistant")
+
+        # Length checks
+        input_tokens = len(tokenizer.encode(input_text))
+        output_tokens = len(tokenizer.encode(output_text))
+
+        if not (min_input_tokens <= input_tokens <= max_input_tokens):
+            return False
+        if not (min_output_tokens <= output_tokens <= max_output_tokens):
+            return False
+
+        # Quality checks
+        if not output_text.strip():
+            return False
+
+        # Check for common issues
+        bad_patterns = [
+            r"I cannot",
+            r"I'm sorry, but",
+            r"As an AI",
+            r"I don't have access",
+            r"\[.*\]$",  # Trailing brackets
+        ]
+        for pattern in bad_patterns:
+            if re.search(pattern, output_text, re.IGNORECASE):
+                return False
+
+        # Custom filters
+        if custom_filters:
+            for filter_fn in custom_filters:
+                if not filter_fn(example):
+                    return False
+
+        return True
+
+    return quality_filter
+
+# Usage
+quality_filter = create_quality_filter(min_output_tokens=20)
+filtered_dataset = [ex for ex in dataset if quality_filter(ex, tokenizer)]
+```
+
+## Deduplication
+
+```python
+from datasketch import MinHash, MinHashLSH
+import hashlib
+
+def exact_dedup(examples: list[dict], key_field: str = "instruction") -> list[dict]:
+    """Remove exact duplicates based on a key field."""
+    seen = set()
+    unique = []
+    for ex in examples:
+        key = ex.get(key_field, "")
+        if key not in seen:
+            seen.add(key)
+            unique.append(ex)
+    return unique
+
+def fuzzy_dedup(
+    examples: list[dict],
+    key_field: str = "output",
+    threshold: float = 0.8,
+    num_perm: int = 128
+) -> list[dict]:
+    """
+    Remove near-duplicate examples using MinHash LSH.
+
+    Args:
+        examples: List of examples
+        key_field: Field to check for similarity
+        threshold: Jaccard similarity threshold (0-1)
+        num_perm: Number of permutations for MinHash
+    """
+    lsh = MinHashLSH(threshold=threshold, num_perm=num_perm)
+    unique = []
+
+    for i, ex in enumerate(examples):
+        text = ex.get(key_field, "")
+        words = text.lower().split()
+
+        # Create MinHash
+        m = MinHash(num_perm=num_perm)
+        for word in words:
+            m.update(word.encode('utf-8'))
+
+        # Check for near-duplicates
+        result = lsh.query(m)
+        if not result:
+            lsh.insert(str(i), m)
+            unique.append(ex)
+
+    return unique
+
+# Combined deduplication pipeline
+def deduplicate_dataset(examples: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
+    """Full deduplication pipeline."""
+    print(f"Starting examples: {len(examples)}")
+
+    # Step 1: Exact deduplication on input
+    examples = exact_dedup(examples, key_field="instruction")
+    print(f"After exact dedup on instruction: {len(examples)}")
+
+    # Step 2: Fuzzy deduplication on output
+    examples = fuzzy_dedup(examples, key_field="output", threshold=0.85)
+    print(f"After fuzzy dedup on output: {len(examples)}")
+
+    return examples
+```
+
+## Train/Validation Split
+
+```python
+from datasets import Dataset, DatasetDict
+from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
+import random
+
+def create_stratified_split(
+    examples: list[dict],
+    test_size: float = 0.1,
+    stratify_field: str = None,
+    seed: int = 42
+) -> DatasetDict:
+    """
+    Create train/validation split with optional stratification.
+
+    Args:
+        examples: List of examples
+        test_size: Fraction for validation set
+        stratify_field: Field to stratify by (e.g., "category")
+        seed: Random seed for reproducibility
+    """
+    if stratify_field and all(stratify_field in ex for ex in examples):
+        stratify = [ex[stratify_field] for ex in examples]
+        train_examples, val_examples = train_test_split(
+            examples,
+            test_size=test_size,
+            stratify=stratify,
+            random_state=seed
+        )
+    else:
+        random.seed(seed)
+        shuffled = examples.copy()
+        random.shuffle(shuffled)
+        split_idx = int(len(shuffled) * (1 - test_size))
+        train_examples = shuffled[:split_idx]
+        val_examples = shuffled[split_idx:]
+
+    return DatasetDict({
+        "train": Dataset.from_list(train_examples),
+        "validation": Dataset.from_list(val_examples)
+    })
+```
+
+## Data Augmentation
+
+```python
+import random
+
+def augment_instruction(example: dict) -> list[dict]:
+    """Generate augmented versions of an instruction example."""
