@museumwnf/clothing-data 1.0.1

package/translations/glossary.en.json

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+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Arabic dynasty that initially ruled over most of the Islamic empire after assuming the caliphate in 750 CE.","spellings":["Abbasid","Abbasids"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"The 1st Chapter/Sura of the Quran, meaning \"The Opening\". It is composed of 7 verses.","spellings":["Al-Fatiha","Al-Fātiḥah","Fatiha"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"A flag, banner or standard. They were carried next to a commander in a military campaign or were used in religious processions. They could be very different in shape and had geometric designs, sometimes with inscriptions. A metal *alem* could be mounted to the head of a pole.","spellings":["Alem"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"A designation for a two-dimensional ornamental pattern in Islamic art. Arabesques are constructed designs based on intertwined leaf stems and tendrils that create a continuous pattern sometimes in connection with scrolls or geometrical elements.","spellings":["Arabesque"]},"13b13347-73d9-5e9b-896e-e43453a70910":{"definition":"(pl. of *rabat*). In Sufi tradition, an *arbita *refers to a hospice combined with an educational establishment.**","spellings":["Arbita"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"From Ar. *tawriq*. Stylised plant motif ornamentation inspired by the classical acanthus, much used in Hispano-Muslim art.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verse in the Qur’an. Tr. ayet.","spellings":["Aya","Ayah","Ayat"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"A spring.","spellings":["‘Ayn","Ayn"]},"6c6e93ba-0531-5a1f-bf45-acb1bac3ed4d":{"definition":"A type of mantle, usually used to protect the head and shoulders from the sun.","spellings":["Bakhnug"]},"d3eefdcb-9084-59a1-8783-4b78fd1c6e9c":{"definition":"\"Side Panel  \nFrom the start of the foot to the end of the shoulder.\"","spellings":["Banayeq"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Blessings or bounty. Tr. *Bereket*.","spellings":["Baraka","Barakah","Barakat","Barkati","Bereket"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. *biyut*) Room; in certain cases a house. *baytal-Hikma*: tribunal. *bayt ad-diwan*: reception hall. *bayt al-nar*: furnace, literally “house of the fire”. See also *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Bayt-al-diwan","Bayt-al-nar","Beyt","Biyut"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"The ruler of an independent emirate; a title of respect for a man of the upper classes; title held by the sovereign vassals of the sultan. *Beylerbeyi*: The bey of beys: the highest rank in the provincial government of the Ottoman Empire. *Beylicat*, *beylik*: soverignty of or territory ruled by a bey. See also *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey","Beylicat","Beylik"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"In the Islamic world blue-and-white ceramics appeared in Mesopotamia in the AH 3rd / AD 9th century. Blue-and-white porcelain in China produced from the 8th / 14th century onwards had great influence in the Islamic world where it was collected at court and was imitated in the workshops of Ottoman Iznik and Safawid Iran.","spellings":["Blue-and-white"]},"d27195f2-2e87-506e-8a8c-a4599a8d49cd":{"definition":"A distintive felt hat somewhat like a stocking cap worn by Jannisaries.","spellings":["Börk"]},"5a9bc858-c027-5f9a-91c2-3756c4d27816":{"definition":"A universal oriental rug design element. Boteh is Persian for \"bush\" and buta is Hindi for \"flower\".","spellings":["Boteh","Buta"]},"9a9a89fb-e90f-5cab-beec-84b022128bf3":{"definition":"A burqa is a full body veil, and sometimes also refers to a part of the *kiswa*, the textile cover of the Ka’ba.","spellings":["Burka","Burqa"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"The Byzantine empire (306 to 1453) which was preceded by the Roman empire and succeeded by the Ottoman Empire.","spellings":["Byzantine"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. *khalifa* literally “successor”. The supreme head of the Muslim community. Caliphate: the territory under the power of the caliph.","spellings":["Caliph","Khalifa","Khalifah"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"The “art of beautiful writing” (Greek) is one of the highest artforms of Islamic culture. As the Arabic language is connected with the revelation of Islam, calligraphy has deep spiritual undertones and is valued as a symbol of beauty and mystery. There are many types of calligraphy with variations according to period, place and context. Many artists of the Arab and Muslim world continue to practise calligraphy today. See also *diwani*, *farsi*, *kufic*, Maghribi-Andalusi, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nas*ta’liq**, *rayhani*, *ruq’a*, *ta’liq*, *thuluth*.","spellings":["Calligraphy"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Artistic motifs originally from China that were used in Islamic art reflecting the strong Chinese influence since the Mongol periods. Typical designs are cloudbands, lotus-flowers and fabulous creatures such as the qilin. See also blue-and-white, *hatayi*, Ming-style, wave-and-rock motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie","Ming-style"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"A motif from Asia,  typical of Ottoman art of the AH 9th–11th / AD 15th–17th centuries and consisting of triple balls arranged in the form of a triangle together with double wavy lines thought to symbolise leopard spots and tiger stripes.","spellings":["Chintamani","Çintamani"]},"cf4307ca-f437-5c58-80b8-f9b0100711fa":{"definition":"A term used in enamelled metalwork. The enamel colours are laid in separate compartments as required by the design. These compartments are formed from thin metal strips set on edge so that the different colours cannot fuse during the firing process.","spellings":["Cloisonné"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"The first Muslim societies continued to use Byzantine solidus gold coins and Sassanian silver dirhams. In time, Qur'anic phrases, place of minting, names of caliph and sultan and Hijri date were added. With the Umayyad coinage revolution in AH 696–7 / AD 1296–7, pure epigraphic coins came into use. Akche: silver coin, basic unit of Ottoman money system; dinar: gold coin, equal to 10 dirhams; fils: copper coin.","spellings":["Coinage"]},"a3daea50-dcf5-5a68-8ef1-532b1f81ebb3":{"definition":"Woman’s court robe, characteristic for Romanian courts during the Ottoman period.","spellings":["Conteş"]},"ecb796d7-8a47-5b6b-b1de-735827242cfc":{"definition":"\"Corals, like pearls, are an organic material which have earned their place within the world of precious stones. They are valued not only for their physical properties and beauty, but also because of their symbolic and spiritual properties. Corals are miniature sea organisms called polyps, which live in warm and clear waters. Their skeletons consist mainly of calcium carbonate, which hardens after a coral dies. Coral colonies are made up of individual coral “trees” which, while growing, intertwine. Corals come in many colors, but the most common is red in a variety of shades.  \nCorals are widely used for jewelry and other decorative arts. Many traits, positive and negative, have been attributed to corals, and they are mentioned in the histories of all cultures that had the opportunity to encounter them. The Quran briefly mentions corals, as well as rubies, as the stones that symbolize celestial women in paradise. In Hindu culture, it is believed that the tender young leaves of the Kalpa tree, a symbolical offering to the gods, were made of corals. In general, corals symbolize loyalty and sacrifice, and have also been associated with cures for the plague and other diseases. Belief in the healing powers of the stone has affiliated it with the protection of children.\"","spellings":["Coral","Corals"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Sacred text of the Islamic Revelation transmitted by the Archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. From the root *qr*’, “to recite, to read”.","spellings":["Coran","Koran","Kuran","Qur’an","Quran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) House. *Dar al-imara*: Governor’s house. Dar al-Islam: Domain of Islam: countries under Islamic rule; where Islam did not rule was considered war territory. *Dar al-Hadith*: A school for studying the Hadith; Tr. *Darülhadis*. *Dar al-Hijra*: Abode for migration. *Dar al-khuffaz*: A school for training of memorising the Qur’an; Tr. *Darülhuffaz*. Dar al-Qurra’: school for teaching Qur’an recitation as a science ; Tr. *Darülkurra*. *Dar al-shifa’*: hospital; Tr. **darüşşifa**. *Dar al-tibb*: A school where the medical sciences were taught; Tr. *Darüttıb*. See also *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar","Dar al-Hadith","Dar al-Hijra","Dar al-imara","Dar al-Islam","Dar al-khuffaz","Dar al-shifa’","Dar al-tibb","Darülhadis","Darülhuffaz","Darülkurra","Darüşşifa","Darüttıb"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"Alleyway, route. In Morocco and Tunisia derb: alley or by extension a neighbourhood. *Darb al-Hajj*: route taken to Mecca by pilgrims from every corner of the Islamic world. Usually all necessary services, especially security, were provided by the administration. Caravans would meet at specified times in designated places, e.g. the Turkish caravan would meet the caravan from al-Sham and they would travel together to join the Jordanian and Palestinian caravans.","spellings":["Darb","Darb al-Hajj","Derb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausoleum. See also *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Member of a Muslim religious order noted for its devotional practices. Fr. *derviche*.","spellings":["Darvesh","Darwish","Derviche","Dervish"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Term used in Libya, Tunisia and Algeria for a high-ranking officer in the Turkish militia elected by a local council of janissaries. Below the Ottoman *Beylerbeyi* in rank deys nevertheless represented absolute power in the region. When they came into conflict with the Ottoman court, they were punished heavily. Tr. *dayı*. See also *agha*, *bey*.","spellings":["Daya","Dayi","Dey"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Diamonds (today) are known as the most prized gemstones, but they have not always had this reputation. They were primarily valued for their physical properties, particularly their hardness and fire resistance. Due to these traits, numerous myths have been created about diamonds, some of which date back to the 17th century or before. Several powers have been attributed to the stone, including purification, invincibility, and even the ability to spontaneously create others of its kind. In ancient Arabic medicine there was a belief that diamonds could cure all illnesses of the body and mind. One of the most popular legends involving diamonds is of the so-called Diamond Valley. Dating from the 4th century BC, the legend speaks of an inaccessible valley filled with snakes and other terrifying creatures, the floor of which is covered with an endless amount of diamonds. This legend has further contributed to the idea that diamonds are rare and immensely hard to find.","spellings":["Diamond","Diamonds"]},"90f70d34-04ee-5ee4-9a4d-560633a0eb6f":{"definition":"A long usually white robe traditionally worn by men.","spellings":["Disdasha","Dishdasha"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"An office of government; audience hall, reception chamber; a collection of poems. Tr. divan; divan-ı Hümayun: the Imperial Council, chaired by the Grand Vizier, forming the central organ of the Ottoman government.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani","Diwaniya"]},"1f026bcb-0942-5877-8b20-c8bc0166a28b":{"definition":"Central Asian antilope. The motif migrated via the trade routes to Northern China, and has become a common motif in embroidery, clothes, but also silverware. Chinese writers often identify the djeiran as a mythical rhinoceros that is said to gaze at the moon.","spellings":["Djeiran"]},"16e5e640-a860-5917-bc5f-7e13a3825ded":{"definition":"\"Emeralds are gemstones from the beryl mineral group which develop in a hexagonal shape. The gemstone got its name because of its color (from the Greek *Smaragdos*, meaning green stone), and it is said to symbolize the force of cosmic life, strength and inner peace.  \nEmeralds are considered to be the gemstones of alchemists, who believe the emerald of wisdom gives life to nature. In Central America, they are related to fertility. In ancient Egypt, emeralds decorated funerary jewelry of noblemen and other high-ranking individuals. Because the gems were extremely rare, green colored glass or pottery were sometimes used instead.\"","spellings":["Emerald","Emeralds"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"A military commander, prince or senior official; the ruler of an emirate or principality; Tr. *emir*. amir akhur: *amir* responsible for sultan’s stables, camels and postal service; Tr. *emir* *ahur* or imrahor. amir al-Mu’minin: Prince of Believers; Tr. *emirü’l-müminin*. amir al-Muslimin: Prince of Muslims; Tr. *emirü’l-müslimin*. amir al-silah: *amir* responsible for arms. amir kabir: Great Amir. Fr. *émir*.","spellings":["Ahur","Amir","Amir Akhur","Amir al-Muslimin","Amir al-silah","Emir","Emirü’l-müminin","Imahor"]},"d900d503-e3ed-56a0-894b-29d8bfabf770":{"definition":"Typical Ottoman female dress.","spellings":["Antari","Anteri","Anteria","Entari","Enteri"]},"cd62ef51-dfea-5e66-a924-b9ac8fd72a21":{"definition":"A French term for maiolica, tin-glazed earthenware of post-Medieval Europe. Also a ceramic composed of a body of crushed quartz and an overlying glaze, common in the ancient Near East and Mediterranean. Capable of being moulded into small objects which were initially confused with earthenware with a white tin glaze and the term faience, incorrectly applied, has remained in use.","spellings":["Faience"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"\"Farsi\" refers to the Persian language. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and is written in the Persian script.  \n  \n1\\. An inhabitant of Persia. 2. Cursive, particularly elegant calligraphic style which emphasises the curves of the Arabic letters by reducing the angular figures. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"38f9b696-41fe-5bb6-aea9-f97476afeed6":{"definition":"This term has different meanings:  \n  \nFez  \nCity in northern Morocco  \n  \nFez  \nA brimless cylindrical or somewhat cone-shaped hat with a flat top that usually has a tassel, is typically made of red felt, and is worn especially by men in eastern Mediterranean countries","spellings":["Fes","Fez"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha’*) Muslim canonical jurisprudence. *Fqih*: jurisconsult versed in the code of Islam, the person specialising in *fiqh’*. There are four schools of Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. See also Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i.","spellings":["Fiqh","Fuqaha'"]},"a28b8897-e81c-58ac-8bd9-29b1a5ac80c3":{"definition":"Horizontal bands in Ottoman textiles.","spellings":["Frogging"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"A leaf with illustration preceding the title-page of a book.","spellings":["Frontispiece"]},"0608107a-ec5a-529b-8814-e74d5f7ea1bd":{"definition":"A traditional outer garment worn in Iran during the Qajar period.","spellings":["Gaba","Ghaba"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Applying gold to the surface of an artwork. Gilding can be applied to most materials, including marble, stone, stucco, wood, metalwork, ceramics, glass and paper. Different techniques are used to apply gold, as it can be applied in a light wash or as gold-leaf foil. Tr. *tombak*, gilded copper technique.","spellings":["Gilding (gold)","Tombak"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literally, “sayings”. Body of traditions related to the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and his companions. *Dar al-Hadith*: see *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"A high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads the *hajib* functioned as a chief minister, paralleling the position of vizier in the eastern caliphates.","spellings":["Hadjib","Hajib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"One of the five pillars of Islam: pilgrimage to Mecca and holy places, which all believers must accomplish at least once during their lifetime if they have the means to do so. By extension it also refers to someone who undertakes the pilgrimage. Hajj takes place two months after Ramadan and finishes with the Feast of Sacrifice (Eid al-Adha). ‘Umra has almost the same rituals as the Hajj but takes place outside the Hajj season. ‘Umra’s significance is growing because there is no means to house the increasingly large numbers (over three million) who want to go on Hajj.","spellings":["Hadj","Hadji","Haj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Public or private bathhouse. Apodyterium: changing room; Tr. *soyunmalık*. Caldarium: hot room. Hypocaust: floor and wall heating system by steam in Roman baths and villas. Tepidarium: warm room where bathers would rest after bathing; Tr. *ılıklık*. Also in Turkish bathhouse: *aralık*: passageway between the *soyunmalık* and *ılıklık*; *halvet*: private chambers in a public bath; *traşlık*: small room used for the removal of body hair. Also in Syrian bathhouse: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): the cold room of a bathhouse because it is usually located furthest from the furnace; *juwwani*: most interior part, closest to furnace – steam room; *wustani*: middle chambers designated as the “warm water chambers”. See also *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hamam","Hammam","Hammams"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Ar. literally “sacred”, “forbidden”. Sanctuary. An illicit act from the religious point of view. Haram al-Sharif: the Noble Sanctuary in Jerusalem including al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock.","spellings":["Haram","Haramsarā","Harem","Harīm"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Common living space in a Turkish house. Tr. also *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Muhammad’s flight from Mecca to Madina in AD 622. The beginning of the Muslim Hijri (Hegira) calendar, which follows a lunar year.","spellings":["Hegira","Hijra","Hijrah"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"A prose description of the Prophet Muhammad. Hilya-i Sharif: noble description of the prophet, a work of art bearing the noble description.","spellings":["Hilya","Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son of, used in names. To indicate a clan the plural form *Bani / Banu*. is used. Tr. –*oğlu*.","spellings":["Ben","bin","ibn"]},"3dc337fc-c4b3-5090-8e5a-a4545babb59a":{"definition":"Belt worn by a male pilgrim and used for carrying valuables while performing the Hajj rites, also donates a state of mind in which a Muslim must enter in order to embark on Hajj. Also refers to the unsewn textile outfit worn by pilgrims.","spellings":["Ihram"]},"de12acd8-39dd-5dba-ac9c-b6e91df924c7":{"definition":"Ikat fabric is a dyeing technique used to create a distinct style of textile patterns. Ikat is done by resist dyeing sections of the yarns prior to weaving the fabric.","spellings":["Ikat"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"One who presides over Islamic prayers, a guide, chief, spiritual model or cleric; sometimes also a political leader in Muslim society.","spellings":["Imam"]},"eb5afced-0046-5fd2-aa51-8192d7a0f140":{"definition":"Fragment of lintel, a textile outfit.","spellings":["Izar"]},"67598158-abd4-5f84-bfbe-7e8aef285bdf":{"definition":"A traditional Arab garment worn by both males and females. It predates Islam and is worn over other clothing. The female version may be elaborately adorned and includes a head covering. The male version, a simple robe, is also variously called thawb, thobe and dishdasha (in the Levant) and Kandura in the United Arabic Emirates. The details of the garment - sleeve length, distance from the floor etc may vary.","spellings":["Galabeya","Jalabiya","Jellabiya","Jilabiyah"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Main mosque where daily prayers and Friday prayers are celebrated. Tr. *cami*. See also *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Cami","Djama'a","Djamaa","Djemaa","Jama","Jama'a","Jama’","Jamaa","Jami","Jami‘"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"The Ottoman sultan’s standing infantry corps, recruited from non-Muslims under the devşirme system and paid from the Treasury. Tr. *Yeniçeri Ocağı*.","spellings":["Janissary","Yeniçeri Ocağı"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literally \"beautiful garden\". Heaven/Paradise. Tr. *cennet*.","spellings":["Cennet","Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"The text of the Qur’an can be divided into 30 equal sections. One-thirtieth is therefore called a *juz’* (pl. ajza). When Qur’ans were written in 30 volumes, as in Mamluk Egypt, one volume was a *juz’*.","spellings":["Ajza","Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Literally “cube”. Temple in Mecca, the centre of the Islamic religion.","spellings":["Ka'bah","Ka‘ba","Kaaba","Kabah"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"A usually cotton or silk ankle-length garment with long sleeves that is common throughout the Islamic world.","spellings":["Caftan","Kaftan","Khaftan"]},"a4586a28-a6ae-5efb-ad2b-8383c6e8c7e6":{"definition":"Imperial workshops.","spellings":["Karkhane"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocade, a multi-coloured Ottoman compound-woven fabric using polychrome silk with gold, gilded silver and silver metallic threads to achieve colourful designs.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"c7a6e5ba-2a85-5491-b7e4-4bdb152f4a22":{"definition":"A historically significant city and province located in south-eastern Iran. Kerman is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, including traditional crafts like carpet weaving, as well as its architectural marvels such as the Ganjali Khan Complex and the Jameh Mosque. The region is known for its desert landscapes, particularly the Lut Desert, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kerman is also celebrated for its unique cuisine, blending Persian and Baluchi flavours, and its pivotal role as a hub on the historic Silk Road, fostering trade and cultural exchange between the East and the West.","spellings":["Kerman","Kirman"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"A cloth composed of different parts to cover the Ka’ba in Mecca. It is embroidered in silk and gold with Qur’anic verses. A new one is made each year. The change takes places during the Hajj, when the old *kiswa* is cut up and distributed among the people. Cloths with zigzag patterns of calligraphy that cover mausolea cenotaphs are also called *kiswa* (e.g. in Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa","Kiswah","Kiswat"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"An Arabic script of angular and stylised characters used in Qur’ans in the early period of Islam. It is attributed to the city of Kufa in Iraq. From the AH 4th / AD 10th century it was less used because it could be difficult to read. Foliated *kufic*: a script that combines the angular style of the letters with decorative floral and vegetal motifs as finials, popular during the Fatimid and Atabeg period. See also calligraphy.  \n  \nKufic script emerged as an Arabic script style, initially rising to prominence as the favoured choice for transcribing the Qurʾan and adorning architectural structures. Over time, it evolved into a point of reference and an exemplary model for various other Arabic scripts. Kufic script is characterised by its markedly angular form within the Arabic alphabet, originating in the initial copies of the Qurʾan.","spellings":["Kufic"]},"6d80067a-11d1-5a05-8e27-1c1e30ff12b0":{"definition":"Word used for chair or throne, depending on the context.","spellings":["Kursi"]},"db724d75-473e-54fa-80e2-dc1b1779e4d7":{"definition":"A sort of multicoloured head band or hairband.","spellings":["Laffayef"]},"767908ab-0b28-53cf-9774-1e73c7a6b4d0":{"definition":"A type of Turkish robe.","spellings":["Lampas"]},"f4a8a626-0bc3-5dd4-947e-254dd8b7b2e0":{"definition":"A type of shoulder cloth.","spellings":["Limar"]},"f73f8da0-1cae-538d-9d22-13ea8c892161":{"definition":"A planographic method of printing, using a sheet of metal or a flat stone.","spellings":["Lithography"]},"ff94889d-f66f-5e04-bc88-5fba2822cea4":{"definition":"Location in southern Jordan, located 218 km from the capital Amman.","spellings":["Ma'an","Maan"]},"f2c933f6-93e1-5c11-a123-36ceacc8076f":{"definition":"Comes from ضيف (*dayf*guest). A *madafa* is a building or specific room within a home designated for receiving guests.","spellings":["Madafa"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Theological institution that provided instruction on Islamic law (*shari’a*), jurisprudence (*fiqh*), Quran, Hadith, and Arabic, as well as accomodations for students.  \n  \nToday, a school. Fr. *medersa*, Tr. *medrese*.","spellings":["Madrasa","Madrasah","Madrasas","Madrasat","Madrassa","Madraza","Medrese","Medresse"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"One of the four Sunni legal schools of Orthodox Islam. Founded by Imam Malik and spread throughout the western Muslim world including al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Maliki"]},"1e97c7b6-80de-5294-bd26-e7192b4e6889":{"definition":"\"Braid-Work  \nA thin embroidered piece ties the edges of the dress together.\"","spellings":["Manajel"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, *mashhad*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Building of one or more architectural units, usually with a dome, that contains the tomb of an important religious figure. A place of worship, and pilgrimage. See also darih, mashhad, qubba, türbe.  \nAdditionally, Mashhad, alternatively spelled as Mashad or Meshed, serves as the city and capital of the Khorasan-e Razavi province in north-eastern Iran.  \n  \nSee also darih, *maqam*, *qubba*, *türbe*.","spellings":["Mashad","Mashhad"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Town, the old quarter, self-sufficient city centre. Also the name of a city in Saudi Arabia where the Muslims migrated in AD 622 and where the Prophet Muhammad is buried.","spellings":["Madina","Madinat","Medina","Medinat"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"See *jami’* and *meşrebiye*.","spellings":["Mosque"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"From Ar. *mudajjan*. Muslims who were allowed to remain among their Christian conquerors, without changing their religion, in exchange for tribute. The adjective Mudéjar is also used to describe traditional craftsmanship begun under Islamic domination and continued for Christian clients after the Christian conquest.","spellings":["Mudajjan","Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Muhaqqaq is an Islamic calligraphic style that emerged in the 10th century and was employed widely in the Islamic world for creating elaborate, large Qur'ans and architectural inscriptions. Its defining characteristics include a precise, angular script with upright letters, meticulously balanced ascenders and horizontal elements, a distinct horizontal emphasis (wider than it is tall), descending strokes terminating in straight, sharp points rather than curving upwards, and the frequent use of descending round strokes that encircle the following letter. Muhaqqaq is typically employed in combination with \"Rayhani,\" a smaller rendition of the same script.  \n  \nA large cursive script related to the *naskhi* script used in the Middle Ages. It is one of the six basic styles of writing. Tr. *muhaqqaq*. See also calligraphy.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"From Ar. *muwallad*. Christians who were converted to Islamism and lived as Muslims during the domination of the Arabs in the Iberian Peninsula.","spellings":["Muladi","Mullawad"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Stalactite- or honeycomb-like architectural ornamentation which adorns many surfaces including domes and corbels. In the Maghreb *muqarbas*. Fr. *mouqarnas*.","spellings":["Mouqarnas","Muqarbas","Muqarnas"]},"b43d4539-8c8e-5de3-ba56-a72f1632c7c8":{"definition":"Meaning \"bitter\", often used to describe coffee.","spellings":["Murra"]},"ea137b2c-4b18-5db2-bba2-703e333c897d":{"definition":"Whilst prevailing belief is that Naskh calligraphy emerged in 310 AH (922-23 AD), recent research suggests it evolved from the Kufic script that dates back to the early days of Islam. Over time, Naskh supplanted Kufic as the preferred script for the Qur'an. Today, Naskh is the dominant script used in Qur'an transcription, surpassing all other scripts combined due to its enhanced legibility.","spellings":["Naskh"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"A technique used in metalwork, where engraved areas are filled with a mixture of different materials such as lead, copper and silver. Fr. *niel*.","spellings":["Niel","Niello"]},"09da9b9a-2f44-5b44-8b45-91810cc84650":{"definition":"Term used to describe leopard or tiger stripes when used as a pattern for textile.","spellings":["Panjang"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"A Turkish honorific title, arabicised as *Basha*.","spellings":["Pacha","Pasha"]},"60068ca4-be84-58d0-a590-341306ae5e41":{"definition":"Pearls, the only organic material considered to be precious gemstones, can be widely divided into two categories: natural and cultivated. The formation of the pearl occurs when a foreign body such as a grain of sand or a parasite enters the shell of an oyster or mussel. Due to their very specific origin, pearls have come to be focal points of many legends and myths. Because of their circular shape, they are frequently associated with the moon. They can also symbolize life in general, as well as birth. Some old beliefs state that morning dew, when hardened, turns into pearls. Civilizations from areas with pearl fishing cultures, such as the Middle East and Asia, have for centuries viewed pearls as symbols of supremacy, innocence and female charm.","spellings":["Pearl","Pearls"]},"dc0561a2-2592-560f-8a87-20cd58a96753":{"definition":"\"Chest Panel  \nFrom the head of the right shoulder to the end of the left shoulder.\"","spellings":["Qabbe"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"(Pl. qilâ’) Citadel. See also *kasbah*, *hisn*.","spellings":["Qal'at","Qal‘a","Qala","Qalaa","Qalaat","Qalat"]},"ee81ae22-7465-5b41-93e7-a5b7a2efeb7c":{"definition":"A fabric painting technique. The word is derived from the Persian words *ghalam* (pen) and *kari* (craftmanship), meaning drawing with a pen (*Ghalamkar*).","spellings":["Ghalamkar","Qalamkar"]},"06a22f6c-3b09-53db-a1f8-4aa69696bef0":{"definition":"\"Necklaces  \nA type of embroidery that takes the form of a necklace.\"","spellings":["Qalayed"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"From Latin *castrum*. Palace, castle. *Qusayr*: diminutive form of *qasr*. Tr. kasr. See also *bayt*, dar.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr","Qusair","Qusayr","Quseir"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Dome; by extension a monument or chamber built over the grave of a saint or important person, which is usually marked with a dome. Fr. *koubba*. Tr. *kubbe* (dome only).","spellings":["Koubba","Kubbat","Kubbe","Qubba","Qubbat"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"A metalworking technique. To make a design appear in relief on the front of a metal work of art, it has to be worked in repoussé (hammered) from the back.","spellings":["Repoussé"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortified enclosure for religious warriors (North Africa); a hospice for pilgrims (Mamluk Egypt, Palestine and Syria). The name of the town Rabat comes from Ribat al-Fath (Ribat of the Conquest).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"e86b778e-eb99-506f-b636-43526557b90f":{"definition":"\"Rubies are red colored gemstones made of aluminium oxide, and they come from the mineral group of corundum. Like other gemstones, they are formed deep under the Earth’s surface, but at a shallower depth than most. Rubies owe their notable red color to the presence of chromium oxide during crystal formation. Rubies rank relatively low on the Mohs scale (used to measure mineral hardness), and therefore require extra attention when being polished and set into jewelry.  \nDue to its vivid color, the stone is the ultimate symbol of fire, and it symbolizes humility, kindness and godly love. It is considered the most precious gemstone in India and the Hindu religion, where it is referred to as the *Ratna Raj*, or “Queen of All Gemstones”. Islamic tradition has similar symbolism in the story of Abraham’s ruby, which was brought to Kabba by Archangel Michael but has been transformed into a black stone due to the sins of the human race. It is believed that this ruby has eyes, ears and a tongue, and therefore can witness for the righteous in the Last Judgement. As a gemstone that equally represents religious and secular power, it was frequently present on crowns of Christian monarchs, as a symbol of Christ’s blood.\"","spellings":["Rubies","Ruby"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Split-palmette motif. One of the most popular and basic motifs in Islamic decorative arts, applied to every medium from woodcarving to tiles. It is mostly seen in arabesques. It was named after an earlier name for Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"85c2ecc8-51b1-5e22-90ca-051cf297fa08":{"definition":"\"Sleeve  \nFrom the beginning of the palm to the middle of the elbow.\"","spellings":["Sa’ed"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* or *asbila*) Small structures that were designed to dispense and provide free and clean drinking water to the public. *Sabil*s can be freestanding buildings or parts of small or large charitable complexes.  \n  \nTr. sebil – a chamber where an attendant serves free drink to the public.","spellings":["Asbila","Sabil","Sebil","Subul"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Safavid Dynasy.","spellings":["Safavid","Safawid"]},"cd199074-1609-59ce-b475-3e9de72ddb82":{"definition":"Samite was a luxurious and heavy silk fabric worn throughout the Middle Ages made of a twill-type (diagonal weave pattern) and  was often embellished with gold or silver thread.","spellings":["Samite"]},"2b842401-a74c-58e4-bd5e-da8fc318e324":{"definition":"A large tube or length of fabric, often wrapped around the waist.","spellings":["Sarong","Sarung"]},"0f26046e-3b67-5601-baf6-72d291d77ad0":{"definition":"Straight, double-edged sword. The sayf varied in appearance throughout Islamic history.","spellings":["Saif","Sayf","Seif"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants of Prophet Muhammad. See also *sharif*.","spellings":["Sada","Sayyed"]},"d9561d95-09e3-53a8-a3d9-022df6d80d3b":{"definition":"Type of Ottoman silk fabrics, usually woven in designs and motifs quite different from the typical Ottoman artistic language, organized in narrow horizontal bands of small-scale decoration.","spellings":["Seraser"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Title of the kings of Iran, or Persia. The title shah was also used in Afghanistan until the overturn of the monarchy in 1973 and has been used by rulers and princelings in other countries of central and southern Asia.","spellings":["Šâh","Shah"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession of Muslim faith. Tr. *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Sahadet","Shahada","Shahadah"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"An elder, respected for his knowledge and age, learned man instructed in the religious sciences, member of a religious brotherhood, sufi master. Tr. *Şeyh*. Shaykh al-Islam: The head of the hierarchy of the doctors of Muslim canon law, tradition and theology. Tr. Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Şeyh","Shaykh","Sheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(Pl. *shurafa*) Descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. See also *sayyed*.","spellings":["Sharif","Shurafa"]},"717dbbdd-a73f-5072-9370-1b0902785426":{"definition":"A huge ancient bird of Persian legend credited with possessing great wisdom.","spellings":["Senmurv","Simorg","Simorgh","Simorq","Simourv","Simurg","Simurgh"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"A Muslim acetic and mystic who represents the mystical aspect of Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"An Islamic mystical or ascetic order. Derived from *suf*, wool, which is the fabric in which devotees (*sufi*) clothe themselves. Fr. *soufisme*.","spellings":["Soufisme","Sufism"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Honorary title used by independent sovereigns (in particular Ottomans and Seljuks) whose authority, however, does not question the nominal superiority recognised to the ruling caliph.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"ab99a408-a9e3-547f-9a94-45b205e6a57b":{"definition":"Sultan Muḥammad, who lived during the 16th century in Safavid Iran, is regarded as one of the most exceptional Persian painters and stands out as the most prominent artist of the Safavid school based in Tabriz, Iran. Between AH 900- 928 / AD 1495 and 1522, Sultan Muḥammad likely held a preeminent position within the Turkmen school of painting, which was prevalent in western Iran during the reign of the Ak Koyunlu (\"White Sheep\") and Kara Koyunlu (\"Black Sheep\") Turkmens.","spellings":["Sultan Muhammad"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"State or territories that are ruled by a sultan. Sultan is a title given to the ruler of such a place.","spellings":["Sultanate"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literally “tradition”. For Orthodox Islam, the group of traditions of the Prophet in which legal advisers and theologians find support and foundations to establish the content of Islamic law arising from the Qur’an. Sunni: Follower of Sunna. Sunnis are divided into four schools: Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, Shafi’i. Sunnism: a political and religious system opposed to Shi‘ism. See also Fiqh, Shi’a.","spellings":["Sunna"]},"a0ffe329-5b1c-564e-bef0-72574ebef96a":{"definition":"A large, hand-embroidered textile panel. The word comes from the Persian word *suzan*, which means needle. Originating from nomadic tribes in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries, suzanis have become highly collectable and valued for their beautiful decoration and fine craftsmanship.","spellings":["Suzandozi","Suzani"]},"78fd8be3-f58d-5f6b-b249-3f3c97b9ef97":{"definition":"Tabby Weave has all the character of a hand-woven silk but with a high-performance level.","spellings":["Tabby"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"One of the six main styles of calligraphy developed in Persia in the AH 9th / AD 15th century. Used especially for official correspondence, it is characterised by fine lines with no vowel. Tr. *talik*. See also *nas*ta’liq**, calligraphy.  \n  \nTaliq is characterised by an unauthodox use of ligatures, which connect letters on the left that typically wouldn't be joined. It features descending strokes that form loops, rounded letter shapes with pronounced variations in letter spacing, wide spacing between lines, as well as lines that ascend from right to left.","spellings":["ta‘liq","Talik","Taliq"]},"a48689cf-e986-5b48-b5d7-7a78a0d35934":{"definition":"A type of Persian (Iranian) handwoven cloth, produced primarily in the Isfahan province.","spellings":["Termeh"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"First used for embroidered inscriptions on textiles, this term became synonymous with textile robes with inscriptions giving the ruler’s name and the workshop where the textiles were made. Such robes were presented by the caliph to people who were to be honoured. Dar al-tiraz: royal textile factories supervised by the court.","spellings":["Taraz","Teraz","Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"A calligraphic signature of an Ottoman sultan that was affixed to official documents. Each sultan had his own *tughra*. Tr. *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"Mausoleum, tomb, private burial place, sometimes with a crypt below, an architectural practice introduced by the Turks. Tr. *kümbet*, a monumental tomb, usually covered with a dome hidden under a spire. See also *darih*, *maqam*, *mashhad*, *qubba*.","spellings":["Kümbet","Turba","Turbat","Türbe","Turbet"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"A headdress consisting of a long scarf wound round the head or a smaller, underlying hat. Turbans vary in shape, colour, and size.","spellings":["Turban","Turbant"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"\"Turquoise is a blue-green gemstone made from hydrated copper aluminium phosphate. It between five and six on the Mohs scale, and is mainly cut in the cabochon style since it is not transparent. This gemstone comes in a variety of shades of blue and green. Turquoise was known in Egypt from a very early time and was later described by Pliny the Elder under the name *callias*. For him and those who studied his works, the blueish-green stone was attributed only virtues shared by other green or blue gems. However, in the 13th century, the term turquoise was introduced in Western Europe, and the gemstone started to be affiliated with new powers. These included the ability to prevent injuries from falling, especially from horseback, and the power to protect horses from sickness. For this reason Turks were said to attach turquoise stones to the bridles and stirrups of their horses.  \nTurquoise has traditionally been sold in Turkey, since it mostly originates in Iran. It still passes through Turkey on the way to Europe. Ancient Persians fully appreciated the beauty and power of this gemstone, and it was the national stone of the vast empire. There is a saying that good fortune can be obtained by seeing the reflection of the new moon either on a friend’s face, on a copy of the Quran, or on a turquoise. Turquoise is also popular for religious use in Hindu mystic circles, as well as among Indigenous people of North and Central America.\"","spellings":["Turquoise"]},"203d6e1c-59e3-5b0a-9e22-654e7354f159":{"definition":"Ottoman dress with three skirts.","spellings":["Üç etek","Üçetek"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Minister. Tr. *vezir*. The highest vizier (Prime Minister) was the Grand Vizier, Prime Minister. Tr. *Sadrazam*.","spellings":["Sadrazam","Vasir","Vazir","Vesir","Vezir","Visir","Vizier","Vizir","Wazir"]},"3be785b3-ebc7-5a4a-80b6-6cf2786cd3a5":{"definition":"A vest, usually sleeveless. Can vary in length, depending on province.","spellings":["Jelek","Jelick","Yelek"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establishment for religious teaching dedicated to preparing men to become *shaykhs*, which includes the shrine of a saint and built where he was born or lived. In Turkey also a small *tekke*, a hospice for dervishes and travellers. See also *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouia","Zawija","Zawiya","Zawiyah","Zwaya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.es.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjetivo cuyo significado es «la más lejana», denomina la mezquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalén, reverenciada por los musulmanes como la primera *qibla* (ver) y el primer lugar sagrado, donde tuvo lugar el ascenso del Profeta al cielo (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).**","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Bandera, pendón o estandarte.","spellings":["Alem"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Dibujo de adorno en dos dimensiones muy frecuente en el arte islámico, compuesto de tracerías, follajes, cintas y roleos que crean un motivo continuo, a veces combinado con volutas o elementos geométricos.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"Del ár. *tawriq*. Este adorno, inspirado en la hoja de acanto clásica, con motivos vegetales estilizados, fue utilizado abundantemente en el arte hispano-musulmán.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"Versículo del Corán.","spellings":["Aleya"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"Fuente.","spellings":["Ayn"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bendición, bondad.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"Sala; en algunos casos, casa. *Bayt al-Hikma*: tribunal; *bayt al-diwan*: vestíbulo de recepción; *bayt al-nar*: caldera, literalmente, la “casa del fuego”. Palabras relacionadas: *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigente de un emirato independiente; título de respeto atribuido a una persona de las clases superiores; título detentado por los soberanos que rendían vasallaje al sultán. *Beylerbey*: bey de beyes, el más alto rango del gobierno provincial del imperio otomano. *Beylicato*, *beylik*: soberanía o territorio bajo el poder de un bey. Palabras relacionadas: *aga/ağa*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Región a menudo denominada «Levante» o «Gran Siria», comprende las actuales Siria, Jordania, Líbano y Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"En el mundo islámico, la cerámica azul y blanca apareció en Mesopotamia en el siglo III/IX. La porcelana azul y blanca de China producida a partir del siglo VIII/XIV tuvo gran influencia en el mundo islámico, donde fue recibida en la corte e imitada en los talleres del Iznik otomano y el Irán safawí.","spellings":["Azul y blanco","Blanquiazul"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"El imperio bizantino (306 a 1453), precedido por el Imperio romano y sucedido por el Imperio otomano.","spellings":["Bizantino"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Del ár. *jalifa*, literalmente “sucesor”. Dirigente supremo de la comunidad musulmana. Califato: territorio bajo el poder del califa.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"El “arte de la bella escritura” (griego) es una de las más eminentes expresiones de la cultura islámica. Dado que la lengua árabe está ligada à la revelación del Islam y ésta fue plasmada en textos, la caligrafía tiene profundas connotaciones espirituales y es considerada como un símbolo de belleza y misterio. Existen numerosos tipos de caligrafía dependiendo del periodo, el lugar y el contexto. Numerosos artistas del mundo arabo-musulmán continúan practicando el arte de la caligrafía actualmente. Palabras relacionadas: *cúfico*, *diwani*, *farsi*, *magrebí-andalusí*, *muhaqqaq*, *nasji*, *nastaliq*, *rayhani*, *ruqa*, *taliq*, *zuluz*.","spellings":["Caligrafía"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"Motivo procedente de Asia, típico del arte otomano de los siglos IX-XI/XV-XVII, y formado por tres perlas dispuestas en triángulo con líneas onduladas dobles; se pensaba que simbolizaba las manchas del leopardo y las rayas del tigre.","spellings":["Chintamani"]},"cf4307ca-f437-5c58-80b8-f9b0100711fa":{"definition":"Término francés utilizado en el arte del esmaltado. Los esmaltes de colores se disponen en compartimentos separados por finas tiras de metal, para que no se mezclen durante el proceso de cocción.","spellings":["Cloisonné"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristianos egipcios principalmente; seguidores de una de las formas más antiguas de cristianismo, que comprendía comunidades desde África oriental hasta Etiopía. Tenían su propia lengua, el copto, y su propio calendario.","spellings":["Coptos"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Texto sagrado de la revelación islámica transmitido por el arcángel Gabriel al profeta Muhammad. Ár. *Qur‘an*, de la raíz *qr‘*, ‘leer, recitar’.","spellings":["Corán","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. *dur*) Casa. *Dar al-Imara*: casa del gobernador. *Dar al-Islam*: dominio del Islam: país bajo dominación islámica; los países que no estaban bajo el dominio del Islam eran considerados como territorios de guerra. *Dar al-hadiz*: escuela donde se estudian los hadices. *Dar al-hiyra*: residencia para emigrantes. *Dar al-juffaz*: escuela especializada en la memorización del Corán. *Dar al-qurra*: escuela dedicada a enseñar la recitación del Corán. *Dar al-shifa*: hospital. *Dar al-tibb*: escuela de medicina. Palabras relacionadas: *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"Callejuela, ruta. *Derb* en Marruecos y en Túnez: avenida o, por extensión, barrio. *Darb al-Hayy*: ruta que conduce a La Meca, emprendida por los peregrinos procedentes de los cuatro puntos del mundo islámico. Habitualmente, todos los servicios necesarios, especialmente la seguridad, eran proporcionados por la Administración. Las caravanas se encontraban en determinados días en un lugar concreto; por ejemplo, la caravana turca se encontraba con la que venía de al-Sham y viajaban juntas para unirse a las caravanas jordana y palestina.","spellings":["Darb"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Miembro de una orden religiosa musulmana conocida por sus prácticas devotas.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Término utilizado en Libia, Túnez y Argelia para designar a un oficial de alto rango de la milicia turca, elegido por un consejo local de jenízaros. Situados jerárquicamente bajo los *beylerbey* otomanos, los deyes representaban sin embargo el poder absoluto en la región. Cuando entraron en conflicto con la corte otomana, fueron severamente castigados. Palabras relacionadas: *aga/ağa*, *bey*.","spellings":["Dey"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Estilo de caligrafía otomana utilizada en los documentos oficiales del *Divan-ı Hümayun*, de donde procede su nombre. Aunque presenta similitudes con el *taliq*, también fue desarrollado por los turcos otomanos y representaba un poder grandioso. Se llama *jali diwani* cuando se escribe con letras grandes y *divani kirmasi* cuando adopta una forma más simple. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Diván","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe o alto funcionario.","spellings":["Amir","Emir"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1\\. Persa. 2. Estilo de caligrafía cursiva particularmente elegante, que valoriza las curvas de los caracteres árabes y reduce las formas angulares. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha*) Jurisprudencia canónica musulmana. *Faqih* (alfaquí): jurisconsulto versado en el código del Islam, especialista en *fiqh*. Hay cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes (Islam ortodoxo): hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes y shafiíes.","spellings":["Fiqh"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Página de un libro anterior a la portada, que suele contener el título y alguna ilustración.","spellings":["Frontispicio"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Aplicación de oro sobre la superficie de una obra de arte. El dorado puede aplicarse a la mayoría de los materiales, como el mármol, la piedra, el estuco, la madera, los metales, la cerámica, el vidrio y el papel. Existen diferentes técnicas de aplicación, como al agua o en hoja. Tr.: *tombak*, técnica del cobre dorado.","spellings":["Dorado","Tombak"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Literalmente “dicho”. Conjunto de tradiciones relacionadas con palabras y acciones del profeta Muhammad y sus compañeros. *Dar al-Hadiz*: ver *dar*.","spellings":["Hadiz"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Alto funcionario del gobierno. El término designaba inicialmente a un chambelán, pero bajo los omeyas de al-Andalus, el *hayib* ejercía de primer ministro, con igual rango que el visir en los califatos orientales.","spellings":["Hayib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Uno de los cinco pilares del Islam; peregrinación a La Meca y a los Santos Lugares que todos los creyentes deben llevar a cabo al menos una vez en su vida, si tienen los medios. Por extensión, el término también se refiere a una persona que hace esta peregrinación. El *hayy* se realiza dos meses después de ramadán y termina con la Fiesta del Sacrificio (Aid al-Ada). La *Umra* presenta casi los mismos rituales que el *hayy*, pero no tiene lugar durante la misma temporada; su importancia es cada vez mayor debido a las dificultades para acoger al creciente número de peregrinos que cada año quieren cumplir con el *hayy* (más de tres millones).","spellings":["Hayy"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Baños públicos o privados. Se dividen en: *apodyterium* (tr.: *soyunmalık*), vestuario; *caldarium*, sala caliente; *hipocausto*, sistema de calefacción por suelo y paredes, mediante vapor, en las villas y termas romanas; *tepidarium* (tr.: *ılıklık*), sala caliente donde se descansaba después del baño. Existían también en los baños turcos: *aralik*: pasaje entre el *soyunmalık* y el *ılıklık*; *halvet*: habitaciones privadas en los baños públicos; *traşlık*: pequeña habitación utilizada para la eliminación del vello. Así mismo, en los baños sirios: *barrani* (lit. “exterior”): sala fría de los baños que normalmente se encuentra más alejada de la caldera; *yuwwani*: la parte interior, cerca de la sala de calderas: la sala de vapor; *wustani*: cámaras intermedias designadas como “salas de agua caliente”. Palabras relacionadas: *maqsura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Literalmente, “sagrado”, “prohibido”. Santuario. Acto ilícito, en términos religiosos. Haram al-Sharif: el Noble Santuario, en Jerusalén, que comprende la mezquita al-Aqsa y la Cúpula de la Roca.","spellings":["Haram","Harén"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espacio de vida en común en una casa turca. También *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(del ár. *hiyra*, «migración») Éxodo del Profeta de La Meca a Medina en 622, año de referencia para el comienzo de la era islámica. El calendario musulmán se rige por años lunares de 354 días.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Descripción en prosa sobre el profeta Muhammad. *Hilya i-sharif*: “noble descripción” sobre el Profeta; obra de arte que ostenta esta “noble descripción”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Hijo de», a menudo forma parte de los nombres. El plural, *banu*, se utiliza para denominar un clan.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Persona que preside la plegaria islámica, guía, líder, modelo espiritual o eclesiástico; a veces, también dirigente político en la sociedad musulmana.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Mezquita mayor o aljama donde tienen lugar las oraciones cotidianas y las del viernes. Palabras relacionadas: *masyid*.","spellings":["Yamaa"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"Miembro de la guardia imperial del sultán otomano, reclutado entre los no musulmanes bajo el sistema del *devşirme* y pagado por el Tesoro. Tr.: *Yeniçeri Ocağı*.","spellings":["Jenízaro"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Literalmente, “bello jardín”. Paraíso.","spellings":["Yanna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"El texto del Corán se puede dividir en 30 secciones iguales, a las que se denomina *yuz* (pl. *ayza*). Cuando los coranes estaban escritos en 30 volúmenes, como en el Egipto mameluco, cada volumen era un *yuz*.","spellings":["Ayza","Yuz"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeño templo de La Meca que pasó a convertirse en el centro del islam. Se cree que fue construido por el profeta Abraham y su hijo Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocado, tela multicolor otomana de tejido compuesto, con coloridos motivos hechos en seda policromada con hilos de oro, plata dorada y plata.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Manto compuesto de varias piezas para cubrir la Kaaba de La Meca. Está bordado en seda y oro, con aleyas del Corán. La *kiswa* se sustituye cada año durante el *hayy*, cuando la antigua tela se corta y distribuye entre los peregrinos. También se llama *kiswa* (por ejemplo, en Palestina) a las telas con motivos caligráficos en zigzag con las que se cubren los cenotafios de los mausoleos.","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Escritura árabe de caracteres angulares estilizados, utilizada en los coranes de los primeros tiempos del Islam. Se atribuye a la ciudad de Kufa, en Irak. A partir del siglo IV/X, el cúfico fue menos utilizado, por la dificultad de su lectura. Cúfico florido: escritura que combina el estilo angular de las letras con motivos florales y vegetales, como los florones, de uso frecuente en los periodos fatimí y atabeg. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"f73f8da0-1cae-538d-9d22-13ea8c892161":{"definition":"Método planográfico de impresión que emplea una hoja de metal o una piedra plana.","spellings":["Litografía"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escuela islámica de ciencias religiosas (teología, derecho, Corán, etc.) y residencia de los estudiantes. Actualmente, el término designa un colegio.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Una de las cuatro escuelas jurídicas sunníes del Islam ortodoxo. Fue fundada por el imam Malik y se extendió por el mundo musulmán occidental, incluido al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malik","Malikíes"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Construcción de una o más unidades arquitectónicas, que por lo general incluye un espacio con cúpula que alberga el sepulcro de una importante figura religiosa. Lugar de culto y peregrinación. Palabras relacionadas: *darih*, *kubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"f2ec79dc-0998-56d5-8cc2-bce2d4228e77":{"definition":"Mausoleo o santuario.","spellings":["Mashhad"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ciudad; casco antiguo de una ciudad, centro independiente. También es el nombre de una ciudad de Arabia Saudí adonde emigraron los musulmanes en el año 622 y en la que está enterrado el profeta Muhammad.","spellings":["Medina"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Del ár. *mudayyan*. Musulmán autorizado a permanecer entre sus conquistadores cristianos sin cambiar de religión a cambio de un tributo. El adjetivo “mudéjar” designa también un arte tradicional iniciado bajo dominio islámico y continuado para clientes cristianos después de la conquista cristiana de una zona.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Gran escritura cursiva asociada al *nasji* utilizado en la Edad Media. Es uno de los seis estilos básicos de escritura. Tr.: *muhaqqaq*. Palabras relacionadas: *caligrafía*.