RubyGems - wayfarer - Versions diffs - 0.4.8 → 0.4.10 - Mend

wayfarer 0.4.8 → 0.4.10

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-  <h2>10. <a href="_plumbing_porcelain.html">Git Internals</a></h2>
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-  <h2>A1. <a href="../Appendix-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces.html">Appendix A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2>
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-        <li>
-          A2.4
-          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git.html" >go-git </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A2.5
-          <a href="../Appendix-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich.html" >Dulwich </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-  <li class='chapter'>
-  <h2>A3. <a href="ch_core_editor.html">Appendix C: Git Commands</a></h2>
-    <ol>
-        <li>
-          A3.1
-          <a href="ch_core_editor.html" >Setup and Config </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.2
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects.html" >Getting and Creating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.3
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting.html" >Basic Snapshotting </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.4
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging.html" >Branching and Merging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.5
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects.html" >Sharing and Updating Projects </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.6
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison.html" >Inspection and Comparison </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.7
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging.html" >Debugging </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.8
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Patching.html" >Patching </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.9
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Email.html" >Email </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.10
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems.html" >External Systems </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.11
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Administration.html" >Administration </a>
-        </li>
-        <li>
-          A3.12
-          <a href="../Appendix-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands.html" >Plumbing Commands </a>
-        </li>
-    </ol>
-  </li>
-</ol>
-    </div>
-  </div>
- </div>
-    <span class="light" id="edition">
-      2nd Edition
-    </span>
-</div>
-<div id='main' class="book edition2">
-    <h1>7.14 Git Tools - Credential Storage</h1>
-  <div>
-<h2 id="_credential_caching">Credential Storage</h2>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>
-If you use the SSH transport for connecting to remotes, it’s possible for you to have a key without a passphrase, which allows you to securely transfer data without typing in your username and password.
-However, this isn’t possible with the HTTP protocols – every connection needs a username and password.
-This gets even harder for systems with two-factor authentication, where the token you use for a password is randomly generated and unpronounceable.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Fortunately, Git has a credentials system that can help with this.
-Git has a few options provided in the box:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="ulist">
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p>The default is not to cache at all.
-Every connection will prompt you for your username and password.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>The “cache” mode keeps credentials in memory for a certain period of time.
-None of the passwords are ever stored on disk, and they are purged from the cache after 15 minutes.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>The “store” mode saves the credentials to a plain-text file on disk, and they never expire.
-This means that until you change your password for the Git host, you won’t ever have to type in your credentials again.
-The downside of this approach is that your passwords are stored in cleartext in a plain file in your home directory.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>If you’re using a Mac, Git comes with an “osxkeychain” mode, which caches credentials in the secure keychain that’s attached to your system account.
-This method stores the credentials on disk, and they never expire, but they’re encrypted with the same system that stores HTTPS certificates and Safari auto-fills.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>If you’re using Windows, you can install a helper called “Git Credential Manager for Windows.”
-This is similar to the “osxkeychain” helper described above, but uses the Windows Credential Store to control sensitive information.
-It can be found at <a href="https://github.com/Microsoft/Git-Credential-Manager-for-Windows" class="bare">https://github.com/Microsoft/Git-Credential-Manager-for-Windows</a>.</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>You can choose one of these methods by setting a Git configuration value:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config --global credential.helper cache</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Some of these helpers have options.
-The “store” helper can take a <code>--file &lt;path&gt;</code> argument, which customizes where the plain-text file is saved (the default is <code>~/.git-credentials</code>).
-The “cache” helper accepts the <code>--timeout &lt;seconds&gt;</code> option, which changes the amount of time its daemon is kept running (the default is “900”, or 15 minutes).
-Here’s an example of how you’d configure the “store” helper with a custom file name:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config --global credential.helper 'store --file ~/.my-credentials'</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Git even allows you to configure several helpers.
-When looking for credentials for a particular host, Git will query them in order, and stop after the first answer is provided.
-When saving credentials, Git will send the username and password to <strong>all</strong> of the helpers in the list, and they can choose what to do with them.