+    augmented = [example]
+
+    instruction = example.get("instruction", "")
+    input_text = example.get("input", "")
+    output = example.get("output", "")
+
+    # Instruction paraphrasing templates
+    prefixes = [
+        "",
+        "Please ",
+        "Can you ",
+        "I need you to ",
+        "Your task is to ",
+    ]
+    suffixes = [
+        "",
+        " Be concise.",
+        " Provide a detailed response.",
+        " Think step by step.",
+    ]
+
+    # Generate variations
+    for prefix in random.sample(prefixes, min(2, len(prefixes))):
+        for suffix in random.sample(suffixes, min(2, len(suffixes))):
+            new_instruction = f"{prefix}{instruction[0].lower() if prefix else instruction[0]}{instruction[1:]}{suffix}"
+            if new_instruction != instruction:
+                augmented.append({
+                    "instruction": new_instruction.strip(),
+                    "input": input_text,
+                    "output": output
+                })
+
+    return augmented
+
+def augment_dataset(examples: list[dict], augmentation_factor: float = 1.5) -> list[dict]:
+    """
+    Augment dataset to reach target size.
+
+    Args:
+        examples: Original examples
+        augmentation_factor: Target size as multiple of original
+    """
+    augmented = []
+    target_size = int(len(examples) * augmentation_factor)
+
+    for ex in examples:
+        variations = augment_instruction(ex)
+        augmented.extend(variations)
+
+    # Deduplicate and trim to target
+    augmented = exact_dedup(augmented, "instruction")
+    random.shuffle(augmented)
+    return augmented[:target_size]
+```
+
+## Loading and Saving Datasets
+
+```python
+from datasets import load_dataset, Dataset
+import json
+
+def load_custom_dataset(path: str) -> Dataset:
+    """Load dataset from various formats."""
+    if path.endswith(".jsonl"):
+        return load_dataset("json", data_files=path, split="train")
+    elif path.endswith(".json"):
+        with open(path, "r") as f:
+            data = json.load(f)
+        return Dataset.from_list(data)
+    elif path.endswith(".parquet"):
+        return load_dataset("parquet", data_files=path, split="train")
+    else:
+        # Try loading from Hugging Face Hub
+        return load_dataset(path, split="train")
+
+def save_dataset(dataset: Dataset, path: str, format: str = "jsonl"):
+    """Save dataset in specified format."""
+    if format == "jsonl":
+        dataset.to_json(path, orient="records", lines=True)
+    elif format == "parquet":
+        dataset.to_parquet(path)
+    elif format == "json":
+        with open(path, "w") as f:
+            json.dump(list(dataset), f, indent=2)
+```
+
+## Dataset Size Guidelines
+
+| Task Type | Minimum Examples | Recommended | Notes |
+|-----------|------------------|-------------|-------|
+| Classification | 100 per class | 500+ per class | Balance classes |
+| Instruction Following | 1,000 | 5,000-10,000 | Diverse instructions |
+| Domain Adaptation | 5,000 | 20,000+ | High-quality domain data |
+| Code Generation | 2,000 | 10,000+ | Include edge cases |
+| Multi-turn Chat | 1,000 conversations | 5,000+ | Varied conversation lengths |
+
+## Quick Reference
+
+```python
+# Complete dataset preparation pipeline
+from datasets import Dataset
+
+def prepare_dataset(raw_data_path: str, output_path: str, tokenizer) -> Dataset:
+    """Full dataset preparation pipeline."""
+    # 1. Load raw data
+    examples = load_custom_dataset(raw_data_path)
+
+    # 2. Validate
+    stats, warnings = validate_dataset(list(examples), tokenizer)
+    print(f"Dataset stats: {stats}")
+    if warnings[:10]:  # Show first 10 warnings
+        print(f"Sample warnings: {warnings[:10]}")
+
+    # 3. Filter for quality
+    quality_filter = create_quality_filter()
+    examples = [ex for ex in examples if quality_filter(ex, tokenizer)]
+    print(f"After quality filter: {len(examples)}")
+
+    # 4. Deduplicate
+    examples = deduplicate_dataset(examples)
+    print(f"After deduplication: {len(examples)}")
+
+    # 5. Split
+    dataset = create_stratified_split(examples, test_size=0.1)
+
+    # 6. Save
+    dataset["train"].to_json(f"{output_path}/train.jsonl", lines=True)
+    dataset["validation"].to_json(f"{output_path}/val.jsonl", lines=True)
+
+    return dataset
+
+# Usage
+dataset = prepare_dataset("raw_data.jsonl", "./processed", tokenizer)
+```
+
+## Related References
+
+- `lora-peft.md` - Training configuration
+- `evaluation-metrics.md` - Measuring dataset quality impact
+- `hyperparameter-tuning.md` - Adjusting training for dataset size