@museumwnf/textiles-data 1.0.1

package/translations/glossary.ar.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"الاسم الذي كان يُطلق على شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية، عندما كانت تحت السيطرة الإسلامية، التي استمرت قرابة ثمانية قرون، فيما بين عامي 29–798 هـ/117–2941 م. وشبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية تضم حالياً كلاً من إسبانيا والبرتغال","spellings":["الأندلس"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"وهي تسمية من المسجد الأقصى، في القدس، وهو عند المسلمين أولى القبلتين، ولقد تحوَّل عنه المسلمون في صلواتهم نحو الكعبة، في مكة، بعد رحلة الإسراء والمعراج"},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"علم أو راية أو لواء؛ وكانت ترفع بحضور قائد خلال حملة عسكرية ما، أو تستعمل في المواكب الدينية. كان من الممكن أن تأخذ هذه الألوية أو الأعلام أو الرايات أشكالا مختلفة، وتحمل أشكالا هندسية، وفي بعض الأحيان تزين بنقائش. كما يمكن أن يرفع \"علم\" من المعدن فوق قمة سارية.","spellings":["العالم","العالمات","العالمان","العالمة","العالمتان","عالم","عالمات","عالمان","عالمة","عالمتان"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"من العربية \"فرش\". سقف مسطح ذو تلبيس من الخشب المنقوش أو الخشب المزين بتشبيكات متقنة. ويمكن أيضا أن يعني سقفا.","spellings":["أفرشة","الأفرشة","الفراشان","الفراشين","الفرش","فراشان","فراشين","فرش"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"الأرابيسك أو الرقش العربي كثيرة الاستعمال في الفن الإسلامي؛ وهي شكل تزييني مكون من بعدين، ويرتكز على تشبيكات سيقان والتفاف أوراق مما يخلق شكلا مستمرا، يتشارك أحيانا مع زخارف حلزونية أو مع عناصر هندسية.","spellings":["أرابيسك","الرقش العربي","رقش عربي"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"بمعنى أولاد تستخدم لتشير إلى مجموعة من الناس تنتمي إلى عشيرة أو قبيلة معينة، وصيغة المفرد منها ابن","spellings":["بني أو بنو"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"عبارة \"بسم الله الرحمان الرحيم\".","spellings":["البسملة","بسملة"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"جمعها \"بيوت\"، قاعة أو غرفة وفي بعض الحالات منزل. بيت الحكمة: المحكمة. بيت الديوان: قاعة الاستقبال. بيت النار: المرجل. انظر أيضا دار ؛ قصر.","spellings":["البيت","البيتان","البيتين","البيوت","بيت","بيتان","بيتين","بيوت"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"برج أو حصن محاط في بعض الأحيان بسور خارجي. دخل المصطلح إلى الأسماء البرتغالية الوسيطية تحت \"alvorge\" أو \"الكنة\". وفي تونس، يدل المصطلح أيضا على إقامة ثانوية محاطة بالحدائق؛ إقامة للاصطياف؛ برج في المغرب وبرچ في مصر.","spellings":["أبراج","الأبراج","البرج","البرجان","برج","برجان"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"القائد الأعلى في الدولة الإسلامية. والخليفة هو من كان يخلف الرسول في قيادة المسلمين","spellings":["الخليفة","خليفة"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"يشكل \"فن الكتابة الجميلة\" (اليوناني) أحد أبرز تعبيرات الثقافة الإسلامية. وبما أن اللغة العربية مرتبطة بالوحي في الإسلام، فإن الكتابة كانت لها دلالات روحية عميقة، واعتبرت كرمز للجمال والغموض. يوجد العديد من الخطوط الكتابية التي تتميز باختلافات بحسب الفترة والمكان والسياق؛ ولازال العديد من فناني العالم الإسلامي يزاولون فن الخط لحد الآن. انظر أيضا كوفي وديواني وفارسي ومغربي – أندلسي وريحاني ورقعة وتعليق وثلث.","spellings":["الكتابات","الكتابة","كتابات","كتابة"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"كلمة من أصل فارسي. نزل أو فندق يتواجد على حافة الطرق الرئيسية موفرا المسكن للمسافرين، والمخزن الآمن لسلعهم. انظر أيضا فندق وخان ووكالة.","spellings":["الخان","الخانات","الخانان","الخانين","خان","خانات","خانان","خانين"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"المسيحيون المصريون، الذين سكنوا مصر قبل الإسلام. كان لهم ثقافتهم، ولغتهم القبطية، وتقويمهم الخاص","spellings":["قبط"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"الكتاب المقدس لدى المسلمين،  نزل وحياً عبر الملاك جبريل إلى الرسول محمد، باللغة العربي","spellings":["القرآن","قرآن"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(ج. دور) منزل. دار الإمارة: منزل الوالي. دار الإسلام: مجال الإسلام؛ بلدان تحت السيطرة الإسلامية؛ بينما كانت البلدان التي لاتخضع للسيطرة الإسلامية تعتبر كمجالات حرب. دار الحديث: مدرسة تمكن من دراسة الحديث. دار الهجرة: منزل للنزوح. دار الحفاظ: مدرسة متخصصة في حفظ القرءان. دار القرءان: مدرسة لتعليم قراءة القرءان. دار الشفاء: مستشفى. دار الطب: مدرسة كان تدرس بها العلوم الطبية. انظر أيضا بيت، قصر.","spellings":["الدار","الداران","الدارين","الديار","دار","داران","دارين","ديار"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"زقاق، طريق. درب في المغرب وتونس: ممر أو حي تعميماً. درب الحج: طريق مؤدية إلى مكة كان يسلكها الحجاج القادمون من مختلف أصقاع العالم الإسلامي. وقد جرت العادة أن توفر كل الخدمات الضرورية، وبالخصوص الأمن الذي كان موفرا من طرف الإدارة. كما كانت القوافل تلتقي في أوقات محددة في مواضع معينة. فعلى سبيل المثال، كانت القافلة التركية تلتقي تلك القادمة من الشام، ويستمران في السفر جميعا من أجل ملاقاة قافلتي الأردن وفلسطين.","spellings":["الدرب","الدربان","الدربين","الدروب","درب","دربان","دربين","دروب"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"ضريح، انظر أيضا مقام، قبة، تربة.","spellings":["أضرحة","الأضرحة","الضريح","الضريحان","الضريحين","ضريح","ضريحان","ضريحين"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"مكتب الحكومة؛ قاعة الجلسات، قاعة الاستقبال؛ مجموعة شعرية. ديوان الحميون (تركية): مجلس إمبراطوري يترأسه الوزير الأعظم ويشكل الجهاز المركزي للحكومة التركية.","spellings":["الدواوين","الديوان","الديوانان","الديواني","الديوانيين","دواوين","ديوان","ديوانان","ديواني","ديوانيين"]},"c77b27a2-a0b9-5b4b-903b-008ba93b0842":{"definition":"المسجد الرئيسي الذي تقام فيه الصلوات اليومية وصلاة الجمعة. تركية: سامع؛ انظر أيضا مسجد.","spellings":["الجامع","الجامعان","الجامعين","الجوامع","جامع","جامعان","جامعين","جوامع"]},"314a4d4a-99b0-5873-a063-9f6d30335b38":{"definition":"حرفيا \"الحديقة الجميلة\". جنة. تركية: سنت.","spellings":["الجنان","الجنة","الجنتان","الجنتين","جنة","جنتان","جنتين"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"قائد عسكري، أو أمير أو موظف سامي يدير إمارة أو ولاية. إمير أخور: أمير مسؤول عن إسطبلات وجمال وخدمات البريد لدى السلطان؛ أمير المؤمنين: أمير المسلمين؛ أمير السلاح: الأمير المسؤول عن الأسلحة. إمير كبير: الأمير الكبير.","spellings":["أمراء","أمير","أميرات","أميران","أميرة","أميرتان","أميرتين","الأقصى","الأمراء","الأمير","الأميرات","الأميران","الأميرة","الأميرتان","الأميرتين"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1- مواطن من بلاد فارس. 2- أسلوب خطي نسخي أنيق بشكل خاص، يعطي قيمة لمنحنيات الأحرف العربية بتصغير أشكال الأحرف الزاوية. انظر أيضا فن الكتابة.","spellings":["الفارسي","فارسي"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"حرفيا \"أقوال\". مجموع السنن المرتبطة بأقوال وأفعال الرسول محمد وأصحابه. دار الحديث: انظر دار.","spellings":["Hadis","أحاديث","الأحاديث","الحديث","الحديثان","الحديثين","حديث","حديثان","حديثين"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"موظف حكومي سامي. كان المصطلح يدل في الأصل على \"المكلف بتقديم الزوار إلى الخليفة\"، وأصبح الحاجب خلال فترة أمويي الأندلس يلعب دور وزير رئيسي، يتمتع بنفس المكانة التي كانت للوزير عند الخلفاء الشرقيين.","spellings":["الحاجب","الحاجبان","الحاجبين","الحجاب","حاجب","حاجبان","حاجبين","حجاب"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"الحج هو إحدى الركائز الخمس للإسلام التي يجب على كل المؤمنين القيام بها إلى مكة والأماكن المقدسة ولو مرة واحدة في عمرهم إذا ما توفرت لهم السبل إلى ذلك. تؤدى هذه الأخيرة شهرين بعد رمضان، وتنتهي بعيد الأضحى. أما العمرة فتشمل تقريبا على نفس الشعائر الدينية إلا أنها لاتقام في نفس الفترة؛ وهي تعرف أهمية متصاعدة بسبب الصعوبات المرتبطة باستقبال العدد المتكاثر من الحجاج (أزيد من ثلاث ملايين) الذين يريدون أداء فريضة الحج.","spellings":["الحاج","الحاجان","الحج","الحجاج","الحجيج","حاج","حاجان","حج","حجاج","حجيج"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"واحد من المذاهب السنية الأربعة في الإسلام. أسس المذهب من طرف أبي حنيفة النعمان، والمذهب الذي اختاره العثمانيون. تركية: حنيفي. انظر أيضا فقه.","spellings":["الحنفي","الحنفيان","الحنفية","الحنفيون","الحنفيين","حنفي","حنفيان","حنفيون","حنفيين"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"حرفيا في اللغة العربية \"مقدس\"، \"محرم\". مكان مقدس. عمل محرم من وجهة نظر الشريعة. الحرم الشريف: المكان المقدس بمدينة القدس الذي يضم كلا من المسجد الأقصى وقبة الصخرة.","spellings":["الحرامان","الحرم","الحرمين","الحريم","حرامان","حرم","حرمين","حريم"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"فضاء الحياة العامة في البيت التركي. كذلك الصوفة.","spellings":["الحياة","حياة"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"حرفيا \"اغتراب\"؛ نفي، مغادرة محمد لمكة في اتجاه المدينة عام 622 ميلادي. بداية التقويم الإسلامي الهجري الذي يرتكز على الدورة القمرية.","spellings":["الهجرات","الهجرة","هجرات","هجرة"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"وهو من يقود المسلمين في صلواتهم. كما تعني الشيخ المُعلِّم، أو الزعيم الروحي، لتقواه وحكمته. كما يمكن أن يطلق لقب إمام، أحياناً، على زعيم سياسي","spellings":["إمام"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"المسجد الرئيسي الذي تقام فيه الصلوات اليومية وصلاة الجمعة. تركية: سامع؛ انظر أيضا مسجد.","spellings":["الجامع","الجامعان","الجامعين","الجوامع","جامع","جامعان","جامعين","جوامع"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"حرفيا \"الحديقة الجميلة\". جنة. تركية: سنت.","spellings":["الجنان","الجنة","الجنتان","الجنتين","جنة","جنتان","جنتين"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"يمكن تقسيم القرءان إلى 30 جزءا متساويا، وبالتالي فإن 1/30 يسمى جزءا (م. أجزاء)؛ وعندما كانت المصاحف تكتب في 30 مجلدا مثل ماوقع في مصر تحت المماليك، كان المجلد يسمى جزءاً.","spellings":["أجزاء","الأجزاء","الجزء","الجزءان","الجزأين","جزء","جزءان","جزأين"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"حرفيا \"مكعب\". معبد بمكة، مركز الديانة الإسلامية.","spellings":["الكعبة","كعبة"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"ديباج (نسيج مقصب بخيوط الحرير والذهب)، ثوب عثماني متعدد الألوان ذو حياكة مركبة تستعمل الحرير المتعدد الألوان وخيوط الذهب والفضة المذهبة والفضة من أجل إنجاز أشكال ملونة.","spellings":["الكمخة","كمخة"]},"5805ea4d-515f-570c-944e-b39504e35c2a":{"definition":"تشير كلمة \"خمسة\" إلى خماسية القصائد التي ألفها الشاعر الفارسي نظامي الكنجوي في القرن الثاني عشر المبلادي. هذه المجموعة المعروفة باسم \"الخمسة\" والتي تعني العدد خمسة بالفارسية والعربية، أو \"الخماسية\"، وهو المصطلح المستخدم في أوروبا، تضم خمس قصائد ملحمية، \"مخزن الأسرار\"، \" خسرو وشيرين\"، و\"الجميلات السبع\"، و\"اسكندر نامه\" (كتاب الإسكندر)، و\"ليلى والمجنون\".  نظمت \"الخمسة\" في مجموعة من القصائد بالاسلوب المثنوي، تستخدم الأبيات المقافية، وهي شكل محدد من الشعر الفارسي مناسبة للأعمال السردية الطويلة. تحظى خمسة نظامي بالتقدير لجمالها الشعري، وعمقها الأخلاقي، والتشابك الماهر بين العناصر التاريخية والأسطورية. وقد تركت هذه التحفة الأدبية تأثيرًا قويًا على الأدب الفارسي، حيث تمت دراستها وتقديرها لأهميتها الأدبية والثقافية.","spellings":["همزة"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"مصطلح عربي يدل على نزل يضم مجموعة من المساكن يتواجد على الطرق الرئيسية للقوافل من أجل المسافرين (الحجاج والتجار) وحيث يمكن تخزين السلع, انظر أيضا كارافنسيراي، فندق، وكالة. تركية خان.","spellings":["الخان","الخانات","الخانان","الخانين","خان","خانات","خانان","خانين"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"قماش مكون من العديد من القطع من أجل كسوة الكعبة بمكة؛ وهي قطع مطرزة بالحرير والذهب مع آيات من القرءان. تغير الكسوة كل سنة؛ ويتم التغيير خلال موسم الحج عندما تقطع الكسوة القديمة وتوزع على الحجيج. كما تسمى الأثواب المزينة بأشكال كتابية على شكل تعرجات والتي تغطي قبور الأضرحة كسوة (على سبيل المثال في فلسطين).","spellings":["الكسوات","الكسوة","كسوات","كسوة"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"كتابة عربية ذات أحرف زاوية مجردة، استعملت في مصاحف الأزمنة الأولى للإسلام. يتم إرجاعها إلى مدينة الكوفة في العراق؛ وابتداءا من القرن 4 الهجري (10 الميلادي) أصبح الخط الكوفي قليل الاستعمال بسبب صعوبة قراءته. الكوفي المورق: كتابة تجمع بين الأسلوب الزاوي للأحرف والأشكال الزهرية والنباتية مثل الزهيرات، الشائعة خلال الفترة الفاطمية والأتابكية. انظر أيضا فن الكتابة.","spellings":["الكوفي","الكوفية","كوفي"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"مجموع البنايات الموزعة حول  المسجد؛ بينما كانت البنايات الأخرى تتكون من دار الشفا (المستشفى)، والحمام والخان (المساكن) والعمارات (الحساء الشعبي) والمدرسة.","spellings":["الكليات","الكلية","كليات","كلية"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"قائد ديني شديد التقوى، يرقى إلى مستوى المرشد، أو المخلِّص"},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"المحمل، بنية على هيئة خيمة مزخرفة زخرفا غنيا، توضع فوق ظهر الجمال من أجل نقل سيدات الأرستقراطية. كما تستعمل من أجل نقل الكسوة في القافلة السنوية للحج المبعوثة من قبل الملوك إلى مكة رفقة وفود الحجاج.","spellings":["المحامل","المحمل","المحملان","محامل","محمل","محملان"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"صاحب الشرعية المطلقة في الحكم والإدارة","spellings":["ملك"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"بناية مكونة من وحدة أو العديد من الوحدات المعمارية تضم بشكل عام قبة تحتضن قبر شخصية دينية هامة. موضع للعبادة والحج. انظر أيضا ضريح، قبة، تربة.","spellings":["المقام","المقامات","المقامان","المقامين","مقام","مقامات","مقامان","مقامين"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"موضع للتعبد. انظر أيضا ضريح، مقام، قبة، تربة.","spellings":["المشاهد","المشهد","المشهدان","المشهدين","مشاهد","مشهد","مشهدان","مشهدين"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"مدينة، حي قديم، وسط مدينة مستقل. أيضا اسم إحدى مدن العربية السعودية حيث هاجر المسلمون في سنة 622 ميلادية، والتي دفن بها الرسول محمد.","spellings":["المدن","المدينة","المدينتان","المدينتين","مدن","مدينة","مدينتان","مدينتين"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"تجويف في جدار القبلة في المسجد، يدل المصلِّين على اتجاه الكعبة في مكة. وأحياناً يدلّ على مكان المحراب قوس، أو زخارف مميزة، في قاعة الصلاة","spellings":["محراب"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"مكان مرتفع في قاعة الصلاة، من خشب أو رخام، يرتقي إليه الإمام أو الخطيب لإلقاء خطبة يوم الجمعة","spellings":["منبر"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"من العربية مدجن، مسلم سُمح له بالبقاء ضمن الغزاة المسيحيين دون تغيير ديانته، مقابل ضريبة. ويستعمل كذلك النعت \"مدجن\" للدلالة على صناعة تقليدية بدأت تحت السيطرة الإسلامية واستمرت لفائدة العملاء المسيحيين بعد الغزو المسيحي.","spellings":["المدجن","المدجنان","المدجنة","المدجنون","المدجنين","مدجن","مدجنان","مدجنة","مدجنون","مدجنين"]},"23ba4d6b-6ce4-504a-b495-efdcb419b6ed":{"spellings":["مختار"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"زخرف معماري على شكل هوابط أو عش النحل يزين العديد من السطوح بما فيها القبب والكوابيل. في بلاد المغارب، مقربص.","spellings":["المقرنص","المقرنصات","مقرنص","مقرنصات"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"spellings":["مرة"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"مصطلح يعني حرفيا \"منقول\". أحد أساليب فن الكتابة الإسلامية الأكثر انتشارا والمستعمل في المصاحف والكتب الأخرى. يجمع هذا الأسلوب بين لويونة الأسلوب الفارسي وانسجام الكتابة الكوفية. تركية: نسيخ.","spellings":["النسخي","النسخية","نسخي","نسخية"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"لقب شرفي تركي معرب تحت شكل باشا.","spellings":["الباشا","الباشوات","باشا","باشوات"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"بناء حصين، يستخدم لأغراض دفاعية، يتمتع بالأسوار العالية المنيعة، والأبراج، وكوات رمي السهام","spellings":["قلعة"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"من اللاتينية كاستروم. قصر، حصن. قُصير: تصغير لقصر. تركية: كصر. انظر أيضا بيت، دار.","spellings":["القصر","القصران","القصرين","القصور","قصر","قصران","قصرين","قصور"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"اتجاه الكعبة، حيث يتوجَّه المسلمون في صلواتهم","spellings":["قبلة"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"قبة، تجاوزا ، صرح أو غرفة مبنية فوق قبر ولي صالح أو شخصية هامة، متميزة في أغلب الأحيان بقبة. تركية: كبة (قبة فقط).","spellings":["القبب","القبة","القبتان","القبتين","قبب","قبة","قبتان","قبتين"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"سياج حائطي محصن من أجل الجنود-النساك (أفريقيا الشمالية)؛ نزل من أجل الحجاج (مصر المملوكية وفلسطين وسورية). اسم مدينة الرباط مشتق من رباط الفتح، وهي التسمية التي كانت تحملها المدينة عند تأسيسها في نهاية القرن 6 الهجري/12 الميلادي.","spellings":["الرباط","الرباطات","الربط","رباط","رباطات","ربط"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"جمع روضة: حديقة. مصطلح يستعمل دائما في المغرب على شكل الجمع، رياض، للدلالة على حديقة داخل بيت سكني.","spellings":["الرياض","رياض"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"طراز فني أوروبي، ظهر بعد