@xelauvas/xela-cli 0.1.0

package/src/utils/bash/bashParser.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,4436 @@
+/**
+ * Pure-TypeScript bash parser producing tree-sitter-bash-compatible ASTs.
+ *
+ * Downstream code in parser.ts, ast.ts, prefix.ts, ParsedCommand.ts walks this
+ * by field name. startIndex/endIndex are UTF-8 BYTE offsets (not JS string
+ * indices).
+ *
+ * Grammar reference: tree-sitter-bash. Validated against a 3449-input golden
+ * corpus generated from the WASM parser.
+ */
+
+export type TsNode = {
+  type: string
+  text: string
+  startIndex: number
+  endIndex: number
+  children: TsNode[]
+}
+
+type ParserModule = {
+  parse: (source: string, timeoutMs?: number) => TsNode | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * 50ms wall-clock cap — bails out on pathological/adversarial input.
+ * Pass `Infinity` via `parse(src, Infinity)` to disable (e.g. correctness
+ * tests, where CI jitter would otherwise cause spurious null returns).
+ */
+const PARSE_TIMEOUT_MS = 50
+
+/** Node budget cap — bails out before OOM on deeply nested input. */
+const MAX_NODES = 50_000
+
+const MODULE: ParserModule = { parse: parseSource }
+
+const READY = Promise.resolve()
+
+/** No-op: pure-TS parser needs no async init. Kept for API compatibility. */
+export function ensureParserInitialized(): Promise<void> {
+  return READY
+}
+
+/** Always succeeds — pure-TS needs no init. */
+export function getParserModule(): ParserModule | null {
+  return MODULE
+}
+
+// ───────────────────────────── Tokenizer ─────────────────────────────
+
+type TokenType =
+  | 'WORD'
+  | 'NUMBER'
+  | 'OP'
+  | 'NEWLINE'
+  | 'COMMENT'
+  | 'DQUOTE'
+  | 'SQUOTE'
+  | 'ANSI_C'
+  | 'DOLLAR'
+  | 'DOLLAR_PAREN'
+  | 'DOLLAR_BRACE'
+  | 'DOLLAR_DPAREN'
+  | 'BACKTICK'
+  | 'LT_PAREN'
+  | 'GT_PAREN'
+  | 'EOF'
+
+type Token = {
+  type: TokenType
+  value: string
+  /** UTF-8 byte offset of first char */
+  start: number
+  /** UTF-8 byte offset one past last char */
+  end: number
+}
+
+const SPECIAL_VARS = new Set(['?', '$', '@', '*', '#', '-', '!', '_'])
+
+const DECL_KEYWORDS = new Set([
+  'export',
+  'declare',
+  'typeset',
+  'readonly',
+  'local',
+])
+
+export const SHELL_KEYWORDS = new Set([
+  'if',
+  'then',
+  'elif',
+  'else',
+  'fi',
+  'while',
+  'until',
+  'for',
+  'in',
+  'do',
+  'done',
+  'case',
+  'esac',
+  'function',
+  'select',
+])
+
+/**
+ * Lexer state. Tracks both JS-string index (for charAt) and UTF-8 byte offset
+ * (for TsNode positions). ASCII fast path: byte == char index. Non-ASCII
+ * advances byte count per-codepoint.
+ */
+type Lexer = {
+  src: string
+  len: number
+  /** JS string index */
+  i: number
+  /** UTF-8 byte offset */
+  b: number
+  /** Pending heredoc delimiters awaiting body scan at next newline */
+  heredocs: HeredocPending[]
+  /** Precomputed byte offset for each char index (lazy for non-ASCII) */
+  byteTable: Uint32Array | null
+}
+
+type HeredocPending = {
+  delim: string
+  stripTabs: boolean
+  quoted: boolean
+  /** Filled after body scan */
+  bodyStart: number
+  bodyEnd: number
+  endStart: number
+  endEnd: number
+}
+
+function makeLexer(src: string): Lexer {
+  return {
+    src,
+    len: src.length,
+    i: 0,
+    b: 0,
+    heredocs: [],
+    byteTable: null,
+  }
+}
+
+/** Advance one JS char, updating byte offset for UTF-8. */
+function advance(L: Lexer): void {
+  const c = L.src.charCodeAt(L.i)
+  L.i++
+  if (c < 0x80) {
+    L.b++
+  } else if (c < 0x800) {
+    L.b += 2
+  } else if (c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdbff) {
+    // High surrogate — next char completes the pair, total 4 UTF-8 bytes
+    L.b += 4
+    L.i++
+  } else {
+    L.b += 3
+  }
+}
+
+function peek(L: Lexer, off = 0): string {
+  return L.i + off < L.len ? L.src[L.i + off]! : ''
+}
+
+function byteAt(L: Lexer, charIdx: number): number {
+  // Fast path: ASCII-only prefix means char idx == byte idx
+  if (L.byteTable) return L.byteTable[charIdx]!
+  // Build table on first non-trivial lookup
+  const t = new Uint32Array(L.len + 1)
+  let b = 0
+  let i = 0
+  while (i < L.len) {
+    t[i] = b
+    const c = L.src.charCodeAt(i)
+    if (c < 0x80) {
+      b++
+      i++
+    } else if (c < 0x800) {
+      b += 2
+      i++
+    } else if (c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdbff) {
+      t[i + 1] = b + 2
+      b += 4
+      i += 2
+    } else {
+      b += 3
+      i++
+    }
+  }
+  t[L.len] = b
+  L.byteTable = t
+  return t[charIdx]!
+}
+
+function isWordChar(c: string): boolean {
+  // Bash word chars: alphanumeric + various punctuation that doesn't start operators
+  return (
+    (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ||
+    (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ||
+    (c >= '0' && c <= '9') ||
+    c === '_' ||
+    c === '/' ||
+    c === '.' ||
+    c === '-' ||
+    c === '+' ||
+    c === ':' ||
+    c === '@' ||
+    c === '%' ||
+    c === ',' ||
+    c === '~' ||
+    c === '^' ||
+    c === '?' ||
+    c === '*' ||
+    c === '!' ||
+    c === '=' ||
+    c === '[' ||
+    c === ']'
+  )
+}
+
+function isWordStart(c: string): boolean {
+  return isWordChar(c) || c === '\\'
+}
+
+function isIdentStart(c: string): boolean {
+  return (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') || c === '_'
+}
+
+function isIdentChar(c: string): boolean {
+  return isIdentStart(c) || (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+}
+
+function isDigit(c: string): boolean {
+  return c >= '0' && c <= '9'
+}
+
+function isHexDigit(c: string): boolean {
+  return isDigit(c) || (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+}
+
+function isBaseDigit(c: string): boolean {
+  // Bash BASE#DIGITS: digits, letters, @ and _ (up to base 64)
+  return isIdentChar(c) || c === '@'
+}
+
+/**
+ * Unquoted heredoc delimiter chars. Bash accepts most non-metacharacters —
+ * not just identifiers. Stop at whitespace, redirects, pipe/list operators,
+ * and structural tokens. Allows !, -, ., +, etc. (e.g. <<!HEREDOC!).
+ */
+function isHeredocDelimChar(c: string): boolean {
+  return (
+    c !== '' &&
+    c !== ' ' &&
+    c !== '\t' &&
+    c !== '\n' &&
+    c !== '<' &&
+    c !== '>' &&
+    c !== '|' &&
+    c !== '&' &&
+    c !== ';' &&
+    c !== '(' &&
+    c !== ')' &&
+    c !== "'" &&
+    c !== '"' &&
+    c !== '`' &&
+    c !== '\\'
+  )
+}
+
+function skipBlanks(L: Lexer): void {
+  while (L.i < L.len) {
+    const c = L.src[L.i]!
+    if (c === ' ' || c === '\t' || c === '\r') {
+      // \r is whitespace per tree-sitter-bash extras /\s/ — handles CRLF inputs
+      advance(L)
+    } else if (c === '\\') {
+      const nx = L.src[L.i + 1]
+      if (nx === '\n' || (nx === '\r' && L.src[L.i + 2] === '\n')) {
+        // Line continuation — tree-sitter extras: /\\\r?\n/
+        advance(L)
+        advance(L)
+        if (nx === '\r') advance(L)
+      } else if (nx === ' ' || nx === '\t') {
+        // \<space> or \<tab> — tree-sitter's _whitespace is /\\?[ \t\v]+/
+        advance(L)
+        advance(L)
+      } else {
+        break
+      }
+    } else {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Scan next token. Context-sensitive: `cmd` mode treats [ as operator (test
+ * command start), `arg` mode treats [ as word char (glob/subscript).
+ */
+function nextToken(L: Lexer, ctx: 'cmd' | 'arg' = 'arg'): Token {
+  skipBlanks(L)
+  const start = L.b
+  if (L.i >= L.len) return { type: 'EOF', value: '', start, end: start }
+
+  const c = L.src[L.i]!
+  const c1 = peek(L, 1)
+  const c2 = peek(L, 2)
+
+  if (c === '\n') {
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'NEWLINE', value: '\n', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+
+  if (c === '#') {
+    const si = L.i
+    while (L.i < L.len && L.src[L.i] !== '\n') advance(L)
+    return {
+      type: 'COMMENT',
+      value: L.src.slice(si, L.i),
+      start,
+      end: L.b,
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Multi-char operators (longest match first)
+  if (c === '&' && c1 === '&') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '&&', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '|' && c1 === '|') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '||', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '|' && c1 === '&') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '|&', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === ';' && c1 === ';' && c2 === '&') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: ';;&', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === ';' && c1 === ';') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: ';;', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === ';' && c1 === '&') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: ';&', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '>') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '>>', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '&' && c2 === '-') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '>&-', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '&') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '>&', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '|') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '>|', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '&' && c1 === '>' && c2 === '>') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '&>>', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '&' && c1 === '>') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '&>', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '<' && c2 === '<') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '<<<', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '<' && c2 === '-') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '<<-', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '<') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '<<', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '&' && c2 === '-') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '<&-', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '&') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '<&', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '(') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'LT_PAREN', value: '<(', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '(') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'GT_PAREN', value: '>(', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '(' && c1 === '(') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '((', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === ')' && c1 === ')') {
+    advance(L)
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: '))', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+
+  if (c === '|' || c === '&' || c === ';' || c === '>' || c === '<') {
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: c, start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === '(' || c === ')') {
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'OP', value: c, start, end: L.b }
+  }
+
+  // In cmd position, [ [[ { start test/group; in arg position they're word chars
+  if (ctx === 'cmd') {
+    if (c === '[' && c1 === '[') {
+      advance(L)
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'OP', value: '[[', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    if (c === '[') {
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'OP', value: '[', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    if (c === '{' && (c1 === ' ' || c1 === '\t' || c1 === '\n')) {
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'OP', value: '{', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    if (c === '}') {
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'OP', value: '}', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    if (c === '!' && (c1 === ' ' || c1 === '\t')) {
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'OP', value: '!', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (c === '"') {
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'DQUOTE', value: '"', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+  if (c === "'") {
+    const si = L.i
+    advance(L)
+    while (L.i < L.len && L.src[L.i] !== "'") advance(L)
+    if (L.i < L.len) advance(L)
+    return {
+      type: 'SQUOTE',
+      value: L.src.slice(si, L.i),
+      start,
+      end: L.b,
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (c === '$') {
+    if (c1 === '(' && c2 === '(') {
+      advance(L)
+      advance(L)
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'DOLLAR_DPAREN', value: '$((', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    if (c1 === '(') {
+      advance(L)
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'DOLLAR_PAREN', value: '$(', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    if (c1 === '{') {
+      advance(L)
+      advance(L)
+      return { type: 'DOLLAR_BRACE', value: '${', start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    if (c1 === "'") {
+      // ANSI-C string $'...'
+      const si = L.i
+      advance(L)
+      advance(L)
+      while (L.i < L.len && L.src[L.i] !== "'") {
+        if (L.src[L.i] === '\\' && L.i + 1 < L.len) advance(L)
+        advance(L)
+      }
+      if (L.i < L.len) advance(L)
+      return {
+        type: 'ANSI_C',
+        value: L.src.slice(si, L.i),
+        start,
+        end: L.b,
+      }
+    }
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'DOLLAR', value: '$', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+
+  if (c === '`') {
+    advance(L)
+    return { type: 'BACKTICK', value: '`', start, end: L.b }
+  }
+
+  // File descriptor before redirect: digit+ immediately followed by > or <
+  if (isDigit(c)) {
+    let j = L.i
+    while (j < L.len && isDigit(L.src[j]!)) j++
+    const after = j < L.len ? L.src[j]! : ''
+    if (after === '>' || after === '<') {
+      const si = L.i
+      while (L.i < j) advance(L)
+      return {
+        type: 'WORD',
+        value: L.src.slice(si, L.i),
+        start,
+        end: L.b,
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Word / number
+  if (isWordStart(c) || c === '{' || c === '}') {
+    const si = L.i
+    while (L.i < L.len) {
+      const ch = L.src[L.i]!
+      if (ch === '\\') {
+        if (L.i + 1 >= L.len) {
+          // Trailing `\` at EOF — tree-sitter excludes it from the word and
+          // emits a sibling ERROR. Stop here so the word ends before `\`.
+          break
+        }
+        // Escape next char (including \n for line continuation mid-word)
+        if (L.src[L.i + 1] === '\n') {
+          advance(L)
+          advance(L)
+          continue
+        }
+        advance(L)
+        advance(L)
+        continue
+      }
+      if (!isWordChar(ch) && ch !== '{' && ch !== '}') {
+        break
+      }
+      advance(L)
+    }
+    if (L.i > si) {
+      const v = L.src.slice(si, L.i)
+      // Number: optional sign then digits only
+      if (/^-?\d+$/.test(v)) {
+        return { type: 'NUMBER', value: v, start, end: L.b }
+      }
+      return { type: 'WORD', value: v, start, end: L.b }
+    }
+    // Empty word (lone `\` at EOF) — fall through to single-char consumer
+  }
+
+  // Unknown char — consume as single-char word
+  advance(L)
+  return { type: 'WORD', value: c, start, end: L.b }
+}
+
+// ───────────────────────────── Parser ─────────────────────────────
+
+type ParseState = {
+  L: Lexer
+  src: string
+  srcBytes: number
+  /** True when byte offsets == char indices (no multi-byte UTF-8) */
+  isAscii: boolean
+  nodeCount: number
+  deadline: number
+  aborted: boolean
+  /** Depth of backtick nesting — inside `...`, ` terminates words */
+  inBacktick: number
+  /** When set, parseSimpleCommand stops at this token (for `[` backtrack) */
+  stopToken: string | null
+}
+
+function parseSource(source: string, timeoutMs?: number): TsNode | null {
+  const L = makeLexer(source)
+  const srcBytes = byteLengthUtf8(source)
+  const P: ParseState = {
+    L,
+    src: source,
+    srcBytes,
+    isAscii: srcBytes === source.length,
+    nodeCount: 0,
+    deadline: performance.now() + (timeoutMs ?? PARSE_TIMEOUT_MS),
+    aborted: false,
+    inBacktick: 0,
+    stopToken: null,
+  }
+  try {
+    const program = parseProgram(P)
+    if (P.aborted) return null
+    return program
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function byteLengthUtf8(s: string): number {
+  let b = 0
+  for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
+    const c = s.charCodeAt(i)
+    if (c < 0x80) b++
+    else if (c < 0x800) b += 2
+    else if (c >= 0xd800 && c <= 0xdbff) {
+      b += 4
+      i++
+    } else b += 3
+  }
+  return b
+}
+
+function checkBudget(P: ParseState): void {
+  P.nodeCount++
+  if (P.nodeCount > MAX_NODES) {
+    P.aborted = true
+    throw new Error('budget')
+  }
+  if ((P.nodeCount & 0x7f) === 0 && performance.now() > P.deadline) {
+    P.aborted = true
+    throw new Error('timeout')
+  }
+}
+
+/** Build a node. Slices text from source by byte range via char-index lookup. */
+function mk(
+  P: ParseState,
+  type: string,
+  start: number,
+  end: number,
+  children: TsNode[],
+): TsNode {
+  checkBudget(P)
+  return {
+    type,
+    text: sliceBytes(P, start, end),
+    startIndex: start,
+    endIndex: end,
+    children,
+  }
+}
+
+function sliceBytes(P: ParseState, startByte: number, endByte: number): string {
+  if (P.isAscii) return P.src.slice(startByte, endByte)
+  // Find char indices for byte offsets. Build byte table if needed.
+  const L = P.L
+  if (!L.byteTable) byteAt(L, 0)
+  const t = L.byteTable!
+  // Binary search for char index where byte offset matches
+  let lo = 0
+  let hi = P.src.length
+  while (lo < hi) {
+    const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1
+    if (t[m]! < startByte) lo = m + 1
+    else hi = m
+  }
+  const sc = lo
+  lo = sc
+  hi = P.src.length
+  while (lo < hi) {
+    const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1
+    if (t[m]! < endByte) lo = m + 1
+    else hi = m
+  }
+  return P.src.slice(sc, lo)
+}
+
+function leaf(P: ParseState, type: string, tok: Token): TsNode {
+  return mk(P, type, tok.start, tok.end, [])
+}
+
+function parseProgram(P: ParseState): TsNode {
+  const children: TsNode[] = []
+  // Skip leading whitespace & newlines — program start is first content byte
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  while (true) {
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type === 'NEWLINE') {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    break
+  }
+  const progStart = P.L.b
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type === 'EOF') break
+    if (t.type === 'NEWLINE') continue
+    if (t.type === 'COMMENT') {
+      children.push(leaf(P, 'comment', t))
+      continue
+    }
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    const stmts = parseStatements(P, null)
+    for (const s of stmts) children.push(s)
+    if (stmts.length === 0) {
+      // Couldn't parse — emit ERROR and skip one token
+      const errTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+      if (errTok.type === 'EOF') break
+      // Stray `;;` at program level (e.g., `var=;;` outside case) — tree-sitter
+      // silently elides. Keep leading `;` as ERROR (security: paste artifact).
+      if (
+        errTok.type === 'OP' &&
+        errTok.value === ';;' &&
+        children.length > 0
+      ) {
+        continue
+      }
+      children.push(mk(P, 'ERROR', errTok.start, errTok.end, []))
+    }
+  }
+  // tree-sitter includes trailing whitespace in program extent
+  const progEnd = children.length > 0 ? P.srcBytes : progStart
+  return mk(P, 'program', progStart, progEnd, children)
+}
+
+/** Packed as (b << 16) | i — avoids heap alloc on every backtrack. */
+type LexSave = number
+function saveLex(L: Lexer): LexSave {
+  return L.b * 0x10000 + L.i
+}
+function restoreLex(L: Lexer, s: LexSave): void {
+  L.i = s & 0xffff
+  L.b = s >>> 16
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a sequence of statements separated by ; & newline. Returns a flat list
+ * where ; and & are sibling leaves (NOT wrapped in 'list' — only && || get
+ * that). Stops at terminator or EOF.
+ */
+function parseStatements(P: ParseState, terminator: string | null): TsNode[] {
+  const out: TsNode[] = []
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type === 'EOF') {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+    if (t.type === 'NEWLINE') {
+      // Process pending heredocs
+      if (P.L.heredocs.length > 0) {
+        scanHeredocBodies(P)
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+    if (t.type === 'COMMENT') {
+      out.push(leaf(P, 'comment', t))
+      continue
+    }
+    if (terminator && t.type === 'OP' && t.value === terminator) {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+    if (
+      t.type === 'OP' &&
+      (t.value === ')' ||
+        t.value === '}' ||
+        t.value === ';;' ||
+        t.value === ';&' ||
+        t.value === ';;&' ||
+        t.value === '))' ||
+        t.value === ']]' ||
+        t.value === ']')
+    ) {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+    if (t.type === 'BACKTICK' && P.inBacktick > 0) {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+    if (
+      t.type === 'WORD' &&
+      (t.value === 'then' ||
+        t.value === 'elif' ||
+        t.value === 'else' ||
+        t.value === 'fi' ||
+        t.value === 'do' ||
+        t.value === 'done' ||
+        t.value === 'esac')
+    ) {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    const stmt = parseAndOr(P)
+    if (!stmt) break
+    out.push(stmt)
+    // Look for separator
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const save2 = saveLex(P.L)
+    const sep = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (sep.type === 'OP' && (sep.value === ';' || sep.value === '&')) {
+      // Check if terminator follows — if so, emit separator but stop
+      const save3 = saveLex(P.L)
+      const after = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+      restoreLex(P.L, save3)
+      out.push(leaf(P, sep.value, sep))
+      if (
+        after.type === 'EOF' ||
+        (after.type === 'OP' &&
+          (after.value === ')' ||
+            after.value === '}' ||
+            after.value === ';;' ||
+            after.value === ';&' ||
+            after.value === ';;&')) ||
+        (after.type === 'WORD' &&
+          (after.value === 'then' ||
+            after.value === 'elif' ||
+            after.value === 'else' ||
+            after.value === 'fi' ||
+            after.value === 'do' ||
+            after.value === 'done' ||
+            after.value === 'esac'))
+      ) {
+        // Trailing separator — don't include it at program level unless
+        // there's content after. But at inner levels we keep it.
+        continue
+      }
+    } else if (sep.type === 'NEWLINE') {
+      if (P.L.heredocs.length > 0) {
+        scanHeredocBodies(P)
+      }
+      continue
+    } else {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save2)
+    }
+  }
+  // Trim trailing separator if at program level
+  return out
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse pipeline chains joined by && ||. Left-associative nesting.
+ * tree-sitter quirk: trailing redirect on the last pipeline wraps the ENTIRE
+ * list in a redirected_statement — `a > x && b > y` becomes
+ * redirected_statement(list(redirected_statement(a,>x), &&, b), >y).
+ */
+function parseAndOr(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  let left = parsePipeline(P)
+  if (!left) return null
+  while (true) {
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type === 'OP' && (t.value === '&&' || t.value === '||')) {
+      const op = leaf(P, t.value, t)
+      skipNewlines(P)
+      const right = parsePipeline(P)
+      if (!right) {
+        left = mk(P, 'list', left.startIndex, op.endIndex, [left, op])
+        break
+      }
+      // If right is a redirected_statement, hoist its redirects to wrap the list.
+      if (right.type === 'redirected_statement' && right.children.length >= 2) {
+        const inner = right.children[0]!
+        const redirs = right.children.slice(1)
+        const listNode = mk(P, 'list', left.startIndex, inner.endIndex, [
+          left,
+          op,
+          inner,
+        ])
+        const lastR = redirs[redirs.length - 1]!
+        left = mk(
+          P,
+          'redirected_statement',
+          listNode.startIndex,
+          lastR.endIndex,
+          [listNode, ...redirs],
+        )
+      } else {
+        left = mk(P, 'list', left.startIndex, right.endIndex, [left, op, right])
+      }
+    } else {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  return left
+}
+
+function skipNewlines(P: ParseState): void {
+  while (true) {
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type !== 'NEWLINE') {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse commands joined by | or |&. Flat children with operator leaves.
+ * tree-sitter quirk: `a | b 2>nul | c` hoists the redirect on `b` to wrap
+ * the preceding pipeline fragment — pipeline(redirected_statement(
+ * pipeline(a,|,b), 2>nul), |, c).
+ */
+function parsePipeline(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  let first = parseCommand(P)
+  if (!first) return null
+  const parts: TsNode[] = [first]
+  while (true) {
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type === 'OP' && (t.value === '|' || t.value === '|&')) {
+      const op = leaf(P, t.value, t)
+      skipNewlines(P)
+      const next = parseCommand(P)
+      if (!next) {
+        parts.push(op)
+        break
+      }
+      // Hoist trailing redirect on `next` to wrap current pipeline fragment
+      if (
+        next.type === 'redirected_statement' &&
+        next.children.length >= 2 &&
+        parts.length >= 1
+      ) {
+        const inner = next.children[0]!
+        const redirs = next.children.slice(1)
+        // Wrap existing parts + op + inner as a pipeline
+        const pipeKids = [...parts, op, inner]
+        const pipeNode = mk(
+          P,
+          'pipeline',
+          pipeKids[0]!.startIndex,
+          inner.endIndex,
+          pipeKids,
+        )
+        const lastR = redirs[redirs.length - 1]!
+        const wrapped = mk(
+          P,
+          'redirected_statement',
+          pipeNode.startIndex,
+          lastR.endIndex,
+          [pipeNode, ...redirs],
+        )
+        parts.length = 0
+        parts.push(wrapped)
+        first = wrapped
+        continue
+      }
+      parts.push(op, next)
+    } else {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0]!
+  const last = parts[parts.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'pipeline', parts[0]!.startIndex, last.endIndex, parts)
+}
+
+/** Parse a single command: simple, compound, or control structure. */
+function parseCommand(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+
+  if (t.type === 'EOF') {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+
+  // Negation — tree-sitter wraps just the command, redirects go outside.
+  // `! cmd > out` → redirected_statement(negated_command(!, cmd), >out)
+  if (t.type === 'OP' && t.value === '!') {
+    const bang = leaf(P, '!', t)
+    const inner = parseCommand(P)
+    if (!inner) {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      return null
+    }
+    // If inner is a redirected_statement, hoist redirects outside negation
+    if (inner.type === 'redirected_statement' && inner.children.length >= 2) {
+      const cmd = inner.children[0]!
+      const redirs = inner.children.slice(1)
+      const neg = mk(P, 'negated_command', bang.startIndex, cmd.endIndex, [
+        bang,
+        cmd,
+      ])
+      const lastR = redirs[redirs.length - 1]!
+      return mk(P, 'redirected_statement', neg.startIndex, lastR.endIndex, [
+        neg,
+        ...redirs,
+      ])
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'negated_command', bang.startIndex, inner.endIndex, [
+      bang,
+      inner,
+    ])
+  }
+
+  if (t.type === 'OP' && t.value === '(') {
+    const open = leaf(P, '(', t)
+    const body = parseStatements(P, ')')
+    const closeTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    const close =
+      closeTok.type === 'OP' && closeTok.value === ')'
+        ? leaf(P, ')', closeTok)
+        : mk(P, ')', open.endIndex, open.endIndex, [])
+    const node = mk(P, 'subshell', open.startIndex, close.endIndex, [
+      open,
+      ...body,
+      close,
+    ])
+    return maybeRedirect(P, node)
+  }
+
+  if (t.type === 'OP' && t.value === '((') {
+    const open = leaf(P, '((', t)
+    const exprs = parseArithCommaList(P, '))', 'var')
+    const closeTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    const close =
+      closeTok.value === '))'
+        ? leaf(P, '))', closeTok)
+        : mk(P, '))', open.endIndex, open.endIndex, [])
+    return mk(P, 'compound_statement', open.startIndex, close.endIndex, [
+      open,
+      ...exprs,
+      close,
+    ])
+  }
+
+  if (t.type === 'OP' && t.value === '{') {
+    const open = leaf(P, '{', t)
+    const body = parseStatements(P, '}')
+    const closeTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    const close =
+      closeTok.type === 'OP' && closeTok.value === '}'
+        ? leaf(P, '}', closeTok)
+        : mk(P, '}', open.endIndex, open.endIndex, [])
+    const node = mk(P, 'compound_statement', open.startIndex, close.endIndex, [
+      open,
+      ...body,
+      close,
+    ])
+    return maybeRedirect(P, node)
+  }
+
+  if (t.type === 'OP' && (t.value === '[' || t.value === '[[')) {
+    const open = leaf(P, t.value, t)
+    const closer = t.value === '[' ? ']' : ']]'
+    // Grammar: `[` can contain choice(_expression, redirected_statement).
+    // Try _expression first; if we don't reach `]`, backtrack and parse as
+    // redirected_statement (handles `[ ! cmd -v go &>/dev/null ]`).
+    const exprSave = saveLex(P.L)
+    let expr = parseTestExpr(P, closer)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (t.value === '[' && peek(P.L) !== ']') {
+      // Expression parse didn't reach `]` — try as redirected_statement.
+      // Thread `]` stop-token so parseSimpleCommand doesn't eat it as arg.
+      restoreLex(P.L, exprSave)
+      const prevStop = P.stopToken
+      P.stopToken = ']'
+      const rstmt = parseCommand(P)
+      P.stopToken = prevStop
+      if (rstmt && rstmt.type === 'redirected_statement') {
+        expr = rstmt
+      } else {
+        // Neither worked — restore and keep the expression result
+        restoreLex(P.L, exprSave)
+        expr = parseTestExpr(P, closer)
+      }
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+    }
+    const closeTok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (closeTok.value === closer) {
+      close = leaf(P, closer, closeTok)
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, closer, open.endIndex, open.endIndex, [])
+    }
+    const kids = expr ? [open, expr, close] : [open, close]
+    return mk(P, 'test_command', open.startIndex, close.endIndex, kids)
+  }
+
+  if (t.type === 'WORD') {
+    if (t.value === 'if') return maybeRedirect(P, parseIf(P, t), true)
+    if (t.value === 'while' || t.value === 'until')
+      return maybeRedirect(P, parseWhile(P, t), true)
+    if (t.value === 'for') return maybeRedirect(P, parseFor(P, t), true)
+    if (t.value === 'select') return maybeRedirect(P, parseFor(P, t), true)
+    if (t.value === 'case') return maybeRedirect(P, parseCase(P, t), true)
+    if (t.value === 'function') return parseFunction(P, t)
+    if (DECL_KEYWORDS.has(t.value))
+      return maybeRedirect(P, parseDeclaration(P, t))
+    if (t.value === 'unset' || t.value === 'unsetenv') {
+      return maybeRedirect(P, parseUnset(P, t))
+    }
+  }
+
+  restoreLex(P.L, save)
+  return parseSimpleCommand(P)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a simple command: [assignment]* word [arg|redirect]*
+ * Returns variable_assignment if only one assignment and no command.
+ */
+function parseSimpleCommand(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  const start = P.L.b
+  const assignments: TsNode[] = []
+  const preRedirects: TsNode[] = []
+
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const a = tryParseAssignment(P)
+    if (a) {
+      assignments.push(a)
+      continue
+    }
+    const r = tryParseRedirect(P)
+    if (r) {
+      preRedirects.push(r)
+      continue
+    }
+    break
+  }
+
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  const nameTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+  if (
+    nameTok.type === 'EOF' ||
+    nameTok.type === 'NEWLINE' ||
+    nameTok.type === 'COMMENT' ||
+    (nameTok.type === 'OP' &&
+      nameTok.value !== '{' &&
+      nameTok.value !== '[' &&
+      nameTok.value !== '[[') ||
+    (nameTok.type === 'WORD' &&
+      SHELL_KEYWORDS.has(nameTok.value) &&
+      nameTok.value !== 'in')
+  ) {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    // No command — standalone assignment(s) or redirect
+    if (assignments.length === 1 && preRedirects.length === 0) {
+      return assignments[0]!
+    }
+    if (preRedirects.length > 0 && assignments.length === 0) {
+      // Bare redirect → redirected_statement with just file_redirect children
+      const last = preRedirects[preRedirects.length - 1]!
+      return mk(
+        P,
+        'redirected_statement',
+        preRedirects[0]!.startIndex,
+        last.endIndex,
+        preRedirects,
+      )
+    }
+    if (assignments.length > 1 && preRedirects.length === 0) {
+      // `A=1 B=2` with no command → variable_assignments (plural)
+      const last = assignments[assignments.length - 1]!
+      return mk(
+        P,
+        'variable_assignments',
+        assignments[0]!.startIndex,
+        last.endIndex,
+        assignments,
+      )
+    }
+    if (assignments.length > 0 || preRedirects.length > 0) {
+      const all = [...assignments, ...preRedirects]
+      const last = all[all.length - 1]!
+      return mk(P, 'command', start, last.endIndex, all)
+    }
+    return null
+  }
+  restoreLex(P.L, save)
+
+  // Check for function definition: name() { ... }
+  const fnSave = saveLex(P.L)
+  const nm = parseWord(P, 'cmd')
+  if (nm && nm.type === 'word') {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (peek(P.L) === '(' && peek(P.L, 1) === ')') {
+      const oTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+      const cTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+      const oParen = leaf(P, '(', oTok)
+      const cParen = leaf(P, ')', cTok)
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      skipNewlines(P)
+      const body = parseCommand(P)
+      if (body) {
+        // If body is redirected_statement(compound_statement, file_redirect...),
+        // hoist redirects to function_definition level per tree-sitter grammar
+        let bodyKids: TsNode[] = [body]
+        if (
+          body.type === 'redirected_statement' &&
+          body.children.length >= 2 &&
+          body.children[0]!.type === 'compound_statement'
+        ) {
+          bodyKids = body.children
+        }
+        const last = bodyKids[bodyKids.length - 1]!
+        return mk(P, 'function_definition', nm.startIndex, last.endIndex, [
+          nm,
+          oParen,
+          cParen,
+          ...bodyKids,
+        ])
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  restoreLex(P.L, fnSave)
+
+  const nameArg = parseWord(P, 'cmd')
+  if (!nameArg) {
+    if (assignments.length === 1) return assignments[0]!
+    return null
+  }
+
+  const cmdName = mk(P, 'command_name', nameArg.startIndex, nameArg.endIndex, [
+    nameArg,
+  ])
+
+  const args: TsNode[] = []
+  const redirects: TsNode[] = []
+  let heredocRedirect: TsNode | null = null
+
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    // Post-command redirects are greedy (repeat1 $._literal) — once a redirect
+    // appears after command_name, subsequent literals attach to it per grammar's
+    // prec.left. `grep 2>/dev/null -q foo` → file_redirect eats `-q foo`.
+    // Args parsed BEFORE the first redirect still go to command (cat a b > out).
+    const r = tryParseRedirect(P, true)
+    if (r) {
+      if (r.type === 'heredoc_redirect') {
+        heredocRedirect = r
+      } else if (r.type === 'herestring_redirect') {
+        args.push(r)
+      } else {
+        redirects.push(r)
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+    // Once a file_redirect has been seen, command args are done — grammar's
+    // command rule doesn't allow file_redirect in its post-name choice, so
+    // anything after belongs to redirected_statement's file_redirect children.
+    if (redirects.length > 0) break
+    // `[` test_command backtrack — stop at `]` so outer handler can consume it
+    if (P.stopToken === ']' && peek(P.L) === ']') break
+    const save2 = saveLex(P.L)
+    const pk = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+    if (
+      pk.type === 'EOF' ||
+      pk.type === 'NEWLINE' ||
+      pk.type === 'COMMENT' ||
+      (pk.type === 'OP' &&
+        (pk.value === '|' ||
+          pk.value === '|&' ||
+          pk.value === '&&' ||
+          pk.value === '||' ||
+          pk.value === ';' ||
+          pk.value === ';;' ||
+          pk.value === ';&' ||
+          pk.value === ';;&' ||
+          pk.value === '&' ||
+          pk.value === ')' ||
+          pk.value === '}' ||
+          pk.value === '))'))
+    ) {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save2)
+      break
+    }
+    restoreLex(P.L, save2)
+    const arg = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+    if (!arg) {
+      // Lone `(` in arg position — tree-sitter parses this as subshell arg
+      // e.g., `echo =(cmd)` → command has ERROR(=), subshell(cmd) as args
+      if (peek(P.L) === '(') {
+        const oTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+        const open = leaf(P, '(', oTok)
+        const body = parseStatements(P, ')')
+        const cTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+        const close =
+          cTok.type === 'OP' && cTok.value === ')'
+            ? leaf(P, ')', cTok)
+            : mk(P, ')', open.endIndex, open.endIndex, [])
+        args.push(
+          mk(P, 'subshell', open.startIndex, close.endIndex, [
+            open,
+            ...body,
+            close,
+          ]),
+        )
+        continue
+      }
+      break
+    }
+    // Lone `=` in arg position is a parse error in bash — tree-sitter wraps
+    // it in ERROR for recovery. Happens in `echo =(cmd)` (zsh process-sub).
+    if (arg.type === 'word' && arg.text === '=') {
+      args.push(mk(P, 'ERROR', arg.startIndex, arg.endIndex, [arg]))
+      continue
+    }
+    // Word immediately followed by `(` (no whitespace) is a parse error —
+    // bash doesn't allow glob-then-subshell adjacency. tree-sitter wraps the
+    // word in ERROR. Catches zsh glob qualifiers like `*.(e:'cmd':)`.
+    if (
+      (arg.type === 'word' || arg.type === 'concatenation') &&
+      peek(P.L) === '(' &&
+      P.L.b === arg.endIndex
+    ) {
+      args.push(mk(P, 'ERROR', arg.startIndex, arg.endIndex, [arg]))
+      continue
+    }
+    args.push(arg)
+  }
+
+  // preRedirects (e.g., `2>&1 cat`, `<<<str cmd`) go INSIDE the command node
+  // before command_name per tree-sitter grammar, not in redirected_statement
+  const cmdChildren = [...assignments, ...preRedirects, cmdName, ...args]
+  const cmdEnd =
+    cmdChildren.length > 0
+      ? cmdChildren[cmdChildren.length - 1]!.endIndex
+      : cmdName.endIndex
+  const cmdStart = cmdChildren[0]!.startIndex
+  const cmd = mk(P, 'command', cmdStart, cmdEnd, cmdChildren)
+
+  if (heredocRedirect) {
+    // Scan heredoc body now
+    scanHeredocBodies(P)
+    const hd = P.L.heredocs.shift()
+    if (hd && heredocRedirect.children.length >= 2) {
+      const bodyNode = mk(
+        P,
+        'heredoc_body',
+        hd.bodyStart,
+        hd.bodyEnd,
+        hd.quoted ? [] : parseHeredocBodyContent(P, hd.bodyStart, hd.bodyEnd),
+      )
+      const endNode = mk(P, 'heredoc_end', hd.endStart, hd.endEnd, [])
+      heredocRedirect.children.push(bodyNode, endNode)
+      heredocRedirect.endIndex = hd.endEnd
+      heredocRedirect.text = sliceBytes(
+        P,
+        heredocRedirect.startIndex,
+        hd.endEnd,
+      )
+    }
+    const allR = [...preRedirects, heredocRedirect, ...redirects]
+    const rStart =
+      preRedirects.length > 0
+        ? Math.min(cmd.startIndex, preRedirects[0]!.startIndex)
+        : cmd.startIndex
+    return mk(P, 'redirected_statement', rStart, heredocRedirect.endIndex, [
+      cmd,
+      ...allR,
+    ])
+  }
+
+  if (redirects.length > 0) {
+    const last = redirects[redirects.length - 1]!
+    return mk(P, 'redirected_statement', cmd.startIndex, last.endIndex, [
+      cmd,
+      ...redirects,
+    ])
+  }
+
+  return cmd
+}
+
+function maybeRedirect(
+  P: ParseState,
+  node: TsNode,
+  allowHerestring = false,
+): TsNode {
+  const redirects: TsNode[] = []
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const r = tryParseRedirect(P)
+    if (!r) break
+    if (r.type === 'herestring_redirect' && !allowHerestring) {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+    redirects.push(r)
+  }
+  if (redirects.length === 0) return node
+  const last = redirects[redirects.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'redirected_statement', node.startIndex, last.endIndex, [
+    node,
+    ...redirects,
+  ])
+}
+
+function tryParseAssignment(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const startB = P.L.b
+  // Must start with identifier
+  if (!isIdentStart(peek(P.L))) {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  while (isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+  const nameEnd = P.L.b
+  // Optional subscript
+  let subEnd = nameEnd
+  if (peek(P.L) === '[') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    let depth = 1
+    while (P.L.i < P.L.len && depth > 0) {
+      const c = peek(P.L)
+      if (c === '[') depth++
+      else if (c === ']') depth--
+      advance(P.L)
+    }
+    subEnd = P.L.b
+  }
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+  let op: string
+  if (c === '=' && c1 !== '=') {
+    op = '='
+  } else if (c === '+' && c1 === '=') {
+    op = '+='
+  } else {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  const nameNode = mk(P, 'variable_name', startB, nameEnd, [])
+  // Subscript handling: wrap in subscript node if present
+  let lhs: TsNode = nameNode
+  if (subEnd > nameEnd) {
+    const brOpen = mk(P, '[', nameEnd, nameEnd + 1, [])
+    const idx = parseSubscriptIndex(P, nameEnd + 1, subEnd - 1)
+    const brClose = mk(P, ']', subEnd - 1, subEnd, [])
+    lhs = mk(P, 'subscript', startB, subEnd, [nameNode, brOpen, idx, brClose])
+  }
+  const opStart = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  if (op === '+=') advance(P.L)
+  const opEnd = P.L.b
+  const opNode = mk(P, op, opStart, opEnd, [])
+  let val: TsNode | null = null
+  if (peek(P.L) === '(') {
+    // Array
+    const aoTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    const aOpen = leaf(P, '(', aoTok)
+    const elems: TsNode[] = [aOpen]
+    while (true) {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      if (peek(P.L) === ')') break
+      const e = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+      if (!e) break
+      elems.push(e)
+    }
+    const acTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    const aClose =
+      acTok.value === ')'
+        ? leaf(P, ')', acTok)
+        : mk(P, ')', aOpen.endIndex, aOpen.endIndex, [])
+    elems.push(aClose)
+    val = mk(P, 'array', aOpen.startIndex, aClose.endIndex, elems)
+  } else {
+    const c2 = peek(P.L)
+    if (
+      c2 &&
+      c2 !== ' ' &&
+      c2 !== '\t' &&
+      c2 !== '\n' &&
+      c2 !== ';' &&
+      c2 !== '&' &&
+      c2 !== '|' &&
+      c2 !== ')' &&
+      c2 !== '}'
+    ) {
+      val = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+    }
+  }
+  const kids = val ? [lhs, opNode, val] : [lhs, opNode]
+  const end = val ? val.endIndex : opEnd
+  return mk(P, 'variable_assignment', startB, end, kids)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse subscript index content. Parsed arithmetically per tree-sitter grammar:
+ * `${a[1+2]}` → binary_expression; `${a[++i]}` → unary_expression(word);
+ * `${a[(($n+1))]}` → compound_statement(binary_expression). Falls back to
+ * simple patterns (@, *) as word.
+ */
+function parseSubscriptIndexInline(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  // @ or * alone → word (associative array all-keys)
+  if ((c === '@' || c === '*') && peek(P.L, 1) === ']') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    return mk(P, 'word', s, P.L.b, [])
+  }
+  // ((expr)) → compound_statement wrapping the inner arithmetic
+  if (c === '(' && peek(P.L, 1) === '(') {
+    const oStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '((', oStart, P.L.b, [])
+    const inner = parseArithExpr(P, '))', 'var')
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === ')' && peek(P.L, 1) === ')') {
+      const cs = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      close = mk(P, '))', cs, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, '))', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    const kids = inner ? [open, inner, close] : [open, close]
+    return mk(P, 'compound_statement', open.startIndex, close.endIndex, kids)
+  }
+  // Arithmetic — but bare identifiers in subscript use 'word' mode per
+  // tree-sitter (${words[++counter]} → unary_expression(word)).
+  return parseArithExpr(P, ']', 'word')
+}
+
+/** Legacy byte-range subscript index parser — kept for callers that pre-scan. */
+function parseSubscriptIndex(
+  P: ParseState,
+  startB: number,
+  endB: number,
+): TsNode {
+  const text = sliceBytes(P, startB, endB)
+  if (/^\d+$/.test(text)) return mk(P, 'number', startB, endB, [])
+  const m = /^\$([a-zA-Z_]\w*)$/.exec(text)
+  if (m) {
+    const dollar = mk(P, '$', startB, startB + 1, [])
+    const vn = mk(P, 'variable_name', startB + 1, endB, [])
+    return mk(P, 'simple_expansion', startB, endB, [dollar, vn])
+  }
+  if (text.length === 2 && text[0] === '$' && SPECIAL_VARS.has(text[1]!)) {
+    const dollar = mk(P, '$', startB, startB + 1, [])
+    const vn = mk(P, 'special_variable_name', startB + 1, endB, [])
+    return mk(P, 'simple_expansion', startB, endB, [dollar, vn])
+  }
+  return mk(P, 'word', startB, endB, [])
+}
+
+/**
+ * Can the current position start a redirect destination literal?
+ * Returns false at redirect ops, terminators, or file-descriptor-prefixed ops
+ * so file_redirect's repeat1($._literal) stops at the right boundary.
+ */
+function isRedirectLiteralStart(P: ParseState): boolean {
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  if (c === '' || c === '\n') return false
+  // Shell terminators and operators
+  if (c === '|' || c === '&' || c === ';' || c === '(' || c === ')')
+    return false
+  // Redirect operators (< > with any suffix; <( >( handled by caller)
+  if (c === '<' || c === '>') {
+    // <( >( are process substitutions — those ARE literals
+    return peek(P.L, 1) === '('
+  }
+  // N< N> file descriptor prefix — starts a new redirect, not a literal
+  if (isDigit(c)) {
+    let j = P.L.i
+    while (j < P.L.len && isDigit(P.L.src[j]!)) j++
+    const after = j < P.L.len ? P.L.src[j]! : ''
+    if (after === '>' || after === '<') return false
+  }
+  // `}` only terminates if we're in a context where it's a closer — but
+  // file_redirect sees `}` as word char (e.g., `>$HOME}` is valid path char).
+  // Actually `}` at top level terminates compound_statement — need to stop.
+  if (c === '}') return false
+  // Test command closer — when parseSimpleCommand is called from `[` context,
+  // `]` must terminate so parseCommand can return and `[` handler consume it.
+  if (P.stopToken === ']' && c === ']') return false
+  return true
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a redirect operator + destination(s).
+ * @param greedy When true, file_redirect consumes repeat1($._literal) per
+ *   grammar's prec.left — `cmd >f a b c` attaches `a b c` to the redirect.
+ *   When false (preRedirect context), takes only 1 destination because
+ *   command's dynamic precedence beats redirected_statement's prec(-1).
+ */
+function tryParseRedirect(P: ParseState, greedy = false): TsNode | null {
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // File descriptor prefix?
+  let fd: TsNode | null = null
+  if (isDigit(peek(P.L))) {
+    const startB = P.L.b
+    let j = P.L.i
+    while (j < P.L.len && isDigit(P.L.src[j]!)) j++
+    const after = j < P.L.len ? P.L.src[j]! : ''
+    if (after === '>' || after === '<') {
+      while (P.L.i < j) advance(P.L)
+      fd = mk(P, 'file_descriptor', startB, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+  }
+  const t = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+  if (t.type !== 'OP') {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  const v = t.value
+  if (v === '<<<') {
+    const op = leaf(P, '<<<', t)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const target = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+    const end = target ? target.endIndex : op.endIndex
+    const kids = target ? [op, target] : [op]
+    return mk(
+      P,
+      'herestring_redirect',
+      fd ? fd.startIndex : op.startIndex,
+      end,
+      fd ? [fd, ...kids] : kids,
+    )
+  }
+  if (v === '<<' || v === '<<-') {
+    const op = leaf(P, v, t)
+    // Heredoc start — delimiter word (may be quoted)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const dStart = P.L.b
+    let quoted = false
+    let delim = ''
+    const dc = peek(P.L)
+    if (dc === "'" || dc === '"') {
+      quoted = true
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== dc) {
+        delim += peek(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+      }
+      if (P.L.i < P.L.len) advance(P.L)
+    } else if (dc === '\\') {
+      // Backslash-escaped delimiter: \X — exactly one escaped char, body is
+      // quoted (literal). Covers <<\EOF <<\' <<\\ etc.
+      quoted = true
+      advance(P.L)
+      if (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== '\n') {
+        delim += peek(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+      }
+      // May be followed by more ident chars (e.g. <<\EOF → delim "EOF")
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) {
+        delim += peek(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Unquoted delimiter: bash accepts most non-metacharacters (not just
+      // identifiers). Allow !, -, ., etc. — stop at shell metachars.
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && isHeredocDelimChar(peek(P.L))) {
+        delim += peek(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+      }
+    }
+    const dEnd = P.L.b
+    const startNode = mk(P, 'heredoc_start', dStart, dEnd, [])
+    // Register pending heredoc — body scanned at next newline
+    P.L.heredocs.push({
+      delim,
+      stripTabs: v === '<<-',
+      quoted,
+      bodyStart: 0,
+      bodyEnd: 0,
+      endStart: 0,
+      endEnd: 0,
+    })
+    const kids = fd ? [fd, op, startNode] : [op, startNode]
+    const startIdx = fd ? fd.startIndex : op.startIndex
+    // SECURITY: tree-sitter nests any pipeline/list/file_redirect appearing
+    // between heredoc_start and the newline as a CHILD of heredoc_redirect.
+    // `ls <<'EOF' | rm -rf /tmp/evil` must not silently drop the rm. Parse
+    // trailing words and file_redirects properly (ast.ts walkHeredocRedirect
+    // fails closed on any unrecognized child via tooComplex). Pipeline / list
+    // operators (| && || ;) are structurally complex — emit ERROR so the same
+    // fail-closed path rejects them.
+    while (true) {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      const tc = peek(P.L)
+      if (tc === '\n' || tc === '' || P.L.i >= P.L.len) break
+      // File redirect after delimiter: cat <<EOF > out.txt
+      if (tc === '>' || tc === '<' || isDigit(tc)) {
+        const rSave = saveLex(P.L)
+        const r = tryParseRedirect(P)
+        if (r && r.type === 'file_redirect') {
+          kids.push(r)
+          continue
+        }
+        restoreLex(P.L, rSave)
+      }
+      // Pipeline after heredoc_start: `one <<EOF | grep two` — tree-sitter
+      // nests the pipeline as a child of heredoc_redirect. ast.ts
+      // walkHeredocRedirect fails closed on pipeline/command via tooComplex.
+      if (tc === '|' && peek(P.L, 1) !== '|') {
+        advance(P.L)
+        skipBlanks(P.L)
+        const pipeCmds: TsNode[] = []
+        while (true) {
+          const cmd = parseCommand(P)
+          if (!cmd) break
+          pipeCmds.push(cmd)
+          skipBlanks(P.L)
+          if (peek(P.L) === '|' && peek(P.L, 1) !== '|') {
+            const ps = P.L.b
+            advance(P.L)
+            pipeCmds.push(mk(P, '|', ps, P.L.b, []))
+            skipBlanks(P.L)
+            continue
+          }
+          break
+        }
+        if (pipeCmds.length > 0) {
+          const pl = pipeCmds[pipeCmds.length - 1]!
+          // tree-sitter always wraps in pipeline after `|`, even single command
+          kids.push(
+            mk(P, 'pipeline', pipeCmds[0]!.startIndex, pl.endIndex, pipeCmds),
+          )
+        }
+        continue
+      }
+      // && / || after heredoc_start: `cat <<-EOF || die "..."` — tree-sitter
+      // nests just the RHS command (not a list) as a child of heredoc_redirect.
+      if (
+        (tc === '&' && peek(P.L, 1) === '&') ||
+        (tc === '|' && peek(P.L, 1) === '|')
+      ) {
+        advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+        skipBlanks(P.L)
+        const rhs = parseCommand(P)
+        if (rhs) kids.push(rhs)
+        continue
+      }
+      // Terminator / unhandled metachar — consume rest of line as ERROR so
+      // ast.ts rejects it. Covers ; & ( )
+      if (tc === '&' || tc === ';' || tc === '(' || tc === ')') {
+        const eStart = P.L.b
+        while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== '\n') advance(P.L)
+        kids.push(mk(P, 'ERROR', eStart, P.L.b, []))
+        break
+      }
+      // Trailing word argument: newins <<-EOF - org.freedesktop.service
+      const w = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+      if (w) {
+        kids.push(w)
+        continue
+      }
+      // Unrecognized — consume rest of line as ERROR
+      const eStart = P.L.b
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== '\n') advance(P.L)
+      if (P.L.b > eStart) kids.push(mk(P, 'ERROR', eStart, P.L.b, []))
+      break
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'heredoc_redirect', startIdx, P.L.b, kids)
+  }
+  // Close-fd variants: `<&-` `>&-` have OPTIONAL destination (0 or 1)
+  if (v === '<&-' || v === '>&-') {
+    const op = leaf(P, v, t)
+    const kids: TsNode[] = []
+    if (fd) kids.push(fd)
+    kids.push(op)
+    // Optional single destination — only consume if next is a literal
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const dSave = saveLex(P.L)
+    const dest = isRedirectLiteralStart(P) ? parseWord(P, 'arg') : null
+    if (dest) {
+      kids.push(dest)
+    } else {
+      restoreLex(P.L, dSave)
+    }
+    const startIdx = fd ? fd.startIndex : op.startIndex
+    const end = dest ? dest.endIndex : op.endIndex
+    return mk(P, 'file_redirect', startIdx, end, kids)
+  }
+  if (
+    v === '>' ||
+    v === '>>' ||
+    v === '>&' ||
+    v === '>|' ||
+    v === '&>' ||
+    v === '&>>' ||
+    v === '<' ||
+    v === '<&'
+  ) {
+    const op = leaf(P, v, t)
+    const kids: TsNode[] = []
+    if (fd) kids.push(fd)
+    kids.push(op)
+    // Grammar: destination is repeat1($._literal) — greedily consume literals
+    // until a non-literal (redirect op, terminator, etc). tree-sitter's
+    // prec.left makes `cmd >f a b c` attach `a b c` to the file_redirect,
+    // NOT to the command. Structural quirk but required for corpus parity.
+    // In preRedirect context (greedy=false), take only 1 literal because
+    // command's dynamic precedence beats redirected_statement's prec(-1).
+    let end = op.endIndex
+    let taken = 0
+    while (true) {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      if (!isRedirectLiteralStart(P)) break
+      if (!greedy && taken >= 1) break
+      const tc = peek(P.L)
+      const tc1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+      let target: TsNode | null = null
+      if ((tc === '<' || tc === '>') && tc1 === '(') {
+        target = parseProcessSub(P)
+      } else {
+        target = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+      }
+      if (!target) break
+      kids.push(target)
+      end = target.endIndex
+      taken++
+    }
+    const startIdx = fd ? fd.startIndex : op.startIndex
+    return mk(P, 'file_redirect', startIdx, end, kids)
+  }
+  restoreLex(P.L, save)
+  return null
+}
+
+function parseProcessSub(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  if ((c !== '<' && c !== '>') || peek(P.L, 1) !== '(') return null
+  const start = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  advance(P.L)
+  const open = mk(P, c + '(', start, P.L.b, [])
+  const body = parseStatements(P, ')')
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  let close: TsNode
+  if (peek(P.L) === ')') {
+    const cs = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    close = mk(P, ')', cs, P.L.b, [])
+  } else {
+    close = mk(P, ')', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+  }
+  return mk(P, 'process_substitution', start, close.endIndex, [
+    open,
+    ...body,
+    close,
+  ])
+}
+
+function scanHeredocBodies(P: ParseState): void {
+  // Skip to newline if not already there
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len && P.L.src[P.L.i] !== '\n') advance(P.L)
+  if (P.L.i < P.L.len) advance(P.L)
+  for (const hd of P.L.heredocs) {
+    hd.bodyStart = P.L.b
+    const delimLen = hd.delim.length
+    while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+      const lineStart = P.L.i
+      const lineStartB = P.L.b
+      // Skip leading tabs if <<-
+      let checkI = lineStart
+      if (hd.stripTabs) {
+        while (checkI < P.L.len && P.L.src[checkI] === '\t') checkI++
+      }
+      // Check if this line is the delimiter
+      if (
+        P.L.src.startsWith(hd.delim, checkI) &&
+        (checkI + delimLen >= P.L.len ||
+          P.L.src[checkI + delimLen] === '\n' ||
+          P.L.src[checkI + delimLen] === '\r')
+      ) {
+        hd.bodyEnd = lineStartB
+        // Advance past tabs
+        while (P.L.i < checkI) advance(P.L)
+        hd.endStart = P.L.b
+        // Advance past delimiter
+        for (let k = 0; k < delimLen; k++) advance(P.L)
+        hd.endEnd = P.L.b
+        // Skip trailing newline
+        if (P.L.i < P.L.len && P.L.src[P.L.i] === '\n') advance(P.L)
+        return
+      }
+      // Consume line
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && P.L.src[P.L.i] !== '\n') advance(P.L)
+      if (P.L.i < P.L.len) advance(P.L)
+    }
+    // Unterminated
+    hd.bodyEnd = P.L.b
+    hd.endStart = P.L.b
+    hd.endEnd = P.L.b
+  }
+}
+
+function parseHeredocBodyContent(
+  P: ParseState,
+  start: number,
+  end: number,
+): TsNode[] {
+  // Parse expansions inside an unquoted heredoc body.
+  const saved = saveLex(P.L)
+  // Position lexer at body start
+  restoreLexToByte(P, start)
+  const out: TsNode[] = []
+  let contentStart = P.L.b
+  // tree-sitter-bash's heredoc_body rule hides the initial text segment
+  // (_heredoc_body_beginning) — only content AFTER the first expansion is
+  // emitted as heredoc_content. Track whether we've seen an expansion yet.
+  let sawExpansion = false
+  while (P.L.b < end) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    // Backslash escapes suppress expansion: \$ \` stay literal in heredoc.
+    if (c === '\\') {
+      const nxt = peek(P.L, 1)
+      if (nxt === '$' || nxt === '`' || nxt === '\\') {
+        advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+        continue
+      }
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '$' || c === '`') {
+      const preB = P.L.b
+      const exp = parseDollarLike(P)
+      // Bare `$` followed by non-name (e.g. `$'` in a regex) returns a lone
+      // '$' leaf, not an expansion — treat as literal content, don't split.
+      if (
+        exp &&
+        (exp.type === 'simple_expansion' ||
+          exp.type === 'expansion' ||
+          exp.type === 'command_substitution' ||
+          exp.type === 'arithmetic_expansion')
+      ) {
+        if (sawExpansion && preB > contentStart) {
+          out.push(mk(P, 'heredoc_content', contentStart, preB, []))
+        }
+        out.push(exp)
+        contentStart = P.L.b
+        sawExpansion = true
+      }
+      continue
+    }
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  // Only emit heredoc_content children if there were expansions — otherwise
+  // the heredoc_body is a leaf node (tree-sitter convention).
+  if (sawExpansion) {
+    out.push(mk(P, 'heredoc_content', contentStart, end, []))
+  }
+  restoreLex(P.L, saved)
+  return out
+}
+
+function restoreLexToByte(P: ParseState, targetByte: number): void {
+  if (!P.L.byteTable) byteAt(P.L, 0)
+  const t = P.L.byteTable!
+  let lo = 0
+  let hi = P.src.length
+  while (lo < hi) {
+    const m = (lo + hi) >>> 1
+    if (t[m]! < targetByte) lo = m + 1
+    else hi = m
+  }
+  P.L.i = lo
+  P.L.b = targetByte
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a word-position element: bare word, string, expansion, or concatenation
+ * thereof. Returns a single node; if multiple adjacent fragments, wraps in
+ * concatenation.
+ */
+function parseWord(P: ParseState, _ctx: 'cmd' | 'arg'): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const parts: TsNode[] = []
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (
+      c === ' ' ||
+      c === '\t' ||
+      c === '\n' ||
+      c === '\r' ||
+      c === '' ||
+      c === '|' ||
+      c === '&' ||
+      c === ';' ||
+      c === '(' ||
+      c === ')'
+    ) {
+      break
+    }
+    // < > are redirect operators unless <( >( (process substitution)
+    if (c === '<' || c === '>') {
+      if (peek(P.L, 1) === '(') {
+        const ps = parseProcessSub(P)
+        if (ps) parts.push(ps)
+        continue
+      }
+      break
+    }
+    if (c === '"') {
+      parts.push(parseDoubleQuoted(P))
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === "'") {
+      const tok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+      parts.push(leaf(P, 'raw_string', tok))
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '$') {
+      const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+      if (c1 === "'") {
+        const tok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+        parts.push(leaf(P, 'ansi_c_string', tok))
+        continue
+      }
+      if (c1 === '"') {
+        // Translated string: emit $ leaf + string node
+        const dTok: Token = {
+          type: 'DOLLAR',
+          value: '$',
+          start: P.L.b,
+          end: P.L.b + 1,
+        }
+        advance(P.L)
+        parts.push(leaf(P, '$', dTok))
+        parts.push(parseDoubleQuoted(P))
+        continue
+      }
+      if (c1 === '`') {
+        // `$` followed by backtick — tree-sitter elides the $ entirely
+        // and emits just (command_substitution). Consume $ and let next
+        // iteration handle the backtick.
+        advance(P.L)
+        continue
+      }
+      const exp = parseDollarLike(P)
+      if (exp) parts.push(exp)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '`') {
+      if (P.inBacktick > 0) break
+      const bt = parseBacktick(P)
+      if (bt) parts.push(bt)
+      continue
+    }
+    // Brace expression {1..5} or {a,b,c} — only if looks like one
+    if (c === '{') {
+      const be = tryParseBraceExpr(P)
+      if (be) {
+        parts.push(be)
+        continue
+      }
+      // SECURITY: if `{` is immediately followed by a command terminator
+      // (; | & newline or EOF), it's a standalone word — don't slurp the
+      // rest of the line via tryParseBraceLikeCat. `echo {;touch /tmp/evil`
+      // must split on `;` so the security walker sees `touch`.
+      const nc = peek(P.L, 1)
+      if (
+        nc === ';' ||
+        nc === '|' ||
+        nc === '&' ||
+        nc === '\n' ||
+        nc === '' ||
+        nc === ')' ||
+        nc === ' ' ||
+        nc === '\t'
+      ) {
+        const bStart = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        parts.push(mk(P, 'word', bStart, P.L.b, []))
+        continue
+      }
+      // Otherwise treat { and } as word fragments
+      const cat = tryParseBraceLikeCat(P)
+      if (cat) {
+        for (const p of cat) parts.push(p)
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    // Standalone `}` in arg position is a word (e.g., `echo }foo`).
+    // parseBareWord breaks on `}` so handle it here.
+    if (c === '}') {
+      const bStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      parts.push(mk(P, 'word', bStart, P.L.b, []))
+      continue
+    }
+    // `[` and `]` are single-char word fragments (tree-sitter splits at
+    // brackets: `[:lower:]` → `[` `:lower:` `]`, `{o[k]}` → 6 words).
+    if (c === '[' || c === ']') {
+      const bStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      parts.push(mk(P, 'word', bStart, P.L.b, []))
+      continue
+    }
+    // Bare word fragment
+    const frag = parseBareWord(P)
+    if (!frag) break
+    // `NN#${...}` or `NN#$(...)` → (number (expansion|command_substitution)).
+    // Grammar: number can be seq(/-?(0x)?[0-9]+#/, choice(expansion, cmd_sub)).
+    // `10#${cmd}` must NOT be concatenation — it's a single number node with
+    // the expansion as child. Detect here: frag ends with `#`, next is $ {/(.
+    if (
+      frag.type === 'word' &&
+      /^-?(0x)?[0-9]+#$/.test(frag.text) &&
+      peek(P.L) === '$' &&
+      (peek(P.L, 1) === '{' || peek(P.L, 1) === '(')
+    ) {
+      const exp = parseDollarLike(P)
+      if (exp) {
+        // Prefix `NN#` is an anonymous pattern in grammar — only the
+        // expansion/cmd_sub is a named child.
+        parts.push(mk(P, 'number', frag.startIndex, exp.endIndex, [exp]))
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    parts.push(frag)
+  }
+  if (parts.length === 0) return null
+  if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0]!
+  // Concatenation
+  const first = parts[0]!
+  const last = parts[parts.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'concatenation', first.startIndex, last.endIndex, parts)
+}
+
+function parseBareWord(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  const start = P.L.b
+  const startI = P.L.i
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '\\') {
+      if (P.L.i + 1 >= P.L.len) {
+        // Trailing unpaired `\` at true EOF — tree-sitter emits word WITHOUT
+        // the `\` plus a sibling ERROR node. Stop here; caller emits ERROR.
+        break
+      }
+      const nx = P.L.src[P.L.i + 1]
+      if (nx === '\n' || (nx === '\r' && P.L.src[P.L.i + 2] === '\n')) {
+        // Line continuation BREAKS the word (tree-sitter quirk) — handles \r?\n
+        break
+      }
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (
+      c === ' ' ||
+      c === '\t' ||
+      c === '\n' ||
+      c === '\r' ||
+      c === '' ||
+      c === '|' ||
+      c === '&' ||
+      c === ';' ||
+      c === '(' ||
+      c === ')' ||
+      c === '<' ||
+      c === '>' ||
+      c === '"' ||
+      c === "'" ||
+      c === '$' ||
+      c === '`' ||
+      c === '{' ||
+      c === '}' ||
+      c === '[' ||
+      c === ']'
+    ) {
+      break
+    }
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  if (P.L.b === start) return null
+  const text = P.src.slice(startI, P.L.i)
+  const type = /^-?\d+$/.test(text) ? 'number' : 'word'
+  return mk(P, type, start, P.L.b, [])
+}
+
+function tryParseBraceExpr(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  // {N..M} where N, M are numbers or single chars
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  if (peek(P.L) !== '{') return null
+  const oStart = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  const oEnd = P.L.b
+  // First part
+  const p1Start = P.L.b
+  while (isDigit(peek(P.L)) || isIdentStart(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+  const p1End = P.L.b
+  if (p1End === p1Start || peek(P.L) !== '.' || peek(P.L, 1) !== '.') {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  const dotStart = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  advance(P.L)
+  const dotEnd = P.L.b
+  const p2Start = P.L.b
+  while (isDigit(peek(P.L)) || isIdentStart(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+  const p2End = P.L.b
+  if (p2End === p2Start || peek(P.L) !== '}') {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  const cStart = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  const cEnd = P.L.b
+  const p1Text = sliceBytes(P, p1Start, p1End)
+  const p2Text = sliceBytes(P, p2Start, p2End)
+  const p1IsNum = /^\d+$/.test(p1Text)
+  const p2IsNum = /^\d+$/.test(p2Text)
+  // Valid brace expression: both numbers OR both single chars. Mixed = reject.