-Here’s what a <code>.gitconfig</code> would look like if you had a credentials file on a thumb drive, but wanted to use the in-memory cache to save some typing if the drive isn’t plugged in:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini">[credential]
-    helper = store --file /mnt/thumbdrive/.git-credentials
-    helper = cache --timeout 30000</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_under_the_hood">Under the Hood</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>How does this all work?
-Git’s root command for the credential-helper system is <code>git credential</code>, which takes a command as an argument, and then more input through stdin.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>This might be easier to understand with an example.
-Let’s say that a credential helper has been configured, and the helper has stored credentials for <code>mygithost</code>.
-Here’s a session that uses the “fill” command, which is invoked when Git is trying to find credentials for a host:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git credential fill <b class="conum">(1)</b>
-protocol=https <b class="conum">(2)</b>
-host=mygithost
-<b class="conum">(3)</b>
-protocol=https <b class="conum">(4)</b>
-host=mygithost
-username=bob
-password=s3cre7
-$ git credential fill <b class="conum">(5)</b>
-protocol=https
-host=unknownhost
-Username for 'https://unknownhost': bob
-Password for 'https://bob@unknownhost':
-protocol=https
-host=unknownhost
-username=bob
-password=s3cre7</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="colist arabic">
-<ol>
-<li>
-<p>This is the command line that initiates the interaction.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Git-credential is then waiting for input on stdin.
-We provide it with the things we know: the protocol and hostname.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>A blank line indicates that the input is complete, and the credential system should answer with what it knows.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Git-credential then takes over, and writes to stdout with the bits of information it found.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>If credentials are not found, Git asks the user for the username and password, and provides them back to the invoking stdout (here they’re attached to the same console).</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>The credential system is actually invoking a program that’s separate from Git itself; which one and how depends on the <code>credential.helper</code> configuration value.
-There are several forms it can take:</p>
-</div>
-<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
-<colgroup>
-<col style="width: 50%;">
-<col style="width: 50%;">
-</colgroup>
-<thead>
-<tr>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Configuration Value</th>
-<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Behavior</th>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>foo</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <code>git-credential-foo</code></p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>foo -a --opt=bcd</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <code>git-credential-foo -a --opt=bcd</code></p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>/absolute/path/foo -xyz</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <code>/absolute/path/foo -xyz</code></p></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>!f() { echo "password=s3cre7"; }; f</code></p></td>
-<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Code after <code>!</code> evaluated in shell</p></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>So the helpers described above are actually named <code>git-credential-cache</code>, <code>git-credential-store</code>, and so on, and we can configure them to take command-line arguments.
-The general form for this is “git-credential-foo [args] &lt;action&gt;.”
-The stdin/stdout protocol is the same as git-credential, but they use a slightly different set of actions:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="ulist">
-<ul>
-<li>
-<p><code>get</code> is a request for a username/password pair.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p><code>store</code> is a request to save a set of credentials in this helper’s memory.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p><code>erase</code> purge the credentials for the given properties from this helper’s memory.</p>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>For the <code>store</code> and <code>erase</code> actions, no response is required (Git ignores it anyway).
-For the <code>get</code> action, however, Git is very interested in what the helper has to say.
-If the helper doesn’t know anything useful, it can simply exit with no output, but if it does know, it should augment the provided information with the information it has stored.
-The output is treated like a series of assignment statements; anything provided will replace what Git already knows.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Here’s the same example from above, but skipping git-credential and going straight for git-credential-store:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git credential-store --file ~/git.store store <b class="conum">(1)</b>
-protocol=https
-host=mygithost
-username=bob
-password=s3cre7
-$ git credential-store --file ~/git.store get <b class="conum">(2)</b>
-protocol=https
-host=mygithost
-username=bob <b class="conum">(3)</b>
-password=s3cre7</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="colist arabic">
-<ol>
-<li>
-<p>Here we tell <code>git-credential-store</code> to save some credentials: the username “bob” and the password “s3cre7” are to be used when <code><a href="https://mygithost" class="bare">https://mygithost</a></code> is accessed.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>Now we’ll retrieve those credentials.
-We provide the parts of the connection we already know (<code><a href="https://mygithost" class="bare">https://mygithost</a></code>), and an empty line.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p><code>git-credential-store</code> replies with the username and password we stored above.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Here’s what the <code>~/git.store</code> file looks like:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini">https://bob:s3cre7@mygithost</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>It’s just a series of lines, each of which contains a credential-decorated URL.
-The <code>osxkeychain</code> and <code>wincred</code> helpers use the native format of their backing stores, while <code>cache</code> uses its own in-memory format (which no other process can read).</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="sect3">
-<h3 id="_a_custom_credential_cache">A Custom Credential Cache</h3>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Given that <code>git-credential-store</code> and friends are separate programs from Git, it’s not much of a leap to realize that <em>any</em> program can be a Git credential helper.
-The helpers provided by Git cover many common use cases, but not all.
-For example, let’s say your team has some credentials that are shared with the entire team, perhaps for deployment.
-These are stored in a shared directory, but you don’t want to copy them to your own credential store, because they change often.
-None of the existing helpers cover this case; let’s see what it would take to write our own.
-There are several key features this program needs to have:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="olist arabic">
-<ol class="arabic">
-<li>
-<p>The only action we need to pay attention to is <code>get</code>; <code>store</code> and <code>erase</code> are write operations, so we’ll just exit cleanly when they’re received.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>The file format of the shared-credential file is the same as that used by <code>git-credential-store</code>.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>The location of that file is fairly standard, but we should allow the user to pass a custom path just in case.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Once again, we’ll write this extension in Ruby, but any language will work so long as Git can execute the finished product.
-Here’s the full source code of our new credential helper:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ruby" data-lang="ruby">#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-require 'optparse'
-path = File.expand_path '~/.git-credentials' # <b class="conum">(1)</b>
-OptionParser.new do |opts|
-    opts.banner = 'USAGE: git-credential-read-only [options] &lt;action&gt;'
-    opts.on('-f', '--file PATH', 'Specify path for backing store') do |argpath|
-        path = File.expand_path argpath
-    end
-end.parse!
-exit(0) unless ARGV[0].downcase == 'get' # <b class="conum">(2)</b>
-exit(0) unless File.exists? path
-known = {} # <b class="conum">(3)</b>
-while line = STDIN.gets
-    break if line.strip == ''
-    k,v = line.strip.split '=', 2
-    known[k] = v
-end
-File.readlines(path).each do |fileline| # <b class="conum">(4)</b>
-    prot,user,pass,host = fileline.scan(/^(.*?):\/\/(.*?):(.*?)@(.*)$/).first
-    if prot == known['protocol'] and host == known['host'] and user == known['username'] then
-        puts "protocol=#{prot}"
-        puts "host=#{host}"
-        puts "username=#{user}"
-        puts "password=#{pass}"
-        exit(0)
-    end
-end</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="colist arabic">
-<ol>
-<li>
-<p>Here we parse the command-line options, allowing the user to specify the input file.
-The default is <code>~/.git-credentials</code>.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>This program only responds if the action is <code>get</code> and the backing-store file exists.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>This loop reads from stdin until the first blank line is reached.
-The inputs are stored in the <code>known</code> hash for later reference.</p>
-</li>
-<li>
-<p>This loop reads the contents of the storage file, looking for matches.
-If the protocol, host, and username from <code>known</code> match this line, the program prints the results to stdout and exits.</p>
-</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>We’ll save our helper as <code>git-credential-read-only</code>, put it somewhere in our <code>PATH</code> and mark it executable.
-Here’s what an interactive session looks like:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git credential-read-only --file=/mnt/shared/creds get
-protocol=https
-host=mygithost
-username=bob
-protocol=https
-host=mygithost
-username=bob
-password=s3cre7</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>Since its name starts with “git-”, we can use the simple syntax for the configuration value:</p>
-</div>
-<div class="listingblock">
-<div class="content">
-<pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config --global credential.helper 'read-only --file /mnt/shared/creds'</code></pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="paragraph">
-<p>As you can see, extending this system is pretty straightforward, and can solve some common problems for you and your team.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="nav"><a href="_replace.html">prev</a> | <a href="../Git-Tools-Summary.html">next</a></div></div>
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