الباروك، في القرن الثاني عشر الهجري/الثامن عشر الميلادي، ويتميز بضخامة الزخارف، والمبالغة في التزيينات. كان له تأثير واضح في العمارة العثمانية","spellings":["روكوكو"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(جمعه سبل أو أسبلة) بناية مصممة من أجل توفير الماء الشروب؛ سقاية عمومية. تركية: سيبيل: غرفة يقدم فيها أحد الخدم مشروبات للعموم.","spellings":["أسبلة","الأسبلة","السبل","السبيل","سبل","سبيل"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(جمعه سادة) سليل الرسول محمد. انظر أيضا شريف.","spellings":["السادة","السيد","السيدان","السيدين","سادة","سيد","سيدان","سيدين"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"مسن محترم لتجربته وعمره، عارف، علامة في مجال العلوم الدينية، عضو في طريقة دينية، مولى صوفي. شيخ الإسلام: على رأس تراتبية علماء الفقه والحديث وأصول الدين الإسلامية.","spellings":["الشيخ","الشيخان","الشيخين","الشيوخ","شيخ","شيخان","شيخين","شيوخ"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"قب يطلق على كل من ينحدر من سلالة الرسول محمد، عبر ابنته فاطمة. تمتع الأشراف (السادة) بمكانة دينية مميزة، دائماً، وسياسية أحيان","spellings":["شريف"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"تعني في شكلها الصحيح \"شيعة علي\" \"حزب علي\". رفض الشيعة شرعية كل الخلفاء الذين تولوا الحكم بعد اغتيال علي (40 هجري/661 ميلادي)، ابن عم الرسول وصهره. انظر أيضا السنة.","spellings":["الشيعة","شيعة"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"طريقة زهد أو نسك إسلامية. مشتق من الصوف، تيلة غزل تستعمل من طرف الأتباع (الصوفيين)من أجل حياكة ألبستهم.","spellings":["الصوفية","صوفية"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"القائد الأعلى والمطلق في ولاية أو مقاطعة إسلامية، وغالباً ما كان يحكم دون أن يؤثِّر على المكانة الاعتبارية للخليفة","spellings":["سلطان"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"حرفيا \"تقليد\". بالنسبة للإسلام السني، مجموع أحاديث الرسول التي يرتكز عليها علماء الفتوى وعلماء أصول الدين من أجل وضع القانون الإسلامي انطلاقا من القرءان. السني:تابع السنة. ينقسم السنة إلى أربع مذاهب هي المذهب الحنفي والمذهب الحنبلي والمذهب المالكي والمذهب الشافعي. السنة: نظام سياسي وديني معارض للشيعة. انظر أيضا فقه، شيعة.","spellings":["السنة","السنن","سنة","سنن"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"مركز المدينة المسلمة، مركز الحياة الحضرية","spellings":["سوق"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"واحد من الخطوط الرئيسية في فن الكتابة العربية الذي تم تطويره في بلاد فارس في القرن 9 الهجري (15 الميلادي). يتميز هذا الخط المستعمل أساسا في المراسلات الرسمية بخطوط رقيقة دون حروف المد. تركية: تعليق. انظر أيضا نصتعليق، فن الكتابة.","spellings":["التعليق","تعليق"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"ثلث. أسلوب خطي يشتق اسمه من حجم ريشة الكتابة المستعملة. تمكن إطالة أحرفه من الحصول على تشكلات زخرفية معقدة جدا. كان يستعمل في فن الكتابة، وفي الكتب والعمارة المدنية والدينية. وابتداءا من القرن 12 الهجري (18 الميلادي)، أضحى متداولا تداولا كبيرا على لوحات خاصة في الفن العثماني. تركية: سُلُس.","spellings":["الثلث","ثلث"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"استعمل هذا المصطلح في الأول للدلالة على الكتابات المطرزة على النسيج، ثم دل على الألبسة النسيجية التي تحمل كتابات تعطي اسم الحاكم والورشة التي صنع فيها النسيج. كانت هذه العباءات تقدم من طرف الخليفة إلى الشعب الذي يريد تكريمه. دار الطراز: ورشات ملكية للنسيج تسير من طرف القصر.","spellings":["الطراز","الطرازات","طراز","طرازات"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"تغرة. مصطلح تركي يقصد به التوقيع الكتابي لسلطان عثماني على الوثائق الرسمية؛ وكان لكل سلطان تغرته الخاصة.","spellings":["التغرة","تغرة"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"وزير، تركية: فيزير. كان الوزير الأكثر بروزا في التراتبية الإدارية يعرف بالوزير الأعظم، الوزير الأول. تركية: صدرأعزم (الصدر الأعظم).","spellings":["الوزراء","الوزير","الوزيران","الوزيرين","وزراء","وزير","وزيران","وزيرين"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"هبة أبدية، تكون بوجه عام عبارة عن أراضي أو ملكية كانت تخصص مداخيلها لصيانة المؤسسات الدينية. وقفية: عقد هبة وقف ما. تركية: فقيف، فقفيي انظر أيضا حبوس.","spellings":["أوقاف","الأوقاف","الوقف","وقف"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"رتبة قائد في الجيش التركي. آغا في اللغة التركية. انظر أيضا باي وداي.","spellings":["آغا","آغاوات","آغاوان","آغاوين","الآغا","الآغاوات","الآغاوان","الآغاوين"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"نزل للتجار وراحلتهم، متجر للسلع، مركز للتجارة. انظر أيضا كارافانسيراي، خان، وكالة.","spellings":["الفناديق","الفندق","الفندقان","الفندقين","فناديق","فندق","فندقان","فندقين"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"مؤسسة للتعليم الديني مخصصة لتكوين الشيوخ؛ موضع حج مرتبط بولي صالح مبني في المكان الذي ازداد أو عاش فيه. يدل المصطلح أيضا في تركيا على تكة صغيرة، منزل للدراويش والمسافرين. انظر أيضا خانقاه، تكة، تكية.","spellings":["الزاوية","الزوايا","زاوايا","زاوية"]}}

package/translations/glossary.de.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Name der Iberischen Halbinsel (Spanien und Portugal) zur Zeit der muslimischen Herrschaft von 711 bis 1492","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"(wörtlich „der/die/das Weiteste“ bzw. „Fernste\") Der Begriff bezieht sich auf die Aqsa-Moschee in Jerusalem, die Muslime als erste Referenz der *qibla* (Ausrichtung des Gebets) und als wichtigsten heiligen Ort verehren. Von der Aqsa-Moschee aus soll die Himmelfahrt des Propheten stattgefunden haben.","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Dekoratives Muster aus islamischer Zeit, bestehend aus verschlungenen Blattmotiven und geometrischen Formen","spellings":["Arabeske"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"(Mehrzahl von Ibn)  „die Söhne von“ in der Bezeichnung von Mitgliedern eines bestimmten Familienclans","spellings":["Banu"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(nach dem arabischen „Khalifa“) das Oberhaupt der Muslime in der Nachfolge des Propheten","spellings":["Kalif"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"einfache Unterkunft entlang der wichtigen Handels- und Pilgerwege. Hier konnten Reisende (meist Pilger und Kaufleute) übernachten und ihre Güter sicher verwahren.","spellings":["Karawanserei"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"mehrheitlich ägyptische Christen und Anhänger einer der ältesten Glaubensrichtungen innerhalb des Christentums mit Ablegern in Äthiopien und dem übrigen Ostafrika. Die Kopten haben ihre eigene Sprache und eine eigene Zeitrechnung.","spellings":["Kopten"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Militärführer, Fürst oder hoher Beamter","spellings":["Emir"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Auswanderung“) der Exodus des Propheten Muhammad von Mekka nach Medina im Jahr 622; bezeichnet auch den Beginn der islamischen Zeitrechnung","spellings":["Hedschra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"wörtlich „Sohn des“, oft Teil eines Namens. Bei der Bezeichnung eines Familienclans ist der Plural Banu/Beni gebräuchlich.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"islamischer Vorbeter, Führer, Kleriker oder anderes geistliches Vorbild. Imame zeichnen sich durch Reinheit und Weisheit aus. Zum Teil sind sie auch politische Führer.","spellings":["Imam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"wörtlich „der Würfel“) kleiner Tempel in Mekka, der nach seinem Umbau zum Mittelpunkt des Islam wurde. Er soll ursprünglich vom Propheten Abraham und seinem Sohn Ismail erbaut worden sein.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"einfache Unterkunft entlang der wichtigen Handels- und Pilgerwege. Hier konnten Reisende (meist Pilger und Kaufleute) übernachten und ihre Güter sicher verwahren.","spellings":["Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"nach der Stadt Kufa in Irak benannte, charakteristisch eckige Schrift, die zu den frühesten Formen der arabischen Kalligrafie gehört","spellings":["Kufisch"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"religiöser Anführer","spellings":["Mahdi"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Titel mit der Bedeutung „Fürst“ oder „König“","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"meist konkave, manchmal auch flache Nische mit Spitzbogen in einer Moschee oder in einem Gebetsraum, die für das Gebet die Himmelsrichtung Mekkas anzeigt. Sie ist meistens der am aufwändigsten dekorierte Teil des Gebäudes.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"erhöhte Kanzel für die Predigt während des Freitagsgebetes","spellings":["Minbar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"stalaktitisches oder honigwabenartiges architektonisches Ornament. Es ist ein charakteristisches Element islamischer Architektur und kommt auf vielen Oberflächen zur Anwendung, etwa an Kuppeln und in die Wand eingelassenen Tordurchgängen.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"einer der weit verbreiteten Stile der arabischen Kalligrafie, zu dem auch eine leicht fließende Kursivschrift gehört. In seiner wörtlichen Bedeutung verweist der Begriff auf das „Kopieren“ und die Herstellung von Handschriften.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Zitadelle oder Festung mit deutlich sichtbaren Verteidigungsanlagen wie unüberwindbar hohen Mauern, Türmen, Schießscharten und Glacis","spellings":["Qalat"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(abgeleitet vom lateinischen *castrum*) Burg oder imposante Residenz","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Lage der Kaaba, nach der die Gläubigen überall ihr Gebet ausrichten","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Kuppel“) Grabmal über der Ruhestätte eines Heiligen, zu der üblicherweise eine Kuppel gehört","spellings":["Kubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"befestigte Anlage für Religionskrieger in Nordafrika; ein Hospiz für Pilger im mamlukischen Ägypten, Palästina und Syrien","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"öffentlicher Brunnen oder Gebäude, aus dem unentgeltlich Trinkwasser verteilt wurde","spellings":["Sabil"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Safaviden.","spellings":["Safaviden","Safavidisch"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(wörtlich „der Ehrbare“) Nachkomme des Propheten Muhammad. Die Mitglieder von Familien, die ihren Stammbaum auf den Propheten zurückführen, bekleideten oft hohe religiöse oder politische Ämter.","spellings":["Scherif"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titel, der „Herrscher“ bedeutet und normalerweise ein politisches Oberhaupt bezeichnet, dessen Autorität die nominelle Vorherrschaft des Kalifen nicht in Frage stellt","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(wörtlich „Traditionen“) Der Begriff bezieht sich auf traditionelle Überlieferungen, die von Rechtsberatern und Theologen benutzt wurden, um unter Berufung auf den Propheten das im Koran niedergeschriebene islamische Recht mit der nötigen Autorität auszustatten.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunniten"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"der Markt als Mittelpunkt der islamischen Stadt und des urbanen Lebens","spellings":["Suq"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ehrentitel für hohe Verwaltungsbeamte oder Minister","spellings":["Wesir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"von Steuern befreite Stiftung mit Land- oder Immobilienbesitz, deren Erträge für den Unterhalt religiöser Einrichtungen verwendet werden","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.en.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"7e65a713-3deb-5ac1-94da-c18827b66bd0":{"definition":"The 33rd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Confederates\". It is consisted of 73 verses.","spellings":["Al-Ahzab"]},"c44302b7-5b2a-5247-b1b7-8c1a06993aa4":{"definition":"The 2nd Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Cow\". It is composed of 286 verses.","spellings":["Al-Baqara","Al-Baqarah"]},"201d853b-4474-51af-9e70-8502823535b6":{"definition":"The 48th Chapter/Surah of the Quran, meaning \"The Victory\". It is composed of 29 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fath"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"The 1st Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Opening\". It is composed of 7 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fatiha","Al-Fātiḥah","Fatiha"]},"9e9f2b8d-8a1b-5aca-ace2-23331cb7c2a6":{"definition":"The 16th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Bees\". It is composed of 128 verses.","spellings":["Al-Nahl","An-Nahl"]},"3d741e10-844b-53b3-bd76-b7ab36e8c586":{"definition":"The 4th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Women\". It is composed of 176 verses.","spellings":["Al-Nisa","An-Nisa"]},"3242530f-aeca-5f8b-9d24-7679d72a87b6":{"definition":"The 28th Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Story\". It is composed of 88 verses.","spellings":["Al-Qasas"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"From Ar. *farsh*. A flat ceiling of carved or artistically interlaced wood. It can also be a floor.","spellings":["Alfarje","Farsh"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"A designation for a two-dimensional ornamental pattern in Islamic art. Arabesques are constructed designs based on intertwined leaf stems and tendrils that create a continuous pattern sometimes in connection with scrolls or geometrical elements.","spellings":["Arabesque"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"A spring.","spellings":["‘Ayn","Ayn"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Literally “sons of”, used to refer to members of a clan. Plural of *ibn / bin*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"A formula, *bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, which is commonly translated as “In the name of God, the Clement, the Merciful”. Fr. *besmala*; Tr. *besmele*.","spellings":["Basmala","Basmalah","Besmala","Besmele","Bi-smi llāh"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tower, sometimes surrounded by an outer wall. The term passed into mediaeval Portuguese toponymy as *alvorge* or porches. In Tunisia it also means a secondary residence surrounded by gardens; a pleasure palace. Maghreb *borj*. Egypt *burg*. Tr. *burç*.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burç","Burg","Burj"]},"5a9bc858-c027-5f9a-91c2-3756c4d27816":{"definition":"A universal oriental rug design element. Boteh is Persian for \"bush\" and buta is Hindi for \"flower\".","spellings":["Boteh","Buta"]},"9a9a89fb-e90f-5cab-beec-84b022128bf3":{"definition":"A burqa is a full body veil, and sometimes also refers to a part of the *kiswa*, the textile cover of the Ka’ba.","spellings":["Burka","Burqa"]},"9c5b0b5e-062a-5b06-ace2-d6a40e4d5cb9":{"definition":"The term \"Bustaan\" or \"Bustan\" directly translates to \"Garden\" or \"Orchard.\" It is also the title of a poetry book penned by the Persian poet Saadi in AH 655/ AD 1257. The book is rich with valuable spiritual guidance and practical wisdom.","spellings":["Boostaan","Boostan","Bostan","Boustan","Bustaan","Bustan"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nas*ta’liq**, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"From Persian. Hostel along main travelling routes to accommodate travellers and safeguard their goods. See also *funduq*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"dccb1424-de8e-5e69-bf23-7bc708de7441":{"definition":"Silver – gilt thread; patchwork; embroidery","spellings":["Çatma"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Artistic motifs originally from China that were used in Islamic art reflecting the strong Chinese influence since the Mongol periods. Typical designs are cloudbands, lotus-flowers and fabulous creatures such as the qilin. See also blue-and-white, *hatayi*, Ming-style, wave-and-rock motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie","Ming-style"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"A motif from Asia,  typical of Ottoman art of the AH 9th–11th / AD 15th–17th centuries and consisting of triple balls arranged in the form of a triangle together with double wavy lines thought to symbolise leopard spots and tiger stripes.","spellings":["Chintamani","Çintamani"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. **darüşşifa**. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"Alleyway, route. In Morocco and Tunisia derb: alley or by extension a neighbourhood. *Darb al-Hajj*: route taken to Mecca by pilgrims from every corner of the Islamic world. Usually all necessary services, especially security, were provided by the administration. Caravans would meet at specified times in designated places, e.g. the Turkish caravan would meet the caravan from al-Sham and they would travel together to join the Jordanian and Palestinian caravans.","spellings":["Darb","Darb al-Hajj","Derb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausoleum. See also *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Darih"]},"1a10a00e-64ff-5b66-8fec-3064ccfa26fe":{"definition":"In decorative arts it usually refers to a decorative form, but it can also carry the meaning of vortex.","spellings":["Dawama"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"5117e6c8-5cec-5590-83a7-081569b2f889":{"definition":"(demon, monster, fiend), often confused with *ḡūl *(orge, ghoul) and jinn in both folk and literary traditions, expresses not only the idea of \"demon\", but also that of \"ogre\", \"giant\", and even \"Satan\". They are often black, with long teeth, black lips, blue eyes, claws on their hands, and large bodies covered with thick hair.**","spellings":["Dev","Div"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"An office of government; audience hall, reception chamber; a collection of poems. Tr. divan; divan-ı Hümayun: the Imperial Council, chaired by the Grand Vizier, forming the central organ of the Ottoman government.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani","Diwaniya"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"9710d010-10f2-5ad9-b13d-b664a92335eb":{"definition":"A Persian poet who authored the Shahnameh. This monumental work stands as one of the most extensive epic poems ever composed by a single poet, and holds the esteemed position of being the preeminent epic within Persian-speaking nations.","spellings":["Ferdausi","Ferdowsi","Firdausi","Firdawsi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literally, “sayings”. Body of traditions related to the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. *Dar al-Hadith*: see *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Abu Hanifa al-Nu‘man, it became the chosen school of the Ottomans. Tr. Hanefi. See also *fiqh’*.","spellings":["Hanafi"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Ar. literally “sacred”, “forbidden”. Sanctuary. An illicit act from the religious point of view. Haram al-Sharif: the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem including al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock.","spellings":["Haram","Haramsarā","Harem","Harīm"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"e66e69a5-bb8f-5155-9d62-63d9729f3cfa":{"definition":"Type of Persian rug. Instead of originating from a specific area, these rugs are categorized by their designs and patterns. The designs used in the Herati rugs are labelled as Herati as well, hence where the name originates.","spellings":["Herati"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"d847fbc2-ce74-54e5-8546-78b1da2e747e":{"definition":"Belt.","spellings":["Hizam"]},"c8f1dda2-4eb6-56a9-ab2a-90bd17c5301c":{"definition":"The 11th sura of the Quran, it has 123 verses (ayat). It relates in part to the prophet Hud.","spellings":["Hud"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"73a0a800-b933-53ac-9f7a-3030985394ef":{"definition":"Meaning fortune.","spellings":["Eqbal","Igbal","Ikbal","Iqbal"]},"de12acd8-39dd-5dba-ac9c-b6e91df924c7":{"definition":"Ikat fabric is a dyeing technique used to create a distinct style of textile patterns. Ikat is done by resist dyeing sections of the yarns prior to weaving the fabric.","spellings":["Ikat"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"ffd69886-00a2-5968-b0e0-16249a1412eb":{"definition":"A cultural and historical treasure in central Iran, often referred to as \"Nesf-e Jahan\" (Half of the World) due to its grandeur and beauty. Isfahan is famous for its stunning architecture, including the Imam Mosque, Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, and the historic Naqsh-e Jahan Square. It has a rich history as a capital of the Persian Empire during the Safavid dynasty and is renown for its Persian handicrafts and exquisite tilework.","spellings":["Esfahan","Isfahan"]},"d3d2e35f-4abb-5e13-826f-153b1f3fa70e":{"definition":"\"Jajim\" or \"Jajem\" is a type of reversible underlay. Jajim is a handwoven fabric made of coarse material that is very similar to palas, apart form being thinner.  \nJajims do not have lint, and they can be used on both sides.","spellings":["Jajem","Jajim"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literally \"beautiful garden\". Heaven/Paradise. Tr. *cennet*.","spellings":["Cennet","Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"3b8250d6-be83-56b0-b0c6-75e45abdb1e7":{"definition":"The only way a non-Muslim territory could avert a war with the abode of Islam was either to convert to Islam or to pay an annual poll tax (*jizya*) and thereby accept the hegemony of the Islamic caliphate.","spellings":["Jizya","Jizyah"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Literally “cube”. Temple in Mecca, the centre of the Islamic religion.","spellings":["Ka'bah","Ka‘ba","Kaaba","Kabah"]},"a4586a28-a6ae-5efb-ad2b-8383c6e8c7e6":{"definition":"Imperial workshops.","spellings":["Karkhane"]},"ba012528-e332-58db-968d-165b78bc6d94":{"definition":"A kilim is a traditionally crafted flat tapestry-woven carpet or rug originating from countries that were part of the former Persian Empire, such as Iran, the Balkans, and Turkic nations.  \nKilim is woven from silk, goat hair, sheep's wool, or other domestic quadrupeds.","spellings":["Gilim","Kelim","Kilim","Klim"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocade, a multi-coloured Ottoman compound-woven fabric using polychrome silk with gold, gilded silver and silver metallic threads to achieve colourful designs.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"5805ea4d-515f-570c-944e-b39504e35c2a":{"definition":"This term has two meanings:  \n  \nHAND OF FATIMA  \nThe “Hand of Fatima” or “Khamsa”, which can be found in souks all around Morocco, be it metallic, ceramic, coloured or made from camel bone, is a very widespread talisman. Khamsa means “five” and refers to the five fingers of the hand. Khamsa is an amulet which is typical of both the Islamic and Jewish religion.  \n  \nQUINTET OF POEMS  \n\"Khamsa\" typically refers to the quintet of poems composed by the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi in the 12th century. This collection, recognized as the \"Khamsa,\" which means five in Persian and Arabic, or \"Quintet,\" the term used in Europe, comprises five epic poems),\" “Makhzan al-Asrar” ( The Treasury of Mysteries), \"Khosrow and Shirin,\" \"The Seven Beauties,\" \"Eskandar-Nameh\" (The Book of Alexander), and \"Layla and Majnun.\" \"Khamsa\" is a compilation of Mathnawi poems, employing rhyming couplets, a specific form of Persian poetry well-suited for longer narrative works. Nezami's \"Khamsa\" is esteemed for its poetic beauty, moral depth, and the adept interweaving of historical and mythical elements. This masterpiece has left an enduring impact on Persian literature, being actively studied and appreciated for its literary and cultural significance.","spellings":["Hamsa","Hamza","Khamsa","Khamse","Khamseh"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Ar. Inn, lodgings on the main caravan routes for travellers (pilgrims and merchants) and where merchandise could be stored. See also *caravanserai*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr. *han*.","spellings":["Han","Khan"]},"364dd964-3408-5e4e-8db6-c9b7e5e3d30a":{"definition":"Egyptian art of tent-making is created using a hand-applique technique in which fabric pieces are cut, folded and skilfully hand-sewn to canvas, producing impressive tents and wall hangings. These vibrant textiles are widely used in ceremonial contexts such as weddings, funerals, street parties and religious events.","spellings":["Khayamiyya","Khayamiyyah"]},"c7a6e5ba-2a85-5491-b7e4-4bdb152f4a22":{"definition":"A historically significant city and province located in south-eastern Iran. Kerman is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, including traditional crafts like carpet weaving, as well as its architectural marvels such as the Ganjali Khan Complex and the Jameh Mosque. The region is known for its desert landscapes, particularly the Lut Desert, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kerman is also celebrated for its unique cuisine, blending Persian and Baluchi flavours, and its pivotal role as a hub on the historic Silk Road, fostering trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West.","spellings":["Kerman","Kirman"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"A cloth composed of different parts to cover the Ka’ba in Mecca. It is embroidered in silk and gold with Qur’anic verses. A new one is made each year. The change takes places during the Hajj, when the old *kiswa* is cut up and distributed among the people. Cloths with zigzag patterns of calligraphy that cover mausolea cenotaphs are also called *kiswa* (e.g. in Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa","Kiswah","Kiswat"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"An Ottoman Turkish term that refers to religious and charitable complexes comprising several buildings with the mosque is at the centre. The other buildings were the hospital, bathhouse, soup-kitchen *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (bathhouse), *han* (lodgings), *imaret* (soup-kitchen), *madrasa* (school).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"6d80067a-11d1-5a05-8e27-1c1e30ff12b0":{"definition":"Word used for chair or throne, depending on the context.","spellings":["Kursi"]},"767908ab-0b28-53cf-9774-1e73c7a6b4d0":{"definition":"A type of Turkish robe.","spellings":["Lampas"]},"f4a8a626-0bc3-5dd4-947e-254dd8b7b2e0":{"definition":"A type of shoulder cloth.","spellings":["Limar"]},"ff94889d-f66f-5e04-bc88-5fba2822cea4":{"definition":"Location in southern Jordan, located 218 km from the capital Amman.","spellings":["Ma'an","Maan"]},"40398059-a02d-5383-970f-ba570e4894c7":{"definition":"A 'mafrash' is one of the emblamatic woven handicrafts of the nomadic peoples of Iran. The weaving and use of mafrash is particularly prevalent among the nomads of the Ardabil region, as well as the Qashqai tribes. This handwoven item takes the form of a rectangular cube with a lid, resembling a box or suitcase. Nomads use it to transport quilts, mattresses, or essential items during their travels or migrations. Its transportation on the backs of pack animals is also very convenient.  \nAfter weaving the mafrash, leather strips are sewn along the edges, and leather handles are attached to it. Nowadays, its weaving incorporates the techniques of kilim or Soumak, and its decorative patterns are often both prominent and supplementary.","spellings":["Mafrash"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"Religious leader","spellings":["Mahdi"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"A richly decorated tent-like structure used on the back of a camel to transport noble ladies. Also used as a means to transport the *kiswa* in the yearly Hajj caravan sent by sovereigns to Mecca with pilgrimage delegations.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Arched niche, usually concave but sometimes flat, in religious Islamic buildings indicating the direction of Mecca, which worshippers face when praying.","spellings":["Maharib","Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"A stepped pulpit for delivering the sermon during the Friday prayers and the first morning prayers during the two big Muslim feasts. It is placed to the right of the *mihrab* in a mosque. *minbar*s first appeared in the Umayyad period.","spellings":["Mimber","Minbar"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"23ba4d6b-6ce4-504a-b495-efdcb419b6ed":{"definition":"Literally the \"chosen one\". This term designate the person responsible for the clan or tribe; typically an elder.","spellings":["Mukhtar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Stalactite- or honeycomb-like architectural ornamentation which adorns many surfaces including domes and corbels. In the Maghreb *muqarbas*. Fr. *mouqarnas*.","spellings":["Mouqarnas","Muqarbas","Muqarnas"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literally “copied”. One of the most widespread styles of Islamic calligraphy used in Qur’ans and other books. It combines the flexibility of the *farsi* style with the harmony of the *kufic* script. Tr. *nesih*.","spellings":["Naskhi","Nesih"]},"d030499b-007d-57d0-8e57-9c741e288906":{"definition":"Central roundel used in Suzani carpentry","spellings":["Palak"]},"09da9b9a-2f44-5b44-8b45-91810cc84650":{"definition":"Term used to describe leopard or tiger stripes when used as a pattern for textile.","spellings":["Panjang"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"A Turkish honorific title, arabicised as *Basha*.","spellings":["Pacha","Pasha"]},"60068ca4-be84-58d0-a590-341306ae5e41":{"definition":"Pearls, the only organic material considered to be precious gemstones, can be widely divided into two categories: natural and cultivated. The formation of the pearl occurs when a foreign body such as a grain of sand or a parasite enters the shell of an oyster or mussel. Due to their very specific origin, pearls have come to be focal points of many legends and myths. Because of their circular shape, they are frequently associated with the moon. They can also symbolize life in general, as well as birth. Some old beliefs state that morning dew, when hardened, turns into pearls. Civilizations from areas with pearl fishing cultures, such as the Middle East and Asia, have for centuries viewed pearls as symbols of supremacy, innocence and female charm.","spellings":["Pearl","Pearls"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"ee81ae22-7465-5b41-93e7-a5b7a2efeb7c":{"definition":"A fabric painting technique. The word is derived from the Persian words *ghalam* (pen) and *kari* (craftmanship), meaning drawing with a pen (*Ghalamkar*).","spellings":["Ghalamkar","Qalamkar"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direction of the Ka‘ba in Mecca, which Muslims face during prayer. The qibla wall of the mosque is where the *mihrab* is situated.","spellings":["Kibla","Qibla","Qiblah","Quibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"93cf9f55-bec6-59a8-8f47-9bbfea226ad3":{"definition":"Chain-stitch embroidery.","spellings":["Rashi"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. of *rawda* “garden”. Always used in plural form, in Morocco *riyad* means a garden within residential housing.","spellings":["Rawda","Riad","Riyad","Riyadh"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* or *asbila*) Small structures that were designed to dispense and provide free and clean drinking water to the public. *Sabil*s can be freestanding buildings or parts of small or large charitable complexes.  \n  \nTr. sebil – a chamber where an attendant serves free drink to the public.","spellings":["Asbila","Sabil","Sebil","Subul"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Safavid Dynasy.","spellings":["Safavid","Safawid"]},"cd199074-1609-59ce-b475-3e9de72ddb82":{"definition":"Samite was a luxurious and heavy silk fabric worn throughout the Middle Ages made of a twill-type (diagonal weave pattern) and  was often embellished with gold or silver thread.","spellings":["Samite"]},"f1179b47-7c52-5959-8dd5-1c6e4daa568d":{"definition":"This term has different meanings:  \n  \nSanjak  \nDesignated province in the Ottoman Empire  \n  \nSanjak  \nShield-shaped banner","spellings":["Sancak","Sandjak","Sanjak","Sinjaq"]},"2b842401-a74c-58e4-bd5e-da8fc318e324":{"definition":"A large tube or length of fabric, often wrapped around the waist.","spellings":["Sarong","Sarung"]},"0f26046e-3b67-5601-baf6-72d291d77ad0":{"definition":"Straight, double-edged sword. The sayf varied in appearance throughout Islamic history.","spellings":["Saif","Sayf","Seif"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"9ba68a24-0e40-52cc-9957-968da7055d9a":{"definition":"Arabic title of respect, meaning Heir to the grandson of the prophet Muhammad.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"405f1bc4-d301-552c-8f10-fc6e68168f45":{"definition":"A Prayer rug. It varies in size and decoration.","spellings":["Seccade"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Title of the kings of Iran, or Persia. The title shah was also used in Afghanistan until the overturn of the monarchy in 1973 and has been used by rulers and princelings in other countries of central and southern Asia.","spellings":["Šâh","Shah"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession of Muslim faith. Tr. *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Sahadet","Shahada","Shahadah"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi, the Shahnama or Shahnameh is a long epic poem which dwells on the mythical and historical past of the Persian Empire.","spellings":["Šāhnāme","Shahnama","Shahnameh"]},"07257fd4-8f78-557c-99a5-aba38eb5c42b":{"definition":"The Shahsevan comprise several Turkic groups in north-western Iran, predominantly residing in the regions of Mughan, Ardabil, Kharaqan, and Khamsa, and predominantly speaking Azeri.","spellings":["Shahsevan"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"An elder, respected for his knowledge and age, learned man instructed in the religious sciences, member of a religious brotherhood, sufi master. Tr. *Şeyh*. Shaykh al-Islam: The head of the hierarchy of the doctors of Muslim canon law, tradition and theology. Tr. Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Şeyh","Shaykh","Sheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(Pl. *shurafa*) Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. See also *sayyed*.","spellings":["Sharif","Shurafa"]},"3f35b372-188c-5440-a3a1-24902734c0d8":{"definition":"Member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, the Shiʿa, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.","spellings":["Shi'i","Shi'ite","Shii","Shīʿī"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Correctly, Shi‘at ‘Ali, meaning “the party of ‘Ali”. Shi‘ites rejected the legitimacy of all caliphs who succeed after the assassination of Ali (AH 40 / AD 661), the Prophet’s cousin and son-in-law. See also Sunna.","spellings":["Shi‘a","Shia"]},"717dbbdd-a73f-5072-9370-1b0902785426":{"definition":"A huge ancient bird of Persian legend credited with possessing great wisdom.","spellings":["Senmurv","Simorg","Simorgh","Simorq","Simourv","Simurg","Simurgh"]},"cc6539b5-6a87-5bb1-bf6f-15172aea31c8":{"definition":"Turkish word of Arabic origin, used for referring to any type of floor spread, but also short-legged tables commonly placed in dining rooms for eating.","spellings":["Sofra","Sofre","Sufra"]},"a4d72e8b-593a-5cec-9714-7483be1380d4":{"definition":"Method of brocading handmade flat-woven rugs and similar fabrics. It is one of the oldest known techniques, identified among charred 7th-century-bc fragments excavated at Gordion, near Ankara in Anatolia.","spellings":["Soumac","Soumak","Soumakh","Sumac","Sumak"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"A Muslim acetic and mystic who represents the mystical aspect of Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"An Islamic mystical or ascetic order. Derived from *suf*, wool, which is the fabric in which devotees (*sufi*) clothe themselves. Fr. *soufisme*.","spellings":["Soufisme","Sufism"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"State or territories that are ruled by a sultan. Sultan is a title given to the ruler of such a place.","spellings":["Sultanate"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marketplace. See also *arasta*, *bazaar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Esouk","Sooq","Souk","Souq","Suk","Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 surahs in the Qur’an. Tr. Sure.","spellings":["Sura","Surah"]},"a0ffe329-5b1c-564e-bef0-72574ebef96a":{"definition":"A large, hand-embroidered textile panel. The word comes from the Persian word *suzan*, which means needle. Originating from nomadic tribes in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries, suzanis have become highly collectable and valued for their beautiful decoration and fine craftsmanship.","spellings":["Suzandozi","Suzani"]},"78fd8be3-f58d-5f6b-b249-3f3c97b9ef97":{"definition":"Tabby Weave has all the character of a hand-woven silk but with a high-performance level.","spellings":["Tabby"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nas*ta’liq**, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"09f713d8-279f-5781-b4b0-b3e3ec8c7848":{"definition":"Mirror trim usually used as a mirror dressing or could be used as a scarf.","spellings":["Tenchifa"]},"a48689cf-e986-5b48-b5d7-7a78a0d35934":{"definition":"A type of Persian (Iranian) handwoven cloth, produced primarily in the Isfahan province.","spellings":["Termeh"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Arabic: “one-third”. A style of calligraphy named after the size of the pen used. The prolongation of its letters allow for very complex decorative compositions. It was used in calligraphy, books and civil and religious architecture. From the AH 12th / AD 18th century it was widely used in panels particular to Ottoman art. Fr. *toulouth*. Tr. *sülüs*.  \n  \nThe thuluth script, a medieval Islamic calligraphic style, features an alphabet written in a distinctive manner. The name \"thuluth\" (Arabic for \"one-third\") refers to the principle that each letter's form encompasses a slope of about one-third of its size. This script is both spacious and refined, characterized by its cursive nature. During the medieval period, thuluth script found its place on mosque embellishments.  \nFunctionally, thuluth script assumed some of the roles initially held by the early Kufic script. It was employed for crafting headings for suras (chapters) of the Qurʾan, religious inscriptions, princely titles, and inscriptions of importance. Additionally, from the 13th century AD (597-700 AH) onwards, it was favoured for producing large copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Sülüs","Thoulouth","Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"A calligraphic signature of an Ottoman sultan that was affixed to official documents. Each sultan had his own *tughra*. Tr. *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"A headdress consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or a smaller, underlying hat. Turbans vary in shape, colour, and size.","spellings":["Turban","Turbant"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Turkish people located in the region east of the Caspian Sea and South of the Aral Sea. This area now comprises of Turkmenistan and parts of Iran and Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmen","Türkmenler","Turkoman"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"\"Turquoise is a blue-green gemstone made from hydrated copper aluminium phosphate. It between five and six on the Mohs scale, and is mainly cut in the cabochon style since it is not transparent. This gemstone comes in a variety of shades of blue and green. Turquoise was known in Egypt from a very early time and was later described by Pliny the Elder under the name *callias*. For him and those who studied his works, the blueish-green stone was attributed only virtues shared by other green or blue gems. However, in the 13th century, the term turquoise was introduced in Western Europe, and the gemstone started to be affiliated with new powers. These included the ability to prevent injuries from falling, especially from horseback, and the power to protect horses from sickness. For this reason Turks were said to attach turquoise stones to the bridles and stirrups of their horses.  \nTurquoise has traditionally been sold in Turkey, since it mostly originates in Iran. It still passes through Turkey on the way to Europe. Ancient Persians fully appreciated the beauty and power of this gemstone, and it was the national stone of the vast empire. There is a saying that good fortune can be obtained by seeing the reflection of the new moon either on a friend’s face, on a copy of the Quran, or on a turquoise. Turquoise is also popular for religious use in Hindu mystic circles, as well as among Indigenous people of North and Central America.\"","spellings":["Turquoise"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Endowment in perpetuity, usually of land or property, from which the revenue was reserved for the upkeep of religious foundations. *waqfiyya*: the deed of endowment of a *waqf*. Tr. *vakıf*, *vakfiye*. See also *habus*.","spellings":["Vakif","Vakifiye","Wakf","Waqf"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"An officer’s rank in the Turkish army. Tr. Ağa. See also *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","agha"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Hostel for merchants and their pack animals, a store for merchandise, a commercial centre. See also *caravanserai*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Funduq"]},"0a50d27f-efe1-5a2e-a5d7-61a78d619c48":{"definition":"Turkish word for pillow or cushion.","spellings":["Yasdiq","Yastik","Yastiq","Yastuq"]},"19ba2374-d3c1-58b9-9a5e-7c9421eb5612":{"definition":"A historic city in central Iran, renowned for its well-preserved mud-brick architecture and the ancient Zoroastrian fire temple, Atash Bahram. Yazd is situated in the desert and is also reputed for its distinct windcatcher towers (badgir) that provide natural ventilation in the city's buildings. It's a centre for Zoroastrian culture and has a rich history dating back thousands of years.","spellings":["Yazd"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.es.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nombre de los territorios de la Península Ibérica bajo dominio musulmán entre 711 y 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjetivo cuyo significado es «la más lejana», denomina la mezquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalén, reverenciada por los musulmanes como la primera *qibla* (ver) y el primer lugar sagrado, donde tuvo lugar el ascenso del Profeta al cielo (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).**","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"Del ár. *farsh*. Techo plano con maderas labradas y entrelazadas artísticamente, dispuesto o no para pisar encima.","spellings":["Alfarje","Farsh"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Dibujo de adorno en dos dimensiones muy frecuente en el arte islámico, compuesto de tracerías, follajes, cintas y roleos que crean un motivo continuo, a veces combinado con volutas o elementos geométricos.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"Versículo del Corán.","spellings":["Aleya"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"Fuente.","spellings":["Ayn"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Fórmula, *bi-’ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim*, frecuentemente traducida como “En nombre de Dios, el Clemente, el Misericordioso”.","spellings":["Basmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"Sala; en algunos casos, casa. *Bayt al-Hikma*: tribunal; *bayt al-diwan*: vestíbulo de recepción; *bayt al-nar*: caldera, literalmente, la “casa del fuego”. Palabras relacionadas: *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fuerte, bastión, torre, a veces rodeada por un muro exterior. El término ingresó en la toponimia portuguesa medieval bajo las formas *alvorge* o *porches*. En Túnez, el término designa así mismo una segunda residencia rodeada de jardines; una residencia de verano. *Borj* o *bordj* en el Magreb; *burg* en Egipto.","spellings":["Bury"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"El imperio bizantino (306 a 1453), precedido por el Imperio romano y sucedido por el Imperio otomano.","spellings":["Bizantino"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Del ár. *jalifa*, literalmente “sucesor”. Dirigente supremo de la comunidad musulmana. Califato: territorio bajo el poder del califa.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Del persa *karvansara*. Hospedería situada al borde de las principales rutas, que permite el alojamiento de los viajeros y el almacenamiento de sus mercancías. Ár.: *caravansaray* Palabras relacionadas: *funduq*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Caravasar"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"Motivo procedente de Asia, típico del arte otomano de los siglos IX-XI/XV-XVII, y formado por tres perlas dispuestas en triángulo con líneas onduladas dobles; se pensaba que simbolizaba las manchas del leopardo y las rayas del tigre.","spellings":["Chintamani"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristianos egipcios principalmente; seguidores de una de las formas más antiguas de cristianismo, que comprendía comunidades desde África oriental hasta Etiopía. Tenían su propia lengua, el copto, y su propio calendario.","spellings":["Coptos"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"Callejuela, ruta. *Derb* en Marruecos y en Túnez: avenida o, por extensión, barrio. *Darb al-Hayy*: ruta que conduce a La Meca, emprendida por los peregrinos procedentes de los cuatro puntos del mundo islámico. Habitualmente, todos los servicios necesarios, especialmente la seguridad, eran proporcionados por la Administración. Las caravanas se encontraban en determinados días en un lugar concreto; por ejemplo, la caravana turca se encontraba con la que venía de al-Sham y viajaban juntas para unirse a las caravanas jordana y palestina.","spellings":["Darb"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Estilo de caligrafía otomana utilizada en los documentos oficiales del *Divan-ı Hümayun*, de donde procede su nombre. Aunque presenta similitudes con el *taliq*, también fue desarrollado por los turcos otomanos y representaba un poder grandioso. Se llama *jali diwani* cuando se escribe con letras grandes y *divani kirmasi* cuando adopta una forma más simple. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Diván","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe o alto funcionario.","spellings":["Amir","Emir"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1\\. Persa. 2. Estilo de caligrafía cursiva particularmente elegante, que valoriza las curvas de los caracteres árabes y reduce las formas angulares. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Aplicación de oro sobre la superficie de una obra de arte. El dorado puede aplicarse a la mayoría de los materiales, como el mármol, la piedra, el estuco, la madera, los metales, la cerámica, el vidrio y el papel. Existen diferentes técnicas de aplicación, como al agua o en hoja. Tr.: *tombak*, técnica del cobre dorado.","spellings":["Dorado","Tombak"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literalmente “dicho”. Conjunto de tradiciones relacionadas con palabras y acciones del profeta Muhammad y sus compañeros. *Dar al-Hadiz*: ver *dar*.","spellings":["Hadiz"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Alto funcionario del gobierno. El término designaba inicialmente a un chambelán, pero bajo los omeyas de al-Andalus, el *hayib* ejercía de primer ministro, con igual rango que el visir en los califatos orientales.","spellings":["Hayib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por Abu Hanifa al-Numan y es la que siguieron los otomanos. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*.","spellings":["Hanafíes"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Literalmente, “sagrado”, “prohibido”. Santuario. Acto ilícito, en términos religiosos. Haram al-Sharif: el Noble Santuario, en Jerusalén, que comprende la mezquita al-Aqsa y la Cúpula de la Roca.","spellings":["Haram","Harén"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espacio de vida en común en una casa turca. También *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"b653a1f8-bca3-5070-8ee8-9e24eef5e3ed":{"definition":"Peregrinación a La Meca y quinto pilar del islam. Es obligación de todos los musulmanes realizar el *hayy* al menos una vez en la vida, si disponen de medios económicos y su salud se lo permite.","spellings":["Hayy"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Persona que preside la plegaria islámica, guía, líder, modelo espiritual o eclesiástico; a veces, también dirigente político en la sociedad musulmana.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Mezquita mayor o aljama donde tienen lugar las oraciones cotidianas y las del viernes. Palabras relacionadas: *masyid*.","spellings":["Yamaa"]},"2b77385d-f9a6-5d6a-bb79-403b38118bce":{"definition":"Posada en las rutas principales de comercio o peregrinaje, donde los viajeros se alojaban y la mercancía podía guardarse de forma segura. (Ver *caravasar*.)","spellings":["Jan"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literalmente, “bello jardín”. Paraíso.","spellings":["Yanna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeño templo de La Meca que pasó a convertirse en el centro del islam. Se cree que fue construido por el profeta Abraham y su hijo Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocado, tela multicolor otomana de tejido compuesto, con coloridos motivos hechos en seda policromada con hilos de oro, plata dorada y plata.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Término árabe que designa una posada o alojamiento en las principales rutas de caravanas para los viajeros (peregrinos y mercaderes) y donde las mercancías podían ser almacenadas. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *funduq*, *wikala*. Tr.: *han*.","spellings":["Jan"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Manto compuesto de varias piezas para cubrir la Kaaba de La Meca. Está bordado en seda y oro, con aleyas del Corán. La *kiswa* se sustituye cada año durante el *hayy*, cuando la antigua tela se corta y distribuye entre los peregrinos. También se llama *kiswa* (por ejemplo, en Palestina) a las telas con motivos caligráficos en zigzag con las que se cubren los cenotafios de los mausoleos.","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Escritura árabe de caracteres angulares estilizados, utilizada en los coranes de los primeros tiempos del Islam. Se atribuye a la ciudad de Kufa, en Irak. A partir del siglo IV/X, el cúfico fue menos utilizado, por la dificultad de su lectura. Cúfico florido: escritura que combina el estilo angular de las letras con motivos florales y vegetales, como los florones, de uso frecuente en los periodos fatimí y atabeg. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Conjunto de edificios distribuidos alrededor de la mezquita: *darüşşifa* (hospital), *hammam* (baños), *jan* (alojamientos), *imaret* (comedor de beneficencia), *madrasa* (escuela).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"(«el guiado») Líder religioso.","spellings":["Mahdi"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"Palanquín, estructura en forma de tienda, ricamente decorada, que se colocaba sobre el lomo de los camellos para transportar a las damas de la aristocracia. También se usaba para el transporte de la *kiswa* en la caravana anual del *hayy* enviada por los soberanos a La Meca con las delegaciones de peregrinos.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por el imam Malik y se extendió por el mundo musulmán occidental, incluido al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Malikíes"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Construcción de una o más unidades arquitectónicas, que por lo general incluye un espacio con cúpula que alberga el sepulcro de una importante figura religiosa. Lugar de culto y peregrinación. Palabras relacionadas: *darih*, *kubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Mausoleo o santuario.","spellings":["Mashhad"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco y generalmente cóncavo, aunque a veces sólo está marcado, que en los edificios religiosos islámicos indica la dirección de La Meca, hacia la cual se vuelven los fieles cuando rezan.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Púlpito de las mezquitas desde donde el imam dirige el sermón a los fieles durante las oraciones del viernes y las primeras plegarias de la mañana en las dos grandes fiestas musulmanas. Está situado a la derecha del *mihrab*. Los *minbar* aparecieron en el periodo omeya.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Del ár. *mudayyan*. Musulmán autorizado a permanecer entre sus conquistadores cristianos sin cambiar de religión a cambio de un tributo. El adjetivo “mudéjar” designa también un arte tradicional iniciado bajo dominio islámico y continuado para clientes cristianos después de la conquista cristiana de una zona.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Adorno arquitectónico en forma de estalactitas o panal que adorna las superficies de cúpulas, ménsulas, cornisas, etc. En el Magreb, *muqarbas*.","spellings":["Mocárabe o almocárabe"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Literalmente, “copiado”. Uno de los estilos más difundidos de caligrafía islámica, utilizado en coranes y otras obras. Une la flexibilidad del estilo *farsi* con la armonía de la escritura *cúfica*.","spellings":["Nasji"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Título honorífico turco. Pachá. Ár. *bacha*.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Ciudadela con características propias de la arquitectura militar, como muros inexpugnables, torres, saeteras y terreno en pendiente antes de la muralla.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palacio, castillo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Dirección de la Kaaba de La Meca, hacia donde se vuelven los musulmanes durante la oración. En el muro de la *qibla* de la mezquita se encuentra el *mihrab*.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monjes guerreros (norte de África); hospicio para peregrinos (Egipto mameluco, Palestina y Siria). El nombre de la ciudad de Rabat procede de Ribat al-Fath (‘ribat de la conquista’).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda*, “jardín”. En Marruecos, siempre en plural, designa un jardín dentro de una construcción residencial.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"Estilo artístico europeo del siglo xviii, continuación del Barroco. El Rococó está presente en cierta arquitectura otomana.","spellings":["Rococó"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* o *asbila*) Pequeña edificación desde la que se distribuye agua potable; fuente pública. Tr.: *sebil*, sala donde un criado ofrece bebidas al público.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *jerife*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profesión de fe musulmana.","spellings":["Shahada"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Escrito por el poeta persa Ferdowsi, el Shahnama o Shahnameh es un largo poema épico que trata sobre el pasado mítico e histórico del Imperio Persa.","spellings":["Shahnama"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Anciano respetado por su experiencia y edad, cultivado, erudito en el campo de las ciencias religiosas; miembro de una hermandad religiosa; maestro sufí. *Shayj al-Islam*: Cabeza de la jerarquía de doctores en derecho canónico, tradición y teología musulmanes.","spellings":["Shayj"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *sayyid*.","spellings":["Jerife"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa a los musulmanes que eligieron a Ali como líder después de la muerte del Profeta; tras el asesinato de Ali en 661, rechazaron la legitimidad de los califas.","spellings":["Shia","Shiíes"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un acético y místico musulmán que representa el aspecto místico del Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Orden islámica ascética o mística. Su nombre deriva de *suf*, lana, con la que los seguidores (sufíes) tejían su ropa.","spellings":["Sufismo"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica al jefe político supremo, cuya autoridad no amenaza la superioridad nominal del califa regente.","spellings":["Sultán"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"Estado o territorios gobernados por un sultán. Sultán es el título dado al gobernante de dicho lugar.","spellings":["Sultanato"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literalmente, “tradición”. Para el Islam ortodoxo, conjunto de tradiciones del Profeta en las que se basan los jurisconsultos y teólogos para establecer la ley islámica que dimana del Corán. Sunní: seguidor de la Sunna. Los sunníes se dividen en cuatro escuelas: hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes, shafiíes. Sunnismo: sistema político y religioso opuesto al shiísmo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*, *shiía*.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunní"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, zoco. Palabras relacionadas: *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedesten*.","spellings":["Suq"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Capítulo del Corán. El Corán tiene 114 suras.","spellings":["Sura"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En ár., “un tercio”. Estilo de caligrafía cuyo nombre se debe al tamaño de la pluma utilizada. La extensión de sus letras permite realizar composiciones decorativas muy complejas. Se utilizaba en todo tipo de obras de artesanía, en libros y en la arquitectura civil y religiosa. Desde el siglo XII/XVIII, se empleaba frecuentemente en determinados paneles del arte otomano. Tr.: *sülüs*.","spellings":["Zuluz"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Firma caligráfica de un sultán otomano en documentos oficiales. Cada sultán tenía su propia *tugra*.","spellings":["Tugra"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Pueblo turco ubicado en la región al este del Mar Caspio y al Sur del Mar de Aral. Actualmente, esta área comprende Turkmenistán y partes de Irán y Afganistán.","spellings":["Turcomanos"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ministro. El ministro más prominente en la jerarquía era el Gran Visir, el Primer Ministro. Tr.: *sadrazam*.","spellings":["Visir","Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotación a perpetuidad, por lo general de tierras o de una propiedad, cuyas rentas se destinaban al mantenimiento de fundaciones religiosas. *Waqfiyya*: acto de dotación de un *waqf*. Palabras relacionadas: *habiz*.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grado de oficial en el ejército turco. Tr.: *Ağa*. Otros grados eran *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Aga"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Hospedería para los comerciantes y sus animales de carga, almacén para las mercancías, centro de comercio. Palabras relacionadas: *caravasar*, *jan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Funduq"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establecimiento de enseñanza religiosa destinado a la formación de los *shayjs*; lugar de peregrinación construido donde nació o vivió un santo. En Turquía, el término designa igualmente un pequeño *tekke*, un albergue para derviches y viajeros. Palabras relacionadas: *janqa*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.fr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Le nom de la péninsule Ibérique (Espagne et Portugal) sous hégémonie musulmane (92-711/897-1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectif signifiant “extrême” ; al-Aqsa désigne la Grande Mosquée de Jérusalem, révérée par les musulmans comme première *qibla* (direction de la prière) et principal lieu saint de l’islam – c’est de là que le Prophète est monté au Ciel (voir *Isra*).","spellings":["Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"39b15d5c-120b-51e4-b058-0cc18bb7226a":{"definition":"De l’ar. *farsh*. Plafond plat à lambris de bois sculpté ou à entrelacs sophistiqués. Il peut également s’agir d’un plancher.","spellings":["Alfarje","Farsh"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Motifs décoratifs caractéristiques de l’art islamique formés d’éléments végétaux stylisés et de lignes géométriques.","spellings":["Arabesques"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verset du Coran.","spellings":["Aya"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"Source.","spellings":["‘Ayn"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"(sg. Bin/Ibn) “Fils de”, désigne les membres d’un clan ou d’une tribu.","spellings":["Bani","Banu","Beni"]},"ac67e975-1f75-526f-a8cd-402ccde93f6f":{"definition":"Formule, bi-‘ism Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim, souvent traduite par “Au nom de Dieu, le Clément, le Miséricordieux”.","spellings":["Besmala"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. biyout) Salle ; dans certains cas, maison. **bayt* al-Hikma* : tribunal. **bayt* al-D*iwan** : hall de réception. **bayt* al-Nar* : chaudière, littéralement, la “maison du feu”. Voir également *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Beyt"]},"53b06a4c-1741-53c4-bd23-415aa3ce7613":{"definition":"Fort, bastion, tour, parfois entourée d’un mur extérieur. Le terme est entré dans la toponymie portugaise médiévale sous les formes *alvorge* ou *porches*. En Tunisie, le terme désigne également une résidence secondaire entourée de jardins ; une résidence de villégiature. *Borj* ou *bordj* au Maghreb. *Burg* en Égypte.","spellings":["Bordj","Borj","Burg"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"L'Empire byzantin (de 306 à 1453) a précédé l'Empire romain et a succédé à l'Empire ottoman.","spellings":["Byzantin"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"De l’arabe *Khalifa*. Chef spirituel et temporel de la communauté musulmane dans la lignée des successeurs du Prophète.","spellings":["Calife","Khalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également **coufique*, d*iwan*i, farsi, Maghribi andalou, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, *thoulouth**.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(voir aussi **khan**) Hôtellerie située sur les grandes voies de communication – commerce et pèlerinage –, destinée à l’hébergement des voyageurs et au stockage de leurs marchandises.","spellings":["Caravansérail"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Motifs artistiques provenant initialement de Chine, utilisés dans l’art islamique et reflétant la forte influence chinoise depuis les périodes mongoles. Les bordures de nuages stylisés, les fleurs de lotus et les créatures fabuleuses telles que le qilin sont des motifs typiques. Voir également bleu-et-blanc, *hatayi*, style Minf, motif vagues-et-rochers.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"Motif provenant d’Asie, typique de l’art ottoman des IXe et XIe siècles H (XVe et XVIIe siècles J.-C.), et composé de trois perles disposées en triangle avec des lignes ondulées doubles ; on pensait qu’il symbolisait les taches du léopard et les rayures du tigre.","spellings":["Chintamani"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Chrétiens, surtout égyptiens, adeptes de l’une des plus anciennes formes de christianisme, avec des communautés s’étendant de l’Afrique de l’Est à l’Éthiopie. Ils ont leur propre langue, le copte, et leur propre calendrier.","spellings":["Coptes"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-*imara** : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"Ruelle, route. Derb au Maroc et en Tunisie : allée, ou, par extension, quartier. *Darb al-Hadjdj* : route menant à La Mecque empruntée par les pèlerins provenant des quatre coins du monde islamique. Habituellement, tous les services nécessaires, notamment la sécurité, étaient fournis par l’administration. Les caravanes se rencontraient à des horaires spécifiques dans des endroits désignés, par exemple la caravane turque rencontrait celle venant d’al-Cham, et toutes deux voyageaient ensuite ensemble pour rejoindre les caravanes jordanienne et palestinienne.","spellings":["Darb","Derb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausolée. Voir également *maqam, *koubba*, *türbe*, turbe, *turbé*, *turbet**.","spellings":["Darih"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bureau du gouvernement ; salle d’audience, salle de réception ; collection de poèmes. Tr. : divan; Divan-ı Hümayun : Conseil impérial présidé par le Grand Vizir et formant l’organe central du gouvernement ottoman.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Chef militaire, gouverneur, prince, haut dignitaire. Souverain d’un émirat ou d’une principauté.","spellings":["Émir"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1. Habitant de la Perse. 2. Style de calligraphie cursive particulièrement élégante valorisant les courbes des lettres arabes en réduisant les formes angulaires. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Application d’or sur la surface d’une œuvre d’art. La dorure peut être appliquée à la plupart des matériaux, dont le marbre, la pierre, le stuc, le bois, les métaux, la céramique, le verre et le papier. Il existe différentes techniques d’application : la dorure à l’eau ou à la feuille d’or. Tr. : *tombak*, technique du cuivre doré.","spellings":["Dorure","Tombak"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Littéralement, “dits”. Ensemble de traditions liées aux paroles et actions du prophète Muhammad et de ses compagnons. *dar al-Hadith* : voir *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Haut fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le terme désignait initialement un chambellan, mais sous les Omeyyades d’al-Andalus, le *hadjib* agissait en tant que ministre en chef, de rang égal à celui de vizir dans les califats orientaux.","spellings":["Hadjib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"982c3a21-b99b-5c3b-b3d3-65276466c18d":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridiques Sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par Abou Hanifa al-Nu‘man, c’est l’obédience que choisirent les Ottomans. Tr. : Hanefi. Voir également *fuqaha’*.","spellings":["Hanafite"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"En arabe, littéralement “sacré”, “interdit”. Sanctuaire. Acte illicite du point de vue de la religion. Haram al-Charif : le Noble Sanctuaire à Jérusalem, comprenant la mosquée al-Aqsa et le Dôme du Rocher.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espace de vie commun dans une maison turque. Tr. : également *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Celui qui dirige la prière islamique. Guide, chef, modèle spirituel ou membre du clergé, quelquefois aussi homme politique, dans une société musulmane.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Principale mosquée où les prières quotidiennes et celles du vendredi ont lieu. Tr. : *cami*. Voir également *masjid*.","spellings":["Djemaa"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Littéralement “beau jardin”. Paradis. Tr. : *cennet*.","spellings":["Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(litt. “cube”) Petit temple de La Mecque devenu le centre de l’islam et supposé avoir été initialement construit par Abraham et son fils Ismaïl.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"ba012528-e332-58db-968d-165b78bc6d94":{"definition":"Textile à endroit lisse tissé dans un type de tapisserie ou de toile à effet de trame. En général, le terme est uniquement appliqué aux tissages non veloutés du Proche-Orient et de l’Asie centrale.","spellings":["Kelim","Kilim","Klim"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocart, tissu multicolore ottoman à tissage composite, utilisant de la soie polychrome avec des fils d’or, d’argent doré et d’argent pour réaliser des motifs colorés.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(voir aussi Caravansérail) Auberge, hôtellerie édifiée le long des principales routes de commerce et de pèlerinage ; les voyageurs (pèlerins et marchands) y descendaient pour la nuit et pouvaient y entreposer leurs marchandises en toute sécurité.","spellings":["Khan"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Tissu composé de différentes pièces pour couvrir la Kaaba à la Mecque. Il est brodé de soie et d’or, avec des versets du Coran. La *kiswa* est remplacée chaque année, le changement s’opérant pendant le Hadjdj, lorsque l’ancienne couverture est découpée et distribuée parmi les pèlerins. Les étoffes aux motif calligraphiques en zigzag de qui couvrent les cénotaphes des mausolées sont également nommés *kiswa* (par ex. en Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"L’une des premières calligraphies arabes, caractérisée par ses traits angulaires et très stylisés ; elle doit son nom à la ville de Koufa en Irak.","spellings":["Coufique"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Ensemble de bâtiments distribués autour de la mosquée. Les autres bâtiments étaient le darüşşifa (hôpital), le *hammam* (bains), le *han* (logements), l’*imaret* (soupe populaire), la *madrasa* (école).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"(litt. “envoyé”) Messie ; chef religieux.","spellings":["Mahdi","Mehdi"]},"b1520fd2-381d-5d56-a9d2-7d019d4f34c2":{"definition":"Palanquin, structure en forme de tente richement décorée, utilisée sur le dos des chameaux pour transporter les dames de l’aristocratie. Egalement utilisé pour transporter la *kiswa* dans la caravane annuelle du Hadjdj envoyée par les souverains à La Mecque avec des délégations de pèlerins.","spellings":["Mahmal"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridique sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par l’imam Malik et répandue à travers le monde musulman occidental, dont al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malékite","Malik"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Bâtiment à une ou plusieurs unités architecturales, comprenant généralement un dôme abritant la sépulture d’un personnage religieux important. Lieu de culte et de pèlerinage. Voir également *darih*, *koubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Dans une mosquée ou une salle de prière, niche située dans le mur de *qibla* qui indique la direction de La Mecque vers laquelle les croyants doivent se tourner pendant leurs prières. Parfois plate, mais le plus souvent concave, c’est généralement la partie la plus décorée de l’oratoire.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Chaire d’une mosquée d’où l’imam prononce le sermon au cours de la prière du Vendredi.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"De l’arabe *mudajjan*. Musulmans autorisés à rester parmi leurs conquérants chrétiens sans changer de religion, en échange d’un tribut. L’adjectif “mudéjar” est également utilisé pour décrire un artisanat traditionnel qui débuta sous la domination islamique et se maintint pour les clients chrétiens après la conquête chrétienne.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Cet ornement alvéolé en forme de stalactites est l’une des caractéristiques de l’architecture islamique. Les *mouqarnas* peuvent décorer les coupoles, les encorbellements d’un bâtiment, les portails d’accès en retrait, etc.","spellings":["Mouqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(litt. “copié”) L’une des calligraphies arabes les plus répandues, aux caractères souples et arrondis, couramment utilisée pour la copie de manuscrits.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Titre honorifique turc, arabisé sous la forme *Bacha*.","spellings":["Pacha"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Citadelle, forteresse ; ses caractéristiques sont celles de l’architecture défensive  hauts murs imprenables, tours, meurtrières et glacis.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palais, château, résidence monumentale. Du latin *castrum*.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direction de la Kaaba, vers laquelle se tournent les fidèles pour prier. Elle est matérialisée dans la mosquée par le *mihrab* percé dans le mur orienté dans cette même direction et que l’on appelle donc mur *qibla*, ou mur de (la) *qibla*.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Construction fortifiée hébergeant les moines-soldats (Maghreb) ; lieu dans lequel on offrait l’hospitalité aux pèlerins (Égypte mamelouke, Palestine, Syrie).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"8f56e049-19ca-5856-9caa-3acff60817b3":{"definition":"Pl. de *rawda* “jardin”. Toujours utilisé sous sa forme plurielle, au Maroc, *riyad* désigne un jardin dans un logement résidentiel.","spellings":["Riyad"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Édifice caritatif destiné à la distribution d’eau potable. Fontaine publique.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Dinastie Safavide.","spellings":["Safavide"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants du prophète Muhammad. Voir également *chérif*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession de foi musulmane. Tr. : *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Chahada"]},"b574ce4b-f297-5c3f-b370-895a19b2933a":{"definition":"Écrit par le poète perse Ferdowsi, Shâhnâmeh est une épopée qui raconte les mythes et l'histoire de l'Empire perse.","spellings":["Shâhnâmeh"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Un ancien respecté pour son expérience et pour son âge, cultivé, érudit dans le domaine des sciences religieuses, membre d’une fratrie religieuse, maître soufi. Tr. : *Şeyh*. Cheikh al-Islam : A la tête de la hiérarchie des docteurs du droit canon, de la tradition et de la théologie musulmans. Tr. : Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Cheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(litt. “noble”, “digne”) Les familles dont les ancêtres remontent au Prophète sont appelées *Achraf* ou *Chourafa* et occupent souvent des postes religieux et politiques prestigieux.","spellings":["Chérif","Sharif","Shérif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Chiat Ali) Le “parti d’Ali” désigne les musulmans qui ont choisi Ali comme successeur du Prophète après la mort de ce dernier et qui, par conséquent, réfutent la légitimité des califes désignés après l’assassinat d’Ali en 50/661.","spellings":["Chia"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un musulman ascétique et mystique qui représente l'aspect mystique de l'islam.","spellings":["Soufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Ordre islamique ascétique ou mystique. Dérivé de *souf*, laine, fibre utilisée par les adeptes (*soufis*) pour tisser leurs vêtements.","spellings":["Soufisme"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titre honorifique utilisé par des souverains indépendants (notamment ottomans et seldjoukides) dont l'autorité ne remet cependant pas en cause la supériorité nominale reconnue au calife en place.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"État ou territoires gouvernés par un sultan. Le titre de sultan est donné à la personne qui règne sur ces lieux.","spellings":["Sultanat"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(litt. “tradition”) Traditions issues des actes et paroles de la vie du Prophète et que revendiquaient les théoriciens du droit comme fondement de la Loi islamique telle qu’écrite dans le Coran.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunnites"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marché. Voir également *arasta*, *bazar*, *bedestan*.","spellings":["Souk"]},"5c212d06-15e4-5918-a02d-bb0ef2c59fe1":{"definition":"Chapitre du Coran. Le Coran compte 114 sourates. Tr. : *Sure*.","spellings":["Sourate"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"Un des six principaux styles de calligraphie développés en Perse au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.). Utilisé principalement pour la correspondance officielle, il se caractérise par des lignes fines et sans voyelles. Tr. : *talik*. Voir également *nasta’liq*, calligraphie.","spellings":["Ta‘liq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"En arabe : “un tiers”. Style de calligraphie tirant son nom de la taille de la plume utilisée. La prolongation de ses lettres permet des compositions décoratives très complexes. Il était utilisé en calligraphie, dans les livres et dans l’architecture civile et religieuse. A partir du XIIe siècle H (XVIIIe siècle. J.-C.), il était couramment utilisé sur des panneaux spécifiques de l’art ottoman. Tr. : *sülüs*.","spellings":["Thoulouth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Signature calligraphique d’un sultan ottoman apposée aux documents officiels. Chaque sultan avait son propre *tughra*. Tr. : *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"9d699883-6a5a-53ad-8a08-f3b27574c431":{"definition":"Peuple turc situé dans une région à l'est de la mer Caspienne et au sud de la mer d'Aral. Cette région comprend maintenant le Turkménistan et des parties de l'Iran et de l'Afghanistan.","spellings":["Turkmènes"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titre honorifique donné aux très hauts fonctionnaires ; ministre.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Bien de mainmorte, donation à perpétuité concernant généralement des terrains et des propriétés, dont les revenus étaient destinés à l’entretien de fondations religieuses.","spellings":["Waqf"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Grade d’officier dans l’armée turque. Tr. : *Ağa*. Voir également *bey*, *dey*.","spellings":["Ağa","Agha"]},"bcebf34c-f01e-5220-896e-b24e7d5c3220":{"definition":"Auberge pour les commerçants et leurs bêtes de somme, magasin pour les marchandises, centre de commerce. Voir également *caravansérail*, *khan*, *wikala*.","spellings":["Fondouk"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Etablissement d’enseignement religieux destiné à la formation des *cheikhs* ; lieu de pèlerinage d’un saint construit à l’endroit où il était né ou vivait. Le terme désigne également en Turquie un petit *tekke*, un hospice pour les derviches et les voyageurs. Voir également *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouïa","Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.it.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome della penisola iberica (Spagna e Portogallo) sotto il dominio musulmano (dal 711 al 1492).","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Aggettivo che significa ‘il più lontano’, è riferito alla moschea di Gerusalemme, che è stata cronologicamente la prima *qibla* (direzione della preghiera) e il principale luogo sacro che ha visto l’ascensione in cielo del profeta (vedi anche *al-Israa’* wa *al-Mi’raj*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Disegni decorativi di foglie intrecciate e forme geometriche che furono creati in epoca islamica.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Figli di, usato per indicare gli appartenenti ad una tribù. Il singolare è Ibn/Bin.","spellings":["Bani","Banu"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(Khalifa) parola araba che indica il supremo capo della comunità musulmana, successore del profeta.","spellings":["Califfo"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"(Caravansarai, vedi anche *khan*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Caravanserraglio"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristiani soprattutto egiziani, seguaci di una delle più antiche dottrine cristiane, con comunità presenti anche in Africa orientale ed Etiopia. Usano una propria lingua, il copto, e un proprio calendario.","spellings":["Copti"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(Qur’an) Dalla radice ‘qr’, ‘leggere’, è riferito al testo sacro della Rivelazione islamica avvenuta ad opera dell’Arcangelo Gabriele al profeta Maometto in arabo.","spellings":["Corano"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante militare, principe o alto ufficiale veterano.","spellings":["Emiro"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(alla lettera ‘emigrazione’) Si riferisce al trasferimento del profeta Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina nel 622.","spellings":["Egira","Hijra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"‘Figlio di’, usato spesso nei nomi propri. Per indicare un clan, una tribù di appartenenza si usa la forma plurale *Banu* / *Bani*.","spellings":["Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Colui che presiede la preghiera comunitaria del venerdì, guida, capo spirituale, sacerdote; normalmente riconosciuto per la sua coerenza religiosa e saggezza, a volte può anche essere un capo politico.","spellings":["Imam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cubo’) Un piccolo tempio alla Mecca che è diventato il centro dell’Islam; si pensa che originariamente fosse stato costruito dal profeta Abramo e da suo figlio Ismaele.