wasmtime 21.0.1 → 23.0.2

data/ext/cargo-vendor/cranelift-frontend-0.110.2/src/frontend.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,2867 @@
+//! A frontend for building Cranelift IR from other languages.
+use crate::ssa::{SSABuilder, SideEffects};
+use crate::variable::Variable;
+use alloc::collections::BTreeSet;
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug};
+use cranelift_codegen::cursor::{Cursor, FuncCursor};
+use cranelift_codegen::entity::{EntityRef, EntitySet, SecondaryMap};
+use cranelift_codegen::ir;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::IntCC;
+use cranelift_codegen::ir::{
+    types, AbiParam, Block, DataFlowGraph, DynamicStackSlot, DynamicStackSlotData, ExtFuncData,
+    ExternalName, FuncRef, Function, GlobalValue, GlobalValueData, Inst, InstBuilder,
+    InstBuilderBase, InstructionData, JumpTable, JumpTableData, LibCall, MemFlags, RelSourceLoc,
+    SigRef, Signature, StackSlot, StackSlotData, Type, Value, ValueLabel, ValueLabelAssignments,
+    ValueLabelStart,
+};
+use cranelift_codegen::isa::TargetFrontendConfig;
+use cranelift_codegen::packed_option::PackedOption;
+use cranelift_codegen::traversals::Dfs;
+use smallvec::SmallVec;
+
+/// Structure used for translating a series of functions into Cranelift IR.
+///
+/// In order to reduce memory reallocations when compiling multiple functions,
+/// [`FunctionBuilderContext`] holds various data structures which are cleared between
+/// functions, rather than dropped, preserving the underlying allocations.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct FunctionBuilderContext {
+    ssa: SSABuilder,
+    status: SecondaryMap<Block, BlockStatus>,
+    types: SecondaryMap<Variable, Type>,
+    needs_stack_map: EntitySet<Value>,
+    dfs: Dfs,
+}
+
+/// Temporary object used to build a single Cranelift IR [`Function`].
+pub struct FunctionBuilder<'a> {
+    /// The function currently being built.
+    /// This field is public so the function can be re-borrowed.
+    pub func: &'a mut Function,
+
+    /// Source location to assign to all new instructions.
+    srcloc: ir::SourceLoc,
+
+    func_ctx: &'a mut FunctionBuilderContext,
+    position: PackedOption<Block>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Default, Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum BlockStatus {
+    /// No instructions have been added.
+    #[default]
+    Empty,
+    /// Some instructions have been added, but no terminator.
+    Partial,
+    /// A terminator has been added; no further instructions may be added.
+    Filled,
+}
+
+impl FunctionBuilderContext {
+    /// Creates a [`FunctionBuilderContext`] structure. The structure is automatically cleared after
+    /// each [`FunctionBuilder`] completes translating a function.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self::default()
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.ssa.clear();
+        self.status.clear();
+        self.types.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ssa.is_empty() && self.status.is_empty() && self.types.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implementation of the [`InstBuilder`] that has
+/// one convenience method per Cranelift IR instruction.
+pub struct FuncInstBuilder<'short, 'long: 'short> {
+    builder: &'short mut FunctionBuilder<'long>,
+    block: Block,
+}
+
+impl<'short, 'long> FuncInstBuilder<'short, 'long> {
+    fn new(builder: &'short mut FunctionBuilder<'long>, block: Block) -> Self {
+        Self { builder, block }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'short, 'long> InstBuilderBase<'short> for FuncInstBuilder<'short, 'long> {
+    fn data_flow_graph(&self) -> &DataFlowGraph {
+        &self.builder.func.dfg
+    }
+
+    fn data_flow_graph_mut(&mut self) -> &mut DataFlowGraph {
+        &mut self.builder.func.dfg
+    }
+
+    // This implementation is richer than `InsertBuilder` because we use the data of the
+    // instruction being inserted to add related info to the DFG and the SSA building system,
+    // and perform debug sanity checks.
+    fn build(self, data: InstructionData, ctrl_typevar: Type) -> (Inst, &'short mut DataFlowGraph) {
+        // We only insert the Block in the layout when an instruction is added to it
+        self.builder.ensure_inserted_block();
+
+        let inst = self.builder.func.dfg.make_inst(data.clone());
+        self.builder.func.dfg.make_inst_results(inst, ctrl_typevar);
+        self.builder.func.layout.append_inst(inst, self.block);
+        if !self.builder.srcloc.is_default() {
+            self.builder.func.set_srcloc(inst, self.builder.srcloc);
+        }
+
+        match &self.builder.func.dfg.insts[inst] {
+            ir::InstructionData::Jump {
+                destination: dest, ..
+            } => {
+                // If the user has supplied jump arguments we must adapt the arguments of
+                // the destination block
+                let block = dest.block(&self.builder.func.dfg.value_lists);
+                self.builder.declare_successor(block, inst);
+            }
+
+            ir::InstructionData::Brif {
+                blocks: [branch_then, branch_else],
+                ..