+  if (p1IsNum !== p2IsNum) {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  if (!p1IsNum && (p1Text.length !== 1 || p2Text.length !== 1)) {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  const p1Type = p1IsNum ? 'number' : 'word'
+  const p2Type = p2IsNum ? 'number' : 'word'
+  return mk(P, 'brace_expression', oStart, cEnd, [
+    mk(P, '{', oStart, oEnd, []),
+    mk(P, p1Type, p1Start, p1End, []),
+    mk(P, '..', dotStart, dotEnd, []),
+    mk(P, p2Type, p2Start, p2End, []),
+    mk(P, '}', cStart, cEnd, []),
+  ])
+}
+
+function tryParseBraceLikeCat(P: ParseState): TsNode[] | null {
+  // {a,b,c} or {} → split into word fragments like tree-sitter does
+  if (peek(P.L) !== '{') return null
+  const oStart = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  const oEnd = P.L.b
+  const inner: TsNode[] = [mk(P, 'word', oStart, oEnd, [])]
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const bc = peek(P.L)
+    // SECURITY: stop at command terminators so `{foo;rm x` splits correctly.
+    if (
+      bc === '}' ||
+      bc === '\n' ||
+      bc === ';' ||
+      bc === '|' ||
+      bc === '&' ||
+      bc === ' ' ||
+      bc === '\t' ||
+      bc === '<' ||
+      bc === '>' ||
+      bc === '(' ||
+      bc === ')'
+    ) {
+      break
+    }
+    // `[` and `]` are single-char words: {o[k]} → { o [ k ] }
+    if (bc === '[' || bc === ']') {
+      const bStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      inner.push(mk(P, 'word', bStart, P.L.b, []))
+      continue
+    }
+    const midStart = P.L.b
+    while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+      const mc = peek(P.L)
+      if (
+        mc === '}' ||
+        mc === '\n' ||
+        mc === ';' ||
+        mc === '|' ||
+        mc === '&' ||
+        mc === ' ' ||
+        mc === '\t' ||
+        mc === '<' ||
+        mc === '>' ||
+        mc === '(' ||
+        mc === ')' ||
+        mc === '[' ||
+        mc === ']'
+      ) {
+        break
+      }
+      advance(P.L)
+    }
+    const midEnd = P.L.b
+    if (midEnd > midStart) {
+      const midText = sliceBytes(P, midStart, midEnd)
+      const midType = /^-?\d+$/.test(midText) ? 'number' : 'word'
+      inner.push(mk(P, midType, midStart, midEnd, []))
+    } else {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  if (peek(P.L) === '}') {
+    const cStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    inner.push(mk(P, 'word', cStart, P.L.b, []))
+  }
+  return inner
+}
+
+function parseDoubleQuoted(P: ParseState): TsNode {
+  const qStart = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  const qEnd = P.L.b
+  const openQ = mk(P, '"', qStart, qEnd, [])
+  const parts: TsNode[] = [openQ]
+  let contentStart = P.L.b
+  let contentStartI = P.L.i
+  const flushContent = (): void => {
+    if (P.L.b > contentStart) {
+      // Tree-sitter's extras rule /\s/ has higher precedence than
+      // string_content (prec -1), so whitespace-only segments are elided.
+      // `" ${x} "` → (string (expansion)) not (string (string_content)(expansion)(string_content)).
+      // Note: this intentionally diverges from preserving all content — cc
+      // tests relying on whitespace-only string_content need updating
+      // (CCReconcile).
+      const txt = P.src.slice(contentStartI, P.L.i)
+      if (!/^[ \t]+$/.test(txt)) {
+        parts.push(mk(P, 'string_content', contentStart, P.L.b, []))
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '"') break
+    if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '\n') {
+      // Split string_content at newline
+      flushContent()
+      advance(P.L)
+      contentStart = P.L.b
+      contentStartI = P.L.i
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '$') {
+      const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+      if (
+        c1 === '(' ||
+        c1 === '{' ||
+        isIdentStart(c1) ||
+        SPECIAL_VARS.has(c1) ||
+        isDigit(c1)
+      ) {
+        flushContent()
+        const exp = parseDollarLike(P)
+        if (exp) parts.push(exp)
+        contentStart = P.L.b
+        contentStartI = P.L.i
+        continue
+      }
+      // Bare $ not at end-of-string: tree-sitter emits it as an anonymous
+      // '$' token, which splits string_content. $ immediately before the
+      // closing " is absorbed into the preceding string_content.
+      if (c1 !== '"' && c1 !== '') {
+        flushContent()
+        const dS = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        parts.push(mk(P, '$', dS, P.L.b, []))
+        contentStart = P.L.b
+        contentStartI = P.L.i
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    if (c === '`') {
+      flushContent()
+      const bt = parseBacktick(P)
+      if (bt) parts.push(bt)
+      contentStart = P.L.b
+      contentStartI = P.L.i
+      continue
+    }
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  flushContent()
+  let close: TsNode
+  if (peek(P.L) === '"') {
+    const cStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    close = mk(P, '"', cStart, P.L.b, [])
+  } else {
+    close = mk(P, '"', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+  }
+  parts.push(close)
+  return mk(P, 'string', qStart, close.endIndex, parts)
+}
+
+function parseDollarLike(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+  const dStart = P.L.b
+  if (c1 === '(' && peek(P.L, 2) === '(') {
+    // $(( arithmetic ))
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '$((', dStart, P.L.b, [])
+    const exprs = parseArithCommaList(P, '))', 'var')
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === ')' && peek(P.L, 1) === ')') {
+      const cStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      close = mk(P, '))', cStart, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, '))', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'arithmetic_expansion', dStart, close.endIndex, [
+      open,
+      ...exprs,
+      close,
+    ])
+  }
+  if (c1 === '[') {
+    // $[ arithmetic ] — legacy bash syntax, same as $((...))
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '$[', dStart, P.L.b, [])
+    const exprs = parseArithCommaList(P, ']', 'var')
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === ']') {
+      const cStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      close = mk(P, ']', cStart, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, ']', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'arithmetic_expansion', dStart, close.endIndex, [
+      open,
+      ...exprs,
+      close,
+    ])
+  }
+  if (c1 === '(') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '$(', dStart, P.L.b, [])
+    let body = parseStatements(P, ')')
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === ')') {
+      const cStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      close = mk(P, ')', cStart, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, ')', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    // $(< file) shorthand: unwrap redirected_statement → bare file_redirect
+    // tree-sitter emits (command_substitution (file_redirect (word))) directly
+    if (
+      body.length === 1 &&
+      body[0]!.type === 'redirected_statement' &&
+      body[0]!.children.length === 1 &&
+      body[0]!.children[0]!.type === 'file_redirect'
+    ) {
+      body = body[0]!.children
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'command_substitution', dStart, close.endIndex, [
+      open,
+      ...body,
+      close,
+    ])
+  }
+  if (c1 === '{') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '${', dStart, P.L.b, [])
+    const inner = parseExpansionBody(P)
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === '}') {
+      const cStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      close = mk(P, '}', cStart, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, '}', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'expansion', dStart, close.endIndex, [open, ...inner, close])
+  }
+  // Simple expansion $VAR or $? $$ $@ etc
+  advance(P.L)
+  const dEnd = P.L.b
+  const dollar = mk(P, '$', dStart, dEnd, [])
+  const nc = peek(P.L)
+  // $_ is special_variable_name only when not followed by more ident chars
+  if (nc === '_' && !isIdentChar(peek(P.L, 1))) {
+    const vStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const vn = mk(P, 'special_variable_name', vStart, P.L.b, [])
+    return mk(P, 'simple_expansion', dStart, P.L.b, [dollar, vn])
+  }
+  if (isIdentStart(nc)) {
+    const vStart = P.L.b
+    while (isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    const vn = mk(P, 'variable_name', vStart, P.L.b, [])
+    return mk(P, 'simple_expansion', dStart, P.L.b, [dollar, vn])
+  }
+  if (isDigit(nc)) {
+    const vStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const vn = mk(P, 'variable_name', vStart, P.L.b, [])
+    return mk(P, 'simple_expansion', dStart, P.L.b, [dollar, vn])
+  }
+  if (SPECIAL_VARS.has(nc)) {
+    const vStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const vn = mk(P, 'special_variable_name', vStart, P.L.b, [])
+    return mk(P, 'simple_expansion', dStart, P.L.b, [dollar, vn])
+  }
+  // Bare $ — just a $ leaf (tree-sitter treats trailing $ as literal)
+  return dollar
+}
+
+function parseExpansionBody(P: ParseState): TsNode[] {
+  const out: TsNode[] = []
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // Bizarre cases: ${#!} ${!#} ${!##} ${!# } ${!## } all emit empty (expansion)
+  // — both # and ! become anonymous nodes when only combined with each other
+  // and optional trailing space before }. Note ${!##/} does NOT match (has
+  // content after), so it parses normally as (special_variable_name)(regex).
+  {
+    const c0 = peek(P.L)
+    const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+    if (c0 === '#' && c1 === '!' && peek(P.L, 2) === '}') {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      return out
+    }
+    if (c0 === '!' && c1 === '#') {
+      // ${!#} ${!##} with optional trailing space then }
+      let j = 2
+      if (peek(P.L, j) === '#') j++
+      if (peek(P.L, j) === ' ') j++
+      if (peek(P.L, j) === '}') {
+        while (j-- > 0) advance(P.L)
+        return out
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Optional # prefix for length
+  if (peek(P.L) === '#') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    out.push(mk(P, '#', s, P.L.b, []))
+  }
+  // Optional ! prefix for indirect expansion: ${!varname} ${!prefix*} ${!prefix@}
+  // Only when followed by an identifier — ${!} alone is special var $!
+  // Also = ~ prefixes (zsh-style ${=var} ${~var})
+  const pc = peek(P.L)
+  if (
+    (pc === '!' || pc === '=' || pc === '~') &&
+    (isIdentStart(peek(P.L, 1)) || isDigit(peek(P.L, 1)))
+  ) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    out.push(mk(P, pc, s, P.L.b, []))
+  }
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // Variable name
+  if (isIdentStart(peek(P.L))) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    while (isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    out.push(mk(P, 'variable_name', s, P.L.b, []))
+  } else if (isDigit(peek(P.L))) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    while (isDigit(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    out.push(mk(P, 'variable_name', s, P.L.b, []))
+  } else if (SPECIAL_VARS.has(peek(P.L))) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    out.push(mk(P, 'special_variable_name', s, P.L.b, []))
+  }
+  // Optional subscript [idx] — parsed arithmetically
+  if (peek(P.L) === '[') {
+    const varNode = out[out.length - 1]
+    const brOpen = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const brOpenNode = mk(P, '[', brOpen, P.L.b, [])
+    const idx = parseSubscriptIndexInline(P)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const brClose = P.L.b
+    if (peek(P.L) === ']') advance(P.L)
+    const brCloseNode = mk(P, ']', brClose, P.L.b, [])
+    if (varNode) {
+      const kids = idx
+        ? [varNode, brOpenNode, idx, brCloseNode]
+        : [varNode, brOpenNode, brCloseNode]
+      out[out.length - 1] = mk(P, 'subscript', varNode.startIndex, P.L.b, kids)
+    }
+  }
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // Trailing * or @ for indirect expansion (${!prefix*} ${!prefix@}) or
+  // @operator for parameter transformation (${var@U} ${var@Q}) — anonymous
+  const tc = peek(P.L)
+  if ((tc === '*' || tc === '@') && peek(P.L, 1) === '}') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    out.push(mk(P, tc, s, P.L.b, []))
+    return out
+  }
+  if (tc === '@' && isIdentStart(peek(P.L, 1))) {
+    // ${var@U} transformation — @ is anonymous, consume op char(s)
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    out.push(mk(P, '@', s, P.L.b, []))
+    while (isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    return out
+  }
+  // Operator :- := :? :+ - = ? + # ## % %% / // ^ ^^ , ,, etc.
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  // Bare `:` substring operator ${var:off:len} — offset and length parsed
+  // arithmetically. Must come BEFORE the generic operator handling so `(` after
+  // `:` goes to parenthesized_expression not the array path. `:-` `:=` `:?`
+  // `:+` (no space) remain default-value operators; `: -1` (with space before
+  // -1) is substring with negative offset.
+  if (c === ':') {
+    const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+    // `:\n` or `:}` — empty substring expansion, emits nothing (variable_name only)
+    if (c1 === '\n' || c1 === '}') {
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (peek(P.L) === '\n') advance(P.L)
+      return out
+    }
+    if (c1 !== '-' && c1 !== '=' && c1 !== '?' && c1 !== '+') {
+      advance(P.L)
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      // Offset — arithmetic. `-N` at top level is a single number node per
+      // tree-sitter; inside parens it's unary_expression(number).
+      const offC = peek(P.L)
+      let off: TsNode | null
+      if (offC === '-' && isDigit(peek(P.L, 1))) {
+        const ns = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        while (isDigit(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+        off = mk(P, 'number', ns, P.L.b, [])
+      } else {
+        off = parseArithExpr(P, ':}', 'var')
+      }
+      if (off) out.push(off)
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      if (peek(P.L) === ':') {
+        advance(P.L)
+        skipBlanks(P.L)
+        const lenC = peek(P.L)
+        let len: TsNode | null
+        if (lenC === '-' && isDigit(peek(P.L, 1))) {
+          const ns = P.L.b
+          advance(P.L)
+          while (isDigit(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+          len = mk(P, 'number', ns, P.L.b, [])
+        } else {
+          len = parseArithExpr(P, '}', 'var')
+        }
+        if (len) out.push(len)
+      }
+      return out
+    }
+  }
+  if (
+    c === ':' ||
+    c === '#' ||
+    c === '%' ||
+    c === '/' ||
+    c === '^' ||
+    c === ',' ||
+    c === '-' ||
+    c === '=' ||
+    c === '?' ||
+    c === '+'
+  ) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+    let op = c
+    if (c === ':' && (c1 === '-' || c1 === '=' || c1 === '?' || c1 === '+')) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      op = c + c1
+    } else if (
+      (c === '#' || c === '%' || c === '/' || c === '^' || c === ',') &&
+      c1 === c
+    ) {
+      // Doubled operators: ## %% // ^^ ,,
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      op = c + c
+    } else {
+      advance(P.L)
+    }
+    out.push(mk(P, op, s, P.L.b, []))
+    // Rest is the default/replacement — parse as word or regex until }
+    // Pattern-matching operators (# ## % %% / // ^ ^^ , ,,) emit regex;
+    // value-substitution operators (:- := :? :+ - = ? + :) emit word.
+    // `/` and `//` split at next `/` into (regex)+(word) for pat/repl.
+    const isPattern =
+      op === '#' ||
+      op === '##' ||
+      op === '%' ||
+      op === '%%' ||
+      op === '/' ||
+      op === '//' ||
+      op === '^' ||
+      op === '^^' ||
+      op === ',' ||
+      op === ',,'
+    if (op === '/' || op === '//') {
+      // Optional /# or /% anchor prefix — anonymous node
+      const ac = peek(P.L)
+      if (ac === '#' || ac === '%') {
+        const aStart = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        out.push(mk(P, ac, aStart, P.L.b, []))
+      }
+      // Pattern: per grammar _expansion_regex_replacement, pattern is
+      // choice(regex, string, cmd_sub, seq(string, regex)). If it STARTS
+      // with ", emit (string) and any trailing chars become (regex).
+      // `${v//"${old}"/}` → (string(expansion)); `${v//"${c}"\//}` →
+      // (string)(regex).
+      if (peek(P.L) === '"') {
+        out.push(parseDoubleQuoted(P))
+        const tail = parseExpansionRest(P, 'regex', true)
+        if (tail) out.push(tail)
+      } else {
+        const regex = parseExpansionRest(P, 'regex', true)
+        if (regex) out.push(regex)
+      }
+      if (peek(P.L) === '/') {
+        const sepStart = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        out.push(mk(P, '/', sepStart, P.L.b, []))
+        // Replacement: per grammar, choice includes `seq(cmd_sub, word)`
+        // which emits TWO siblings (not concatenation). Also `(` at start
+        // of replacement is a regular word char, NOT array — unlike `:-`
+        // default-value context. `${v/(/(Gentoo ${x}, }` replacement
+        // `(Gentoo ${x}, ` is (concatenation (word)(expansion)(word)).
+        const repl = parseExpansionRest(P, 'replword', false)
+        if (repl) {
+          // seq(cmd_sub, word) special case → siblings. Detected when
+          // replacement is a concatenation of exactly 2 parts with first
+          // being command_substitution.
+          if (
+            repl.type === 'concatenation' &&
+            repl.children.length === 2 &&
+            repl.children[0]!.type === 'command_substitution'
+          ) {
+            out.push(repl.children[0]!)
+            out.push(repl.children[1]!)
+          } else {
+            out.push(repl)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (op === '#' || op === '##' || op === '%' || op === '%%') {
+      // Pattern-removal: per grammar _expansion_regex, pattern is
+      // repeat(choice(regex, string, raw_string, ')')). Each quote/string
+      // is a SIBLING, not absorbed into one regex. `${f%'str'*}` →
+      // (raw_string)(regex); `${f/'str'*}` (slash) stays single regex.
+      for (const p of parseExpansionRegexSegmented(P)) out.push(p)
+    } else {
+      const rest = parseExpansionRest(P, isPattern ? 'regex' : 'word', false)
+      if (rest) out.push(rest)
+    }
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+function parseExpansionRest(
+  P: ParseState,
+  nodeType: string,
+  stopAtSlash: boolean,
+): TsNode | null {
+  // Don't skipBlanks — `${var:- }` space IS the word. Stop at } or newline
+  // (`${var:\n}` emits no word). stopAtSlash=true stops at `/` for pat/repl
+  // split in ${var/pat/repl}. nodeType 'replword' is word-mode for the
+  // replacement in `/` `//` — same as 'word' but `(` is NOT array.
+  const start = P.L.b
+  // Value-substitution RHS starting with `(` parses as array: ${var:-(x)} →
+  // (expansion (variable_name) (array (word))). Only for 'word' context (not
+  // pattern-matching operators which emit regex, and not 'replword' where `(`
+  // is a regular char per grammar `_expansion_regex_replacement`).
+  if (nodeType === 'word' && peek(P.L) === '(') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '(', start, P.L.b, [])
+    const elems: TsNode[] = [open]
+    while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      const c = peek(P.L)
+      if (c === ')' || c === '}' || c === '\n' || c === '') break
+      const wStart = P.L.b
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+        const wc = peek(P.L)
+        if (
+          wc === ')' ||
+          wc === '}' ||
+          wc === ' ' ||
+          wc === '\t' ||
+          wc === '\n' ||
+          wc === ''
+        ) {
+          break
+        }
+        advance(P.L)
+      }
+      if (P.L.b > wStart) elems.push(mk(P, 'word', wStart, P.L.b, []))
+      else break
+    }
+    if (peek(P.L) === ')') {
+      const cStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      elems.push(mk(P, ')', cStart, P.L.b, []))
+    }
+    while (peek(P.L) === '\n') advance(P.L)
+    return mk(P, 'array', start, P.L.b, elems)
+  }
+  // REGEX mode: flat single-span scan. Quotes are opaque (skipped past so
+  // `/` inside them doesn't break stopAtSlash), but NOT emitted as separate
+  // nodes — the entire range becomes one regex node.
+  if (nodeType === 'regex') {
+    let braceDepth = 0
+    while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+      const c = peek(P.L)
+      if (c === '\n') break
+      if (braceDepth === 0) {
+        if (c === '}') break
+        if (stopAtSlash && c === '/') break
+      }
+      if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+        advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+        continue
+      }
+      if (c === '"' || c === "'") {
+        advance(P.L)
+        while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== c) {
+          if (peek(P.L) === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) advance(P.L)
+          advance(P.L)
+        }
+        if (peek(P.L) === c) advance(P.L)
+        continue
+      }
+      // Skip past nested ${...} $(...) $[...] so their } / don't terminate us
+      if (c === '$') {
+        const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+        if (c1 === '{') {
+          let d = 0
+          advance(P.L)
+          advance(P.L)
+          d++
+          while (P.L.i < P.L.len && d > 0) {
+            const nc = peek(P.L)
+            if (nc === '{') d++
+            else if (nc === '}') d--
+            advance(P.L)
+          }
+          continue
+        }
+        if (c1 === '(') {
+          let d = 0
+          advance(P.L)
+          advance(P.L)
+          d++
+          while (P.L.i < P.L.len && d > 0) {
+            const nc = peek(P.L)
+            if (nc === '(') d++
+            else if (nc === ')') d--
+            advance(P.L)
+          }
+          continue
+        }
+      }
+      if (c === '{') braceDepth++
+      else if (c === '}' && braceDepth > 0) braceDepth--
+      advance(P.L)
+    }
+    const end = P.L.b
+    while (peek(P.L) === '\n') advance(P.L)
+    if (end === start) return null
+    return mk(P, 'regex', start, end, [])
+  }
+  // WORD mode: segmenting parser — recognize nested ${...}, $(...), $'...',
+  // "...", '...', $ident, <(...)/>(...); bare chars accumulate into word
+  // segments. Multiple parts → wrapped in concatenation.
+  const parts: TsNode[] = []
+  let segStart = P.L.b
+  let braceDepth = 0
+  const flushSeg = (): void => {
+    if (P.L.b > segStart) {
+      parts.push(mk(P, 'word', segStart, P.L.b, []))
+    }
+  }
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '\n') break
+    if (braceDepth === 0) {
+      if (c === '}') break
+      if (stopAtSlash && c === '/') break
+    }
+    if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+    if (c === '$') {
+      if (c1 === '{' || c1 === '(' || c1 === '[') {
+        flushSeg()
+        const exp = parseDollarLike(P)
+        if (exp) parts.push(exp)
+        segStart = P.L.b
+        continue
+      }
+      if (c1 === "'") {
+        // $'...' ANSI-C string
+        flushSeg()
+        const aStart = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+        while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== "'") {
+          if (peek(P.L) === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) advance(P.L)
+          advance(P.L)
+        }
+        if (peek(P.L) === "'") advance(P.L)
+        parts.push(mk(P, 'ansi_c_string', aStart, P.L.b, []))
+        segStart = P.L.b
+        continue
+      }
+      if (isIdentStart(c1) || isDigit(c1) || SPECIAL_VARS.has(c1)) {
+        flushSeg()
+        const exp = parseDollarLike(P)
+        if (exp) parts.push(exp)
+        segStart = P.L.b
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    if (c === '"') {
+      flushSeg()
+      parts.push(parseDoubleQuoted(P))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === "'") {
+      flushSeg()
+      const rStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== "'") advance(P.L)
+      if (peek(P.L) === "'") advance(P.L)
+      parts.push(mk(P, 'raw_string', rStart, P.L.b, []))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      continue
+    }
+    if ((c === '<' || c === '>') && c1 === '(') {
+      flushSeg()
+      const ps = parseProcessSub(P)
+      if (ps) parts.push(ps)
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '`') {
+      flushSeg()
+      const bt = parseBacktick(P)
+      if (bt) parts.push(bt)
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      continue
+    }
+    // Brace tracking so nested {a,b} brace-expansion chars don't prematurely
+    // terminate (rare, but the `?` in `${cond}? (` should be treated as word).
+    if (c === '{') braceDepth++
+    else if (c === '}' && braceDepth > 0) braceDepth--
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  flushSeg()
+  // Consume trailing newlines before } so caller sees }
+  while (peek(P.L) === '\n') advance(P.L)
+  // Tree-sitter skips leading whitespace (extras) in expansion RHS when
+  // there's content after: `${2+ ${2}}` → just (expansion). But `${v:- }`
+  // (space-only RHS) keeps the space as (word). So drop leading whitespace-
+  // only word segment if it's NOT the only part.
+  if (
+    parts.length > 1 &&
+    parts[0]!.type === 'word' &&
+    /^[ \t]+$/.test(parts[0]!.text)
+  ) {
+    parts.shift()
+  }
+  if (parts.length === 0) return null
+  if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0]!
+  // Multiple parts: wrap in concatenation (word mode keeps concat wrapping;
+  // regex mode also concats per tree-sitter for mixed quote+glob patterns).
+  const last = parts[parts.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'concatenation', parts[0]!.startIndex, last.endIndex, parts)
+}
+
+// Pattern for # ## % %% operators — per grammar _expansion_regex:
+// repeat(choice(regex, string, raw_string, ')', /\s+/→regex)). Each quote
+// becomes a SIBLING node, not absorbed. `${f%'str'*}` → (raw_string)(regex).
+function parseExpansionRegexSegmented(P: ParseState): TsNode[] {
+  const out: TsNode[] = []
+  let segStart = P.L.b
+  const flushRegex = (): void => {
+    if (P.L.b > segStart) out.push(mk(P, 'regex', segStart, P.L.b, []))
+  }
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '}' || c === '\n') break
+    if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '"') {
+      flushRegex()
+      out.push(parseDoubleQuoted(P))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === "'") {
+      flushRegex()
+      const rStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== "'") advance(P.L)
+      if (peek(P.L) === "'") advance(P.L)
+      out.push(mk(P, 'raw_string', rStart, P.L.b, []))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      continue
+    }
+    // Nested ${...} $(...) — opaque scan so their } doesn't terminate us
+    if (c === '$') {
+      const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+      if (c1 === '{') {
+        let d = 1
+        advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+        while (P.L.i < P.L.len && d > 0) {
+          const nc = peek(P.L)
+          if (nc === '{') d++
+          else if (nc === '}') d--
+          advance(P.L)
+        }
+        continue
+      }
+      if (c1 === '(') {
+        let d = 1
+        advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+        while (P.L.i < P.L.len && d > 0) {
+          const nc = peek(P.L)
+          if (nc === '(') d++
+          else if (nc === ')') d--
+          advance(P.L)
+        }
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  flushRegex()
+  while (peek(P.L) === '\n') advance(P.L)
+  return out
+}
+
+function parseBacktick(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  const start = P.L.b
+  advance(P.L)
+  const open = mk(P, '`', start, P.L.b, [])
+  P.inBacktick++
+  // Parse statements inline — stop at closing backtick
+  const body: TsNode[] = []
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (peek(P.L) === '`' || peek(P.L) === '') break
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type === 'EOF' || t.type === 'BACKTICK') {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+    if (t.type === 'NEWLINE') continue
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    const stmt = parseAndOr(P)
+    if (!stmt) break
+    body.push(stmt)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (peek(P.L) === '`') break
+    const save2 = saveLex(P.L)
+    const sep = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (sep.type === 'OP' && (sep.value === ';' || sep.value === '&')) {
+      body.push(leaf(P, sep.value, sep))
+    } else if (sep.type !== 'NEWLINE') {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save2)
+    }
+  }
+  P.inBacktick--
+  let close: TsNode
+  if (peek(P.L) === '`') {
+    const cStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    close = mk(P, '`', cStart, P.L.b, [])
+  } else {
+    close = mk(P, '`', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+  }
+  // Empty backticks (whitespace/newline only) are elided entirely by
+  // tree-sitter — used as a line-continuation hack: "foo"`<newline>`"bar"
+  // → (concatenation (string) (string)) with no command_substitution.
+  if (body.length === 0) return null
+  return mk(P, 'command_substitution', start, close.endIndex, [
+    open,
+    ...body,
+    close,
+  ])
+}
+
+function parseIf(P: ParseState, ifTok: Token): TsNode {
+  const ifKw = leaf(P, 'if', ifTok)
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [ifKw]
+  const cond = parseStatements(P, null)
+  kids.push(...cond)
+  consumeKeyword(P, 'then', kids)
+  const body = parseStatements(P, null)
+  kids.push(...body)
+  while (true) {
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (t.type === 'WORD' && t.value === 'elif') {
+      const eKw = leaf(P, 'elif', t)
+      const eCond = parseStatements(P, null)
+      const eKids: TsNode[] = [eKw, ...eCond]
+      consumeKeyword(P, 'then', eKids)
+      const eBody = parseStatements(P, null)
+      eKids.push(...eBody)
+      const last = eKids[eKids.length - 1]!
+      kids.push(mk(P, 'elif_clause', eKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, eKids))
+    } else if (t.type === 'WORD' && t.value === 'else') {
+      const elKw = leaf(P, 'else', t)
+      const elBody = parseStatements(P, null)
+      const last = elBody.length > 0 ? elBody[elBody.length - 1]! : elKw
+      kids.push(
+        mk(P, 'else_clause', elKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, [elKw, ...elBody]),
+      )
+    } else {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  consumeKeyword(P, 'fi', kids)
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'if_statement', ifKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseWhile(P: ParseState, kwTok: Token): TsNode {
+  const kw = leaf(P, kwTok.value, kwTok)
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [kw]
+  const cond = parseStatements(P, null)
+  kids.push(...cond)
+  const dg = parseDoGroup(P)
+  if (dg) kids.push(dg)
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'while_statement', kw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseFor(P: ParseState, forTok: Token): TsNode {
+  const forKw = leaf(P, forTok.value, forTok)
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // C-style for (( ; ; )) — only for `for`, not `select`
+  if (forTok.value === 'for' && peek(P.L) === '(' && peek(P.L, 1) === '(') {
+    const oStart = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '((', oStart, P.L.b, [])
+    const kids: TsNode[] = [forKw, open]
+    // init; cond; update — all three use 'assign' mode so `c = expr` emits
+    // variable_assignment, while bare idents (c in `c<=5`) → word. Each
+    // clause may be a comma-separated list.
+    for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++) {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      const es = parseArithCommaList(P, k < 2 ? ';' : '))', 'assign')
+      kids.push(...es)
+      if (k < 2) {
+        if (peek(P.L) === ';') {
+          const s = P.L.b
+          advance(P.L)
+          kids.push(mk(P, ';', s, P.L.b, []))
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (peek(P.L) === ')' && peek(P.L, 1) === ')') {
+      const cStart = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      kids.push(mk(P, '))', cStart, P.L.b, []))
+    }
+    // Optional ; or newline
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const sep = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    if (sep.type === 'OP' && sep.value === ';') {
+      kids.push(leaf(P, ';', sep))
+    } else if (sep.type !== 'NEWLINE') {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    }
+    const dg = parseDoGroup(P)
+    if (dg) {
+      kids.push(dg)
+    } else {
+      // C-style for can also use `{ ... }` body instead of `do ... done`
+      skipNewlines(P)
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      if (peek(P.L) === '{') {
+        const bOpen = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        const brace = mk(P, '{', bOpen, P.L.b, [])
+        const body = parseStatements(P, '}')
+        let bClose: TsNode
+        if (peek(P.L) === '}') {
+          const cs = P.L.b
+          advance(P.L)
+          bClose = mk(P, '}', cs, P.L.b, [])
+        } else {
+          bClose = mk(P, '}', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+        }
+        kids.push(
+          mk(P, 'compound_statement', brace.startIndex, bClose.endIndex, [
+            brace,
+            ...body,
+            bClose,
+          ]),
+        )
+      }
+    }
+    const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+    return mk(P, 'c_style_for_statement', forKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+  }
+  // Regular for VAR in words; do ... done
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [forKw]
+  const varTok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+  kids.push(mk(P, 'variable_name', varTok.start, varTok.end, []))
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  const inTok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+  if (inTok.type === 'WORD' && inTok.value === 'in') {
+    kids.push(leaf(P, 'in', inTok))
+    while (true) {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      const c = peek(P.L)
+      if (c === ';' || c === '\n' || c === '') break
+      const w = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+      if (!w) break
+      kids.push(w)
+    }
+  } else {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+  }
+  // Separator
+  const save2 = saveLex(P.L)
+  const sep = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+  if (sep.type === 'OP' && sep.value === ';') {
+    kids.push(leaf(P, ';', sep))
+  } else if (sep.type !== 'NEWLINE') {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save2)
+  }
+  const dg = parseDoGroup(P)
+  if (dg) kids.push(dg)
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'for_statement', forKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseDoGroup(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  skipNewlines(P)
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  const doTok = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+  if (doTok.type !== 'WORD' || doTok.value !== 'do') {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return null
+  }
+  const doKw = leaf(P, 'do', doTok)
+  const body = parseStatements(P, null)
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [doKw, ...body]
+  consumeKeyword(P, 'done', kids)
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'do_group', doKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseCase(P: ParseState, caseTok: Token): TsNode {
+  const caseKw = leaf(P, 'case', caseTok)
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [caseKw]
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const word = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+  if (word) kids.push(word)
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  consumeKeyword(P, 'in', kids)
+  skipNewlines(P)
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    skipNewlines(P)
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const t = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+    if (t.type === 'WORD' && t.value === 'esac') {
+      kids.push(leaf(P, 'esac', t))
+      break
+    }
+    if (t.type === 'EOF') break
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    const item = parseCaseItem(P)
+    if (!item) break
+    kids.push(item)
+  }
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'case_statement', caseKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseCaseItem(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const start = P.L.b
+  const kids: TsNode[] = []
+  // Optional leading '(' before pattern — bash allows (pattern) syntax
+  if (peek(P.L) === '(') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    kids.push(mk(P, '(', s, P.L.b, []))
+  }
+  // Pattern(s)
+  let isFirstAlt = true
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === ')' || c === '') break
+    const pats = parseCasePattern(P)
+    if (pats.length === 0) break
+    // tree-sitter quirk: first alternative with quotes is inlined as flat
+    // siblings; subsequent alternatives are wrapped in (concatenation) with
+    // `word` instead of `extglob_pattern` for bare segments.
+    if (!isFirstAlt && pats.length > 1) {
+      const rewritten = pats.map(p =>
+        p.type === 'extglob_pattern'
+          ? mk(P, 'word', p.startIndex, p.endIndex, [])
+          : p,
+      )
+      const first = rewritten[0]!
+      const last = rewritten[rewritten.length - 1]!
+      kids.push(
+        mk(P, 'concatenation', first.startIndex, last.endIndex, rewritten),
+      )
+    } else {
+      kids.push(...pats)
+    }
+    isFirstAlt = false
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    // \<newline> line continuation between alternatives
+    if (peek(P.L) === '\\' && peek(P.L, 1) === '\n') {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+    }
+    if (peek(P.L) === '|') {
+      const s = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      kids.push(mk(P, '|', s, P.L.b, []))
+      // \<newline> after | is also a line continuation
+      if (peek(P.L) === '\\' && peek(P.L, 1) === '\n') {
+        advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+      }
+    } else {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  if (peek(P.L) === ')') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    kids.push(mk(P, ')', s, P.L.b, []))
+  }
+  const body = parseStatements(P, null)
+  kids.push(...body)
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  const term = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+  if (
+    term.type === 'OP' &&
+    (term.value === ';;' || term.value === ';&' || term.value === ';;&')
+  ) {
+    kids.push(leaf(P, term.value, term))
+  } else {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+  }
+  if (kids.length === 0) return null
+  // tree-sitter quirk: case_item with EMPTY body and a single pattern matching
+  // extglob-operator-char-prefix (no actual glob metachars) downgrades to word.
+  // `-o) owner=$2 ;;` (has body) → extglob_pattern; `-g) ;;` (empty) → word.
+  if (body.length === 0) {
+    for (let i = 0; i < kids.length; i++) {
+      const k = kids[i]!
+      if (k.type !== 'extglob_pattern') continue
+      const text = sliceBytes(P, k.startIndex, k.endIndex)
+      if (/^[-+?*@!][a-zA-Z]/.test(text) && !/[*?(]/.test(text)) {
+        kids[i] = mk(P, 'word', k.startIndex, k.endIndex, [])
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'case_item', start, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseCasePattern(P: ParseState): TsNode[] {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  const start = P.L.b
+  const startI = P.L.i
+  let parenDepth = 0
+  let hasDollar = false
+  let hasBracketOutsideParen = false
+  let hasQuote = false
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+      // Escaped char — consume both (handles `bar\ baz` as single pattern)
+      // \<newline> is a line continuation; eat it but stay in pattern.
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '"' || c === "'") {
+      hasQuote = true
+      // Skip past the quoted segment so its content (spaces, |, etc.) doesn't
+      // break the peek-ahead scan.
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (P.L.i < P.L.len && peek(P.L) !== c) {
+        if (peek(P.L) === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) advance(P.L)
+        advance(P.L)
+      }
+      if (peek(P.L) === c) advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    // Paren counting: any ( inside pattern opens a scope; don't break at ) or |
+    // until balanced. Handles extglob *(a|b) and nested shapes *([0-9])([0-9]).
+    if (c === '(') {
+      parenDepth++
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (parenDepth > 0) {
+      if (c === ')') {
+        parenDepth--
+        advance(P.L)
+        continue
+      }
+      if (c === '\n') break
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === ')' || c === '|' || c === ' ' || c === '\t' || c === '\n') break
+    if (c === '$') hasDollar = true
+    if (c === '[') hasBracketOutsideParen = true
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  if (P.L.b === start) return []
+  const text = P.src.slice(startI, P.L.i)
+  const hasExtglobParen = /[*?+@!]\(/.test(text)
+  // Quoted segments in pattern: tree-sitter splits at quote boundaries into
+  // multiple sibling nodes. `*"foo"*` → (extglob_pattern)(string)(extglob_pattern).
+  // Re-scan with a segmenting pass.
+  if (hasQuote && !hasExtglobParen) {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    return parseCasePatternSegmented(P)
+  }
+  // tree-sitter splits patterns with [ or $ into concatenation via word parsing
+  // UNLESS pattern has extglob parens (those override and emit extglob_pattern).
+  // `*.[1357]` → concat(word word number word); `${PN}.pot` → concat(expansion word);
+  // but `*([0-9])` → extglob_pattern (has extglob paren).
+  if (!hasExtglobParen && (hasDollar || hasBracketOutsideParen)) {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+    const w = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+    return w ? [w] : []
+  }
+  // Patterns starting with extglob operator chars (+ - ? * @ !) followed by
+  // identifier chars are extglob_pattern per tree-sitter, even without parens
+  // or glob metachars. `-o)` → extglob_pattern; plain `foo)` → word.
+  const type =
+    hasExtglobParen || /[*?]/.test(text) || /^[-+?*@!][a-zA-Z]/.test(text)
+      ? 'extglob_pattern'
+      : 'word'
+  return [mk(P, type, start, P.L.b, [])]
+}
+
+// Segmented scan for case patterns containing quotes: `*"foo"*` →
+// [extglob_pattern, string, extglob_pattern]. Bare segments → extglob_pattern
+// if they have */?, else word. Stops at ) | space tab newline outside quotes.
+function parseCasePatternSegmented(P: ParseState): TsNode[] {
+  const parts: TsNode[] = []
+  let segStart = P.L.b
+  let segStartI = P.L.i
+  const flushSeg = (): void => {
+    if (P.L.i > segStartI) {
+      const t = P.src.slice(segStartI, P.L.i)
+      const type = /[*?]/.test(t) ? 'extglob_pattern' : 'word'
+      parts.push(mk(P, type, segStart, P.L.b, []))
+    }
+  }
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '"') {
+      flushSeg()
+      parts.push(parseDoubleQuoted(P))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      segStartI = P.L.i
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === "'") {
+      flushSeg()
+      const tok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+      parts.push(leaf(P, 'raw_string', tok))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      segStartI = P.L.i
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === ')' || c === '|' || c === ' ' || c === '\t' || c === '\n') break
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  flushSeg()
+  return parts
+}
+
+function parseFunction(P: ParseState, fnTok: Token): TsNode {
+  const fnKw = leaf(P, 'function', fnTok)
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const nameTok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+  const name = mk(P, 'word', nameTok.start, nameTok.end, [])
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [fnKw, name]
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  if (peek(P.L) === '(' && peek(P.L, 1) === ')') {
+    const o = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    const c = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+    kids.push(leaf(P, '(', o))
+    kids.push(leaf(P, ')', c))
+  }
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  skipNewlines(P)
+  const body = parseCommand(P)
+  if (body) {
+    // Hoist redirects from redirected_statement(compound_statement, ...) to
+    // function_definition level per tree-sitter grammar
+    if (
+      body.type === 'redirected_statement' &&
+      body.children.length >= 2 &&
+      body.children[0]!.type === 'compound_statement'
+    ) {
+      kids.push(...body.children)
+    } else {
+      kids.push(body)
+    }
+  }
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'function_definition', fnKw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseDeclaration(P: ParseState, kwTok: Token): TsNode {
+  const kw = leaf(P, kwTok.value, kwTok)
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [kw]
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (
+      c === '' ||
+      c === '\n' ||
+      c === ';' ||
+      c === '&' ||
+      c === '|' ||
+      c === ')' ||
+      c === '<' ||
+      c === '>'
+    ) {
+      break
+    }
+    const a = tryParseAssignment(P)
+    if (a) {
+      kids.push(a)
+      continue
+    }
+    // Quoted string or concatenation: `export "FOO=bar"`, `export 'X'`
+    if (c === '"' || c === "'" || c === '$') {
+      const w = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+      if (w) {
+        kids.push(w)
+        continue
+      }
+      break
+    }
+    // Flag like -a or bare variable name
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    const tok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+    if (tok.type === 'WORD' || tok.type === 'NUMBER') {
+      if (tok.value.startsWith('-')) {
+        kids.push(leaf(P, 'word', tok))
+      } else if (isIdentStart(tok.value[0] ?? '')) {
+        kids.push(mk(P, 'variable_name', tok.start, tok.end, []))
+      } else {
+        kids.push(leaf(P, 'word', tok))
+      }
+    } else {
+      restoreLex(P.L, save)
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'declaration_command', kw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function parseUnset(P: ParseState, kwTok: Token): TsNode {
+  const kw = leaf(P, 'unset', kwTok)
+  const kids: TsNode[] = [kw]
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (
+      c === '' ||
+      c === '\n' ||
+      c === ';' ||
+      c === '&' ||
+      c === '|' ||
+      c === ')' ||
+      c === '<' ||
+      c === '>'
+    ) {
+      break
+    }
+    // SECURITY: use parseWord (not raw nextToken) so quoted strings like
+    // `unset 'a[$(id)]'` emit a raw_string child that ast.ts can reject.
+    // Previously `break` silently dropped non-WORD args — hiding the
+    // arithmetic-subscript code-exec vector from the security walker.
+    const arg = parseWord(P, 'arg')
+    if (!arg) break
+    if (arg.type === 'word') {
+      if (arg.text.startsWith('-')) {
+        kids.push(arg)
+      } else {
+        kids.push(mk(P, 'variable_name', arg.startIndex, arg.endIndex, []))
+      }
+    } else {
+      kids.push(arg)
+    }
+  }
+  const last = kids[kids.length - 1]!
+  return mk(P, 'unset_command', kw.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+}
+
+function consumeKeyword(P: ParseState, name: string, kids: TsNode[]): void {
+  skipNewlines(P)
+  const save = saveLex(P.L)
+  const t = nextToken(P.L, 'cmd')
+  if (t.type === 'WORD' && t.value === name) {
+    kids.push(leaf(P, name, t))
+  } else {
+    restoreLex(P.L, save)
+  }
+}
+
+// ───────────────────── Test & Arithmetic Expressions ─────────────────────
+
+function parseTestExpr(P: ParseState, closer: string): TsNode | null {
+  return parseTestOr(P, closer)
+}
+
+function parseTestOr(P: ParseState, closer: string): TsNode | null {
+  let left = parseTestAnd(P, closer)
+  if (!left) return null
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const save = saveLex(P.L)
+    if (peek(P.L) === '|' && peek(P.L, 1) === '|') {
+      const s = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      const op = mk(P, '||', s, P.L.b, [])
+      const right = parseTestAnd(P, closer)
+      if (!right) {
+        restoreLex(P.L, save)
+        break
+      }
+      left = mk(P, 'binary_expression', left.startIndex, right.endIndex, [
+        left,
+        op,
+        right,
+      ])
+    } else {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  return left
+}
+
+function parseTestAnd(P: ParseState, closer: string): TsNode | null {
+  let left = parseTestUnary(P, closer)
+  if (!left) return null
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (peek(P.L) === '&' && peek(P.L, 1) === '&') {
+      const s = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      const op = mk(P, '&&', s, P.L.b, [])
+      const right = parseTestUnary(P, closer)
+      if (!right) break
+      left = mk(P, 'binary_expression', left.startIndex, right.endIndex, [
+        left,
+        op,
+        right,
+      ])
+    } else {
+      break
+    }
+  }
+  return left
+}
+
+function parseTestUnary(P: ParseState, closer: string): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  if (c === '(') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '(', s, P.L.b, [])
+    const inner = parseTestOr(P, closer)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === ')') {
+      const cs = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      close = mk(P, ')', cs, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, ')', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    const kids = inner ? [open, inner, close] : [open, close]
+    return mk(
+      P,
+      'parenthesized_expression',
+      open.startIndex,
+      close.endIndex,
+      kids,
+    )
+  }
+  return parseTestBinary(P, closer)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse `!`-negated or test-operator (`-f`) or parenthesized primary — but NOT
+ * a binary comparison. Used as LHS of binary_expression so `! x =~ y` binds
+ * `!` to `x` only, not the whole `x =~ y`.
+ */
+function parseTestNegatablePrimary(
+  P: ParseState,
+  closer: string,
+): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  if (c === '!') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const bang = mk(P, '!', s, P.L.b, [])
+    const inner = parseTestNegatablePrimary(P, closer)
+    if (!inner) return bang
+    return mk(P, 'unary_expression', bang.startIndex, inner.endIndex, [
+      bang,
+      inner,
+    ])
+  }
+  if (c === '-' && isIdentStart(peek(P.L, 1))) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    while (isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    const op = mk(P, 'test_operator', s, P.L.b, [])
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    const arg = parseTestPrimary(P, closer)
+    if (!arg) return op
+    return mk(P, 'unary_expression', op.startIndex, arg.endIndex, [op, arg])
+  }
+  return parseTestPrimary(P, closer)
+}
+
+function parseTestBinary(P: ParseState, closer: string): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // `!` in test context binds tighter than =~/==.
+  // `[[ ! "x" =~ y ]]` → (binary_expression (unary_expression (string)) (regex))
+  // `[[ ! -f x ]]` → (unary_expression ! (unary_expression (test_operator) (word)))
+  const left = parseTestNegatablePrimary(P, closer)
+  if (!left) return null
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // Binary comparison: == != =~ -eq -lt etc.
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+  let op: TsNode | null = null
+  const os = P.L.b
+  if (c === '=' && c1 === '=') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    op = mk(P, '==', os, P.L.b, [])
+  } else if (c === '!' && c1 === '=') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    op = mk(P, '!=', os, P.L.b, [])
+  } else if (c === '=' && c1 === '~') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    op = mk(P, '=~', os, P.L.b, [])
+  } else if (c === '=' && c1 !== '=') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    op = mk(P, '=', os, P.L.b, [])
+  } else if (c === '<' && c1 !== '<') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    op = mk(P, '<', os, P.L.b, [])
+  } else if (c === '>' && c1 !== '>') {
+    advance(P.L)
+    op = mk(P, '>', os, P.L.b, [])
+  } else if (c === '-' && isIdentStart(c1)) {
+    advance(P.L)
+    while (isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    op = mk(P, 'test_operator', os, P.L.b, [])
+  }
+  if (!op) return left
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // In [[ ]], RHS of ==/!=/=/=~ gets special pattern parsing: paren counting
+  // so @(a|b|c) doesn't break on |, and segments become extglob_pattern/regex.
+  if (closer === ']]') {
+    const opText = op.type
+    if (opText === '=~') {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      // If the ENTIRE RHS is a quoted string, emit string/raw_string not
+      // regex: `[[ "$x" =~ "$y" ]]` → (binary_expression (string) (string)).
+      // If there's content after the quote (`' boop '(.*)$`), the whole RHS
+      // stays a single (regex). Peek past the quote to check.
+      const rc = peek(P.L)
+      let rhs: TsNode | null = null
+      if (rc === '"' || rc === "'") {
+        const save = saveLex(P.L)
+        const quoted =
+          rc === '"'
+            ? parseDoubleQuoted(P)
+            : leaf(P, 'raw_string', nextToken(P.L, 'arg'))
+        // Check if RHS ends here: only whitespace then ]] or &&/|| or newline
+        let j = P.L.i
+        while (j < P.L.len && (P.src[j] === ' ' || P.src[j] === '\t')) j++
+        const nc = P.src[j] ?? ''
+        const nc1 = P.src[j + 1] ?? ''
+        if (
+          (nc === ']' && nc1 === ']') ||
+          (nc === '&' && nc1 === '&') ||
+          (nc === '|' && nc1 === '|') ||
+          nc === '\n' ||
+          nc === ''
+        ) {
+          rhs = quoted
+        } else {
+          restoreLex(P.L, save)
+        }
+      }
+      if (!rhs) rhs = parseTestRegexRhs(P)
+      if (!rhs) return left
+      return mk(P, 'binary_expression', left.startIndex, rhs.endIndex, [
+        left,
+        op,
+        rhs,
+      ])
+    }
+    // Single `=` emits (regex) per tree-sitter; `==` and `!=` emit extglob_pattern
+    if (opText === '=') {
+      const rhs = parseTestRegexRhs(P)
+      if (!rhs) return left
+      return mk(P, 'binary_expression', left.startIndex, rhs.endIndex, [
+        left,
+        op,
+        rhs,
+      ])
+    }
+    if (opText === '==' || opText === '!=') {
+      const parts = parseTestExtglobRhs(P)
+      if (parts.length === 0) return left
+      const last = parts[parts.length - 1]!