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"(vedi anche *caravanserraglio*) Ostello situato lungo le principali vie di commercio e di pellegrinaggio dove i viaggiatori (mercanti e pellegrini) albergavano e potevano fornire asilo sicuro alle merci.","spellings":["Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Una delle prime forme di calligrafia araba riconoscibile per il suo stile angolato, che prende nome dalla città di Kufa in Iraq.","spellings":["Kufico"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"Capo religioso, alla lettera significa ‘il guidato’.","spellings":["Mahdi"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Titolo nobiliare paragonabile a principe o re.","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicchia ad arco presente nelle moschee o luoghi di preghiera, normalmente concava, ma talvolta piatta indica la direzione della Mecca verso cui rivolgersi in preghiera ed è la parte più decorata di una moschea o di un luogo di preghiera.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Pulpito rialzato da cui si declama il sermone durante la preghiera del venerdì.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Ornamentazione architettonica a forma di stalattite o a celle di alveare. Elemento peculiare dell’architettura islamica, compare su molti tipi di volte, comprese quelle di cupole e portali.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Uno dei più diffusi stili calligrafici arabi, che comprende anche un corsivo fluente. Il significato letterale del termine è correlato con il copiare e produrre manoscritti.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Cittadella, fortezza con evidenti attributi architettonici di difesa, come alte mura impenetrabili, torri, feritoie e fossati.","spellings":["Qala"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palazzo, castello, dal latino *castrum*, residenza monumentale.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direzione della *Kaba* verso cui pregano i credenti.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cupola’) Per estensione monumento o spazio costruito con cupola sulla tomba di un santo, quindi un mausoleo.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortificazione abitata da monaci guerrieri (Maghreb), ospizio per pellegrini (Egitto mamelucco, Palestina e Siria).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edificio per istituzione caritativa, progettato per distribuire acqua potabile e fornire un’educazione di base a titolo gratuito.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(o *sherif*) Discendente del profeta Maometto, alla lettera significa ‘degno d’onore’. Le famiglie imparentate in origine col profeta assunsero il titolo di *Ashraf* o *Shurafa* e spesso ricoprirono cariche religiose e politiche di rilievo.","spellings":["Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"Per esteso ‘Shi‘at ‘Ali’, significa ‘partito di Ali’ e si riferisce ai musulmani che scelsero ‘Ali dopo la morte del profeta, come capo, ed in seguito disconobbero la legittimità dei califfi che salirono al trono dopo l’assassinio di Ali avvenuto nel 661.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titolo che significa sovrano, con cui si indica generalmente il governante supremo la cui autorità però non mette in discussione la riconosciuta superiorità nominale del califfo.","spellings":["Sultano"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘tradizione’) Si riferisce ad avvenimenti e detti del profeta, tramandati per tradizione, utilizzati da esperti e teologi per integrare con necessari chiarimenti la base della legge islamica così come è scritta nel Corano.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercato, il punto nevralgico della città islamica, centro della vita urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titolo onorifico dato ad amministratori decani; ministro.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Dotazione non tassabile consistente in terre o altre proprietà le cui rendite erano usate per sovvenzionare istituzioni religiose islamiche.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.pt.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"ca7cf5ed-e85c-5aa3-8a00-3c4a246314af":{"definition":"Nome dos territórios da Península Ibérica sob domínio muçulmano entre 711 e 1492.","spellings":["Al-Andalus"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectivo cujo significado é «a mais longínqua», denomina a meaquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalém, reverenciada pelos muçulmanos como a primeira *qibla* (ver) e o primeiro lugar sagrado, onde teve lugar a ascensão do Profeta ao céu (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Decoração composta por folhas e formas geométricas entrelaçadas que se desenvolveu  no período islâmico.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"e44ace71-d122-5c82-bf6b-34a79ff4b2d8":{"definition":"Ver *ibn*.","spellings":["Banu"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(do ár. *jalifah*, «sucessor») Chefe supremo da comunidade muçulmana na linha sucessória do Profeta.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifah"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Hospedarias situadas nas grandes rotas do comércio e peregrinação, destinadas a albergar viajantes e a armazenar as suas mercadorias. (ver também *khan*.)","spellings":["Caravanserai"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Eram, em grande, parte, cristãos egípcios; seguidores de uma das formas mais antigas de cristianismo, que comprendia comunidades da África oriental até à Etiopía. Tinham a sua própria língua, o copta, e o seu próprio calendário.","spellings":["Coptas"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(do ár. Quran, cuya raíz é *qr’* «ler») Texto sagrado da revelação islâmica, transmitido pelo arcanjo Gabriel ao profeta Muhammad em árabe.","spellings":["Alcorão"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe ou alto funcionário.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Peregrinação a Meca e quinto pilar do Islão. É obrigação de todos os muçulmanos realizarem o *hajj* pelo menos uma vez na vida, se dispõem de meios económicos e se a sua saúde o permitir.","spellings":["Hajj"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(do ár. hijra, «migração») Êxodo do Profeta de Meca a Medina em 622, ano de referência para o começo da era islâmica. O calendário muçulmano rege-se por anos lunares de 354 dias.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Filho de», partícula que, com frequência, faz parte dos nomes. O plural, *banu*, utiliza-se para denominar um clã.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Pessoa que dirige a oração muçulmana, guia, chefe, modelo espiritual ou clérigo; é sempre famoso pela sua pureza e sabedoria, convertendo-se, por vezes, em líder político.","spellings":["Imam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeno templo da Meca que se converteu no centro do Islão. Acredita-se que tenha sido construído pelo profeta Abraão e pelo seu filho Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Pousada nas principais rotas de comércio ou de peregrinação, onde os viajantes se alojavam e as mercadorias podíam ser guardadas de forma segura. (ver *caravanserai*.)","spellings":["Khan"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Uma das primeiras formas de caligrafía árabe, distingue-se pelo seu estilo anguloso. Deve o seu nome à ciudad de Kufa (Iraque).","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"447568ab-11d8-5b46-9175-19f5e0ad280b":{"definition":"(«o enviado») Líder religioso.","spellings":["Mahdi"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Título que significa «príncipe» ou «rei».","spellings":["Malik"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Nicho con arco nas mesquitas ou salas de oração, quase sempre côncavo, que marca o muro da qibla (ver) ou direcção da Meca. Costuma ser a parte mais decorada das mesquitas.","spellings":["Mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Púlpito das mesquitas, a partir do qual se faz o sermão de sexta-feira. (Ver *khotba*.)","spellings":["Minbar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"(do ár. muqarnas) Ornamentação arquitectónica de estalactites ou prismas. É característica da arquitectura islâmica e aparece em superfícies de cúpulas e de pórticos.","spellings":["Mucarna"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"(«copiado») Um dos estilos caligráficos árabes mais divulgados, e que consiste num cursivo fluido.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palácio, castelo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Direcção da Kaaba (ver), em direcção à qual rezam os crentes.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(«cúpula») Por extensão, câmara ou monumento construído sobre o túmulo de um santo e que costuma estar coberto por uma cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monges guerreiros (norte de África e al-Andalus); hospedaria para peregrinos (Egipto, Palestina e Síria na época mameluca).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edifício de beneficência construído para proporcionar água potável; fonte pública.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(lit. “nobre”, “digno”) As famílias cujos antepassados remontam ao Profeta são chamadas Acraf ou Chourafa e ocupam com frequência lugares religiosos e políticos de prestígio.","spellings":["Cherif","Sharif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(*Shiat Ali*, «partido de Ali») Designa os muçulmanos que escolheram Ali como líder depois da morte do Profeta; depois do assassinato de Ali, em 661, rejeitaram a legitimidade dos califas.","spellings":["Shia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica ao chefe político supremo, cuja autoridade não ameaça  a superioridade nominal do califa regente.","spellings":["Sultão"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(«tradição») Denomina as tradições do Profeta de que se serviram os letrados e os teólogos para fundamentarem convenientemente a criação da Lei Islâmica segundo o Alcorão.","spellings":["Sunita","Sunna"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Mercado, centro da cidade muçulmana e da vida urbana.","spellings":["Suq"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"(dol ár. *wazir*) Título honorífico de altos cargos; ministro.","spellings":["Visir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Legado de terras ou propriedades cujos rendimentos se destinan à manutenção de fundações pias islâmicas.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.se.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tvådimensionellt ornament i islamisk konst, uppbyggt kring växter med blad och skott som slingrar sig runt varandra och skapar ett kontinuerligt mönster.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"efterträdare\" och betecknar den högste ledaren i den muslimska världen. Kalifatet var riket som kalifen behärskade.","spellings":["Kalif"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Skönskriften, från grekiskans ord för \"vacker\" och \"skriva\", hör till den islamiska kulturens högsta konstformer. Eftersom det arabiska språket är kopplat till islams uppenbarelser har kalligrafin en andlig innebörd av skönhet och mysterium. De kalligrafiska stilarna har varierat beroende på tid, rum och sammanhang. Många arabiska och muslimska artister fortsätter än idag att utöva kalligrafikonsten.","spellings":["Kalligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Särskilt anlagd handelsplats längs vägen, med värdshus för köpmän och andra resande. Se också *khan*, *wikala*, *suq* och *bedestan*.","spellings":["Karavanseralj"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Koran eller Qur'an (av qr' som betyder \"att läsa upp\"), den heliga texten i den islamiska uppenbarelse som ärkeängeln Gabriel gav profeten Muhammed.","spellings":["Koran"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Militär befälhavare, prins eller hög tjänsteman som styrde över ett större område, ett emirat.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pilgrimsfärden till Mekka och andra heliga platser som alla muslimer måste göra åtminstone en gång i livet om de kan, en av islams fem pelare. Hajj äger rum två månader efter Ramadan och avslutas med Offerfesten (Eid al-Adha).","spellings":["Hajj"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Betyder helig, helgedom. Jfr det snarlika ordet *haraam* som står för religiöst oacceptabel.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(av Hijra som betyder \"utvandring\") Profetens utvandring från Mekka till Medina år 622 som är startåret för den muslimska tideräkningen, som grundar sig på ett månår med 354 dagar. I utställningstexterna förkortas dateringarna enligt följande: (år) e.H. / (år) e.Kr.","spellings":["Hegira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son till, används i namn, jfr Andersson, Svensson. För att beteckna en hel klan används pluralformen *bani* eller *banu*.","spellings":["ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Imamen är den som leder den islamiska bönen, som är en andlig förebild och som kan vara religiös befattningshavare. I vissa muslimska samhällen också politisk ledare.","spellings":["imam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"kub\". Litet tempel i Mekka som har kommit att bli centrum för islam. Antas från början ha byggts av Abraham och hans son Ismael.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Handelshus där köpmän kunde övernatta. Se också *karavanseralj* och *wikala*.","spellings":["Khan"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Kabans täcke som är broderat med verser ur Koranen i silke och guldtråd. Kiswa är hopsatt av flera delar och byts ut varje år i samband med Hadj. Då klipps den gamla kiswa upp i smådelar och delas ut bland pilgrimerna.","spellings":["kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Arabisk skrivstil med stiliserade och rätvinkliga bokstäver. Den har att göra med den irakiska staden Kufa, och den användes i Koranerna under den första islamiska tiden, men från och med 300-talet / 900-talet inte så ofta, eftersom den var svårläst. Ibland kombineras kufisk skrift med dekorativa växtornament i slutet av bokstäverna.","spellings":["kufisk"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Gravkapell, oftast en byggnad som innehåller en känd religiös personlighets grav.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Gamla staden, den äldsta delen av en stad. Medina är också namnet på den stad i Saudiarabien dit muslimerna flyttade år 622 och där Muhammed är begravd.","spellings":["Medina"]},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Bågformad eller välvd nisch i en islamisk religiös byggnad som visar böneriktningen mot Mekka.","spellings":["mihrab"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Predikstol, talarstol med trappsteg, varifrån bland annat fredagsbönens predikan hålls. Minbar är placerad till höger om mihrab, bönenischen, i en moské.","spellings":["Minbar"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Av arabiskans *mudajjan*: muslimer som stannade kvar bland de kristna erövrarna, i utbyte mot att de betalade skatt. Adjektivet *mudejar*\\- används också för de traditionella islamiska hantverksprodukter som sedan fortsatte att tillverkas för kristna kunder.","spellings":["Mudejar"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Dekoration som liknar bikakor eller stalaktiter. Motivet finns på många ytor i arkitekturen, till exempel i takvalven.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Betyder egentligen \"kopierad\". En av de mest spridda kalligrafiska stilarna som använts i Koranen och andra böcker.","spellings":["Naskhi"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Av det latinska ordet för befäst slott eller fästning. Diminutivformen, som alltså betyder en mindre fästning, är *qusayr*.**","spellings":["Qasr"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Qibla är böneriktningen, den  riktning som visar var Kaba i Mekka finns.","spellings":["Qibla"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Gravmonument, se även *mausoleum*.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fästning för religiösa krigare (Nordafrika); härbärge för pilgrimer (det mamlukiska Egypten, Palestina och Syrien. Staden Rabats namn kommer från Ribat al-Fath (Erövringens ribat).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Brunnsbyggnad, vattenkiosk.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titel som betyder \"härskare\". Det är en politisk titel, och sultanen är därför underställd kalifen.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Riktning inom islam vars anhängare, sunniter, stöder Sunna-berättelserna om Muhammed.","spellings":["Sunni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Marknadsplats.","spellings":["Suq"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Skrivstil som uppkallats efter storleken på den penna som användes. Thuluth betyder på arabiska \"en tredjedel\". De utdragna bokstavsformerna ger utrymme för komplicerade dekorativa kompositioner. Stilen användes både i arkitektur och i böcker och från 1100-talet / 1700-talet ser man den ofta på paneler i den ottomanska konsten.","spellings":["Thuluth"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Ett ord som från början stod för broderade inskrifter på tyg, och som kom att beteckna de dräkttyger som hade kalifens namn inbroderat, som tillverkades vid hans ateljéer och som var presenter från honom till personer som han ville gynna. Dar-al-Tiraz: kungliga textilateljéer.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"De ottomanska sultanernas kalligrafiska signatur, som sattes på officiella dokument. Varje sultan hade sin egen tughra.","spellings":["Tughra"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Honnörstitel som gavs till höga hovfunktionärer; minister.","spellings":["Vesir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Stiftelse i form av en gåva av land eller annan egendom för all framtid. Avkastningen användes för underhållet av en religiös inrättning.","spellings":["Waqf"]}}

package/translations/glossary.si.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"spellings":["Medine"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"spellings":["Nesih"]}}

package/translations/glossary.tr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Abbâsîler, Emevî Hanedanı'ndan sonra başa gelerek İslam Devleti'nin yönetimini ve halifeliği beş asırdan daha uzun bir süre elinde tutan Müslüman Arap hanedanı.","spellings":["Abbasiler"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"“En uzaktaki” anlamında bir sıfattır. Müslümanların ilk kıblesi olan Kudüs’teki Mescid-i Aksa için kullanılır. Ayrıca Hz. Muhammed’in (sav) göğe yükselişi (miraç) de burada gerçekleştiği için Müslümanlar açısından kutsal bir mekandır (bkz. İsrâ ve Miraç).","spellings":["El-Aksa"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"Tr. Fatiha Suresi. Kur'an'ın \"İnek\" anlamına gelen ikinci suresidir. Toplam 286 ayetten oluşmaktadır.","spellings":["Fatiha"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tr. Arabesk. İslam döneminde gelişen, bitki, yaprak motifleri ve geometrik şekillerden oluşan dekoratif desenler.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"Bizans İmparatorluğu (306 - 1453), Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan önce kurulmuş ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun İstanbul fethine kadar hüküm sürmüştür.","spellings":["Bizans"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. khalifa, kelime anlamıyla \"halef\". Müslüman toplumunun en üst düzey yöneticisi. Halifelik: halifenin gücü altındaki bölge.","spellings":["Halife"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Tr. Kaligrafi. \"Güzel yazı sanatı\" (Yunanca) İslam kültürünün en yüksek sanat formlarından biridir. Arap dili İslam'ın vahyiyle bağlantılı olduğundan, hat sanatı derin manevi anlamlar taşır ve güzellik ile gizemin sembolü olarak değer görür. Döneme, yere ve bağlama göre çeşitlilik gösteren birçok hat sanatı türü vardır. Arap ve Müslüman dünyasından pek çok sanatçı bugün hat sanatını icra etmeye devam etmektedir.","spellings":["Kaligrafi"]},"801f574d-c2f6-52a3-ae7c-6a0074f1c59b":{"definition":"Farsça kökenli bir kelime, Türkçe okunuşu: kervansaray. Yolcuları barındırmak ve mallarını korumak için ana seyahat yolları üzerinde bulunan hosteller. Türkçe'si kervansaraydır."},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Asya'dan gelen, 15-17. yüzyıl Osmanlı sanatına özgü, leopar benekleri ve kaplan çizgilerini sembolize ettiği düşünülen çift dalgalı çizgilerle birlikte üçgen şeklinde düzenlenmiş üçlü toplardan oluşan bir motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"Tr. Çintamani. Asya'dan gelen, 15-17. yüzyıl Osmanlı sanatına özgü, leopar benekleri ve kaplan çizgilerini sembolize ettiği düşünülen çift dalgalı çizgilerle birlikte üçgen şeklinde düzenlenmiş üçlü toplardan oluşan bir motif.","spellings":["Çintamani"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"(veya Kıpti) Temel olarak Mısırlı Hıristiyanlar için kullanılmakla beraber Doğu Afrika’da Etiyopya’ya kadar uzanan ve Hıristiyanlığın en eski formlarından birinin takipçilerini anlatır. Koptların kendilerine ait bir dili ve takvimi vardır.","spellings":["Kopt"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Arapça “ikra” (okumak) kökünden gelir.  Baş melek Cebrail Aleyhisselam tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e (sav) Arapça vahyedilen İslam dininin kutsal kitabı.","spellings":["Kur’an","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"Hadis öğrenimi için bir okul.","spellings":["Darülhadis"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Tr. Elmas."},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bir hükümet dairesi; dinleyici salonu, kabul odası; şiir koleksiyonu. Sadrazamın başkanlık ettiği, Osmanlı hükümetinin merkezi organını oluşturan İmparatorluk Divanı.","spellings":["Divan"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Tr. Emir. Bir askeri komutan, prens veya üst düzey yetkili; bir emirlik veya prensliğin yöneticisi.","spellings":["Emir"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Tr. Yaldızlama. Bir sanat eserinin yüzeyine altın uygulanması. Yaldızlama mermer, taş, sıva, ahşap, metal işleri, seramik, cam ve kağıt dahil olmak üzere çoğu malzemeye uygulanabilir. Altını uygulamak için farklı teknikler kullanılır, hafif bir yıkama veya altın yapraklı folyo olarak uygulanabilir. Tr. tombak, yaldızlı bakır tekniği.","spellings":["Yaldızlama"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Tr. Hadis. Kelimenin tam anlamıyla \"sözler\". Peygamber Muhammed ve ashabının sözleri ve eylemleriyle ilgili gelenekler bütünü."},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Tr. Harem. Arapça'da \"kutsal\", \"yasak\". Sığınak. Dini açıdan yasadışı bir eylem. Harem-i Şerif: Mescid-i Aksa ve Kubbetü's-Sahra'yı da içeren Kudüs'teki Kutsal Mabet.","spellings":["Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Tr. Sofa also. Bir Türk evinde ortak yaşam alanı.","spellings":["Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Tr. Hicri. Peygarmber Muhammed'in MS. 622 yılında Mekke'den Medine'ye kaçışı. Bir ay yılını takip eden Müslüman Hicri takviminin başlangıcı.","spellings":["Hicri"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Genellikle isimlerde kullanılan ‘oğul’ anlamında sözcük. Kişinin ait olduğu klanı ifade eder. Çoğul formu ise Benu/Beni’dir.","spellings":["Bin","İbn"]},"73a0a800-b933-53ac-9f7a-3030985394ef":{"definition":"Tr. İkbal. Servet anlamına gelir.","spellings":["İkbal"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"İslam âleminde sadece namaza öncülük eden bir kişi olarak algılanmaz. Ayrıca bir ruhani lider figürüdür. Saflığı, bilgeliği temsil eder. Kimi zaman bir politik figür olarak da görülür.","spellings":["İmam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(sözlük anlamı ‘küp’) Mekke’de bulunan ve İslam’ın merkezi olarak kabul edilen, Hz. İbrahim ve oğlu İsmail tarafından inşa edildiğine inanılan yapı.","spellings":["Kâbe","Kıble"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brokar, renkli tasarımlar elde etmek için altın, yaldızlı gümüş ve gümüş metalik ipliklerle polikrom ipek kullanılan çok renkli bir Osmanlı bileşik dokuma kumaşıdır.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"cf7d3667-7d96-58e6-af31-c5d6fe2c71b8":{"definition":"Yolcular (hacılar ve tüccarlar) için ana kervan yolları üzerinde bulunan ve malların depolanabildiği konaklama yerleri.","spellings":["Han"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Tr. Kûfî. Irak’taki Kûfe şehrinden gelir. Açılı stiliyle öne çıkan, en eski hat sanatı formlarından biridir.","spellings":["Kûfi"]},"81dc2164-deae-5d1f-8a05-4e038d6354b1":{"definition":"Tr. Külliye. Merkezinde caminin bulunduğu birkaç binadan oluşan bir kompleks. Diğer binalar hastane, hamam, aşevi darüşşifa (hastane), hamam, lojman, imaret (aşevi), medrese (okul).","spellings":["Külliye"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Tr. Medine. Kasaba, eski mahalle, kendi kendine yeten şehir merkezi. Ayrıca Suudi Arabistan'da Müslümanların MS 622 yılında göç ettiği ve Muhammed Peygamber'in gömülü olduğu bir şehrin adıdır."},"e7f7d170-9ce3-5eb5-8c00-b201155164d8":{"definition":"Tr. Mihrap. Cami veya bir ibadet mekânında Kıble’nin yönünü gösteren, genellikle içbükey (bazen de düz) olan girintili niş. Mihrap çoğu zaman cami veya mescidin en süslü kısmıdır.","spellings":["Mihrap"]},"a7da3b34-cced-5cac-bca5-7cde2160fdbf":{"definition":"Tr. Minber. Camide hutbenin okunduğu yüksek kürsü.","spellings":["Minber"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Tr. Mukarnas. Sarkıt veya petek şeklinde mimari süsleme. Kubbeler dâhil pek çok yüzeyde görülür. İslam mimarisinin tipik bir unsurudur.","spellings":["Mukarnas"]},"8ffa05a8-a165-5e2c-b72e-27e8d5f953ac":{"definition":"Tr. Nesih. Kelime anlamıyla \"kopyalanmış\" demektir. Kur'an'larda ve diğer kitaplarda kullanılan en yaygın İslami hat stillerinden biridir. Fars tarzının esnekliği ile kufi yazının uyumunu birleştirir."},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Tr. Paşa. Saygıdeğer.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"0089ce74-d5cd-57d2-bbe4-c8de79b156c9":{"definition":"Tr. Kıble. Mekke'de Müslümanların namaz kılarken yüzlerini döndükleri Kabe'nin yönü. Caminin kıble duvarı mihrabın bulunduğu yerdir.","spellings":["Kıble"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamında yarım-küre biçimli üst örtüdür. Arapçada türbe anlamında kullanılır.","spellings":["Kubbe"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"(Kuzey Afrika) Din savaşçılarının müstahkem mevkisi; (Memluk Mısır’ı, Filistin ve Suriye) hacılar için konaklama yeri.","spellings":["Ribat"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"18.yy.da Avrupa’da Barok dönem sonrasında görülen sanat stili. Abartılı süslemeleri ve hafifmeşrep tarzıyla dikkat çeker.  Rokoko stilinin örneklerine Osmanlı mimarisinde de rastlanır.","spellings":["Rokoko"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Tr. Sebil. Bir cami veya medrese veya hankah gibi başka bir dini kurum ya da sabil gibi bir sivil kurum veya hatta bir ev lehine belirli koşullar altında ebediyen miras bırakılan gayrimenkul hediyesi.","spellings":["Sebil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"Tr. Seyyid. Peygamber Muhammed'in soyundan gelen kişiler.","spellings":["Seyyid"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Tr. Şah. İran veya Pers krallarının unvanı. Şah unvanı Afganistan'da 1973'te monarşinin yıkılmasına kadar kullanılmış ve Orta ve Güney Asya'nın diğer ülkelerindeki hükümdarlar ve prensler tarafından da kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Şah"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Yaşlı, bilgisine ve yaşına saygı duyulan, dini ilimlerde eğitilmiş bilgili bir adam, dini bir kardeşliğin üyesi, sufi ustası. Şeyhü'l-İslam: Müslüman kanon hukuku, gelenek ve teoloji doktorlarının hiyerarşisinin başı.","spellings":["Şeyh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamı ‘şerefli’dir. Hz. Muhammed soyundan gelenler için kullanılır. Soyları Hz. Muhammed’e kadar dayanan aileler “Eşraf” veya “Şürefa” olarak bilinirler. Bu aileler genel olarak dini ve politik anlamda prestijli bir konumdadırlar.","spellings":["Şerif"]},"3d198a73-3a55-5a34-b209-561c8dc2c58e":{"definition":"(Şiîlik) Doğrusu, ‘Şia-i Ali’dir. Ali’nin yandaşları, takipçileri anlamına gelir. Hz. Muhammed’in ölümünün ardından Hz. Ali’yi lider olarak kabul eden ve Ali’nin öldürülmesi sonrasında gelen halifelerin meşruiyetini reddeden Müslüman grup.","spellings":["Şia"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Bağımsız hükümdarlar (özellikle Osmanlılar ve Selçuklular) tarafından kullanılan onursal unvan, ancak otoriteleri hüküm süren halifeye tanınan nominal üstünlüğü sorgulamaz.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(tekil; çoğulu Sünnet) Sünnet’i takip edenler anlamına gelir. Müslüman toplumunun gelenekçi çoğunluğu bu gruba dâhildir.","spellings":["Sünnet","Sünni"]},"08fa434b-cde7-5b8b-be42-9e2217634cd8":{"definition":"Pazar, çarşı. Müslüman şehrin merkezi.","spellings":["Suk"]},"9b57e731-19ab-55da-8b80-25d31d0f41c3":{"definition":"Tr. Sülüs. Arapça: \"üçte bir\". Adını kullanılan kalemin büyüklüğünden alan bir hat sanatı tarzı. Harflerinin uzaması çok karmaşık dekoratif kompozisyonlara izin verir. Hat sanatında, kitaplarda, sivil ve dini mimaride kullanılmıştır. 18. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı sanatına özgü panolarda yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Sülüs"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Tr. Tuğra. Osmanlı padişahlarının resmi belgelere attıkları kaligrafik imza. Her sultanın kendi tuğrası vardı.","spellings":["Tuğra"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"Tr. Türban.  Başın etrafına sarılan uzun bir eşarptan veya daha küçük, altta yatan bir şapkadan oluşan bir başlık. Türbanlar şekil, renk ve boyut bakımından çeşitlilik gösterir.","spellings":["Türban"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"Tr. Turkuaz. Turkuaz, hidratlı bakır alüminyum fosfattan yapılan mavi-yeşil bir değerli taştır. Mohs ölçeğinde beş ile altı arasında yer alır ve şeffaf olmadığı için çoğunlukla kabaşon tarzında kesilir. Bu değerli taş mavi ve yeşilin çeşitli tonlarında gelir. Turkuaz Mısır'da çok eski zamanlardan beri bilinmektedir ve daha sonra Yaşlı Pliny tarafından callias adı altında tanımlanmıştır. Ona ve eserlerini inceleyenlere göre, mavimsi yeşil taşa yalnızca diğer yeşil veya mavi taşlarla paylaşılan erdemler atfedilmiştir. Ancak 13. yüzyılda Batı Avrupa'da turkuaz terimi kullanılmaya başlandı ve değerli taş yeni güçlerle ilişkilendirilmeye başlandı. Bunlar arasında özellikle at sırtında düşme sonucu yaralanmaları önleme ve atları hastalıktan koruma gücü de vardı. Bu nedenle Türklerin atlarının dizginlerine ve üzengilerine turkuaz taşlar taktıkları söylenir.  \nTurkuaz, çoğunlukla İran menşeli olduğu için geleneksel olarak Türkiye'de satılmıştır. Avrupa'ya giderken hala Türkiye'den geçmektedir. Eski Persler bu değerli taşın güzelliğini ve gücünü tam olarak takdir etmiş ve bu büyük imparatorluğun ulusal taşı olmuştur. Yeni ayın yansımasını bir arkadaşın yüzünde, Kuran'ın bir kopyasında ya da bir turkuazda görerek iyi şans elde edilebileceğine dair bir söz vardır. Turkuaz aynı zamanda Hindu mistik çevrelerinde ve Kuzey ve Orta Amerika'nın yerli halkları arasında dini kullanım için popülerdir.","spellings":["Turkuaz"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Bakan, üst düzey yönetici.","spellings":["Vezir"]},"38031924-6b4f-5fb1-9337-c0222f9b16d2":{"definition":"Tr. Vakıf. Geliri dini vakıfların bakımı için ayrılan, genellikle arazi veya mülkün ebediyen vakfedilmesi.","spellings":["Vakıf"]},"c7ce411f-9d53-5566-8a9c-a1744854bc80":{"definition":"Tr. Ağa. Türk ordusunda bir subay rütbesi.","spellings":["Ağa"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Tr. Zaviye. Gezgin Sufiler veya dervişler için manastır veya pansiyon.","spellings":["Zaviye"]}}