RubyGems - wayfarer - Versions diffs - 0.4.8 → 0.4.10 - Mend

wayfarer 0.4.8 → 0.4.10

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-  <h2>9. <a href="_git_svn.html">Git and Other Systems</a></h2>
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-          <a href="_git_p4.html" >Migrating to Git </a>
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-  <h2>10. <a href="_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
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-          <a href="ref_the_ref.html" >Git References </a>
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-          10.4
-          <a href="../Git-Internals-Packfiles.html" >Packfiles </a>
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-          10.6
-          <a href="../Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols.html" >Transfer Protocols </a>
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-          <a href="_git_gc.html" >Maintenance and Data Recovery </a>
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-          10.9
-          <a href="../Git-Internals-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
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-  <h2>A1. <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
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-          A1.1
-          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html" >Graphical Interfaces </a>
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-        <li>
-          A1.2
-          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio.html" >Git in Visual Studio </a>
-        </li>
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-          A1.3
-          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code.html" >Git in Visual Studio Code </a>
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-          A1.4
-          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-%252F-PyCharm-%252F-WebStorm-%252F-PhpStorm-%252F-RubyMine.html" >Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine </a>
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-          A1.9
-          <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary.html" >Summary </a>
-        </li>
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-  <h2>A2. <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2>
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-          A2.1
-          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html" >Command-line Git </a>
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-          A2.2
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-        <li>
-          A2.4
-          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.5
-          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A3. <a href="ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A3.1
-          <a href="ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.2
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.3
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.4
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.5
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.6
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.7
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.8
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.9
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.10
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.11
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.12
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-    <span class="light" id="edition">
-      2nd Edition
-    </span>
-</div>
-<div id='main' class="book edition2">
-    <h1>A2.2 Appendix B: Embedding Git in your Applications - Libgit2</h1>
-  <div>
-<h2 id="_libgit2">Libgit2</h2>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-Another option at your disposal is to use Libgit2.
-Libgit2 is a dependency-free implementation of Git, with a focus on having a nice API for use within other programs.
-You can find it at <a href="https://libgit2.org" class="bare">https://libgit2.org</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>First, let’s take a look at what the C API looks like.
-Here’s a whirlwind tour:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">// Open a repository
-git_repository *repo;
-int error = git_repository_open(&amp;repo, "/path/to/repository");
-// Dereference HEAD to a commit
-git_object *head_commit;
-error = git_revparse_single(&amp;head_commit, repo, "HEAD^{commit}");
-git_commit *commit = (git_commit*)head_commit;
-// Print some of the commit's properties
-printf("%s", git_commit_message(commit));
-const git_signature *author = git_commit_author(commit);
-printf("%s &lt;%s&gt;\n", author-&gt;name, author-&gt;email);
-const git_oid *tree_id = git_commit_tree_id(commit);
-// Cleanup
-git_commit_free(commit);
-git_repository_free(repo);</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The first couple of lines open a Git repository.
-The <code>git_repository</code> type represents a handle to a repository with a cache in memory.
-This is the simplest method, for when you know the exact path to a repository’s working directory or <code>.git</code> folder.
-There’s also the <code>git_repository_open_ext</code> which includes options for searching, <code>git_clone</code> and friends for making a local clone of a remote repository, and <code>git_repository_init</code> for creating an entirely new repository.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The second chunk of code uses rev-parse syntax (see <a href="_branch_references.html">Branch References</a> for more on this) to get the commit that HEAD eventually points to.
-The type returned is a <code>git_object</code> pointer, which represents something that exists in the Git object database for a repository.
-<code>git_object</code> is actually a “parent” type for several different kinds of objects; the memory layout for each of the “child” types is the same as for <code>git_object</code>, so you can safely cast to the right one.
-In this case, <code>git_object_type(commit)</code> would return <code>GIT_OBJ_COMMIT</code>, so it’s safe to cast to a <code>git_commit</code> pointer.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The next chunk shows how to access the commit’s properties.
-The last line here uses a <code>git_oid</code> type; this is Libgit2’s representation for a SHA-1 hash.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>From this sample, a couple of patterns have started to emerge:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="ulist">
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>If you declare a pointer and pass a reference to it into a Libgit2 call, that call will probably return an integer error code.
-A <code>0</code> value indicates success; anything less is an error.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>If Libgit2 populates a pointer for you, you’re responsible for freeing it.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>If Libgit2 returns a <code>const</code> pointer from a call, you don’t have to free it, but it will become invalid when the object it belongs to is freed.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Writing C is a bit painful.</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-That last one means it isn’t very probable that you’ll be writing C when using Libgit2.
-Fortunately, there are a number of language-specific bindings available that make it fairly easy to work with Git repositories from your specific language and environment.
-Let’s take a look at the above example written using the Ruby bindings for Libgit2, which are named Rugged, and can be found at <a href="https://github.com/libgit2/rugged" class="bare">https://github.com/libgit2/rugged</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ruby" data-lang="ruby">repo = Rugged::Repository.new('path/to/repository')
-commit = repo.head.target
-puts commit.message
-puts "#{commit.author[:name]} &lt;#{commit.author[:email]}&gt;"
-tree = commit.tree</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>As you can see, the code is much less cluttered.
-Firstly, Rugged uses exceptions; it can raise things like <code>ConfigError</code> or <code>ObjectError</code> to signal error conditions.
-Secondly, there’s no explicit freeing of resources, since Ruby is garbage-collected.
-Let’s take a look at a slightly more complicated example: crafting a commit from scratch</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ruby" data-lang="ruby">blob_id = repo.write("Blob contents", :blob) # <b class="conum">(1)</b>
-index = repo.index
-index.read_tree(repo.head.target.tree)
-index.add(:path =&gt; 'newfile.txt', :oid =&gt; blob_id) # <b class="conum">(2)</b>
-sig = {
-    :email =&gt; "bob@example.com",
-    :name =&gt; "Bob User",
-    :time =&gt; Time.now,
-}
-commit_id = Rugged::Commit.create(repo,
-    :tree =&gt; index.write_tree(repo), # <b class="conum">(3)</b>
-    :author =&gt; sig,
-    :committer =&gt; sig, # <b class="conum">(4)</b>
-    :message =&gt; "Add newfile.txt", # <b class="conum">(5)</b>
-    :parents =&gt; repo.empty? ? [] : [ repo.head.target ].compact, # <b class="conum">(6)</b>
-    :update_ref =&gt; 'HEAD', # <b class="conum">(7)</b>
-)
-commit = repo.lookup(commit_id) # <b class="conum">(8)</b></code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="colist arabic">
-<ol>
-<li>
-<p>Create a new blob, which contains the contents of a new file.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Populate the index with the head commit’s tree, and add the new file at the path <code>newfile.txt</code>.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>This creates a new tree in the ODB, and uses it for the new commit.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>We use the same signature for both the author and committer fields.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>The commit message.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>When creating a commit, you have to specify the new commit’s parents.
-This uses the tip of HEAD for the single parent.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Rugged (and Libgit2) can optionally update a reference when making a commit.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>The return value is the SHA-1 hash of a new commit object, which you can then use to get a <code>Commit</code> object.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The Ruby code is nice and clean, but since Libgit2 is doing the heavy lifting, this code will run pretty fast, too.
-If you’re not a rubyist, we touch on some other bindings in <a href="_libgit2_bindings.html">Other Bindings</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_advanced_functionality">Advanced Functionality</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Libgit2 has a couple of capabilities that are outside the scope of core Git.
-One example is pluggability: Libgit2 allows you to provide custom “backends” for several types of operation, so you can store things in a different way than stock Git does.
-Libgit2 allows custom backends for configuration, ref storage, and the object database, among other things.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Let’s take a look at how this works.
-The code below is borrowed from the set of backend examples provided by the Libgit2 team (which can be found at <a href="https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2-backends" class="bare">https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2-backends</a>).
-Here’s how a custom backend for the object database is set up:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">git_odb *odb;
-int error = git_odb_new(&amp;odb); // <b class="conum">(1)</b>
-git_odb_backend *my_backend;
-error = git_odb_backend_mine(&amp;my_backend, /*…*/); // <b class="conum">(2)</b>
-error = git_odb_add_backend(odb, my_backend, 1); // <b class="conum">(3)</b>
-git_repository *repo;
-error = git_repository_open(&amp;repo, "some-path");
-error = git_repository_set_odb(repo, odb); // <b class="conum">(4)</b></code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p><em>Note that errors are captured, but not handled. We hope your code is better than ours.</em></p>
-</div>
-<div class="colist arabic">
-<ol>
-<li>
-<p>Initialize an empty object database (ODB) “frontend,” which will act as a container for the “backends” which are the ones doing the real work.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Initialize a custom ODB backend.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Add the backend to the frontend.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Open a repository, and set it to use our ODB to look up objects.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>But what is this <code>git_odb_backend_mine</code> thing?