+            } => {
+                let block_then = branch_then.block(&self.builder.func.dfg.value_lists);
+                let block_else = branch_else.block(&self.builder.func.dfg.value_lists);
+
+                self.builder.declare_successor(block_then, inst);
+                if block_then != block_else {
+                    self.builder.declare_successor(block_else, inst);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ir::InstructionData::BranchTable { table, .. } => {
+                let pool = &self.builder.func.dfg.value_lists;
+
+                // Unlike all other jumps/branches, jump tables are
+                // capable of having the same successor appear
+                // multiple times, so we must deduplicate.
+                let mut unique = EntitySet::<Block>::new();
+                for dest_block in self
+                    .builder
+                    .func
+                    .stencil
+                    .dfg
+                    .jump_tables
+                    .get(*table)
+                    .expect("you are referencing an undeclared jump table")
+                    .all_branches()
+                {
+                    let block = dest_block.block(pool);
+                    if !unique.insert(block) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    // Call `declare_block_predecessor` instead of `declare_successor` for
+                    // avoiding the borrow checker.
+                    self.builder
+                        .func_ctx
+                        .ssa
+                        .declare_block_predecessor(block, inst);
+                }
+            }
+
+            inst => debug_assert!(!inst.opcode().is_branch()),
+        }
+
+        if data.opcode().is_terminator() {
+            self.builder.fill_current_block()
+        }
+        (inst, &mut self.builder.func.dfg)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+/// An error encountered when calling [`FunctionBuilder::try_use_var`].
+pub enum UseVariableError {
+    UsedBeforeDeclared(Variable),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for UseVariableError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            UseVariableError::UsedBeforeDeclared(variable) => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "variable {} was used before it was defined",
+                    variable.index()
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for UseVariableError {}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+/// An error encountered when calling [`FunctionBuilder::try_declare_var`].
+pub enum DeclareVariableError {
+    DeclaredMultipleTimes(Variable),
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for DeclareVariableError {}
+
+impl fmt::Display for DeclareVariableError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            DeclareVariableError::DeclaredMultipleTimes(variable) => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "variable {} was declared multiple times",
+                    variable.index()
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+/// An error encountered when defining the initial value of a variable.
+pub enum DefVariableError {
+    /// The variable was instantiated with a value of the wrong type.
+    ///
+    /// note: to obtain the type of the value, you can call
+    /// [`cranelift_codegen::ir::dfg::DataFlowGraph::value_type`] (using the
+    /// `FunctionBuilder.func.dfg` field)
+    TypeMismatch(Variable, Value),
+    /// The value was defined (in a call to [`FunctionBuilder::def_var`]) before
+    /// it was declared (in a call to [`FunctionBuilder::declare_var`]).
+    DefinedBeforeDeclared(Variable),
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for DefVariableError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            DefVariableError::TypeMismatch(variable, value) => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "the types of variable {} and value {} are not the same.
+                    The `Value` supplied to `def_var` must be of the same type as
+                    the variable was declared to be of in `declare_var`.",
+                    variable.index(),
+                    value.as_u32()
+                )?;
+            }
+            DefVariableError::DefinedBeforeDeclared(variable) => {
+                write!(
+                    f,
+                    "the value of variable {} was declared before it was defined",
+                    variable.index()
+                )?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+/// This module allows you to create a function in Cranelift IR in a straightforward way, hiding
+/// all the complexity of its internal representation.
+///
+/// The module is parametrized by one type which is the representation of variables in your
+/// origin language. It offers a way to conveniently append instruction to your program flow.
+/// You are responsible to split your instruction flow into extended blocks (declared with
+/// [`create_block`](Self::create_block)) whose properties are:
+///
+/// - branch and jump instructions can only point at the top of extended blocks;
+/// - the last instruction of each block is a terminator instruction which has no natural successor,
+///   and those instructions can only appear at the end of extended blocks.
+///
+/// The parameters of Cranelift IR instructions are Cranelift IR values, which can only be created
+/// as results of other Cranelift IR instructions. To be able to create variables redefined multiple
+/// times in your program, use the [`def_var`](Self::def_var) and [`use_var`](Self::use_var) command,
+/// that will maintain the correspondence between your variables and Cranelift IR SSA values.
+///
+/// The first block for which you call [`switch_to_block`](Self::switch_to_block) will be assumed to
+/// be the beginning of the function.
+///
+/// At creation, a [`FunctionBuilder`] instance borrows an already allocated `Function` which it
+/// modifies with the information stored in the mutable borrowed
+/// [`FunctionBuilderContext`]. The function passed in argument should be newly created with
+/// [`Function::with_name_signature()`], whereas the [`FunctionBuilderContext`] can be kept as is
+/// between two function translations.
+///
+/// # