@hztxi/cesium-engine 25.0.0

package/Source/Core/Matrix4.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3264 @@
+// @ts-check
+
+import Cartesian3 from "./Cartesian3.js";
+import Cartesian4 from "./Cartesian4.js";
+import Check from "./Check.js";
+import Frozen from "./Frozen.js";
+import defined from "./defined.js";
+import DeveloperError from "./DeveloperError.js";
+import CesiumMath from "./Math.js";
+import Matrix3 from "./Matrix3.js";
+import RuntimeError from "./RuntimeError.js";
+
+/** @import Quaternion from "./Quaternion.js"; */
+/** @import TranslationRotationScale from "./TranslationRotationScale.js"; */
+/** @import Camera from "../Scene/Camera.js"; */
+
+/**
+ * @typedef {object} Viewport
+ * @property {number} [x]
+ * @property {number} [y]
+ * @property {number} [width]
+ * @property {number} [height]
+ */
+
+/**
+ * A 4x4 matrix, indexable as a column-major order array.
+ * Constructor parameters are in row-major order for code readability.
+ *
+ * @implements {ArrayLike<number>}
+ *
+ * @see Matrix4.fromArray
+ * @see Matrix4.fromColumnMajorArray
+ * @see Matrix4.fromRowMajorArray
+ * @see Matrix4.fromRotationTranslation
+ * @see Matrix4.fromTranslationQuaternionRotationScale
+ * @see Matrix4.fromTranslationRotationScale
+ * @see Matrix4.fromTranslation
+ * @see Matrix4.fromScale
+ * @see Matrix4.fromUniformScale
+ * @see Matrix4.fromRotation
+ * @see Matrix4.fromCamera
+ * @see Matrix4.computePerspectiveFieldOfView
+ * @see Matrix4.computeOrthographicOffCenter
+ * @see Matrix4.computePerspectiveOffCenter
+ * @see Matrix4.computeInfinitePerspectiveOffCenter
+ * @see Matrix4.computeViewportTransformation
+ * @see Matrix4.computeView
+ * @see Matrix2
+ * @see Matrix3
+ * @see Packable
+ */
+// @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+class Matrix4 {
+  /**
+   * @param {number} [column0Row0=0.0] The value for column 0, row 0.
+   * @param {number} [column1Row0=0.0] The value for column 1, row 0.
+   * @param {number} [column2Row0=0.0] The value for column 2, row 0.
+   * @param {number} [column3Row0=0.0] The value for column 3, row 0.
+   * @param {number} [column0Row1=0.0] The value for column 0, row 1.
+   * @param {number} [column1Row1=0.0] The value for column 1, row 1.
+   * @param {number} [column2Row1=0.0] The value for column 2, row 1.
+   * @param {number} [column3Row1=0.0] The value for column 3, row 1.
+   * @param {number} [column0Row2=0.0] The value for column 0, row 2.
+   * @param {number} [column1Row2=0.0] The value for column 1, row 2.
+   * @param {number} [column2Row2=0.0] The value for column 2, row 2.
+   * @param {number} [column3Row2=0.0] The value for column 3, row 2.
+   * @param {number} [column0Row3=0.0] The value for column 0, row 3.
+   * @param {number} [column1Row3=0.0] The value for column 1, row 3.
+   * @param {number} [column2Row3=0.0] The value for column 2, row 3.
+   * @param {number} [column3Row3=0.0] The value for column 3, row 3.
+   */
+  constructor(
+    column0Row0,
+    column1Row0,
+    column2Row0,
+    column3Row0,
+    column0Row1,
+    column1Row1,
+    column2Row1,
+    column3Row1,
+    column0Row2,
+    column1Row2,
+    column2Row2,
+    column3Row2,
+    column0Row3,
+    column1Row3,
+    column2Row3,
+    column3Row3,
+  ) {
+    this[0] = column0Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[1] = column0Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[2] = column0Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[3] = column0Row3 ?? 0.0;
+    this[4] = column1Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[5] = column1Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[6] = column1Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[7] = column1Row3 ?? 0.0;
+    this[8] = column2Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[9] = column2Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[10] = column2Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[11] = column2Row3 ?? 0.0;
+    this[12] = column3Row0 ?? 0.0;
+    this[13] = column3Row1 ?? 0.0;
+    this[14] = column3Row2 ?? 0.0;
+    this[15] = column3Row3 ?? 0.0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Stores the provided instance into the provided array.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} value The value to pack.
+   * @param {number[]} array The array to pack into.
+   * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The index into the array at which to start packing the elements.
+   *
+   * @returns {number[]} The array that was packed into
+   */
+  static pack(value, array, startingIndex) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("value", value);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    startingIndex = startingIndex ?? 0;
+
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[0];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[1];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[2];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[3];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[4];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[5];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[6];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[7];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[8];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[9];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[10];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[11];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[12];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[13];
+    array[startingIndex++] = value[14];
+    array[startingIndex] = value[15];
+
+    return array;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves an instance from a packed array.
+   *
+   * @param {number[]} array The packed array.
+   * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The starting index of the element to be unpacked.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object into which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static unpack(array, startingIndex, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    startingIndex = startingIndex ?? 0;
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Matrix4();
+    }
+
+    result[0] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[1] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[2] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[3] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[4] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[5] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[6] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[7] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[8] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[9] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[10] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[11] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[12] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[13] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[14] = array[startingIndex++];
+    result[15] = array[startingIndex];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Flattens an array of Matrix4s into an array of components. The components
+   * are stored in column-major order.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4[]} array The array of matrices to pack.
+   * @param {number[]} [result] The array onto which to store the result. If this is a typed array, it must have array.length * 16 components, else a {@link DeveloperError} will be thrown. If it is a regular array, it will be resized to have (array.length * 16) elements.
+   * @returns {number[]} The packed array.
+   */
+  static packArray(array, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const length = array.length;
+    const resultLength = length * 16;
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Array(resultLength);
+      // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires conditional TypedArray types.
+    } else if (!Array.isArray(result) && result.length !== resultLength) {
+      //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+      throw new DeveloperError(
+        "If result is a typed array, it must have exactly array.length * 16 elements",
+      );
+      //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    } else if (result.length !== resultLength) {
+      /** @type {number[]} */ (result).length = resultLength;
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+      Matrix4.pack(array[i], result, i * 16);
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Unpacks an array of column-major matrix components into an array of Matrix4s.
+   *
+   * @param {number[]} array The array of components to unpack.
+   * @param {Matrix4[]} [result] The array onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4[]} The unpacked array.
+   */
+  static unpackArray(array, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("array", array);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("array.length", array.length, 16);
+    if (array.length % 16 !== 0) {
+      throw new DeveloperError("array length must be a multiple of 16.");
+    }
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const length = array.length;
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Array(length / 16);
+    } else {
+      result.length = length / 16;
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 0; i < length; i += 16) {
+      const index = i / 16;
+      result[index] = Matrix4.unpack(array, i, result[index]);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Duplicates a Matrix4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to duplicate.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided. (Returns undefined if matrix is undefined)
+   */
+  static clone(matrix, result) {
+    if (!defined(matrix)) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Matrix4(
+        matrix[0],
+        matrix[4],
+        matrix[8],
+        matrix[12],
+        matrix[1],
+        matrix[5],
+        matrix[9],
+        matrix[13],
+        matrix[2],
+        matrix[6],
+        matrix[10],
+        matrix[14],
+        matrix[3],
+        matrix[7],
+        matrix[11],
+        matrix[15],
+      );
+    }
+    result[0] = matrix[0];
+    result[1] = matrix[1];
+    result[2] = matrix[2];
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+    result[4] = matrix[4];
+    result[5] = matrix[5];
+    result[6] = matrix[6];
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+    result[8] = matrix[8];
+    result[9] = matrix[9];
+    result[10] = matrix[10];
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance from a column-major order array.
+   *
+   * @param {number[]} values The column-major order array.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static fromColumnMajorArray(values, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("values", values);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    return Matrix4.clone(values, result);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance from a row-major order array.
+   * The resulting matrix will be in column-major order.
+   *
+   * @param {number[]} values The row-major order array.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static fromRowMajorArray(values, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.defined("values", values);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Matrix4(
+        values[0],
+        values[1],
+        values[2],
+        values[3],
+        values[4],
+        values[5],
+        values[6],
+        values[7],
+        values[8],
+        values[9],
+        values[10],
+        values[11],
+        values[12],
+        values[13],
+        values[14],
+        values[15],
+      );
+    }
+    result[0] = values[0];
+    result[1] = values[4];
+    result[2] = values[8];
+    result[3] = values[12];
+    result[4] = values[1];
+    result[5] = values[5];
+    result[6] = values[9];
+    result[7] = values[13];
+    result[8] = values[2];
+    result[9] = values[6];
+    result[10] = values[10];
+    result[11] = values[14];
+    result[12] = values[3];
+    result[13] = values[7];
+    result[14] = values[11];
+    result[15] = values[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance from a Matrix3 representing the rotation
+   * and a Cartesian3 representing the translation.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix3} rotation The upper left portion of the matrix representing the rotation.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} [translation=Cartesian3.ZERO] The upper right portion of the matrix representing the translation.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static fromRotationTranslation(rotation, translation, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("rotation", rotation);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    translation = translation ?? Cartesian3.ZERO;
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Matrix4(
+        rotation[0],
+        rotation[3],
+        rotation[6],
+        translation.x,
+        rotation[1],
+        rotation[4],
+        rotation[7],
+        translation.y,
+        rotation[2],
+        rotation[5],
+        rotation[8],
+        translation.z,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        1.0,
+      );
+    }
+
+    result[0] = rotation[0];
+    result[1] = rotation[1];
+    result[2] = rotation[2];
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = rotation[3];
+    result[5] = rotation[4];
+    result[6] = rotation[5];
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = rotation[6];
+    result[9] = rotation[7];
+    result[10] = rotation[8];
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = translation.x;
+    result[13] = translation.y;
+    result[14] = translation.z;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance from a translation, rotation, and scale (TRS)
+   * representation with the rotation represented as a quaternion.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian3} translation The translation transformation.
+   * @param {Quaternion} rotation The rotation transformation.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} scale The non-uniform scale transformation.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * const result = Cesium.Matrix4.fromTranslationQuaternionRotationScale(
+   *   new Cesium.Cartesian3(1.0, 2.0, 3.0), // translation
+   *   Cesium.Quaternion.IDENTITY,           // rotation
+   *   new Cesium.Cartesian3(7.0, 8.0, 9.0), // scale
+   *   result);
+   */
+  static fromTranslationQuaternionRotationScale(
+    translation,
+    rotation,
+    scale,
+    result,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("translation", translation);
+    Check.typeOf.object("rotation", rotation);
+    Check.typeOf.object("scale", scale);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Matrix4();
+    }
+
+    const scaleX = scale.x;
+    const scaleY = scale.y;
+    const scaleZ = scale.z;
+
+    const x2 = rotation.x * rotation.x;
+    const xy = rotation.x * rotation.y;
+    const xz = rotation.x * rotation.z;
+    const xw = rotation.x * rotation.w;
+    const y2 = rotation.y * rotation.y;
+    const yz = rotation.y * rotation.z;
+    const yw = rotation.y * rotation.w;
+    const z2 = rotation.z * rotation.z;
+    const zw = rotation.z * rotation.w;
+    const w2 = rotation.w * rotation.w;
+
+    const m00 = x2 - y2 - z2 + w2;
+    const m01 = 2.0 * (xy - zw);
+    const m02 = 2.0 * (xz + yw);
+
+    const m10 = 2.0 * (xy + zw);
+    const m11 = -x2 + y2 - z2 + w2;
+    const m12 = 2.0 * (yz - xw);
+
+    const m20 = 2.0 * (xz - yw);
+    const m21 = 2.0 * (yz + xw);
+    const m22 = -x2 - y2 + z2 + w2;
+
+    result[0] = m00 * scaleX;
+    result[1] = m10 * scaleX;
+    result[2] = m20 * scaleX;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = m01 * scaleY;
+    result[5] = m11 * scaleY;
+    result[6] = m21 * scaleY;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = m02 * scaleZ;
+    result[9] = m12 * scaleZ;
+    result[10] = m22 * scaleZ;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = translation.x;
+    result[13] = translation.y;
+    result[14] = translation.z;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a Matrix4 instance from a {@link TranslationRotationScale} instance.
+   *
+   * @param {TranslationRotationScale} translationRotationScale The instance.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static fromTranslationRotationScale(translationRotationScale, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("translationRotationScale", translationRotationScale);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    return Matrix4.fromTranslationQuaternionRotationScale(
+      translationRotationScale.translation,
+      translationRotationScale.rotation,
+      translationRotationScale.scale,
+      result,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a Matrix4 instance from a Cartesian3 representing the translation.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian3} translation The upper right portion of the matrix representing the translation.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByTranslation
+   */
+  static fromTranslation(translation, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("translation", translation);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    return Matrix4.fromRotationTranslation(
+      Matrix3.IDENTITY,
+      translation,
+      result,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance representing a non-uniform scale.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian3} scale The x, y, and z scale factors.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Creates
+   * //   [7.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+   * //   [0.0, 8.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+   * //   [0.0, 0.0, 9.0, 0.0]
+   * //   [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]
+   * const m = Cesium.Matrix4.fromScale(new Cesium.Cartesian3(7.0, 8.0, 9.0));
+   */
+  static fromScale(scale, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("scale", scale);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Matrix4(
+        scale.x,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        scale.y,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        scale.z,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        1.0,
+      );
+    }
+
+    result[0] = scale.x;
+    result[1] = 0.0;
+    result[2] = 0.0;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = 0.0;
+    result[5] = scale.y;
+    result[6] = 0.0;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = 0.0;
+    result[9] = 0.0;
+    result[10] = scale.z;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = 0.0;
+    result[13] = 0.0;
+    result[14] = 0.0;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance representing a uniform scale.
+   *
+   * @param {number} scale The uniform scale factor.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Creates
+   * //   [2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+   * //   [0.0, 2.0, 0.0, 0.0]
+   * //   [0.0, 0.0, 2.0, 0.0]
+   * //   [0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]
+   * const m = Cesium.Matrix4.fromUniformScale(2.0);
+   */
+  static fromUniformScale(scale, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number("scale", scale);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Matrix4(
+        scale,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        scale,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        scale,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        1.0,
+      );
+    }
+
+    result[0] = scale;
+    result[1] = 0.0;
+    result[2] = 0.0;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = 0.0;
+    result[5] = scale;
+    result[6] = 0.0;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = 0.0;
+    result[9] = 0.0;
+    result[10] = scale;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = 0.0;
+    result[13] = 0.0;
+    result[14] = 0.0;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a rotation matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix3} rotation The rotation matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static fromRotation(rotation, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("rotation", rotation);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Matrix4();
+    }
+    result[0] = rotation[0];
+    result[1] = rotation[1];
+    result[2] = rotation[2];
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+
+    result[4] = rotation[3];
+    result[5] = rotation[4];
+    result[6] = rotation[5];
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+
+    result[8] = rotation[6];
+    result[9] = rotation[7];
+    result[10] = rotation[8];
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+
+    result[12] = 0.0;
+    result[13] = 0.0;
+    result[14] = 0.0;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance from a Camera.
+   *
+   * @param {Camera} camera The camera to use.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored, if undefined a new instance will be created.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter, or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  static fromCamera(camera, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("camera", camera);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const position = camera.position;
+    const direction = camera.direction;
+    const up = camera.up;
+
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("camera.position", position);
+    Check.typeOf.object("camera.direction", direction);
+    Check.typeOf.object("camera.up", up);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    Cartesian3.normalize(direction, fromCameraF);
+    Cartesian3.normalize(
+      Cartesian3.cross(fromCameraF, up, fromCameraR),
+      fromCameraR,
+    );
+    Cartesian3.normalize(
+      Cartesian3.cross(fromCameraR, fromCameraF, fromCameraU),
+      fromCameraU,
+    );
+
+    const sX = fromCameraR.x;
+    const sY = fromCameraR.y;
+    const sZ = fromCameraR.z;
+    const fX = fromCameraF.x;
+    const fY = fromCameraF.y;
+    const fZ = fromCameraF.z;
+    const uX = fromCameraU.x;
+    const uY = fromCameraU.y;
+    const uZ = fromCameraU.z;
+    const positionX = position.x;
+    const positionY = position.y;
+    const positionZ = position.z;
+    const t0 = sX * -positionX + sY * -positionY + sZ * -positionZ;
+    const t1 = uX * -positionX + uY * -positionY + uZ * -positionZ;
+    const t2 = fX * positionX + fY * positionY + fZ * positionZ;
+
+    // The code below this comment is an optimized
+    // version of the commented lines.
+    // Rather that create two matrices and then multiply,
+    // we just bake in the multiplcation as part of creation.
+    // const rotation = new Matrix4(
+    //                 sX,  sY,  sZ, 0.0,
+    //                 uX,  uY,  uZ, 0.0,
+    //                -fX, -fY, -fZ, 0.0,
+    //                 0.0,  0.0,  0.0, 1.0);
+    // const translation = new Matrix4(
+    //                 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -position.x,
+    //                 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, -position.y,
+    //                 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, -position.z,
+    //                 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+    // return rotation.multiply(translation);
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return new Matrix4(
+        sX,
+        sY,
+        sZ,
+        t0,
+        uX,
+        uY,
+        uZ,
+        t1,
+        -fX,
+        -fY,
+        -fZ,
+        t2,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        0.0,
+        1.0,
+      );
+    }
+    result[0] = sX;
+    result[1] = uX;
+    result[2] = -fX;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = sY;
+    result[5] = uY;
+    result[6] = -fY;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = sZ;
+    result[9] = uZ;
+    result[10] = -fZ;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = t0;
+    result[13] = t1;
+    result[14] = t2;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance representing a perspective transformation matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {number} fovY The field of view along the Y axis in radians.
+   * @param {number} aspectRatio The aspect ratio.
+   * @param {number} near The distance to the near plane in meters.
+   * @param {number} far The distance to the far plane in meters.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object in which the result will be stored.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} fovY must be in (0, PI].
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} aspectRatio must be greater than zero.
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} near must be greater than zero.
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} far must be greater than zero.
+   */
+  static computePerspectiveFieldOfView(fovY, aspectRatio, near, far, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThan("fovY", fovY, 0.0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.lessThan("fovY", fovY, Math.PI);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThan("near", near, 0.0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThan("far", far, 0.0);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const bottom = Math.tan(fovY * 0.5);
+
+    const column1Row1 = 1.0 / bottom;
+    const column0Row0 = column1Row1 / aspectRatio;
+    const column2Row2 = (far + near) / (near - far);
+    const column3Row2 = (2.0 * far * near) / (near - far);
+
+    result[0] = column0Row0;
+    result[1] = 0.0;
+    result[2] = 0.0;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = 0.0;
+    result[5] = column1Row1;
+    result[6] = 0.0;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = 0.0;
+    result[9] = 0.0;
+    result[10] = column2Row2;
+    result[11] = -1.0;
+    result[12] = 0.0;
+    result[13] = 0.0;
+    result[14] = column3Row2;
+    result[15] = 0.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance representing an orthographic transformation matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {number} left The number of meters to the left of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} right The number of meters to the right of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} bottom The number of meters below of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} top The number of meters above of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} near The distance to the near plane in meters.
+   * @param {number} far The distance to the far plane in meters.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object in which the result will be stored.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static computeOrthographicOffCenter(
+    left,
+    right,
+    bottom,
+    top,
+    near,
+    far,
+    result,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.number("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.number("bottom", bottom);
+    Check.typeOf.number("top", top);
+    Check.typeOf.number("near", near);
+    Check.typeOf.number("far", far);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    let a = 1.0 / (right - left);
+    let b = 1.0 / (top - bottom);
+    let c = 1.0 / (far - near);
+
+    const tx = -(right + left) * a;
+    const ty = -(top + bottom) * b;
+    const tz = -(far + near) * c;
+    a *= 2.0;
+    b *= 2.0;
+    c *= -2.0;
+
+    result[0] = a;
+    result[1] = 0.0;
+    result[2] = 0.0;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = 0.0;
+    result[5] = b;
+    result[6] = 0.0;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = 0.0;
+    result[9] = 0.0;
+    result[10] = c;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = tx;
+    result[13] = ty;
+    result[14] = tz;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance representing an off center perspective transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {number} left The number of meters to the left of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} right The number of meters to the right of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} bottom The number of meters below the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} top The number of meters above the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} near The distance to the near plane in meters.
+   * @param {number} far The distance to the far plane in meters.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object in which the result will be stored.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static computePerspectiveOffCenter(
+    left,
+    right,
+    bottom,
+    top,
+    near,
+    far,
+    result,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.number("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.number("bottom", bottom);
+    Check.typeOf.number("top", top);
+    Check.typeOf.number("near", near);
+    Check.typeOf.number("far", far);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const column0Row0 = (2.0 * near) / (right - left);
+    const column1Row1 = (2.0 * near) / (top - bottom);
+    const column2Row0 = (right + left) / (right - left);
+    const column2Row1 = (top + bottom) / (top - bottom);
+    const column2Row2 = -(far + near) / (far - near);
+    const column2Row3 = -1.0;
+    const column3Row2 = (-2.0 * far * near) / (far - near);
+
+    result[0] = column0Row0;
+    result[1] = 0.0;
+    result[2] = 0.0;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = 0.0;
+    result[5] = column1Row1;
+    result[6] = 0.0;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = column2Row0;
+    result[9] = column2Row1;
+    result[10] = column2Row2;
+    result[11] = column2Row3;
+    result[12] = 0.0;
+    result[13] = 0.0;
+    result[14] = column3Row2;
+    result[15] = 0.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance representing an infinite off center perspective transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {number} left The number of meters to the left of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} right The number of meters to the right of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} bottom The number of meters below of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} top The number of meters above of the camera that will be in view.
+   * @param {number} near The distance to the near plane in meters.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object in which the result will be stored.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static computeInfinitePerspectiveOffCenter(
+    left,
+    right,
+    bottom,
+    top,
+    near,
+    result,
+  ) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.number("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.number("bottom", bottom);
+    Check.typeOf.number("top", top);
+    Check.typeOf.number("near", near);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const column0Row0 = (2.0 * near) / (right - left);
+    const column1Row1 = (2.0 * near) / (top - bottom);
+    const column2Row0 = (right + left) / (right - left);
+    const column2Row1 = (top + bottom) / (top - bottom);
+    const column2Row2 = -1.0;
+    const column2Row3 = -1.0;
+    const column3Row2 = -2.0 * near;
+
+    result[0] = column0Row0;
+    result[1] = 0.0;
+    result[2] = 0.0;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = 0.0;
+    result[5] = column1Row1;
+    result[6] = 0.0;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = column2Row0;
+    result[9] = column2Row1;
+    result[10] = column2Row2;
+    result[11] = column2Row3;
+    result[12] = 0.0;
+    result[13] = 0.0;
+    result[14] = column3Row2;
+    result[15] = 0.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance that transforms from normalized device coordinates to window coordinates.
+   *
+   * @param {Viewport} [viewport = { x : 0.0, y : 0.0, width : 0.0, height : 0.0 }] The viewport's corners as shown in Example 1.
+   * @param {number} [nearDepthRange=0.0] The near plane distance in window coordinates.
+   * @param {number} [farDepthRange=1.0] The far plane distance in window coordinates.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object in which the result will be stored.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Create viewport transformation using an explicit viewport and depth range.
+   * const m = Cesium.Matrix4.computeViewportTransformation({
+   *     x : 0.0,
+   *     y : 0.0,
+   *     width : 1024.0,
+   *     height : 768.0
+   * }, 0.0, 1.0, new Cesium.Matrix4());
+   */
+  static computeViewportTransformation(
+    viewport,
+    nearDepthRange,
+    farDepthRange,
+    result,
+  ) {
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      result = new Matrix4();
+    }
+
+    viewport = viewport ?? Frozen.EMPTY_OBJECT;
+    const x = viewport.x ?? 0.0;
+    const y = viewport.y ?? 0.0;
+    const width = viewport.width ?? 0.0;
+    const height = viewport.height ?? 0.0;
+    nearDepthRange = nearDepthRange ?? 0.0;
+    farDepthRange = farDepthRange ?? 1.0;
+
+    const halfWidth = width * 0.5;
+    const halfHeight = height * 0.5;
+    const halfDepth = (farDepthRange - nearDepthRange) * 0.5;
+
+    const column0Row0 = halfWidth;
+    const column1Row1 = halfHeight;
+    const column2Row2 = halfDepth;
+    const column3Row0 = x + halfWidth;
+    const column3Row1 = y + halfHeight;
+    const column3Row2 = nearDepthRange + halfDepth;
+    const column3Row3 = 1.0;
+
+    result[0] = column0Row0;
+    result[1] = 0.0;
+    result[2] = 0.0;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = 0.0;
+    result[5] = column1Row1;
+    result[6] = 0.0;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = 0.0;
+    result[9] = 0.0;
+    result[10] = column2Row2;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = column3Row0;
+    result[13] = column3Row1;
+    result[14] = column3Row2;
+    result[15] = column3Row3;
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a Matrix4 instance that transforms from world space to view space.
+   *
+   * @param {Cartesian3} position The position of the camera.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} direction The forward direction.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} up The up direction.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} right The right direction.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object in which the result will be stored.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static computeView(position, direction, up, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("position", position);
+    Check.typeOf.object("direction", direction);
+    Check.typeOf.object("up", up);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = right.x;
+    result[1] = up.x;
+    result[2] = -direction.x;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = right.y;
+    result[5] = up.y;
+    result[6] = -direction.y;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = right.z;
+    result[9] = up.z;
+    result[10] = -direction.z;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = -Cartesian3.dot(right, position);
+    result[13] = -Cartesian3.dot(up, position);
+    result[14] = Cartesian3.dot(direction, position);
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes an Array from the provided Matrix4 instance.
+   * The array will be in column-major order.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use..
+   * @param {number[]} [result] The Array onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {number[]} The modified Array parameter or a new Array instance if one was not provided.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //create an array from an instance of Matrix4
+   * // m = [10.0, 14.0, 18.0, 22.0]
+   * //     [11.0, 15.0, 19.0, 23.0]
+   * //     [12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0]
+   * //     [13.0, 17.0, 21.0, 25.0]
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.toArray(m);
+   *
+   * // m remains the same
+   * //creates a = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   */
+  static toArray(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    if (!defined(result)) {
+      return [
+        matrix[0],
+        matrix[1],
+        matrix[2],
+        matrix[3],
+        matrix[4],
+        matrix[5],
+        matrix[6],
+        matrix[7],
+        matrix[8],
+        matrix[9],
+        matrix[10],
+        matrix[11],
+        matrix[12],
+        matrix[13],
+        matrix[14],
+        matrix[15],
+      ];
+    }
+    result[0] = matrix[0];
+    result[1] = matrix[1];
+    result[2] = matrix[2];
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+    result[4] = matrix[4];
+    result[5] = matrix[5];
+    result[6] = matrix[6];
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+    result[8] = matrix[8];
+    result[9] = matrix[9];
+    result[10] = matrix[10];
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the array index of the element at the provided row and column.
+   *
+   * @param {number} row The zero-based index of the row.
+   * @param {number} column The zero-based index of the column.
+   * @returns {number} The index of the element at the provided row and column.
+   *
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} row must be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} column must be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * const myMatrix = new Cesium.Matrix4();
+   * const column1Row0Index = Cesium.Matrix4.getElementIndex(1, 0);
+   * const column1Row0 = myMatrix[column1Row0Index];
+   * myMatrix[column1Row0Index] = 10.0;
+   */
+  static getElementIndex(column, row) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("row", row, 0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.lessThanOrEquals("row", row, 3);
+
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("column", column, 0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.lessThanOrEquals("column", column, 3);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    return column * 4 + row;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves a copy of the matrix column at the provided index as a Cartesian4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {number} index The zero-based index of the column to retrieve.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} index must be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //returns a Cartesian4 instance with values from the specified column
+   * // m = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * //Example 1: Creates an instance of Cartesian
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.getColumn(m, 2, new Cesium.Cartesian4());
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //Example 2: Sets values for Cartesian instance
+   * const a = new Cesium.Cartesian4();
+   * Cesium.Matrix4.getColumn(m, 2, a);
+   *
+   * // a.x = 12.0; a.y = 16.0; a.z = 20.0; a.w = 24.0;
+   */
+  static getColumn(matrix, index, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("index", index, 0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.lessThanOrEquals("index", index, 3);
+
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const startIndex = index * 4;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const x = matrix[startIndex];
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const y = matrix[startIndex + 1];
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const z = matrix[startIndex + 2];
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const w = matrix[startIndex + 3];
+
+    result.x = x;
+    result.y = y;
+    result.z = z;
+    result.w = w;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a new matrix that replaces the specified column in the provided matrix with the provided Cartesian4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {number} index The zero-based index of the column to set.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian whose values will be assigned to the specified column.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} index must be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //creates a new Matrix4 instance with new column values from the Cartesian4 instance
+   * // m = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.setColumn(m, 2, new Cesium.Cartesian4(99.0, 98.0, 97.0, 96.0), new Cesium.Matrix4());
+   *
+   * // m remains the same
+   * // a = [10.0, 11.0, 99.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 98.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 97.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 96.0, 25.0]
+   */
+  static setColumn(matrix, index, cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("index", index, 0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.lessThanOrEquals("index", index, 3);
+
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result = Matrix4.clone(matrix, result);
+    const startIndex = index * 4;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[startIndex] = cartesian.x;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[startIndex + 1] = cartesian.y;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[startIndex + 2] = cartesian.z;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[startIndex + 3] = cartesian.w;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves a copy of the matrix row at the provided index as a Cartesian4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {number} index The zero-based index of the row to retrieve.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} index must be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //returns a Cartesian4 instance with values from the specified column
+   * // m = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * //Example 1: Returns an instance of Cartesian
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.getRow(m, 2, new Cesium.Cartesian4());
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //Example 2: Sets values for a Cartesian instance
+   * const a = new Cesium.Cartesian4();
+   * Cesium.Matrix4.getRow(m, 2, a);
+   *
+   * // a.x = 18.0; a.y = 19.0; a.z = 20.0; a.w = 21.0;
+   */
+  static getRow(matrix, index, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("index", index, 0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.lessThanOrEquals("index", index, 3);
+
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const x = matrix[index];
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const y = matrix[index + 4];
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const z = matrix[index + 8];
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    const w = matrix[index + 12];
+
+    result.x = x;
+    result.y = y;
+    result.z = z;
+    result.w = w;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a new matrix that replaces the specified row in the provided matrix with the provided Cartesian4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {number} index The zero-based index of the row to set.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The Cartesian whose values will be assigned to the specified row.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @exception {DeveloperError} index must be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //create a new Matrix4 instance with new row values from the Cartesian4 instance
+   * // m = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.setRow(m, 2, new Cesium.Cartesian4(99.0, 98.0, 97.0, 96.0), new Cesium.Matrix4());
+   *
+   * // m remains the same
+   * // a = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [99.0, 98.0, 97.0, 96.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   */
+  static setRow(matrix, index, cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+
+    Check.typeOf.number.greaterThanOrEquals("index", index, 0);
+    Check.typeOf.number.lessThanOrEquals("index", index, 3);
+
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result = Matrix4.clone(matrix, result);
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[index] = cartesian.x;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[index + 4] = cartesian.y;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[index + 8] = cartesian.z;
+    // @ts-expect-error TODO(tsd-jsdoc): Requires index signature support.
+    result[index + 12] = cartesian.w;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a new matrix that replaces the translation in the rightmost column of the provided
+   * matrix with the provided translation. This assumes the matrix is an affine transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} translation The translation that replaces the translation of the provided matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static setTranslation(matrix, translation, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("translation", translation);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0];
+    result[1] = matrix[1];
+    result[2] = matrix[2];
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+
+    result[4] = matrix[4];
+    result[5] = matrix[5];
+    result[6] = matrix[6];
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+
+    result[8] = matrix[8];
+    result[9] = matrix[9];
+    result[10] = matrix[10];
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+
+    result[12] = translation.x;
+    result[13] = translation.y;
+    result[14] = translation.z;
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a new matrix that replaces the scale with the provided scale.
+   * This assumes the matrix is an affine transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} scale The scale that replaces the scale of the provided matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.setUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByScale
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.getScale
+   */
+  static setScale(matrix, scale, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("scale", scale);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const existingScale = Matrix4.getScale(matrix, scaleScratch1);
+    const scaleRatioX = scale.x / existingScale.x;
+    const scaleRatioY = scale.y / existingScale.y;
+    const scaleRatioZ = scale.z / existingScale.z;
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0] * scaleRatioX;
+    result[1] = matrix[1] * scaleRatioX;
+    result[2] = matrix[2] * scaleRatioX;
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+
+    result[4] = matrix[4] * scaleRatioY;
+    result[5] = matrix[5] * scaleRatioY;
+    result[6] = matrix[6] * scaleRatioY;
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+
+    result[8] = matrix[8] * scaleRatioZ;
+    result[9] = matrix[9] * scaleRatioZ;
+    result[10] = matrix[10] * scaleRatioZ;
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a new matrix that replaces the scale with the provided uniform scale.
+   * This assumes the matrix is an affine transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {number} scale The uniform scale that replaces the scale of the provided matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.setScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByScale
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.getScale
+   */
+  static setUniformScale(matrix, scale, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.number("scale", scale);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const existingScale = Matrix4.getScale(matrix, scaleScratch2);
+    const scaleRatioX = scale / existingScale.x;
+    const scaleRatioY = scale / existingScale.y;
+    const scaleRatioZ = scale / existingScale.z;
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0] * scaleRatioX;
+    result[1] = matrix[1] * scaleRatioX;
+    result[2] = matrix[2] * scaleRatioX;
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+
+    result[4] = matrix[4] * scaleRatioY;
+    result[5] = matrix[5] * scaleRatioY;
+    result[6] = matrix[6] * scaleRatioY;
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+
+    result[8] = matrix[8] * scaleRatioZ;
+    result[9] = matrix[9] * scaleRatioZ;
+    result[10] = matrix[10] * scaleRatioZ;
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extracts the non-uniform scale assuming the matrix is an affine transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian3} The modified result parameter
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByScale
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.setScale
+   * @see Matrix4.setUniformScale
+   */
+  static getScale(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result.x = Cartesian3.magnitude(
+      Cartesian3.fromElements(matrix[0], matrix[1], matrix[2], scratchColumn),
+    );
+    result.y = Cartesian3.magnitude(
+      Cartesian3.fromElements(matrix[4], matrix[5], matrix[6], scratchColumn),
+    );
+    result.z = Cartesian3.magnitude(
+      Cartesian3.fromElements(matrix[8], matrix[9], matrix[10], scratchColumn),
+    );
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the maximum scale assuming the matrix is an affine transformation.
+   * The maximum scale is the maximum length of the column vectors in the upper-left
+   * 3x3 matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @returns {number} The maximum scale.
+   */
+  static getMaximumScale(matrix) {
+    Matrix4.getScale(matrix, scaleScratch3);
+    return Cartesian3.maximumComponent(scaleScratch3);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Sets the rotation assuming the matrix is an affine transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix3} rotation The rotation matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.fromRotation
+   * @see Matrix4.getRotation
+   */
+  static setRotation(matrix, rotation, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const scale = Matrix4.getScale(matrix, scaleScratch4);
+
+    result[0] = rotation[0] * scale.x;
+    result[1] = rotation[1] * scale.x;
+    result[2] = rotation[2] * scale.x;
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+
+    result[4] = rotation[3] * scale.y;
+    result[5] = rotation[4] * scale.y;
+    result[6] = rotation[5] * scale.y;
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+
+    result[8] = rotation[6] * scale.z;
+    result[9] = rotation[7] * scale.z;
+    result[10] = rotation[8] * scale.z;
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extracts the rotation matrix assuming the matrix is an affine transformation.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix3} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix3} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.setRotation
+   * @see Matrix4.fromRotation
+   */
+  static getRotation(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const scale = Matrix4.getScale(matrix, scaleScratch5);
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0] / scale.x;
+    result[1] = matrix[1] / scale.x;
+    result[2] = matrix[2] / scale.x;
+
+    result[3] = matrix[4] / scale.y;
+    result[4] = matrix[5] / scale.y;
+    result[5] = matrix[6] / scale.y;
+
+    result[6] = matrix[8] / scale.z;
+    result[7] = matrix[9] / scale.z;
+    result[8] = matrix[10] / scale.z;
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the product of two matrices.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} left The first matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} right The second matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static multiply(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const left0 = left[0];
+    const left1 = left[1];
+    const left2 = left[2];
+    const left3 = left[3];
+    const left4 = left[4];
+    const left5 = left[5];
+    const left6 = left[6];
+    const left7 = left[7];
+    const left8 = left[8];
+    const left9 = left[9];
+    const left10 = left[10];
+    const left11 = left[11];
+    const left12 = left[12];
+    const left13 = left[13];
+    const left14 = left[14];
+    const left15 = left[15];
+
+    const right0 = right[0];
+    const right1 = right[1];
+    const right2 = right[2];
+    const right3 = right[3];
+    const right4 = right[4];
+    const right5 = right[5];
+    const right6 = right[6];
+    const right7 = right[7];
+    const right8 = right[8];
+    const right9 = right[9];
+    const right10 = right[10];
+    const right11 = right[11];
+    const right12 = right[12];
+    const right13 = right[13];
+    const right14 = right[14];
+    const right15 = right[15];
+
+    const column0Row0 =
+      left0 * right0 + left4 * right1 + left8 * right2 + left12 * right3;
+    const column0Row1 =
+      left1 * right0 + left5 * right1 + left9 * right2 + left13 * right3;
+    const column0Row2 =
+      left2 * right0 + left6 * right1 + left10 * right2 + left14 * right3;
+    const column0Row3 =
+      left3 * right0 + left7 * right1 + left11 * right2 + left15 * right3;
+
+    const column1Row0 =
+      left0 * right4 + left4 * right5 + left8 * right6 + left12 * right7;
+    const column1Row1 =
+      left1 * right4 + left5 * right5 + left9 * right6 + left13 * right7;
+    const column1Row2 =
+      left2 * right4 + left6 * right5 + left10 * right6 + left14 * right7;
+    const column1Row3 =
+      left3 * right4 + left7 * right5 + left11 * right6 + left15 * right7;
+
+    const column2Row0 =
+      left0 * right8 + left4 * right9 + left8 * right10 + left12 * right11;
+    const column2Row1 =
+      left1 * right8 + left5 * right9 + left9 * right10 + left13 * right11;
+    const column2Row2 =
+      left2 * right8 + left6 * right9 + left10 * right10 + left14 * right11;
+    const column2Row3 =
+      left3 * right8 + left7 * right9 + left11 * right10 + left15 * right11;
+
+    const column3Row0 =
+      left0 * right12 + left4 * right13 + left8 * right14 + left12 * right15;
+    const column3Row1 =
+      left1 * right12 + left5 * right13 + left9 * right14 + left13 * right15;
+    const column3Row2 =
+      left2 * right12 + left6 * right13 + left10 * right14 + left14 * right15;
+    const column3Row3 =
+      left3 * right12 + left7 * right13 + left11 * right14 + left15 * right15;
+
+    result[0] = column0Row0;
+    result[1] = column0Row1;
+    result[2] = column0Row2;
+    result[3] = column0Row3;
+    result[4] = column1Row0;
+    result[5] = column1Row1;
+    result[6] = column1Row2;
+    result[7] = column1Row3;
+    result[8] = column2Row0;
+    result[9] = column2Row1;
+    result[10] = column2Row2;
+    result[11] = column2Row3;
+    result[12] = column3Row0;
+    result[13] = column3Row1;
+    result[14] = column3Row2;
+    result[15] = column3Row3;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the sum of two matrices.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} left The first matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} right The second matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static add(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = left[0] + right[0];
+    result[1] = left[1] + right[1];
+    result[2] = left[2] + right[2];
+    result[3] = left[3] + right[3];
+    result[4] = left[4] + right[4];
+    result[5] = left[5] + right[5];
+    result[6] = left[6] + right[6];
+    result[7] = left[7] + right[7];
+    result[8] = left[8] + right[8];
+    result[9] = left[9] + right[9];
+    result[10] = left[10] + right[10];
+    result[11] = left[11] + right[11];
+    result[12] = left[12] + right[12];
+    result[13] = left[13] + right[13];
+    result[14] = left[14] + right[14];
+    result[15] = left[15] + right[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the difference of two matrices.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} left The first matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} right The second matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static subtract(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = left[0] - right[0];
+    result[1] = left[1] - right[1];
+    result[2] = left[2] - right[2];
+    result[3] = left[3] - right[3];
+    result[4] = left[4] - right[4];
+    result[5] = left[5] - right[5];
+    result[6] = left[6] - right[6];
+    result[7] = left[7] - right[7];
+    result[8] = left[8] - right[8];
+    result[9] = left[9] - right[9];
+    result[10] = left[10] - right[10];
+    result[11] = left[11] - right[11];
+    result[12] = left[12] - right[12];
+    result[13] = left[13] - right[13];
+    result[14] = left[14] - right[14];
+    result[15] = left[15] - right[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the product of two matrices assuming the matrices are affine transformation matrices,
+   * where the upper left 3x3 elements are any matrix, and
+   * the upper three elements in the fourth column are the translation.
+   * The bottom row is assumed to be [0, 0, 0, 1].
+   * The matrix is not verified to be in the proper form.
+   * This method is faster than computing the product for general 4x4
+   * matrices using {@link Matrix4.multiply}.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} left The first matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} right The second matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * const m1 = new Cesium.Matrix4(1.0, 6.0, 7.0, 0.0, 2.0, 5.0, 8.0, 0.0, 3.0, 4.0, 9.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+   * const m2 = Cesium.Transforms.eastNorthUpToFixedFrame(new Cesium.Cartesian3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0));
+   * const m3 = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyTransformation(m1, m2, new Cesium.Matrix4());
+   */
+  static multiplyTransformation(left, right, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("left", left);
+    Check.typeOf.object("right", right);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const left0 = left[0];
+    const left1 = left[1];
+    const left2 = left[2];
+    const left4 = left[4];
+    const left5 = left[5];
+    const left6 = left[6];
+    const left8 = left[8];
+    const left9 = left[9];
+    const left10 = left[10];
+    const left12 = left[12];
+    const left13 = left[13];
+    const left14 = left[14];
+
+    const right0 = right[0];
+    const right1 = right[1];
+    const right2 = right[2];
+    const right4 = right[4];
+    const right5 = right[5];
+    const right6 = right[6];
+    const right8 = right[8];
+    const right9 = right[9];
+    const right10 = right[10];
+    const right12 = right[12];
+    const right13 = right[13];
+    const right14 = right[14];
+
+    const column0Row0 = left0 * right0 + left4 * right1 + left8 * right2;
+    const column0Row1 = left1 * right0 + left5 * right1 + left9 * right2;
+    const column0Row2 = left2 * right0 + left6 * right1 + left10 * right2;
+
+    const column1Row0 = left0 * right4 + left4 * right5 + left8 * right6;
+    const column1Row1 = left1 * right4 + left5 * right5 + left9 * right6;
+    const column1Row2 = left2 * right4 + left6 * right5 + left10 * right6;
+
+    const column2Row0 = left0 * right8 + left4 * right9 + left8 * right10;
+    const column2Row1 = left1 * right8 + left5 * right9 + left9 * right10;
+    const column2Row2 = left2 * right8 + left6 * right9 + left10 * right10;
+
+    const column3Row0 =
+      left0 * right12 + left4 * right13 + left8 * right14 + left12;
+    const column3Row1 =
+      left1 * right12 + left5 * right13 + left9 * right14 + left13;
+    const column3Row2 =
+      left2 * right12 + left6 * right13 + left10 * right14 + left14;
+
+    result[0] = column0Row0;
+    result[1] = column0Row1;
+    result[2] = column0Row2;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = column1Row0;
+    result[5] = column1Row1;
+    result[6] = column1Row2;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = column2Row0;
+    result[9] = column2Row1;
+    result[10] = column2Row2;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = column3Row0;
+    result[13] = column3Row1;
+    result[14] = column3Row2;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Multiplies a transformation matrix (with a bottom row of <code>[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]</code>)
+   * by a 3x3 rotation matrix.  This is an optimization
+   * for <code>Matrix4.multiply(m, Matrix4.fromRotationTranslation(rotation), m);</code> with less allocations and arithmetic operations.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix on the left-hand side.
+   * @param {Matrix3} rotation The 3x3 rotation matrix on the right-hand side.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Instead of Cesium.Matrix4.multiply(m, Cesium.Matrix4.fromRotationTranslation(rotation), m);
+   * Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByMatrix3(m, rotation, m);
+   */
+  static multiplyByMatrix3(matrix, rotation, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("rotation", rotation);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const left0 = matrix[0];
+    const left1 = matrix[1];
+    const left2 = matrix[2];
+    const left4 = matrix[4];
+    const left5 = matrix[5];
+    const left6 = matrix[6];
+    const left8 = matrix[8];
+    const left9 = matrix[9];
+    const left10 = matrix[10];
+
+    const right0 = rotation[0];
+    const right1 = rotation[1];
+    const right2 = rotation[2];
+    const right4 = rotation[3];
+    const right5 = rotation[4];
+    const right6 = rotation[5];
+    const right8 = rotation[6];
+    const right9 = rotation[7];
+    const right10 = rotation[8];
+
+    const column0Row0 = left0 * right0 + left4 * right1 + left8 * right2;
+    const column0Row1 = left1 * right0 + left5 * right1 + left9 * right2;
+    const column0Row2 = left2 * right0 + left6 * right1 + left10 * right2;
+
+    const column1Row0 = left0 * right4 + left4 * right5 + left8 * right6;
+    const column1Row1 = left1 * right4 + left5 * right5 + left9 * right6;
+    const column1Row2 = left2 * right4 + left6 * right5 + left10 * right6;
+
+    const column2Row0 = left0 * right8 + left4 * right9 + left8 * right10;
+    const column2Row1 = left1 * right8 + left5 * right9 + left9 * right10;
+    const column2Row2 = left2 * right8 + left6 * right9 + left10 * right10;
+
+    result[0] = column0Row0;
+    result[1] = column0Row1;
+    result[2] = column0Row2;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = column1Row0;
+    result[5] = column1Row1;
+    result[6] = column1Row2;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = column2Row0;
+    result[9] = column2Row1;
+    result[10] = column2Row2;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Multiplies a transformation matrix (with a bottom row of <code>[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]</code>)
+   * by an implicit translation matrix defined by a {@link Cartesian3}.  This is an optimization
+   * for <code>Matrix4.multiply(m, Matrix4.fromTranslation(position), m);</code> with less allocations and arithmetic operations.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix on the left-hand side.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} translation The translation on the right-hand side.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Instead of Cesium.Matrix4.multiply(m, Cesium.Matrix4.fromTranslation(position), m);
+   * Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByTranslation(m, position, m);
+   */
+  static multiplyByTranslation(matrix, translation, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("translation", translation);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const x = translation.x;
+    const y = translation.y;
+    const z = translation.z;
+
+    const tx = x * matrix[0] + y * matrix[4] + z * matrix[8] + matrix[12];
+    const ty = x * matrix[1] + y * matrix[5] + z * matrix[9] + matrix[13];
+    const tz = x * matrix[2] + y * matrix[6] + z * matrix[10] + matrix[14];
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0];
+    result[1] = matrix[1];
+    result[2] = matrix[2];
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+    result[4] = matrix[4];
+    result[5] = matrix[5];
+    result[6] = matrix[6];
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+    result[8] = matrix[8];
+    result[9] = matrix[9];
+    result[10] = matrix[10];
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+    result[12] = tx;
+    result[13] = ty;
+    result[14] = tz;
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Multiplies an affine transformation matrix (with a bottom row of <code>[0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0]</code>)
+   * by an implicit non-uniform scale matrix. This is an optimization
+   * for <code>Matrix4.multiply(m, Matrix4.fromUniformScale(scale), m);</code>, where
+   * <code>m</code> must be an affine matrix.
+   * This function performs fewer allocations and arithmetic operations.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The affine matrix on the left-hand side.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} scale The non-uniform scale on the right-hand side.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Instead of Cesium.Matrix4.multiply(m, Cesium.Matrix4.fromScale(scale), m);
+   * Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByScale(m, scale, m);
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.setScale
+   * @see Matrix4.setUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.getScale
+   */
+  static multiplyByScale(matrix, scale, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("scale", scale);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const scaleX = scale.x;
+    const scaleY = scale.y;
+    const scaleZ = scale.z;
+
+    // Faster than Cartesian3.equals
+    if (scaleX === 1.0 && scaleY === 1.0 && scaleZ === 1.0) {
+      return Matrix4.clone(matrix, result);
+    }
+
+    result[0] = scaleX * matrix[0];
+    result[1] = scaleX * matrix[1];
+    result[2] = scaleX * matrix[2];
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+
+    result[4] = scaleY * matrix[4];
+    result[5] = scaleY * matrix[5];
+    result[6] = scaleY * matrix[6];
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+
+    result[8] = scaleZ * matrix[8];
+    result[9] = scaleZ * matrix[9];
+    result[10] = scaleZ * matrix[10];
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the product of a matrix times a uniform scale, as if the scale were a scale matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix on the left-hand side.
+   * @param {number} scale The uniform scale on the right-hand side.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // Instead of Cesium.Matrix4.multiply(m, Cesium.Matrix4.fromUniformScale(scale), m);
+   * Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByUniformScale(m, scale, m);
+   *
+   * @see Matrix4.multiplyByScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromScale
+   * @see Matrix4.fromUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.setScale
+   * @see Matrix4.setUniformScale
+   * @see Matrix4.getScale
+   */
+  static multiplyByUniformScale(matrix, scale, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.number("scale", scale);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0] * scale;
+    result[1] = matrix[1] * scale;
+    result[2] = matrix[2] * scale;
+    result[3] = matrix[3];
+
+    result[4] = matrix[4] * scale;
+    result[5] = matrix[5] * scale;
+    result[6] = matrix[6] * scale;
+    result[7] = matrix[7];
+
+    result[8] = matrix[8] * scale;
+    result[9] = matrix[9] * scale;
+    result[10] = matrix[10] * scale;
+    result[11] = matrix[11];
+
+    result[12] = matrix[12];
+    result[13] = matrix[13];
+    result[14] = matrix[14];
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the product of a matrix and a column vector.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} cartesian The vector.
+   * @param {Cartesian4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static multiplyByVector(matrix, cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const vX = cartesian.x;
+    const vY = cartesian.y;
+    const vZ = cartesian.z;
+    const vW = cartesian.w;
+
+    const x =
+      matrix[0] * vX + matrix[4] * vY + matrix[8] * vZ + matrix[12] * vW;
+    const y =
+      matrix[1] * vX + matrix[5] * vY + matrix[9] * vZ + matrix[13] * vW;
+    const z =
+      matrix[2] * vX + matrix[6] * vY + matrix[10] * vZ + matrix[14] * vW;
+    const w =
+      matrix[3] * vX + matrix[7] * vY + matrix[11] * vZ + matrix[15] * vW;
+
+    result.x = x;
+    result.y = y;
+    result.z = z;
+    result.w = w;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the product of a matrix and a {@link Cartesian3}.  This is equivalent to calling {@link Matrix4.multiplyByVector}
+   * with a {@link Cartesian4} with a <code>w</code> component of zero.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} cartesian The point.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian3} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * const p = new Cesium.Cartesian3(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
+   * const result = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPointAsVector(matrix, p, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+   * // A shortcut for
+   * //   Cartesian3 p = ...
+   * //   Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByVector(matrix, new Cesium.Cartesian4(p.x, p.y, p.z, 0.0), result);
+   */
+  static multiplyByPointAsVector(matrix, cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const vX = cartesian.x;
+    const vY = cartesian.y;
+    const vZ = cartesian.z;
+
+    const x = matrix[0] * vX + matrix[4] * vY + matrix[8] * vZ;
+    const y = matrix[1] * vX + matrix[5] * vY + matrix[9] * vZ;
+    const z = matrix[2] * vX + matrix[6] * vY + matrix[10] * vZ;
+
+    result.x = x;
+    result.y = y;
+    result.z = z;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the product of a matrix and a {@link Cartesian3}. This is equivalent to calling {@link Matrix4.multiplyByVector}
+   * with a {@link Cartesian4} with a <code>w</code> component of 1, but returns a {@link Cartesian3} instead of a {@link Cartesian4}.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} cartesian The point.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian3} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * const p = new Cesium.Cartesian3(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
+   * const result = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByPoint(matrix, p, new Cesium.Cartesian3());
+   */
+  static multiplyByPoint(matrix, cartesian, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("cartesian", cartesian);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const vX = cartesian.x;
+    const vY = cartesian.y;
+    const vZ = cartesian.z;
+
+    const x = matrix[0] * vX + matrix[4] * vY + matrix[8] * vZ + matrix[12];
+    const y = matrix[1] * vX + matrix[5] * vY + matrix[9] * vZ + matrix[13];
+    const z = matrix[2] * vX + matrix[6] * vY + matrix[10] * vZ + matrix[14];
+
+    result.x = x;
+    result.y = y;
+    result.z = z;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the product of a matrix and a scalar.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix.
+   * @param {number} scalar The number to multiply by.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //create a Matrix4 instance which is a scaled version of the supplied Matrix4
+   * // m = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.multiplyByScalar(m, -2, new Cesium.Matrix4());
+   *
+   * // m remains the same
+   * // a = [-20.0, -22.0, -24.0, -26.0]
+   * //     [-28.0, -30.0, -32.0, -34.0]
+   * //     [-36.0, -38.0, -40.0, -42.0]
+   * //     [-44.0, -46.0, -48.0, -50.0]
+   */
+  static multiplyByScalar(matrix, scalar, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.number("scalar", scalar);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0] * scalar;
+    result[1] = matrix[1] * scalar;
+    result[2] = matrix[2] * scalar;
+    result[3] = matrix[3] * scalar;
+    result[4] = matrix[4] * scalar;
+    result[5] = matrix[5] * scalar;
+    result[6] = matrix[6] * scalar;
+    result[7] = matrix[7] * scalar;
+    result[8] = matrix[8] * scalar;
+    result[9] = matrix[9] * scalar;
+    result[10] = matrix[10] * scalar;
+    result[11] = matrix[11] * scalar;
+    result[12] = matrix[12] * scalar;
+    result[13] = matrix[13] * scalar;
+    result[14] = matrix[14] * scalar;
+    result[15] = matrix[15] * scalar;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a negated copy of the provided matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to negate.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //create a new Matrix4 instance which is a negation of a Matrix4
+   * // m = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.negate(m, new Cesium.Matrix4());
+   *
+   * // m remains the same
+   * // a = [-10.0, -11.0, -12.0, -13.0]
+   * //     [-14.0, -15.0, -16.0, -17.0]
+   * //     [-18.0, -19.0, -20.0, -21.0]
+   * //     [-22.0, -23.0, -24.0, -25.0]
+   */
+  static negate(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = -matrix[0];
+    result[1] = -matrix[1];
+    result[2] = -matrix[2];
+    result[3] = -matrix[3];
+    result[4] = -matrix[4];
+    result[5] = -matrix[5];
+    result[6] = -matrix[6];
+    result[7] = -matrix[7];
+    result[8] = -matrix[8];
+    result[9] = -matrix[9];
+    result[10] = -matrix[10];
+    result[11] = -matrix[11];
+    result[12] = -matrix[12];
+    result[13] = -matrix[13];
+    result[14] = -matrix[14];
+    result[15] = -matrix[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the transpose of the provided matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to transpose.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //returns transpose of a Matrix4
+   * // m = [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0]
+   * //     [14.0, 15.0, 16.0, 17.0]
+   * //     [18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0]
+   * //     [22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * const a = Cesium.Matrix4.transpose(m, new Cesium.Matrix4());
+   *
+   * // m remains the same
+   * // a = [10.0, 14.0, 18.0, 22.0]
+   * //     [11.0, 15.0, 19.0, 23.0]
+   * //     [12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0]
+   * //     [13.0, 17.0, 21.0, 25.0]
+   */
+  static transpose(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    const matrix1 = matrix[1];
+    const matrix2 = matrix[2];
+    const matrix3 = matrix[3];
+    const matrix6 = matrix[6];
+    const matrix7 = matrix[7];
+    const matrix11 = matrix[11];
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0];
+    result[1] = matrix[4];
+    result[2] = matrix[8];
+    result[3] = matrix[12];
+    result[4] = matrix1;
+    result[5] = matrix[5];
+    result[6] = matrix[9];
+    result[7] = matrix[13];
+    result[8] = matrix2;
+    result[9] = matrix6;
+    result[10] = matrix[10];
+    result[11] = matrix[14];
+    result[12] = matrix3;
+    result[13] = matrix7;
+    result[14] = matrix11;
+    result[15] = matrix[15];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a matrix, which contains the absolute (unsigned) values of the provided matrix's elements.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix with signed elements.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static abs(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = Math.abs(matrix[0]);
+    result[1] = Math.abs(matrix[1]);
+    result[2] = Math.abs(matrix[2]);
+    result[3] = Math.abs(matrix[3]);
+    result[4] = Math.abs(matrix[4]);
+    result[5] = Math.abs(matrix[5]);
+    result[6] = Math.abs(matrix[6]);
+    result[7] = Math.abs(matrix[7]);
+    result[8] = Math.abs(matrix[8]);
+    result[9] = Math.abs(matrix[9]);
+    result[10] = Math.abs(matrix[10]);
+    result[11] = Math.abs(matrix[11]);
+    result[12] = Math.abs(matrix[12]);
+    result[13] = Math.abs(matrix[13]);
+    result[14] = Math.abs(matrix[14]);
+    result[15] = Math.abs(matrix[15]);
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares the provided matrices componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} [left] The first matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [right] The second matrix.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if left and right are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //compares two Matrix4 instances
+   *
+   * // a = [10.0, 14.0, 18.0, 22.0]
+   * //     [11.0, 15.0, 19.0, 23.0]
+   * //     [12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0]
+   * //     [13.0, 17.0, 21.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * // b = [10.0, 14.0, 18.0, 22.0]
+   * //     [11.0, 15.0, 19.0, 23.0]
+   * //     [12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0]
+   * //     [13.0, 17.0, 21.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * if(Cesium.Matrix4.equals(a,b)) {
+   *      console.log("Both matrices are equal");
+   * } else {
+   *      console.log("They are not equal");
+   * }
+   *
+   * //Prints "Both matrices are equal" on the console
+   */
+  static equals(left, right) {
+    // Given that most matrices will be transformation matrices, the elements
+    // are tested in order such that the test is likely to fail as early
+    // as possible.  I _think_ this is just as friendly to the L1 cache
+    // as testing in index order.  It is certainty faster in practice.
+    return (
+      left === right ||
+      (defined(left) &&
+        defined(right) &&
+        // Translation
+        left[12] === right[12] &&
+        left[13] === right[13] &&
+        left[14] === right[14] &&
+        // Rotation/scale
+        left[0] === right[0] &&
+        left[1] === right[1] &&
+        left[2] === right[2] &&
+        left[4] === right[4] &&
+        left[5] === right[5] &&
+        left[6] === right[6] &&
+        left[8] === right[8] &&
+        left[9] === right[9] &&
+        left[10] === right[10] &&
+        // Bottom row
+        left[3] === right[3] &&
+        left[7] === right[7] &&
+        left[11] === right[11] &&
+        left[15] === right[15])
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares the provided matrices componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they are within the provided epsilon,
+   * <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} [left] The first matrix.
+   * @param {Matrix4} [right] The second matrix.
+   * @param {number} [epsilon=0] The epsilon to use for equality testing.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if left and right are within the provided epsilon, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * //compares two Matrix4 instances
+   *
+   * // a = [10.5, 14.5, 18.5, 22.5]
+   * //     [11.5, 15.5, 19.5, 23.5]
+   * //     [12.5, 16.5, 20.5, 24.5]
+   * //     [13.5, 17.5, 21.5, 25.5]
+   *
+   * // b = [10.0, 14.0, 18.0, 22.0]
+   * //     [11.0, 15.0, 19.0, 23.0]
+   * //     [12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0]
+   * //     [13.0, 17.0, 21.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * if(Cesium.Matrix4.equalsEpsilon(a,b,0.1)){
+   *      console.log("Difference between both the matrices is less than 0.1");
+   * } else {
+   *      console.log("Difference between both the matrices is not less than 0.1");
+   * }
+   *
+   * //Prints "Difference between both the matrices is not less than 0.1" on the console
+   */
+  static equalsEpsilon(left, right, epsilon) {
+    epsilon = epsilon ?? 0;
+
+    return (
+      left === right ||
+      (defined(left) &&
+        defined(right) &&
+        Math.abs(left[0] - right[0]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[1] - right[1]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[2] - right[2]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[3] - right[3]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[4] - right[4]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[5] - right[5]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[6] - right[6]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[7] - right[7]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[8] - right[8]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[9] - right[9]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[10] - right[10]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[11] - right[11]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[12] - right[12]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[13] - right[13]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[14] - right[14]) <= epsilon &&
+        Math.abs(left[15] - right[15]) <= epsilon)
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the translation portion of the provided matrix, assuming the matrix is an affine transformation matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {Cartesian3} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Cartesian3} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static getTranslation(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result.x = matrix[12];
+    result.y = matrix[13];
+    result.z = matrix[14];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the upper left 3x3 matrix of the provided matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to use.
+   * @param {Matrix3} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix3} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * // returns a Matrix3 instance from a Matrix4 instance
+   *
+   * // m = [10.0, 14.0, 18.0, 22.0]
+   * //     [11.0, 15.0, 19.0, 23.0]
+   * //     [12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0]
+   * //     [13.0, 17.0, 21.0, 25.0]
+   *
+   * const b = new Cesium.Matrix3();
+   * Cesium.Matrix4.getMatrix3(m,b);
+   *
+   * // b = [10.0, 14.0, 18.0]
+   * //     [11.0, 15.0, 19.0]
+   * //     [12.0, 16.0, 20.0]
+   */
+  static getMatrix3(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    result[0] = matrix[0];
+    result[1] = matrix[1];
+    result[2] = matrix[2];
+    result[3] = matrix[4];
+    result[4] = matrix[5];
+    result[5] = matrix[6];
+    result[6] = matrix[8];
+    result[7] = matrix[9];
+    result[8] = matrix[10];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the inverse of the provided matrix using Cramers Rule.
+   * If the determinant is zero, the matrix can not be inverted, and an exception is thrown.
+   * If the matrix is a proper rigid transformation, it is more efficient
+   * to invert it with {@link Matrix4.inverseTransformation}.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to invert.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   *
+   * @exception {RuntimeError} matrix is not invertible because its determinate is zero.
+   */
+  static inverse(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+    //
+    // Ported from:
+    //   ftp://download.intel.com/design/PentiumIII/sml/24504301.pdf
+    //
+    const src0 = matrix[0];
+    const src1 = matrix[4];
+    const src2 = matrix[8];
+    const src3 = matrix[12];
+    const src4 = matrix[1];
+    const src5 = matrix[5];
+    const src6 = matrix[9];
+    const src7 = matrix[13];
+    const src8 = matrix[2];
+    const src9 = matrix[6];
+    const src10 = matrix[10];
+    const src11 = matrix[14];
+    const src12 = matrix[3];
+    const src13 = matrix[7];
+    const src14 = matrix[11];
+    const src15 = matrix[15];
+
+    // calculate pairs for first 8 elements (cofactors)
+    let tmp0 = src10 * src15;
+    let tmp1 = src11 * src14;
+    let tmp2 = src9 * src15;
+    let tmp3 = src11 * src13;
+    let tmp4 = src9 * src14;
+    let tmp5 = src10 * src13;
+    let tmp6 = src8 * src15;
+    let tmp7 = src11 * src12;
+    let tmp8 = src8 * src14;
+    let tmp9 = src10 * src12;
+    let tmp10 = src8 * src13;
+    let tmp11 = src9 * src12;
+
+    // calculate first 8 elements (cofactors)
+    const dst0 =
+      tmp0 * src5 +
+      tmp3 * src6 +
+      tmp4 * src7 -
+      (tmp1 * src5 + tmp2 * src6 + tmp5 * src7);
+    const dst1 =
+      tmp1 * src4 +
+      tmp6 * src6 +
+      tmp9 * src7 -
+      (tmp0 * src4 + tmp7 * src6 + tmp8 * src7);
+    const dst2 =
+      tmp2 * src4 +
+      tmp7 * src5 +
+      tmp10 * src7 -
+      (tmp3 * src4 + tmp6 * src5 + tmp11 * src7);
+    const dst3 =
+      tmp5 * src4 +
+      tmp8 * src5 +
+      tmp11 * src6 -
+      (tmp4 * src4 + tmp9 * src5 + tmp10 * src6);
+    const dst4 =
+      tmp1 * src1 +
+      tmp2 * src2 +
+      tmp5 * src3 -
+      (tmp0 * src1 + tmp3 * src2 + tmp4 * src3);
+    const dst5 =
+      tmp0 * src0 +
+      tmp7 * src2 +
+      tmp8 * src3 -
+      (tmp1 * src0 + tmp6 * src2 + tmp9 * src3);
+    const dst6 =
+      tmp3 * src0 +
+      tmp6 * src1 +
+      tmp11 * src3 -
+      (tmp2 * src0 + tmp7 * src1 + tmp10 * src3);
+    const dst7 =
+      tmp4 * src0 +
+      tmp9 * src1 +
+      tmp10 * src2 -
+      (tmp5 * src0 + tmp8 * src1 + tmp11 * src2);
+
+    // calculate pairs for second 8 elements (cofactors)
+    tmp0 = src2 * src7;
+    tmp1 = src3 * src6;
+    tmp2 = src1 * src7;
+    tmp3 = src3 * src5;
+    tmp4 = src1 * src6;
+    tmp5 = src2 * src5;
+    tmp6 = src0 * src7;
+    tmp7 = src3 * src4;
+    tmp8 = src0 * src6;
+    tmp9 = src2 * src4;
+    tmp10 = src0 * src5;
+    tmp11 = src1 * src4;
+
+    // calculate second 8 elements (cofactors)
+    const dst8 =
+      tmp0 * src13 +
+      tmp3 * src14 +
+      tmp4 * src15 -
+      (tmp1 * src13 + tmp2 * src14 + tmp5 * src15);
+    const dst9 =
+      tmp1 * src12 +
+      tmp6 * src14 +
+      tmp9 * src15 -
+      (tmp0 * src12 + tmp7 * src14 + tmp8 * src15);
+    const dst10 =
+      tmp2 * src12 +
+      tmp7 * src13 +
+      tmp10 * src15 -
+      (tmp3 * src12 + tmp6 * src13 + tmp11 * src15);
+    const dst11 =
+      tmp5 * src12 +
+      tmp8 * src13 +
+      tmp11 * src14 -
+      (tmp4 * src12 + tmp9 * src13 + tmp10 * src14);
+    const dst12 =
+      tmp2 * src10 +
+      tmp5 * src11 +
+      tmp1 * src9 -
+      (tmp4 * src11 + tmp0 * src9 + tmp3 * src10);
+    const dst13 =
+      tmp8 * src11 +
+      tmp0 * src8 +
+      tmp7 * src10 -
+      (tmp6 * src10 + tmp9 * src11 + tmp1 * src8);
+    const dst14 =
+      tmp6 * src9 +
+      tmp11 * src11 +
+      tmp3 * src8 -
+      (tmp10 * src11 + tmp2 * src8 + tmp7 * src9);
+    const dst15 =
+      tmp10 * src10 +
+      tmp4 * src8 +
+      tmp9 * src9 -
+      (tmp8 * src9 + tmp11 * src10 + tmp5 * src8);
+
+    // calculate determinant
+    let det = src0 * dst0 + src1 * dst1 + src2 * dst2 + src3 * dst3;
+
+    if (Math.abs(det) < CesiumMath.EPSILON21) {
+      // Special case for a zero scale matrix that can occur, for example,
+      // when a model's node has a [0, 0, 0] scale.