-Well, that’s the constructor for your own ODB implementation, and you can do whatever you want in there, so long as you fill in the <code>git_odb_backend</code> structure properly.
-Here’s what it <em>could</em> look like:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-c" data-lang="c">typedef struct {
-    git_odb_backend parent;
-    // Some other stuff
-    void *custom_context;
-} my_backend_struct;
-int git_odb_backend_mine(git_odb_backend **backend_out, /*…*/)
-{
-    my_backend_struct *backend;
-    backend = calloc(1, sizeof (my_backend_struct));
-    backend-&gt;custom_context = …;
-    backend-&gt;parent.read = &amp;my_backend__read;
-    backend-&gt;parent.read_prefix = &amp;my_backend__read_prefix;
-    backend-&gt;parent.read_header = &amp;my_backend__read_header;
-    // …
-    *backend_out = (git_odb_backend *) backend;
-    return GIT_SUCCESS;
-}</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The subtlest constraint here is that <code>my_backend_struct’s first member must be a `git_odb_backend</code> structure; this ensures that the memory layout is what the Libgit2 code expects it to be.
-The rest of it is arbitrary; this structure can be as large or small as you need it to be.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The initialization function allocates some memory for the structure, sets up the custom context, and then fills in the members of the <code>parent</code> structure that it supports.
-Take a look at the <code>include/git2/sys/odb_backend.h</code> file in the Libgit2 source for a complete set of call signatures; your particular use case will help determine which of these you’ll want to support.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_libgit2_bindings">Other Bindings</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Libgit2 has bindings for many languages.
-Here we show a small example using a few of the more complete bindings packages as of this writing; libraries exist for many other languages, including C++, Go, Node.js, Erlang, and the JVM, all in various stages of maturity.
-The official collection of bindings can be found by browsing the repositories at <a href="https://github.com/libgit2" class="bare">https://github.com/libgit2</a>.
-The code we’ll write will return the commit message from the commit eventually pointed to by HEAD (sort of like <code>git log -1</code>).</p>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_libgit2sharp">LibGit2Sharp</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-If you’re writing a .NET or Mono application, LibGit2Sharp (<a href="https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2sharp" class="bare">https://github.com/libgit2/libgit2sharp</a>) is what you’re looking for.
-The bindings are written in C#, and great care has been taken to wrap the raw Libgit2 calls with native-feeling CLR APIs.
-Here’s what our example program looks like:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-csharp" data-lang="csharp">new Repository(@"C:\path\to\repo").Head.Tip.Message;</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>For desktop Windows applications, there’s even a NuGet package that will help you get started quickly.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_objective_git">objective-git</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-If your application is running on an Apple platform, you’re likely using Objective-C as your implementation language.
-Objective-Git (<a href="https://github.com/libgit2/objective-git" class="bare">https://github.com/libgit2/objective-git</a>) is the name of the Libgit2 bindings for that environment.
-The example program looks like this:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-objc" data-lang="objc">GTRepository *repo =
-    [[GTRepository alloc] initWithURL:[NSURL fileURLWithPath: @"/path/to/repo"] error:NULL];
-NSString *msg = [[[repo headReferenceWithError:NULL] resolvedTarget] message];</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Objective-git is fully interoperable with Swift, so don’t fear if you’ve left Objective-C behind.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect4">
-<h4 id="_pygit2">pygit2</h4>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-The bindings for Libgit2 in Python are called Pygit2, and can be found at <a href="https://www.pygit2.org" class="bare">https://www.pygit2.org</a>.
-Our example program:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">pygit2.Repository("/path/to/repo") # open repository
-    .head                          # get the current branch
-    .peel(pygit2.Commit)           # walk down to the commit
-    .message                       # read the message</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_further_reading">Further Reading</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Of course, a full treatment of Libgit2’s capabilities is outside the scope of this book.
-If you want more information on Libgit2 itself, there’s API documentation at <a href="https://libgit2.github.com/libgit2" class="bare">https://libgit2.github.com/libgit2</a>, and a set of guides at <a href="https://libgit2.github.com/docs" class="bare">https://libgit2.github.com/docs</a>.
-For the other bindings, check the bundled README and tests; there are often small tutorials and pointers to further reading there.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="nav"><a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git.html">prev</a> | <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit.html">next</a></div></div>
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