+      return mk(P, 'binary_expression', left.startIndex, last.endIndex, [
+        left,
+        op,
+        ...parts,
+      ])
+    }
+  }
+  const right = parseTestPrimary(P, closer)
+  if (!right) return left
+  return mk(P, 'binary_expression', left.startIndex, right.endIndex, [
+    left,
+    op,
+    right,
+  ])
+}
+
+// RHS of =~ in [[ ]] — scan as single (regex) node with paren/bracket counting
+// so | ( ) inside the regex don't break parsing. Stop at ]] or ws+&&/||.
+function parseTestRegexRhs(P: ParseState): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const start = P.L.b
+  let parenDepth = 0
+  let bracketDepth = 0
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '\n') break
+    if (parenDepth === 0 && bracketDepth === 0) {
+      if (c === ']' && peek(P.L, 1) === ']') break
+      if (c === ' ' || c === '\t') {
+        // Peek past blanks for ]] or &&/||
+        let j = P.L.i
+        while (j < P.L.len && (P.L.src[j] === ' ' || P.L.src[j] === '\t')) j++
+        const nc = P.L.src[j] ?? ''
+        const nc1 = P.L.src[j + 1] ?? ''
+        if (
+          (nc === ']' && nc1 === ']') ||
+          (nc === '&' && nc1 === '&') ||
+          (nc === '|' && nc1 === '|')
+        ) {
+          break
+        }
+        advance(P.L)
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    if (c === '(') parenDepth++
+    else if (c === ')' && parenDepth > 0) parenDepth--
+    else if (c === '[') bracketDepth++
+    else if (c === ']' && bracketDepth > 0) bracketDepth--
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  if (P.L.b === start) return null
+  return mk(P, 'regex', start, P.L.b, [])
+}
+
+// RHS of ==/!=/= in [[ ]] — returns array of parts. Bare text → extglob_pattern
+// (with paren counting for @(a|b)); $(...)/${}/quoted → proper node types.
+// Multiple parts become flat children of binary_expression per tree-sitter.
+function parseTestExtglobRhs(P: ParseState): TsNode[] {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  const parts: TsNode[] = []
+  let segStart = P.L.b
+  let segStartI = P.L.i
+  let parenDepth = 0
+  const flushSeg = () => {
+    if (P.L.i > segStartI) {
+      const text = P.src.slice(segStartI, P.L.i)
+      // Pure number stays number; everything else is extglob_pattern
+      const type = /^\d+$/.test(text) ? 'number' : 'extglob_pattern'
+      parts.push(mk(P, type, segStart, P.L.b, []))
+    }
+  }
+  while (P.L.i < P.L.len) {
+    const c = peek(P.L)
+    if (c === '\\' && P.L.i + 1 < P.L.len) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '\n') break
+    if (parenDepth === 0) {
+      if (c === ']' && peek(P.L, 1) === ']') break
+      if (c === ' ' || c === '\t') {
+        let j = P.L.i
+        while (j < P.L.len && (P.L.src[j] === ' ' || P.L.src[j] === '\t')) j++
+        const nc = P.L.src[j] ?? ''
+        const nc1 = P.L.src[j + 1] ?? ''
+        if (
+          (nc === ']' && nc1 === ']') ||
+          (nc === '&' && nc1 === '&') ||
+          (nc === '|' && nc1 === '|')
+        ) {
+          break
+        }
+        advance(P.L)
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    // $ " ' must be parsed even inside @( ) extglob parens — parseDollarLike
+    // consumes matching ) so parenDepth stays consistent.
+    if (c === '$') {
+      const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+      if (
+        c1 === '(' ||
+        c1 === '{' ||
+        isIdentStart(c1) ||
+        SPECIAL_VARS.has(c1)
+      ) {
+        flushSeg()
+        const exp = parseDollarLike(P)
+        if (exp) parts.push(exp)
+        segStart = P.L.b
+        segStartI = P.L.i
+        continue
+      }
+    }
+    if (c === '"') {
+      flushSeg()
+      parts.push(parseDoubleQuoted(P))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      segStartI = P.L.i
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === "'") {
+      flushSeg()
+      const tok = nextToken(P.L, 'arg')
+      parts.push(leaf(P, 'raw_string', tok))
+      segStart = P.L.b
+      segStartI = P.L.i
+      continue
+    }
+    if (c === '(') parenDepth++
+    else if (c === ')' && parenDepth > 0) parenDepth--
+    advance(P.L)
+  }
+  flushSeg()
+  return parts
+}
+
+function parseTestPrimary(P: ParseState, closer: string): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  // Stop at closer
+  if (closer === ']' && peek(P.L) === ']') return null
+  if (closer === ']]' && peek(P.L) === ']' && peek(P.L, 1) === ']') return null
+  return parseWord(P, 'arg')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Arithmetic context modes:
+ * - 'var': bare identifiers → variable_name (default, used in $((..)), ((..)))
+ * - 'word': bare identifiers → word (c-style for head condition/update clauses)
+ * - 'assign': identifiers with = → variable_assignment (c-style for init clause)
+ */
+type ArithMode = 'var' | 'word' | 'assign'
+
+/** Operator precedence table (higher = tighter binding). */
+const ARITH_PREC: Record<string, number> = {
+  '=': 2,
+  '+=': 2,
+  '-=': 2,
+  '*=': 2,
+  '/=': 2,
+  '%=': 2,
+  '<<=': 2,
+  '>>=': 2,
+  '&=': 2,
+  '^=': 2,
+  '|=': 2,
+  '||': 4,
+  '&&': 5,
+  '|': 6,
+  '^': 7,
+  '&': 8,
+  '==': 9,
+  '!=': 9,
+  '<': 10,
+  '>': 10,
+  '<=': 10,
+  '>=': 10,
+  '<<': 11,
+  '>>': 11,
+  '+': 12,
+  '-': 12,
+  '*': 13,
+  '/': 13,
+  '%': 13,
+  '**': 14,
+}
+
+/** Right-associative operators (assignment and exponent). */
+const ARITH_RIGHT_ASSOC = new Set([
+  '=',
+  '+=',
+  '-=',
+  '*=',
+  '/=',
+  '%=',
+  '<<=',
+  '>>=',
+  '&=',
+  '^=',
+  '|=',
+  '**',
+])
+
+function parseArithExpr(
+  P: ParseState,
+  stop: string,
+  mode: ArithMode = 'var',
+): TsNode | null {
+  return parseArithTernary(P, stop, mode)
+}
+
+/** Top-level: comma-separated list. arithmetic_expansion emits multiple children. */
+function parseArithCommaList(
+  P: ParseState,
+  stop: string,
+  mode: ArithMode = 'var',
+): TsNode[] {
+  const out: TsNode[] = []
+  while (true) {
+    const e = parseArithTernary(P, stop, mode)
+    if (e) out.push(e)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (peek(P.L) === ',' && !isArithStop(P, stop)) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      continue
+    }
+    break
+  }
+  return out
+}
+
+function parseArithTernary(
+  P: ParseState,
+  stop: string,
+  mode: ArithMode,
+): TsNode | null {
+  const cond = parseArithBinary(P, stop, 0, mode)
+  if (!cond) return null
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  if (peek(P.L) === '?') {
+    const qs = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const q = mk(P, '?', qs, P.L.b, [])
+    const t = parseArithBinary(P, ':', 0, mode)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    let colon: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === ':') {
+      const cs = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      colon = mk(P, ':', cs, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      colon = mk(P, ':', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    const f = parseArithTernary(P, stop, mode)
+    const last = f ?? colon
+    const kids: TsNode[] = [cond, q]
+    if (t) kids.push(t)
+    kids.push(colon)
+    if (f) kids.push(f)
+    return mk(P, 'ternary_expression', cond.startIndex, last.endIndex, kids)
+  }
+  return cond
+}
+
+/** Scan next arithmetic binary operator; returns [text, length] or null. */
+function scanArithOp(P: ParseState): [string, number] | null {
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+  const c2 = peek(P.L, 2)
+  // 3-char: <<= >>=
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '<' && c2 === '=') return ['<<=', 3]
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '>' && c2 === '=') return ['>>=', 3]
+  // 2-char
+  if (c === '*' && c1 === '*') return ['**', 2]
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '<') return ['<<', 2]
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '>') return ['>>', 2]
+  if (c === '=' && c1 === '=') return ['==', 2]
+  if (c === '!' && c1 === '=') return ['!=', 2]
+  if (c === '<' && c1 === '=') return ['<=', 2]
+  if (c === '>' && c1 === '=') return ['>=', 2]
+  if (c === '&' && c1 === '&') return ['&&', 2]
+  if (c === '|' && c1 === '|') return ['||', 2]
+  if (c === '+' && c1 === '=') return ['+=', 2]
+  if (c === '-' && c1 === '=') return ['-=', 2]
+  if (c === '*' && c1 === '=') return ['*=', 2]
+  if (c === '/' && c1 === '=') return ['/=', 2]
+  if (c === '%' && c1 === '=') return ['%=', 2]
+  if (c === '&' && c1 === '=') return ['&=', 2]
+  if (c === '^' && c1 === '=') return ['^=', 2]
+  if (c === '|' && c1 === '=') return ['|=', 2]
+  // 1-char — but NOT ++ -- (those are pre/postfix)
+  if (c === '+' && c1 !== '+') return ['+', 1]
+  if (c === '-' && c1 !== '-') return ['-', 1]
+  if (c === '*') return ['*', 1]
+  if (c === '/') return ['/', 1]
+  if (c === '%') return ['%', 1]
+  if (c === '<') return ['<', 1]
+  if (c === '>') return ['>', 1]
+  if (c === '&') return ['&', 1]
+  if (c === '|') return ['|', 1]
+  if (c === '^') return ['^', 1]
+  if (c === '=') return ['=', 1]
+  return null
+}
+
+/** Precedence-climbing binary expression parser. */
+function parseArithBinary(
+  P: ParseState,
+  stop: string,
+  minPrec: number,
+  mode: ArithMode,
+): TsNode | null {
+  let left = parseArithUnary(P, stop, mode)
+  if (!left) return null
+  while (true) {
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    if (isArithStop(P, stop)) break
+    if (peek(P.L) === ',') break
+    const opInfo = scanArithOp(P)
+    if (!opInfo) break
+    const [opText, opLen] = opInfo
+    const prec = ARITH_PREC[opText]
+    if (prec === undefined || prec < minPrec) break
+    const os = P.L.b
+    for (let k = 0; k < opLen; k++) advance(P.L)
+    const op = mk(P, opText, os, P.L.b, [])
+    const nextMin = ARITH_RIGHT_ASSOC.has(opText) ? prec : prec + 1
+    const right = parseArithBinary(P, stop, nextMin, mode)
+    if (!right) break
+    left = mk(P, 'binary_expression', left.startIndex, right.endIndex, [
+      left,
+      op,
+      right,
+    ])
+  }
+  return left
+}
+
+function parseArithUnary(
+  P: ParseState,
+  stop: string,
+  mode: ArithMode,
+): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  if (isArithStop(P, stop)) return null
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+  // Prefix ++ --
+  if ((c === '+' && c1 === '+') || (c === '-' && c1 === '-')) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const op = mk(P, c + c1, s, P.L.b, [])
+    const inner = parseArithUnary(P, stop, mode)
+    if (!inner) return op
+    return mk(P, 'unary_expression', op.startIndex, inner.endIndex, [op, inner])
+  }
+  if (c === '-' || c === '+' || c === '!' || c === '~') {
+    // In 'word'/'assign' mode (c-style for head), `-N` is a single number
+    // literal per tree-sitter, not unary_expression. 'var' mode uses unary.
+    if (mode !== 'var' && c === '-' && isDigit(c1)) {
+      const s = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (isDigit(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+      return mk(P, 'number', s, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const op = mk(P, c, s, P.L.b, [])
+    const inner = parseArithUnary(P, stop, mode)
+    if (!inner) return op
+    return mk(P, 'unary_expression', op.startIndex, inner.endIndex, [op, inner])
+  }
+  return parseArithPostfix(P, stop, mode)
+}
+
+function parseArithPostfix(
+  P: ParseState,
+  stop: string,
+  mode: ArithMode,
+): TsNode | null {
+  const prim = parseArithPrimary(P, stop, mode)
+  if (!prim) return null
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  const c1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+  if ((c === '+' && c1 === '+') || (c === '-' && c1 === '-')) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    advance(P.L)
+    const op = mk(P, c + c1, s, P.L.b, [])
+    return mk(P, 'postfix_expression', prim.startIndex, op.endIndex, [prim, op])
+  }
+  return prim
+}
+
+function parseArithPrimary(
+  P: ParseState,
+  stop: string,
+  mode: ArithMode,
+): TsNode | null {
+  skipBlanks(P.L)
+  if (isArithStop(P, stop)) return null
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  if (c === '(') {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    advance(P.L)
+    const open = mk(P, '(', s, P.L.b, [])
+    // Parenthesized expression may contain comma-separated exprs
+    const inners = parseArithCommaList(P, ')', mode)
+    skipBlanks(P.L)
+    let close: TsNode
+    if (peek(P.L) === ')') {
+      const cs = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      close = mk(P, ')', cs, P.L.b, [])
+    } else {
+      close = mk(P, ')', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'parenthesized_expression', open.startIndex, close.endIndex, [
+      open,
+      ...inners,
+      close,
+    ])
+  }
+  if (c === '"') {
+    return parseDoubleQuoted(P)
+  }
+  if (c === '$') {
+    return parseDollarLike(P)
+  }
+  if (isDigit(c)) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    while (isDigit(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    // Hex: 0x1f
+    if (
+      P.L.b - s === 1 &&
+      c === '0' &&
+      (peek(P.L) === 'x' || peek(P.L) === 'X')
+    ) {
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (isHexDigit(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    }
+    // Base notation: BASE#DIGITS e.g. 2#1010, 16#ff
+    else if (peek(P.L) === '#') {
+      advance(P.L)
+      while (isBaseDigit(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    }
+    return mk(P, 'number', s, P.L.b, [])
+  }
+  if (isIdentStart(c)) {
+    const s = P.L.b
+    while (isIdentChar(peek(P.L))) advance(P.L)
+    const nc = peek(P.L)
+    // Assignment in 'assign' mode (c-style for init): emit variable_assignment
+    // so chained `a = b = c = 1` nests correctly. Other modes treat `=` as a
+    // binary_expression operator via the precedence table.
+    if (mode === 'assign') {
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      const ac = peek(P.L)
+      const ac1 = peek(P.L, 1)
+      if (ac === '=' && ac1 !== '=') {
+        const vn = mk(P, 'variable_name', s, P.L.b, [])
+        const es = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        const eq = mk(P, '=', es, P.L.b, [])
+        // RHS may itself be another assignment (chained)
+        const val = parseArithTernary(P, stop, mode)
+        const end = val ? val.endIndex : eq.endIndex
+        const kids = val ? [vn, eq, val] : [vn, eq]
+        return mk(P, 'variable_assignment', s, end, kids)
+      }
+    }
+    // Subscript
+    if (nc === '[') {
+      const vn = mk(P, 'variable_name', s, P.L.b, [])
+      const brS = P.L.b
+      advance(P.L)
+      const brOpen = mk(P, '[', brS, P.L.b, [])
+      const idx = parseArithTernary(P, ']', 'var') ?? parseDollarLike(P)
+      skipBlanks(P.L)
+      let brClose: TsNode
+      if (peek(P.L) === ']') {
+        const cs = P.L.b
+        advance(P.L)
+        brClose = mk(P, ']', cs, P.L.b, [])
+      } else {
+        brClose = mk(P, ']', P.L.b, P.L.b, [])
+      }
+      const kids = idx ? [vn, brOpen, idx, brClose] : [vn, brOpen, brClose]
+      return mk(P, 'subscript', s, brClose.endIndex, kids)
+    }
+    // Bare identifier: variable_name in 'var' mode, word in 'word'/'assign' mode.
+    // 'assign' mode falls through to word when no `=` follows (c-style for
+    // cond/update clauses: `c<=5` → binary_expression(word, number)).
+    const identType = mode === 'var' ? 'variable_name' : 'word'
+    return mk(P, identType, s, P.L.b, [])
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+function isArithStop(P: ParseState, stop: string): boolean {
+  const c = peek(P.L)
+  if (stop === '))') return c === ')' && peek(P.L, 1) === ')'
+  if (stop === ')') return c === ')'
+  if (stop === ';') return c === ';'
+  if (stop === ':') return c === ':'
+  if (stop === ']') return c === ']'
+  if (stop === '}') return c === '}'
+  if (stop === ':}') return c === ':' || c === '}'
+  return c === '' || c === '\n'
+}