+      if (
+        Matrix3.equalsEpsilon(
+          Matrix4.getMatrix3(matrix, scratchInverseRotation),
+          scratchMatrix3Zero,
+          CesiumMath.EPSILON7,
+        ) &&
+        Cartesian4.equals(
+          Matrix4.getRow(matrix, 3, scratchBottomRow),
+          scratchExpectedBottomRow,
+        )
+      ) {
+        result[0] = 0.0;
+        result[1] = 0.0;
+        result[2] = 0.0;
+        result[3] = 0.0;
+        result[4] = 0.0;
+        result[5] = 0.0;
+        result[6] = 0.0;
+        result[7] = 0.0;
+        result[8] = 0.0;
+        result[9] = 0.0;
+        result[10] = 0.0;
+        result[11] = 0.0;
+        result[12] = -matrix[12];
+        result[13] = -matrix[13];
+        result[14] = -matrix[14];
+        result[15] = 1.0;
+        return result;
+      }
+
+      throw new RuntimeError(
+        "matrix is not invertible because its determinate is zero.",
+      );
+    }
+
+    // calculate matrix inverse
+    det = 1.0 / det;
+
+    result[0] = dst0 * det;
+    result[1] = dst1 * det;
+    result[2] = dst2 * det;
+    result[3] = dst3 * det;
+    result[4] = dst4 * det;
+    result[5] = dst5 * det;
+    result[6] = dst6 * det;
+    result[7] = dst7 * det;
+    result[8] = dst8 * det;
+    result[9] = dst9 * det;
+    result[10] = dst10 * det;
+    result[11] = dst11 * det;
+    result[12] = dst12 * det;
+    result[13] = dst13 * det;
+    result[14] = dst14 * det;
+    result[15] = dst15 * det;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the inverse of the provided matrix assuming it is a proper rigid matrix,
+   * where the upper left 3x3 elements are a rotation matrix,
+   * and the upper three elements in the fourth column are the translation.
+   * The bottom row is assumed to be [0, 0, 0, 1].
+   * The matrix is not verified to be in the proper form.
+   * This method is faster than computing the inverse for a general 4x4
+   * matrix using {@link Matrix4.inverse}.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to invert.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static inverseTransformation(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    //This function is an optimized version of the below 4 lines.
+    //const rT = Matrix3.transpose(Matrix4.getMatrix3(matrix));
+    //const rTN = Matrix3.negate(rT);
+    //const rTT = Matrix3.multiplyByVector(rTN, Matrix4.getTranslation(matrix));
+    //return Matrix4.fromRotationTranslation(rT, rTT, result);
+
+    const matrix0 = matrix[0];
+    const matrix1 = matrix[1];
+    const matrix2 = matrix[2];
+    const matrix4 = matrix[4];
+    const matrix5 = matrix[5];
+    const matrix6 = matrix[6];
+    const matrix8 = matrix[8];
+    const matrix9 = matrix[9];
+    const matrix10 = matrix[10];
+
+    const vX = matrix[12];
+    const vY = matrix[13];
+    const vZ = matrix[14];
+
+    const x = -matrix0 * vX - matrix1 * vY - matrix2 * vZ;
+    const y = -matrix4 * vX - matrix5 * vY - matrix6 * vZ;
+    const z = -matrix8 * vX - matrix9 * vY - matrix10 * vZ;
+
+    result[0] = matrix0;
+    result[1] = matrix4;
+    result[2] = matrix8;
+    result[3] = 0.0;
+    result[4] = matrix1;
+    result[5] = matrix5;
+    result[6] = matrix9;
+    result[7] = 0.0;
+    result[8] = matrix2;
+    result[9] = matrix6;
+    result[10] = matrix10;
+    result[11] = 0.0;
+    result[12] = x;
+    result[13] = y;
+    result[14] = z;
+    result[15] = 1.0;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the inverse transpose of a matrix.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix The matrix to transpose and invert.
+   * @param {Matrix4} result The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter.
+   */
+  static inverseTranspose(matrix, result) {
+    //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
+    Check.typeOf.object("matrix", matrix);
+    Check.typeOf.object("result", result);
+    //>>includeEnd('debug');
+
+    return Matrix4.inverse(
+      Matrix4.transpose(matrix, scratchTransposeMatrix),
+      result,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the number of items in the collection.
+   *
+   * @type {number}
+   */
+  get length() {
+    return Matrix4.packedLength;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Duplicates the provided Matrix4 instance.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+   * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+   */
+  clone(result) {
+    return Matrix4.clone(this, result);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares this matrix to the provided matrix componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} [right] The right hand side matrix.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if they are equal, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  equals(right) {
+    return Matrix4.equals(this, right);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares provided matrix and array, starting from a given array offset.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} matrix
+   * @param {number[]} array
+   * @param {number} offset
+   * @private
+   */
+  static equalsArray(matrix, array, offset) {
+    return (
+      matrix[0] === array[offset] &&
+      matrix[1] === array[offset + 1] &&
+      matrix[2] === array[offset + 2] &&
+      matrix[3] === array[offset + 3] &&
+      matrix[4] === array[offset + 4] &&
+      matrix[5] === array[offset + 5] &&
+      matrix[6] === array[offset + 6] &&
+      matrix[7] === array[offset + 7] &&
+      matrix[8] === array[offset + 8] &&
+      matrix[9] === array[offset + 9] &&
+      matrix[10] === array[offset + 10] &&
+      matrix[11] === array[offset + 11] &&
+      matrix[12] === array[offset + 12] &&
+      matrix[13] === array[offset + 13] &&
+      matrix[14] === array[offset + 14] &&
+      matrix[15] === array[offset + 15]
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Compares this matrix to the provided matrix componentwise and returns
+   * <code>true</code> if they are within the provided epsilon,
+   * <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   *
+   * @param {Matrix4} [right] The right hand side matrix.
+   * @param {number} [epsilon=0] The epsilon to use for equality testing.
+   * @returns {boolean} <code>true</code> if they are within the provided epsilon, <code>false</code> otherwise.
+   */
+  equalsEpsilon(right, epsilon) {
+    return Matrix4.equalsEpsilon(this, right, epsilon);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes a string representing this Matrix with each row being
+   * on a separate line and in the format '(column0, column1, column2, column3)'.
+   *
+   * @returns {string} A string representing the provided Matrix with each row being on a separate line and in the format '(column0, column1, column2, column3)'.
+   */
+  toString() {
+    return (
+      `(${this[0]}, ${this[4]}, ${this[8]}, ${this[12]})\n` +
+      `(${this[1]}, ${this[5]}, ${this[9]}, ${this[13]})\n` +
+      `(${this[2]}, ${this[6]}, ${this[10]}, ${this[14]})\n` +
+      `(${this[3]}, ${this[7]}, ${this[11]}, ${this[15]})`
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * The number of elements used to pack the object into an array.
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+Matrix4.packedLength = 16;
+
+/**
+ * Creates a Matrix4 from 16 consecutive elements in an array.
+ * @function
+ *
+ * @param {number[]} array The array whose 16 consecutive elements correspond to the positions of the matrix.  Assumes column-major order.
+ * @param {number} [startingIndex=0] The offset into the array of the first element, which corresponds to first column first row position in the matrix.
+ * @param {Matrix4} [result] The object onto which to store the result.
+ * @returns {Matrix4} The modified result parameter or a new Matrix4 instance if one was not provided.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * // Create the Matrix4:
+ * // [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
+ * // [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
+ * // [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
+ * // [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0]
+ *
+ * const v = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0];
+ * const m = Cesium.Matrix4.fromArray(v);
+ *
+ * // Create same Matrix4 with using an offset into an array
+ * const v2 = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 2.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0, 4.0];
+ * const m2 = Cesium.Matrix4.fromArray(v2, 2);
+ */
+Matrix4.fromArray = Matrix4.unpack;
+
+/**
+ * An immutable Matrix4 instance initialized to the identity matrix.
+ *
+ * @type {Matrix4}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.IDENTITY = Object.freeze(
+  new Matrix4(
+    1.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    1.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    1.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    1.0,
+  ),
+);
+
+/**
+ * An immutable Matrix4 instance initialized to the zero matrix.
+ *
+ * @type {Matrix4}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.ZERO = Object.freeze(
+  new Matrix4(
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+    0.0,
+  ),
+);
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 0, row 0.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN0ROW0 = 0;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 0, row 1.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN0ROW1 = 1;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 0, row 2.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN0ROW2 = 2;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 0, row 3.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN0ROW3 = 3;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 1, row 0.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN1ROW0 = 4;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 1, row 1.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN1ROW1 = 5;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 1, row 2.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN1ROW2 = 6;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 1, row 3.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN1ROW3 = 7;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 2, row 0.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN2ROW0 = 8;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 2, row 1.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN2ROW1 = 9;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 2, row 2.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN2ROW2 = 10;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 2, row 3.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN2ROW3 = 11;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 3, row 0.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN3ROW0 = 12;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 3, row 1.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN3ROW1 = 13;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 3, row 2.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN3ROW2 = 14;
+
+/**
+ * The index into Matrix4 for column 3, row 3.
+ *
+ * @type {number}
+ * @constant
+ */
+Matrix4.COLUMN3ROW3 = 15;
+
+const fromCameraF = new Cartesian3();
+const fromCameraR = new Cartesian3();
+const fromCameraU = new Cartesian3();
+
+const scaleScratch1 = new Cartesian3();
+const scaleScratch2 = new Cartesian3();
+const scratchColumn = new Cartesian3();
+const scaleScratch3 = new Cartesian3();
+const scaleScratch4 = new Cartesian3();
+const scaleScratch5 = new Cartesian3();
+
+const scratchInverseRotation = new Matrix3();
+const scratchMatrix3Zero = new Matrix3();
+const scratchBottomRow = new Cartesian4();
+const scratchExpectedBottomRow = new Cartesian4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+
+const scratchTransposeMatrix = new Matrix4();
+
+export default Matrix4;