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"Del ár. *muwallad*. Cristiano convertido al Islam que vivía como musulmán durante la dominación árabe en la Península Ibérica.","spellings":["Muladí"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Adorno arquitectónico en forma de estalactitas o panal que adorna las superficies de cúpulas, ménsulas, cornisas, etc. En el Magreb, *muqarbas*.","spellings":["Mocárabe o almocárabe"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Técnica utilizada en la metalistería y que consiste en rellenar las zonas grabadas con una mezcla de diferentes materiales, como el plomo, el cuero y la plata.","spellings":["Niel","Nielado"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Título honorífico turco. Pachá. Ár. *bacha*.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Ciudadela con características propias de la arquitectura militar, como muros inexpugnables, torres, saeteras y terreno en pendiente antes de la muralla.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palacio, castillo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Cúpula; por extensión, monumento o cámara construida sobre la tumba de un santo o de un personaje importante, generalmente señalada por una cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"Técnica de la metalistería que consiste en crear motivos en relieve en la parte visible de una obra martilleando en el dorso.","spellings":["Repujado"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monjes guerreros (norte de África); hospicio para peregrinos (Egipto mameluco, Palestina y Siria). El nombre de la ciudad de Rabat procede de Ribat al-Fath (‘ribat de la conquista’).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"Estilo artístico europeo del siglo xviii, continuación del Barroco. El Rococó está presente en cierta arquitectura otomana.","spellings":["Rococó"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motivo en media palmeta. Uno de los motivos más populares y elementales de las artes decorativas islámicas. Se encuentra en todos los soportes, desde la madera tallada hasta los azulejos. Aparece principalmente en arabescos. Toma su nombre del antiguo nombre de Anatolia.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"(Pl. *subul* o *asbila*) Pequeña edificación desde la que se distribuye agua potable; fuente pública. Tr.: *sebil*, sala donde un criado ofrece bebidas al público.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *jerife*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profesión de fe musulmana.","spellings":["Shahada"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Anciano respetado por su experiencia y edad, cultivado, erudito en el campo de las ciencias religiosas; miembro de una hermandad religiosa; maestro sufí. *Shayj al-Islam*: Cabeza de la jerarquía de doctores en derecho canónico, tradición y teología musulmanes.","spellings":["Shayj"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Descendiente del profeta Muhammad. Palabras relacionadas: *sayyid*.","spellings":["Jerife"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un acético y místico musulmán que representa el aspecto místico del Islam.","spellings":["Sufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Orden islámica ascética o mística. Su nombre deriva de *suf*, lana, con la que los seguidores (sufíes) tejían su ropa.","spellings":["Sufismo"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica al jefe político supremo, cuya autoridad no amenaza la superioridad nominal del califa regente.","spellings":["Sultán"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"Estado o territorios gobernados por un sultán. Sultán es el título dado al gobernante de dicho lugar.","spellings":["Sultanato"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Literalmente, “tradición”. Para el Islam ortodoxo, conjunto de tradiciones del Profeta en las que se basan los jurisconsultos y teólogos para establecer la ley islámica que dimana del Corán. Sunní: seguidor de la Sunna. Los sunníes se dividen en cuatro escuelas: hanafíes, hanbalíes, malikíes, shafiíes. Sunnismo: sistema político y religioso opuesto al shiísmo. Palabras relacionadas: *fiqh*, *shiía*.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunní"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Originalmente usado para designar las inscripciones bordadas en telas, este término pronto pasó a denominar las prendas que llevaban inscripciones con el nombre del soberano y el taller donde estos textiles se fabricaban. Estos vestidos eran regalados por el califa a personas que quería honrar. *Dar al-Tiraz*: talleres textiles reales supervisados por la corte.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Firma caligráfica de un sultán otomano en documentos oficiales. Cada sultán tenía su propia *tugra*.","spellings":["Tugra"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"Mausoleo, tumba, sepultura privada, a veces cripta subterránea. Esta estructura arquitectónica fue introducida por los turcos. *Kümbet*, tumba monumental, por lo general cubierta con una cúpula oculta bajo un chapitel. Palabras relacionadas: *darih*, *maqam*, *qubba*.","spellings":["Türbe"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Ministro. El ministro más prominente en la jerarquía era el Gran Visir, el Primer Ministro. Tr.: *sadrazam*.","spellings":["Visir","Vizir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Establecimiento de enseñanza religiosa destinado a la formación de los *shayjs*; lugar de peregrinación construido donde nació o vivió un santo. En Turquía, el término designa igualmente un pequeño *tekke*, un albergue para derviches y viajeros. Palabras relacionadas: *janqa*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.fr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectif signifiant “extrême” ; al-Aqsa désigne la Grande Mosquée de Jérusalem, révérée par les musulmans comme première *qibla* (direction de la prière) et principal lieu saint de l’islam – c’est de là que le Prophète est monté au Ciel (voir *Isra*).","spellings":["Aqsa"]},"16131753-740a-5b87-bfb9-06606e67de19":{"definition":"Drapeau, bannière ou étendard. Ils étaient portés en présence d’un commandant lors d’une campagne militaire ou étaient utilisés dans les processions religieuses. Ils pouvaient prendre des formes très différentes et arboraient des motifs géométriques, parfois nantis d’inscriptions. Un *alem* en métal pouvait être monté au sommet d’une hampe.","spellings":["Alem"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Motifs décoratifs caractéristiques de l’art islamique formés d’éléments végétaux stylisés et de lignes géométriques.","spellings":["Arabesques"]},"78fafab8-3f5e-5796-824d-1b42baff7c16":{"definition":"De l’ar. *tawriq*. Inspiré par la feuille d’acanthe classique, cet ornement présentant des motifs de plantes stylisées fut abondamment utilisée dans l’art hispano-musulman.","spellings":["Ataurique","Tawriq"]},"8383edc1-0cb4-52fa-9e3a-219b3a940129":{"definition":"(Pl. *ayat*) Verset du Coran.","spellings":["Aya"]},"1af94c96-d6eb-511f-8cdd-4fca18aafa8e":{"definition":"Source.","spellings":["‘Ayn"]},"9d8dd39e-6208-5b40-8479-7eb99bd94348":{"definition":"Bénédiction, bonté.","spellings":["Baraka"]},"b8c40deb-d541-5941-870e-bbb5a22c7520":{"definition":"(Pl. biyout) Salle ; dans certains cas, maison. **bayt* al-Hikma* : tribunal. **bayt* al-D*iwan** : hall de réception. **bayt* al-Nar* : chaudière, littéralement, la “maison du feu”. Voir également *dar*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Bayt","Beyt"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Dirigeant d’un émirat indépendant ; titre de respect attribué à une personne des classes supérieures ; titre détenu par les vassaux souverains du sultan. *Beylerbey* : le *bey* des *beys*, le plus haut rang dans le gouvernement provincial de l’empire ottoman. *Beylicat*, *beylik* : souveraineté ou territoire sous le pouvoir d’un *bey*. Voir également *agha*, *dey*.","spellings":["Bey"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Région comprenant les actuels Syrie, Jordanie, Liban et Palestine ; souvent appelée Levant ou Grande Syrie.","spellings":["Bilad al-Cham"]},"5f340924-0a32-5b50-8c50-755492945fed":{"definition":"Dans le monde islamique, la céramique bleu-et-blanc est apparue en Mésopotamie au IIIe siècle H (IXe siècle J.-C.). La porcelaine bleu-et-blanc de Chine produite à partir du VIIIe/XIVe siècle a eu une forte influence sur le monde islamique, où elle était reçue à la cour et imitée dans les ateliers d’Iznik l’ottomane et l’Iran séfévide.","spellings":["Bleu-et-blanc"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"L'Empire byzantin (de 306 à 1453) a précédé l'Empire romain et a succédé à l'Empire ottoman.","spellings":["Byzantin"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"De l’arabe *Khalifa*. Chef spirituel et temporel de la communauté musulmane dans la lignée des successeurs du Prophète.","spellings":["Calife","Khalifa"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"L’ “art de la belle écriture” (grec) est l’une des plus éminentes expressions de la culture islamique. Étant donné que la langue arabe est liée à la révélation de l’islam, la calligraphie a de profondes connotations spirituelles et est considérée comme un symbole de beauté et de mystère. Il existe de nombreux types de calligraphie, avec des variations selon la période, le lieu et le contexte. De nombreux artistes du monde arabo-musulman continuent de pratiquer l’art de la calligraphie aujourd’hui. Voir également **coufique*, d*iwan*i, farsi, Maghribi andalou, *muhaqqaq*, *naskhi*, *nasta’liq*, rayhani, ruq’a, ta’liq, *thoulouth**.","spellings":["Calligraphie"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Motifs artistiques provenant initialement de Chine, utilisés dans l’art islamique et reflétant la forte influence chinoise depuis les périodes mongoles. Les bordures de nuages stylisés, les fleurs de lotus et les créatures fabuleuses telles que le qilin sont des motifs typiques. Voir également bleu-et-blanc, *hatayi*, style Minf, motif vagues-et-rochers.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"Motif provenant d’Asie, typique de l’art ottoman des IXe et XIe siècles H (XVe et XVIIe siècles J.-C.), et composé de trois perles disposées en triangle avec des lignes ondulées doubles ; on pensait qu’il symbolisait les taches du léopard et les rayures du tigre.","spellings":["Chintamani"]},"cf4307ca-f437-5c58-80b8-f9b0100711fa":{"definition":"Terme utilisé dans l’art des émaux. Les couleurs émaillées sont disposées dans des compartiments  séparés selon le motif requis. Ces compartiments sont constitués de fines bandes de métal  dressées sur le bord, afin que les différentes couleurs ne se mélangent pas pendant le processus de cuisson.","spellings":["Cloisonné"]},"4a12c207-113d-5b87-992e-9db5d88374f3":{"definition":"En matière de monnaie, les premières sociétés musulmanes continuaient à utiliser des solidus byzantins en or et des dirhams sassanides argent. On ajouta au fil du temps des versets coraniques, le lieu d’émission, des noms de califes et de sultans et la date hégirienne. Avec la révolution omeyyade de la monnaie en 696-697 H / 1296-1297 J.-C, des pièces purement épigraphiques commencèrent à être utilisées. Akche : pièce en argent, unité de base du système monétaire ottoman ; dinar : pièce en or valant 10 dirhams ; fils : pièce en cuivre.","spellings":["Monnaie"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Chrétiens, surtout égyptiens, adeptes de l’une des plus anciennes formes de christianisme, avec des communautés s’étendant de l’Afrique de l’Est à l’Éthiopie. Ils ont leur propre langue, le copte, et leur propre calendrier.","spellings":["Coptes"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"De la racine *qr*’ (lire) désigne le texte sacré de la Révélation islamique transmise par l’archange Gabriel au prophète Muhammad en arabe.","spellings":["Coran","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"(Pl. dur) Maison. *daral-*imara** : maison du gouverneur. Dar al-Islam : domaine de l’Islam : pays sous domination islamique ; les pays qui n’étaient pas sous la domination de l’Islam étaient considérés comme des territoires de guerre. *dar al-Hadith* : école permettant d’étudier les Hadiths ; Tr. : Darülhadis. *dar al-Hijra*: demeure pour la migration. *dar al-khuffaz* : école spécialisée dans la mémorisation du Coran Tr. : Darülhuffaz. *dar* al-Qurra’ : école enseignant la science de la récitation du Coran ; Tr. : Darülkurra. *dar al-shifa’* : hôpital; Tr. : Darüşşifa. *dar al-tibb* : école où étaient enseignées les sciences médicales ; Tr. : Darüttıb. Voir également *bayt*, *qasr*.","spellings":["Dar"]},"0b0c9320-1a31-574f-aa24-7c9a581717b2":{"definition":"Ruelle, route. Derb au Maroc et en Tunisie : allée, ou, par extension, quartier. *Darb al-Hadjdj* : route menant à La Mecque empruntée par les pèlerins provenant des quatre coins du monde islamique. Habituellement, tous les services nécessaires, notamment la sécurité, étaient fournis par l’administration. Les caravanes se rencontraient à des horaires spécifiques dans des endroits désignés, par exemple la caravane turque rencontrait celle venant d’al-Cham, et toutes deux voyageaient ensuite ensemble pour rejoindre les caravanes jordanienne et palestinienne.","spellings":["Darb","Derb"]},"a4f8f7c7-245b-5188-b8fe-8085676b0785":{"definition":"Mausolée. Voir également *maqam, *koubba*, *türbe*, turbe, *turbé*, *turbet**.","spellings":["Darih"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Membre d’un ordre religieux musulman connu pour ses pratiques de dévotion.","spellings":["Derviche"]},"9e337d3c-af6d-5856-bb0c-0ed39eab0859":{"definition":"Terme utilisé en Libye, en Tunisie et en Algérie pour désigner un officier de haut rang de la milice turque élu par un conseil local de janissaires. Situés hiérarchiquement en dessous des *Beylerbeys* ottomans, les *deys* représentaient néanmoins le pouvoir absolu dans la région. Lorsqu’ils entrèrent en conflit avec la cour ottomane, ils furent sévèrement punis. Voir également *agha*, *bey*.","spellings":["Dey"]},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bureau du gouvernement ; salle d’audience, salle de réception ; collection de poèmes. Tr. : divan; Divan-ı Hümayun : Conseil impérial présidé par le Grand Vizir et formant l’organe central du gouvernement ottoman.","spellings":["Divan","Diwan","Diwani"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Chef militaire, gouverneur, prince, haut dignitaire. Souverain d’un émirat ou d’une principauté.","spellings":["Émir"]},"cd62ef51-dfea-5e66-a924-b9ac8fd72a21":{"definition":"Terme français (également majolique) désignant une poterie stannifère de l’Europe postmédiévale. Désigne également une céramique composée d’un corps en quartz pilé recouvert d’une glaçure, courant au Proche-Orient antique et le bassin Méditerranéen. Peut être moulé en petits objets initialement confondus avec les poteries couvertes d’une glaçure stannifère blanche ; le terme faïence, incorrectement appliqué, est resté dans l’usage.","spellings":["Faïence"]},"3fd5d8e5-d6d9-5084-a7bc-f270946f8c24":{"definition":"1. Habitant de la Perse. 2. Style de calligraphie cursive particulièrement élégante valorisant les courbes des lettres arabes en réduisant les formes angulaires. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Farsi"]},"664a6020-4914-5595-8215-d0a0af9a4b9e":{"definition":"(Pl. *fuqaha’*) Jurisprudence canonique musulmane. *Fqih* : jurisconsulte versé dans le code de l’islam, spécialiste du *fuqaha’*. On compte quatre écoles juridiques sunnites (islam orthodoxe). Voir également hanafite, hanbalite, malékite, chafiite.","spellings":["Fiqh"]},"720487c1-6546-5ad8-96ce-6caedac4ddab":{"definition":"Feuillet illustré précédant la page de titre d’un livre.","spellings":["Frontispice"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Application d’or sur la surface d’une œuvre d’art. La dorure peut être appliquée à la plupart des matériaux, dont le marbre, la pierre, le stuc, le bois, les métaux, la céramique, le verre et le papier. Il existe différentes techniques d’application : la dorure à l’eau ou à la feuille d’or. Tr. : *tombak*, technique du cuivre doré.","spellings":["Dorure","Tombak"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Littéralement, “dits”. Ensemble de traditions liées aux paroles et actions du prophète Muhammad et de ses compagnons. *dar al-Hadith* : voir *dar*.","spellings":["Hadis","Hadith"]},"4a7c27f5-2059-522b-a21e-ee99a0c6ac00":{"definition":"Haut fonctionnaire du gouvernement. Le terme désignait initialement un chambellan, mais sous les Omeyyades d’al-Andalus, le *hadjib* agissait en tant que ministre en chef, de rang égal à celui de vizir dans les califats orientaux.","spellings":["Hadjib"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pèlerinage.","spellings":["Hadjdj","Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (lit. Bains publics ou privés. Apodyterium : vestiaire; Tr. : *soyunmalık*. Caldarium : salle chaude. Hypocauste : système de chauffage du plancher et des murs employant la vapeur dans les villas et les bains romains. Tepidarium : pièce chaude où l’on se reposait après le bain ; Tr. : *ılıklık*. Existait également dans les bains turcs : *aralık* : passage entre le *soyunmalık* et l’*ılıklık* ; *halvet* : chambres privées dans les bains publics ; *traşlık* : petite pièce utilisée pour l’épilation. Egalement dans les bains syriens : *barrani* (litt. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : partie la plus intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*. “extérieur”) : pièce froide des bains située généralement le plus à l’écart de la chaudière ; *jouwwani* : la principalement la partie intérieure, près de la chaudière – la pièce à vapeur ; *woustani* : chambres intermédiaires désignées comme les “chambres d’eau chaude”. Voir également *maqsoura*.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"En arabe, littéralement “sacré”, “interdit”. Sanctuaire. Acte illicite du point de vue de la religion. Haram al-Charif : le Noble Sanctuaire à Jérusalem, comprenant la mosquée al-Aqsa et le Dôme du Rocher.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Espace de vie commun dans une maison turque. Tr. : également *sofa*.","spellings":["Hayat","Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(de *Hijra*, litt. “émigration”) Exode du Prophète de La Mecque à Médine en 622 J.-C., qui sert de point de départ au calendrier musulman, établi selon une année lunaire de 354 jours.","spellings":["Hégire"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Description prosaïque du prophète Muhammad. Hilya-i Charif : “Noble Description” du Prophète, œuvre d’art arborant cette “Noble Description”.","spellings":["Hilya"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Fils de, souvent utilisé dans la formation des noms. Pour désigner un clan, on emploie la forme plurielle : Bani/Banu/Beni.","spellings":["Ben","Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Celui qui dirige la prière islamique. Guide, chef, modèle spirituel ou membre du clergé, quelquefois aussi homme politique, dans une société musulmane.","spellings":["Imam"]},"070e713b-f503-5f87-be41-16cb73c070b4":{"definition":"Principale mosquée où les prières quotidiennes et celles du vendredi ont lieu. Tr. : *cami*. Voir également *masjid*.","spellings":["Djemaa"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"Membre de l’infanterie de garnison du sultan ottoman, recruté auprès de non-musulmans sous le système du devchirmé et payé sur le budget du Trésor. Tr. : *Yeniçeri Ocağı*.","spellings":["Janissaire"]},"32060b9a-7161-59c6-9be7-e3a6e3d49442":{"definition":"Littéralement “beau jardin”. Paradis. Tr. : *cennet*.","spellings":["Djena","Djenaïn","Djenan","Janna"]},"2003ec95-a720-51cb-9dcd-774d9dc9f389":{"definition":"Le texte du Coran peut être divisé en 30 sections égales. Un trentième du Coran est donc appelé un *juz’* (pl. *ajza*). Lorsque les corans étaient écrits en 30 volumes, comme en Egypte sous les Mamelouks, un volume était appelé un *juz’*.","spellings":["Juz’"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(litt. “cube”) Petit temple de La Mecque devenu le centre de l’islam et supposé avoir été initialement construit par Abraham et son fils Ismaïl.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brocart, tissu multicolore ottoman à tissage composite, utilisant de la soie polychrome avec des fils d’or, d’argent doré et d’argent pour réaliser des motifs colorés.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Tissu composé de différentes pièces pour couvrir la Kaaba à la Mecque. Il est brodé de soie et d’or, avec des versets du Coran. La *kiswa* est remplacée chaque année, le changement s’opérant pendant le Hadjdj, lorsque l’ancienne couverture est découpée et distribuée parmi les pèlerins. Les étoffes aux motif calligraphiques en zigzag de qui couvrent les cénotaphes des mausolées sont également nommés *kiswa* (par ex. en Palestine).","spellings":["Kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"L’une des premières calligraphies arabes, caractérisée par ses traits angulaires et très stylisés ; elle doit son nom à la ville de Koufa en Irak.","spellings":["Coufique"]},"f73f8da0-1cae-538d-9d22-13ea8c892161":{"definition":"Une méthode planographique d'impression qui utilise une plaque de métal ou une pierre plate.","spellings":["Lithographie"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"École de sciences islamiques (théologie, droit, Coran, etc.) et lieu d’hébergement pour les étudiants.","spellings":["Madrasa","Médersa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Une des quatre écoles juridique sunnites de l’islam orthodoxe. Fondée par l’imam Malik et répandue à travers le monde musulman occidental, dont al-Andalus.","spellings":["Malékite","Malik"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Bâtiment à une ou plusieurs unités architecturales, comprenant généralement un dôme abritant la sépulture d’un personnage religieux important. Lieu de culte et de pèlerinage. Voir également *darih*, *koubba*, *türbe*, *turbé*, *turbet*.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Ville, vieux quartier, centre-ville autonome. Egalement le nom d’une ville d’Arabie saoudite où les musulmans ont émigré en 622 ap J.-C. et où est enterré le prophète Muhammad.","spellings":["Médina","Médine"]},"a95bf8cd-02b1-5d88-b68d-c21999469de6":{"definition":"Voir *jami’* et *masjid*.","spellings":["Mosquée"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"De l’arabe *mudajjan*. Musulmans autorisés à rester parmi leurs conquérants chrétiens sans changer de religion, en échange d’un tribut. L’adjectif “mudéjar” est également utilisé pour décrire un artisanat traditionnel qui débuta sous la domination islamique et se maintint pour les clients chrétiens après la conquête chrétienne.","spellings":["Mudéjar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Grande écriture cursive associée au *naskhi* utilisé au Moyen Age. Il s’agit d’un des six styles d’écriture de base. Tr. : *muhaqqaq*. Voir également calligraphie.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"cfc9414f-7ca4-5e8a-80ea-d0fc4865d5c9":{"definition":"De l’arabe *muwallad*. Chrétiens convertis à l’islam qui vivaient comme des musulmans pendant la domination des Arabes dans la péninsule Ibérique.","spellings":["Mouladi"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Cet ornement alvéolé en forme de stalactites est l’une des caractéristiques de l’architecture islamique. Les *mouqarnas* peuvent décorer les coupoles, les encorbellements d’un bâtiment, les portails d’accès en retrait, etc.","spellings":["Mouqarnas"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Technique utilisée dans le travail des métaux, où les zones gravées sont remplies d’un mélange de différents matériaux tels que le plomb, le cuivre et l’argent.","spellings":["Niel","Niellage","Nielle"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Titre honorifique turc, arabisé sous la forme *Bacha*.","spellings":["Pacha"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Citadelle, forteresse ; ses caractéristiques sont celles de l’architecture défensive  hauts murs imprenables, tours, meurtrières et glacis.","spellings":["Qalaa"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palais, château, résidence monumentale. Du latin *castrum*.","spellings":["Ksar","Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(litt. “coupole”)  Par extension, monument élevé sur la tombe d’un saint ou d’un personnage de haut rang et qui est généralement marqué par un dôme ; mausolée.","spellings":["Koubba"]},"44b5dcf7-b45d-5206-b3e1-f77d5f220d80":{"definition":"Technique du travail du métal. Pour faire apparaître un motif en relief sur la face avant d’une œuvre d’art en métal, elle devait être travaillée au repoussé (martelé) sur la face arrière.","spellings":["Repoussé"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Construction fortifiée hébergeant les moines-soldats (Maghreb) ; lieu dans lequel on offrait l’hospitalité aux pèlerins (Égypte mamelouke, Palestine, Syrie).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Motif en demi-palmette. Un des motifs les plus populaires et les plus  élémentaires des arts décoratifs islamiques, appliqué sur chaque support, du bois sculpté aux carreaux de céramique. Il apparaît principalement dans les arabesques. Il tire son nom de l’ancien nom de l’Anatolie.","spellings":["Roumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Édifice caritatif destiné à la distribution d’eau potable. Fontaine publique.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"b96fb0ed-83cb-5316-ab1d-f4e286f25845":{"definition":"Dinastie Safavide.","spellings":["Safavide"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"(Pl. *sada*) Descendants du prophète Muhammad. Voir également *chérif*.","spellings":["Sayyid"]},"10021f2a-1ddf-5af4-bb0f-d78adb4a1f5d":{"definition":"Profession de foi musulmane. Tr. : *Şahadet*.","spellings":["Chahada"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Un ancien respecté pour son expérience et pour son âge, cultivé, érudit dans le domaine des sciences religieuses, membre d’une fratrie religieuse, maître soufi. Tr. : *Şeyh*. Cheikh al-Islam : A la tête de la hiérarchie des docteurs du droit canon, de la tradition et de la théologie musulmans. Tr. : Şeyhülislam.","spellings":["Cheikh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(litt. “noble”, “digne”) Les familles dont les ancêtres remontent au Prophète sont appelées *Achraf* ou *Chourafa* et occupent souvent des postes religieux et politiques prestigieux.","spellings":["Chérif","Sharif","Shérif"]},"b68f8c65-978e-5a31-bb68-5994ae43ec75":{"definition":"Un musulman ascétique et mystique qui représente l'aspect mystique de l'islam.","spellings":["Soufi"]},"ddce3372-545d-5166-8dfc-c8bb72ab9fe8":{"definition":"Ordre islamique ascétique ou mystique. Dérivé de *souf*, laine, fibre utilisée par les adeptes (*soufis*) pour tisser leurs vêtements.","spellings":["Soufisme"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titre honorifique utilisé par des souverains indépendants (notamment ottomans et seldjoukides) dont l'autorité ne remet cependant pas en cause la supériorité nominale reconnue au calife en place.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"f21a9ff0-ae8f-5ff9-be18-36b4a4db6794":{"definition":"État ou territoires gouvernés par un sultan. Le titre de sultan est donné à la personne qui règne sur ces lieux.","spellings":["Sultanat"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(litt. “tradition”) Traditions issues des actes et paroles de la vie du Prophète et que revendiquaient les théoriciens du droit comme fondement de la Loi islamique telle qu’écrite dans le Coran.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunnites"]},"cc2bbcf5-54f0-5959-a72b-231b955a7d9c":{"definition":"Un des six principaux styles de calligraphie développés en Perse au IXe siècle H (XVe siècle J.-C.). Utilisé principalement pour la correspondance officielle, il se caractérise par des lignes fines et sans voyelles. Tr. : *talik*. Voir également *nasta’liq*, calligraphie.","spellings":["Ta‘liq"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Initialement utilisé pour désigner les inscriptions brodées sur les textiles, ce terme a ensuite désigné les vêtements de textile portant des inscriptions donnant le nom du souverain et l’atelier dans lequel ces textiles étaient fabriqués. Ces robes étaient présentées par le calife au peuple qu’il voulait honorer. Dar al-Tiraz : ateliers royaux de textile supervisés par la cour.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Signature calligraphique d’un sultan ottoman apposée aux documents officiels. Chaque sultan avait son propre *tughra*. Tr. : *tuğra*.","spellings":["Tughra","Tuğra"]},"ce2219af-ca75-5d6e-a3b1-280a9ea04fbc":{"definition":"Mausolée, tombe, sépulture privée, parfois crypte souterraine – une pratique architecturale mise en œuvre par les Turcs. Tr. : *kümbet*, sépulture monumentale, généralement couverte d’un dôme caché sous une flèche. Voir également *darih*, maqam, *koubba*.","spellings":["Türbe","Turbet"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titre honorifique donné aux très hauts fonctionnaires ; ministre.","spellings":["Vizir"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Etablissement d’enseignement religieux destiné à la formation des *cheikhs* ; lieu de pèlerinage d’un saint construit à l’endroit où il était né ou vivait. Le terme désigne également en Turquie un petit *tekke*, un hospice pour les derviches et les voyageurs. Voir également *khanqah*, *tekke*, *takiyya*.","spellings":["Zaouïa","Zawiya"]}}

package/translations/glossary.it.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Aggettivo che significa ‘il più lontano’, è riferito alla moschea di Gerusalemme, che è stata cronologicamente la prima *qibla* (direzione della preghiera) e il principale luogo sacro che ha visto l’ascensione in cielo del profeta (vedi anche *al-Israa’* wa *al-Mi’raj*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Disegni decorativi di foglie intrecciate e forme geometriche che furono creati in epoca islamica.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Regione spesso tradotta col nome di ‘Levante’ o ‘Grande Siria’ che comprende, ai nostri giorni, la Siria, la Giordania, il Libano e la Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(Khalifa) parola araba che indica il supremo capo della comunità musulmana, successore del profeta.","spellings":["Califfo"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Cristiani soprattutto egiziani, seguaci di una delle più antiche dottrine cristiane, con comunità presenti anche in Africa orientale ed Etiopia. Usano una propria lingua, il copto, e un proprio calendario.","spellings":["Copti"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(Qur’an) Dalla radice ‘qr’, ‘leggere’, è riferito al testo sacro della Rivelazione islamica avvenuta ad opera dell’Arcangelo Gabriele al profeta Maometto in arabo.","spellings":["Corano"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante militare, principe o alto ufficiale veterano.","spellings":["Emiro"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(alla lettera ‘emigrazione’) Si riferisce al trasferimento del profeta Maometto dalla Mecca a Medina nel 622.","spellings":["Egira","Hijra"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"‘Figlio di’, usato spesso nei nomi propri. Per indicare un clan, una tribù di appartenenza si usa la forma plurale *Banu* / *Bani*.","spellings":["Bin","Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Colui che presiede la preghiera comunitaria del venerdì, guida, capo spirituale, sacerdote; normalmente riconosciuto per la sua coerenza religiosa e saggezza, a volte può anche essere un capo politico.","spellings":["Imam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cubo’) Un piccolo tempio alla Mecca che è diventato il centro dell’Islam; si pensa che originariamente fosse stato costruito dal profeta Abramo e da suo figlio Ismaele.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Una delle prime forme di calligrafia araba riconoscibile per il suo stile angolato, che prende nome dalla città di Kufa in Iraq.","spellings":["Kufico"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Scuola islamica di scienze religiose (come teologia, legge coranica, ecc.) e alloggio per studenti e insegnanti.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Titolo nobiliare paragonabile a principe o re.","spellings":["Malik"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Ornamentazione architettonica a forma di stalattite o a celle di alveare. Elemento peculiare dell’architettura islamica, compare su molti tipi di volte, comprese quelle di cupole e portali.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"afa2f843-fdd4-5a67-9298-c7381518b3c8":{"definition":"Cittadella, fortezza con evidenti attributi architettonici di difesa, come alte mura impenetrabili, torri, feritoie e fossati.","spellings":["Qala"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Palazzo, castello, dal latino *castrum*, residenza monumentale.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘cupola’) Per estensione monumento o spazio costruito con cupola sulla tomba di un santo, quindi un mausoleo.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fortificazione abitata da monaci guerrieri (Maghreb), ospizio per pellegrini (Egitto mamelucco, Palestina e Siria).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edificio per istituzione caritativa, progettato per distribuire acqua potabile e fornire un’educazione di base a titolo gratuito.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(o *sherif*) Discendente del profeta Maometto, alla lettera significa ‘degno d’onore’. Le famiglie imparentate in origine col profeta assunsero il titolo di *Ashraf* o *Shurafa* e spesso ricoprirono cariche religiose e politiche di rilievo.","spellings":["Sharif"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titolo che significa sovrano, con cui si indica generalmente il governante supremo la cui autorità però non mette in discussione la riconosciuta superiorità nominale del califfo.","spellings":["Sultano"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(letteralmente ‘tradizione’) Si riferisce ad avvenimenti e detti del profeta, tramandati per tradizione, utilizzati da esperti e teologi per integrare con necessari chiarimenti la base della legge islamica così come è scritta nel Corano.","spellings":["Sunna","Sunni"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Titolo onorifico dato ad amministratori decani; ministro.","spellings":["Vizir"]}}

package/translations/glossary.pt.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"Adjectivo cujo significado é «a mais longínqua», denomina a meaquita al-Aqsa de Jerusalém, reverenciada pelos muçulmanos como a primeira *qibla* (ver) e o primeiro lugar sagrado, onde teve lugar a ascensão do Profeta ao céu (ver *al-Israa wa al-Miray*).","spellings":["Al-Aqsa"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Decoração composta por folhas e formas geométricas entrelaçadas que se desenvolveu  no período islâmico.","spellings":["Arabesco"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Região frequentemente denominada «Levante» ou «Grande Síria», compreende as actuais Síria, Jordânia, Líbano e Palestina.","spellings":["Bilad al-Sham"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"(do ár. *jalifah*, «sucessor») Chefe supremo da comunidade muçulmana na linha sucessória do Profeta.","spellings":["Califa","Jalifah"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"Eram, em grande, parte, cristãos egípcios; seguidores de uma das formas mais antigas de cristianismo, que comprendia comunidades da África oriental até à Etiopía. Tinham a sua própria língua, o copta, e o seu próprio calendário.","spellings":["Coptas"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"(do ár. Quran, cuya raíz é *qr’* «ler») Texto sagrado da revelação islâmica, transmitido pelo arcanjo Gabriel ao profeta Muhammad em árabe.","spellings":["Alcorão"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Comandante, príncipe ou alto funcionário.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Peregrinação a Meca e quinto pilar do Islão. É obrigação de todos os muçulmanos realizarem o *hajj* pelo menos uma vez na vida, se dispõem de meios económicos e se a sua saúde o permitir.","spellings":["Hajj"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(do ár. hijra, «migração») Êxodo do Profeta de Meca a Medina em 622, ano de referência para o começo da era islâmica. O calendário muçulmano rege-se por anos lunares de 354 dias.","spellings":["Hégira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"«Filho de», partícula que, com frequência, faz parte dos nomes. O plural, *banu*, utiliza-se para denominar um clã.","spellings":["Ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Pessoa que dirige a oração muçulmana, guia, chefe, modelo espiritual ou clérigo; é sempre famoso pela sua pureza e sabedoria, convertendo-se, por vezes, em líder político.","spellings":["Imam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(«cubo») Pequeno templo da Meca que se converteu no centro do Islão. Acredita-se que tenha sido construído pelo profeta Abraão e pelo seu filho Ismael.","spellings":["Kaaba"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Uma das primeiras formas de caligrafía árabe, distingue-se pelo seu estilo anguloso. Deve o seu nome à ciudad de Kufa (Iraque).","spellings":["Cúfica"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Escola islâmica de ciências religiosas (teologia, direito, Alcorão, etc.) e lugar de alojamento para estudantes.","spellings":["Madrasa"]},"bd6ee598-f323-5770-a786-0151295aea83":{"definition":"Título que significa «príncipe» ou «rei».","spellings":["Malik"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"(do ár. muqarnas) Ornamentação arquitectónica de estalactites ou prismas. É característica da arquitectura islâmica e aparece em superfícies de cúpulas e de pórticos.","spellings":["Mucarna"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"(del lat. castrum) Palácio, castelo.","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"(«cúpula») Por extensão, câmara ou monumento construído sobre o túmulo de um santo e que costuma estar coberto por uma cúpula.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Recinto fortificado para monges guerreiros (norte de África e al-Andalus); hospedaria para peregrinos (Egipto, Palestina e Síria na época mameluca).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Edifício de beneficência construído para proporcionar água potável; fonte pública.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"(lit. “nobre”, “digno”) As famílias cujos antepassados remontam ao Profeta são chamadas Acraf ou Chourafa e ocupam com frequência lugares religiosos e políticos de prestígio.","spellings":["Cherif","Sharif"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"(«soberano») Título que se aplica ao chefe político supremo, cuja autoridade não ameaça  a superioridade nominal do califa regente.","spellings":["Sultão"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(«tradição») Denomina as tradições do Profeta de que se serviram os letrados e os teólogos para fundamentarem convenientemente a criação da Lei Islâmica segundo o Alcorão.","spellings":["Sunita","Sunna"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"(dol ár. *wazir*) Título honorífico de altos cargos; ministro.","spellings":["Visir"]}}

package/translations/glossary.se.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tvådimensionellt ornament i islamisk konst, uppbyggt kring växter med blad och skott som slingrar sig runt varandra och skapar ett kontinuerligt mönster.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"efterträdare\" och betecknar den högste ledaren i den muslimska världen. Kalifatet var riket som kalifen behärskade.","spellings":["Kalif"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Skönskriften, från grekiskans ord för \"vacker\" och \"skriva\", hör till den islamiska kulturens högsta konstformer. Eftersom det arabiska språket är kopplat till islams uppenbarelser har kalligrafin en andlig innebörd av skönhet och mysterium. De kalligrafiska stilarna har varierat beroende på tid, rum och sammanhang. Många arabiska och muslimska artister fortsätter än idag att utöva kalligrafikonsten.","spellings":["Kalligrafi"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Koran eller Qur'an (av qr' som betyder \"att läsa upp\"), den heliga texten i den islamiska uppenbarelse som ärkeängeln Gabriel gav profeten Muhammed.","spellings":["Koran"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Militär befälhavare, prins eller hög tjänsteman som styrde över ett större område, ett emirat.","spellings":["Emir"]},"cccf5396-0f64-5785-9f34-bb8b7a5ffd5b":{"definition":"Pilgrimsfärden till Mekka och andra heliga platser som alla muslimer måste göra åtminstone en gång i livet om de kan, en av islams fem pelare. Hajj äger rum två månader efter Ramadan och avslutas med Offerfesten (Eid al-Adha).","spellings":["Hajj"]},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Allmänt eller privat badhus.","spellings":["Hammam"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Betyder helig, helgedom. Jfr det snarlika ordet *haraam* som står för religiöst oacceptabel.","spellings":["Haram","Harem"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"(av Hijra som betyder \"utvandring\") Profetens utvandring från Mekka till Medina år 622 som är startåret för den muslimska tideräkningen, som grundar sig på ett månår med 354 dagar. I utställningstexterna förkortas dateringarna enligt följande: (år) e.H. / (år) e.Kr.","spellings":["Hegira"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Son till, används i namn, jfr Andersson, Svensson. För att beteckna en hel klan används pluralformen *bani* eller *banu*.","spellings":["ibn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"Imamen är den som leder den islamiska bönen, som är en andlig förebild och som kan vara religiös befattningshavare. I vissa muslimska samhällen också politisk ledare.","spellings":["imam"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"Ordet betyder egentligen \"kub\". Litet tempel i Mekka som har kommit att bli centrum för islam. Antas från början ha byggts av Abraham och hans son Ismael.","spellings":["Kaba"]},"53d47884-ba36-5979-a58f-ff35b0bd8587":{"definition":"Kabans täcke som är broderat med verser ur Koranen i silke och guldtråd. Kiswa är hopsatt av flera delar och byts ut varje år i samband med Hadj. Då klipps den gamla kiswa upp i smådelar och delas ut bland pilgrimerna.","spellings":["kiswa"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Arabisk skrivstil med stiliserade och rätvinkliga bokstäver. Den har att göra med den irakiska staden Kufa, och den användes i Koranerna under den första islamiska tiden, men från och med 300-talet / 900-talet inte så ofta, eftersom den var svårläst. Ibland kombineras kufisk skrift med dekorativa växtornament i slutet av bokstäverna.","spellings":["kufisk"]},"af45d65f-d61d-59ed-bd55-76ee503119e9":{"definition":"Gravkapell, oftast en byggnad som innehåller en känd religiös personlighets grav.","spellings":["Maqam"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Gamla staden, den äldsta delen av en stad. Medina är också namnet på den stad i Saudiarabien dit muslimerna flyttade år 622 och där Muhammed är begravd.","spellings":["Medina"]},"9c8d51a2-cb58-59b3-92e4-fecb1ca87eb4":{"definition":"Av arabiskans *mudajjan*: muslimer som stannade kvar bland de kristna erövrarna, i utbyte mot att de betalade skatt. Adjektivet *mudejar*\\- används också för de traditionella islamiska hantverksprodukter som sedan fortsatte att tillverkas för kristna kunder.","spellings":["Mudejar"]},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"En kursiv stil med stora bokstäver som hör till de klassiska arabiska kalligrafiska stilarna.","spellings":["Muhaqqaq"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Dekoration som liknar bikakor eller stalaktiter. Motivet finns på många ytor i arkitekturen, till exempel i takvalven.","spellings":["Muqarnas"]},"c47920b0-c22e-53d0-aa8c-93eb3956ca0e":{"definition":"Av det latinska ordet för befäst slott eller fästning. Diminutivformen, som alltså betyder en mindre fästning, är *qusayr*.**","spellings":["Qasr"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Gravmonument, se även *mausoleum*.","spellings":["Qubba"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"Fästning för religiösa krigare (Nordafrika); härbärge för pilgrimer (det mamlukiska Egypten, Palestina och Syrien. Staden Rabats namn kommer från Ribat al-Fath (Erövringens ribat).","spellings":["Ribat"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Brunnsbyggnad, vattenkiosk.","spellings":["Sabil"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Titel som betyder \"härskare\". Det är en politisk titel, och sultanen är därför underställd kalifen.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"Riktning inom islam vars anhängare, sunniter, stöder Sunna-berättelserna om Muhammed.","spellings":["Sunni"]},"a054eff3-ab33-572b-8c6c-47a7d300c111":{"definition":"Ett ord som från början stod för broderade inskrifter på tyg, och som kom att beteckna de dräkttyger som hade kalifens namn inbroderat, som tillverkades vid hans ateljéer och som var presenter från honom till personer som han ville gynna. Dar-al-Tiraz: kungliga textilateljéer.","spellings":["Tiraz"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"De ottomanska sultanernas kalligrafiska signatur, som sattes på officiella dokument. Varje sultan hade sin egen tughra.","spellings":["Tughra"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Honnörstitel som gavs till höga hovfunktionärer; minister.","spellings":["Vesir"]}}

package/translations/glossary.si.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"spellings":["Medine"]}}

package/translations/glossary.tr.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"56afd259-0505-5d2d-b7f1-9be15cb0dea2":{"definition":"Abbâsîler, Emevî Hanedanı'ndan sonra başa gelerek İslam Devleti'nin yönetimini ve halifeliği beş asırdan daha uzun bir süre elinde tutan Müslüman Arap hanedanı.","spellings":["Abbasiler"]},"117026df-c5dc-512a-9991-1ed2c434ee26":{"definition":"“En uzaktaki” anlamında bir sıfattır. Müslümanların ilk kıblesi olan Kudüs’teki Mescid-i Aksa için kullanılır. Ayrıca Hz. Muhammed’in (sav) göğe yükselişi (miraç) de burada gerçekleştiği için Müslümanlar açısından kutsal bir mekandır (bkz. İsrâ ve Miraç).","spellings":["El-Aksa"]},"b29a1eb8-4d03-527c-a470-6d9b2d53269c":{"definition":"Tr. Fatiha Suresi. Kur'an'ın \"İnek\" anlamına gelen ikinci suresidir. Toplam 286 ayetten oluşmaktadır.","spellings":["Fatiha"]},"fb4643f3-3421-5aaa-8b4f-85806f394bac":{"definition":"Tr. Arabesk. İslam döneminde gelişen, bitki, yaprak motifleri ve geometrik şekillerden oluşan dekoratif desenler.","spellings":["Arabesk"]},"816929a9-190c-57b7-8bc6-469a25050fac":{"definition":"Bağımsız bir emirliğin yöneticisi; üst sınıftan bir adam için saygı unvanı; sultanın egemen vasalları tarafından tutulan unvan. Beylerbeyi: Beylerin beyi: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun taşra yönetimindeki en yüksek rütbe. Beylik, beylik: bir bey tarafından yönetilen bölge veya beyliğin egemenliği.","spellings":["Beylik"]},"ac325296-5e0b-5e3e-b8c7-d6a3a6d559ca":{"definition":"Genellikle, ‘Levant’ veya ‘Büyük Suriye’ olarak da bilinen, bugünkü Suriye, Ürdün, Lübnan ve Filistin topraklarını kapsayan bölge. Bilad ülke anlamındadır.","spellings":["Biladü’ş-Şam"]},"b3b18f28-32c7-5836-ae64-e0df239443e1":{"definition":"Bizans İmparatorluğu (306 - 1453), Roma İmparatorluğu'ndan önce kurulmuş ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun İstanbul fethine kadar hüküm sürmüştür.","spellings":["Bizans"]},"b6c3a09c-964b-5dd3-a091-e608967fe6ff":{"definition":"Ar. khalifa, kelime anlamıyla \"halef\". Müslüman toplumunun en üst düzey yöneticisi. Halifelik: halifenin gücü altındaki bölge.","spellings":["Halife"]},"c2953466-916b-57e9-9f3b-409c9af9afa1":{"definition":"Tr. Kaligrafi. \"Güzel yazı sanatı\" (Yunanca) İslam kültürünün en yüksek sanat formlarından biridir. Arap dili İslam'ın vahyiyle bağlantılı olduğundan, hat sanatı derin manevi anlamlar taşır ve güzellik ile gizemin sembolü olarak değer görür. Döneme, yere ve bağlama göre çeşitlilik gösteren birçok hat sanatı türü vardır. Arap ve Müslüman dünyasından pek çok sanatçı bugün hat sanatını icra etmeye devam etmektedir.","spellings":["Kaligrafi"]},"e6ca4d52-63e1-5c91-8d45-5c007bd19735":{"definition":"Asya'dan gelen, 15-17. yüzyıl Osmanlı sanatına özgü, leopar benekleri ve kaplan çizgilerini sembolize ettiği düşünülen çift dalgalı çizgilerle birlikte üçgen şeklinde düzenlenmiş üçlü toplardan oluşan bir motif.","spellings":["Chinoiserie"]},"4a4e8df2-25b4-5abc-8037-677cf2232c30":{"definition":"Tr. Çintamani. Asya'dan gelen, 15-17. yüzyıl Osmanlı sanatına özgü, leopar benekleri ve kaplan çizgilerini sembolize ettiği düşünülen çift dalgalı çizgilerle birlikte üçgen şeklinde düzenlenmiş üçlü toplardan oluşan bir motif.","spellings":["Çintamani"]},"f583303a-89d1-5e38-9f75-1188be1c39d3":{"definition":"(veya Kıpti) Temel olarak Mısırlı Hıristiyanlar için kullanılmakla beraber Doğu Afrika’da Etiyopya’ya kadar uzanan ve Hıristiyanlığın en eski formlarından birinin takipçilerini anlatır. Koptların kendilerine ait bir dili ve takvimi vardır.","spellings":["Kopt"]},"44562f82-b0b6-5353-939a-47fccfb7fa3c":{"definition":"Arapça “ikra” (okumak) kökünden gelir.  Baş melek Cebrail Aleyhisselam tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e (sav) Arapça vahyedilen İslam dininin kutsal kitabı.","spellings":["Kur’an","Kuran"]},"f3052f85-4db5-5572-a790-f3dc9a248659":{"definition":"Hadis öğrenimi için bir okul.","spellings":["Darülhadis"]},"b64a1f79-8f29-5ad4-8e98-379f8e05cb1b":{"definition":"Tr. Derviş. Adanmışlık uygulamalarıyla tanınan bir Müslüman dini tarikatının üyesi.","spellings":["Derviş"]},"a63b6fb1-4ed2-5e10-a649-69af7e23c299":{"definition":"Tr. Elmas."},"3230cdd8-ec0e-5aa1-9b44-adc5716d86b8":{"definition":"Bir hükümet dairesi; dinleyici salonu, kabul odası; şiir koleksiyonu. Sadrazamın başkanlık ettiği, Osmanlı hükümetinin merkezi organını oluşturan İmparatorluk Divanı.","spellings":["Divan"]},"8f750e3f-a3f4-5b39-8f9c-97cbf1eb56ec":{"definition":"Tr. Emir. Bir askeri komutan, prens veya üst düzey yetkili; bir emirlik veya prensliğin yöneticisi.","spellings":["Emir"]},"e0e8a76f-5937-523a-b87b-6d2a0c6528d7":{"definition":"Tr. Yaldızlama. Bir sanat eserinin yüzeyine altın uygulanması. Yaldızlama mermer, taş, sıva, ahşap, metal işleri, seramik, cam ve kağıt dahil olmak üzere çoğu malzemeye uygulanabilir. Altını uygulamak için farklı teknikler kullanılır, hafif bir yıkama veya altın yapraklı folyo olarak uygulanabilir. Tr. tombak, yaldızlı bakır tekniği.","spellings":["Yaldızlama"]},"c18561f3-9ed2-5c21-92a7-c3476d781d57":{"definition":"Tr. Hadis. Kelimenin tam anlamıyla \"sözler\". Peygamber Muhammed ve ashabının sözleri ve eylemleriyle ilgili gelenekler bütünü."},"fc74d5ab-7517-53a5-9a58-0cb34c65fec8":{"definition":"Tr. Hamam. Kamuya açık veya özel yıkanma evi.","spellings":["Hamam"]},"d71360cd-eac1-5408-b6b3-59ad3d8464b9":{"definition":"Tr. Harem. Arapça'da \"kutsal\", \"yasak\". Sığınak. Dini açıdan yasadışı bir eylem. Harem-i Şerif: Mescid-i Aksa ve Kubbetü's-Sahra'yı da içeren Kudüs'teki Kutsal Mabet.","spellings":["Harem"]},"0ad8de69-3a63-53bc-8e1b-4c6cae853bca":{"definition":"Tr. Sofa also. Bir Türk evinde ortak yaşam alanı.","spellings":["Sofa"]},"0f3fb66d-a491-591b-a0c2-56e11ec481aa":{"definition":"Tr. Hicri. Peygarmber Muhammed'in MS. 622 yılında Mekke'den Medine'ye kaçışı. Bir ay yılını takip eden Müslüman Hicri takviminin başlangıcı.","spellings":["Hicri"]},"dcd58376-8ba5-5488-bec0-53d4cf2fa497":{"definition":"Tr. Hilye. Peygamber Muhammed'in düzyazı bir tasviri. Hilye-i Şerif: Peygamberin asil tasviri, asil tasviri taşıyan bir sanat eseri.","spellings":["Hilye"]},"d741661c-846f-560d-a11c-19720819ac9a":{"definition":"Genellikle isimlerde kullanılan ‘oğul’ anlamında sözcük. Kişinin ait olduğu klanı ifade eder. Çoğul formu ise Benu/Beni’dir.","spellings":["Bin","İbn"]},"441e3156-be30-517c-a195-12e2d3486ed8":{"definition":"İslam âleminde sadece namaza öncülük eden bir kişi olarak algılanmaz. Ayrıca bir ruhani lider figürüdür. Saflığı, bilgeliği temsil eder. Kimi zaman bir politik figür olarak da görülür.","spellings":["İmam"]},"7910cc31-4aef-536d-b917-919e64b075ff":{"definition":"Tr Yeniçeri. Osmanlı padişahının, devşirme sistemi kapsamında gayrimüslimlerden toplanan ve maaşları Hazine'den ödenen daimi piyade birliği.","spellings":["Yeniçeri"]},"98afafd6-f8b6-5d37-923e-752f4697a5a7":{"definition":"(sözlük anlamı ‘küp’) Mekke’de bulunan ve İslam’ın merkezi olarak kabul edilen, Hz. İbrahim ve oğlu İsmail tarafından inşa edildiğine inanılan yapı.","spellings":["Kâbe","Kıble"]},"dde3bab2-6c93-59de-b512-d4ebe4ea584d":{"definition":"İslam dünyasında yaygın olan, uzun kollu, genellikle pamuklu veya ipekli, ayak bileğine kadar uzanan bir giysi.","spellings":["Kaftan"]},"1a551412-ba3d-5a82-89e6-07e97018fb70":{"definition":"Brokar, renkli tasarımlar elde etmek için altın, yaldızlı gümüş ve gümüş metalik ipliklerle polikrom ipek kullanılan çok renkli bir Osmanlı bileşik dokuma kumaşıdır.","spellings":["Kemha"]},"95fc5a14-1b29-5364-810a-69fc76087256":{"definition":"Tr. Kûfî. Irak’taki Kûfe şehrinden gelir. Açılı stiliyle öne çıkan, en eski hat sanatı formlarından biridir.","spellings":["Kûfi"]},"455c1318-16a9-50f2-9c44-6643a9de238c":{"definition":"Tr. Medrese. İlahiyat, İslam hukuku ve Kur’an gibi dini bilimler eğitiminin verildiği İslamî okul ve bu okulun öğrencilerinin kaldıkları bina.","spellings":["Madrasa","Medrese"]},"e99f9b90-c624-5aa1-815f-a47f478f7da3":{"definition":"Tr. Medine. Kasaba, eski mahalle, kendi kendine yeten şehir merkezi. Ayrıca Suudi Arabistan'da Müslümanların MS 622 yılında göç ettiği ve Muhammed Peygamber'in gömülü olduğu bir şehrin adıdır."},"323fc8b6-ea1a-5717-982f-38123c87161c":{"definition":"Tr. Muhakkak. Orta Çağ'da kullanılan nesih yazısıyla bağlantılı büyük bir el yazısı. Altı temel yazı stilinden biridir.","spellings":["Muhakkak"]},"bd2ffd1a-1d12-5fc1-ab6b-b186e0622cb6":{"definition":"Tr. Mukarnas. Sarkıt veya petek şeklinde mimari süsleme. Kubbeler dâhil pek çok yüzeyde görülür. İslam mimarisinin tipik bir unsurudur.","spellings":["Mukarnas"]},"d99278fb-cfa3-513e-9af1-4e39e27f241b":{"definition":"Kazınmış alanların kurşun, bakır ve gümüş gibi farklı malzemelerin karışımıyla doldurulduğu metal işlerinde kullanılan bir teknik.","spellings":["Niello"]},"ea9e06ca-7872-5541-9ac2-11302f8890c2":{"definition":"Tr. Paşa. Saygıdeğer.","spellings":["Paşa"]},"c39cd815-3b51-5b89-a4e4-5e9f2c0ca622":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamında yarım-küre biçimli üst örtüdür. Arapçada türbe anlamında kullanılır.","spellings":["Kubbe"]},"9a8096ea-a204-590a-8744-2ddf28c2b6b8":{"definition":"(Kuzey Afrika) Din savaşçılarının müstahkem mevkisi; (Memluk Mısır’ı, Filistin ve Suriye) hacılar için konaklama yeri.","spellings":["Ribat"]},"3b2db79a-c0e9-5ba0-87de-869284e97970":{"definition":"18.yy.da Avrupa’da Barok dönem sonrasında görülen sanat stili. Abartılı süslemeleri ve hafifmeşrep tarzıyla dikkat çeker.  Rokoko stilinin örneklerine Osmanlı mimarisinde de rastlanır.","spellings":["Rokoko"]},"99e11148-863b-5916-afb5-d3b71fb5abe5":{"definition":"Tr. Rumi. Yarık palmet motifi. İslam süsleme sanatlarının en popüler ve temel motiflerinden biri olup, ahşap oymacılığından çiniye kadar her ortama uygulanmıştır. Daha çok arabesklerde görülür. Adını Anadolu'nun eski bir adından almıştır.","spellings":["Rumi"]},"a8525513-1742-5e9f-85de-bb2067ad9fb6":{"definition":"Tr. Sebil. Bir cami veya medrese veya hankah gibi başka bir dini kurum ya da sabil gibi bir sivil kurum veya hatta bir ev lehine belirli koşullar altında ebediyen miras bırakılan gayrimenkul hediyesi.","spellings":["Sebil"]},"98f32a82-0f8d-523b-b82b-b4c5d2090590":{"definition":"Tr. Seyyid. Peygamber Muhammed'in soyundan gelen kişiler.","spellings":["Seyyid"]},"5dfb0beb-240c-5fb8-a4ba-14bd15936137":{"definition":"Tr. Şah. İran veya Pers krallarının unvanı. Şah unvanı Afganistan'da 1973'te monarşinin yıkılmasına kadar kullanılmış ve Orta ve Güney Asya'nın diğer ülkelerindeki hükümdarlar ve prensler tarafından da kullanılmıştır.","spellings":["Şah"]},"a0a0b21a-5425-5de1-8d04-b7fd7daeca8b":{"definition":"Yaşlı, bilgisine ve yaşına saygı duyulan, dini ilimlerde eğitilmiş bilgili bir adam, dini bir kardeşliğin üyesi, sufi ustası. Şeyhü'l-İslam: Müslüman kanon hukuku, gelenek ve teoloji doktorlarının hiyerarşisinin başı.","spellings":["Şeyh"]},"c98013e1-9336-5b90-9d71-2658cca1e0ca":{"definition":"Sözlük anlamı ‘şerefli’dir. Hz. Muhammed soyundan gelenler için kullanılır. Soyları Hz. Muhammed’e kadar dayanan aileler “Eşraf” veya “Şürefa” olarak bilinirler. Bu aileler genel olarak dini ve politik anlamda prestijli bir konumdadırlar.","spellings":["Şerif"]},"aea62142-bf4f-5655-8c52-b1e856151ce7":{"definition":"Bağımsız hükümdarlar (özellikle Osmanlılar ve Selçuklular) tarafından kullanılan onursal unvan, ancak otoriteleri hüküm süren halifeye tanınan nominal üstünlüğü sorgulamaz.","spellings":["Sultan"]},"811580e5-c0b8-5c27-8c10-3a3a36bee143":{"definition":"(tekil; çoğulu Sünnet) Sünnet’i takip edenler anlamına gelir. Müslüman toplumunun gelenekçi çoğunluğu bu gruba dâhildir.","spellings":["Sünnet","Sünni"]},"5e33fb53-916f-516d-b614-5039d1c3c7ec":{"definition":"Tr. Tuğra. Osmanlı padişahlarının resmi belgelere attıkları kaligrafik imza. Her sultanın kendi tuğrası vardı.","spellings":["Tuğra"]},"5cc4d556-5ce6-575d-a50b-a403e6c59d4f":{"definition":"Tr. Türban.  Başın etrafına sarılan uzun bir eşarptan veya daha küçük, altta yatan bir şapkadan oluşan bir başlık. Türbanlar şekil, renk ve boyut bakımından çeşitlilik gösterir.","spellings":["Türban"]},"fd4ff19f-5ca3-5bdd-b26e-79e1ad771914":{"definition":"Tr. Turkuaz. Turkuaz, hidratlı bakır alüminyum fosfattan yapılan mavi-yeşil bir değerli taştır. Mohs ölçeğinde beş ile altı arasında yer alır ve şeffaf olmadığı için çoğunlukla kabaşon tarzında kesilir. Bu değerli taş mavi ve yeşilin çeşitli tonlarında gelir. Turkuaz Mısır'da çok eski zamanlardan beri bilinmektedir ve daha sonra Yaşlı Pliny tarafından callias adı altında tanımlanmıştır. Ona ve eserlerini inceleyenlere göre, mavimsi yeşil taşa yalnızca diğer yeşil veya mavi taşlarla paylaşılan erdemler atfedilmiştir. Ancak 13. yüzyılda Batı Avrupa'da turkuaz terimi kullanılmaya başlandı ve değerli taş yeni güçlerle ilişkilendirilmeye başlandı. Bunlar arasında özellikle at sırtında düşme sonucu yaralanmaları önleme ve atları hastalıktan koruma gücü de vardı. Bu nedenle Türklerin atlarının dizginlerine ve üzengilerine turkuaz taşlar taktıkları söylenir.  \nTurkuaz, çoğunlukla İran menşeli olduğu için geleneksel olarak Türkiye'de satılmıştır. Avrupa'ya giderken hala Türkiye'den geçmektedir. Eski Persler bu değerli taşın güzelliğini ve gücünü tam olarak takdir etmiş ve bu büyük imparatorluğun ulusal taşı olmuştur. Yeni ayın yansımasını bir arkadaşın yüzünde, Kuran'ın bir kopyasında ya da bir turkuazda görerek iyi şans elde edilebileceğine dair bir söz vardır. Turkuaz aynı zamanda Hindu mistik çevrelerinde ve Kuzey ve Orta Amerika'nın yerli halkları arasında dini kullanım için popülerdir.","spellings":["Turkuaz"]},"577792e7-dcb2-5783-bc01-836c6f2cded6":{"definition":"Bakan, üst düzey yönetici.","spellings":["Vezir"]},"5cd4e576-60e0-5d35-ad3c-92fa1a1f175d":{"definition":"13. Yüzyıl’da Yakut Mustasimî tarafından idame ettirilen “nesta’lik” hat sanatı.","spellings":["Yakut"]},"76676210-58c4-5de1-89e6-594e4175ceac":{"definition":"Tr. Zaviye. Gezgin Sufiler veya dervişler için manastır veya pansiyon.","spellings":["Zaviye"]}}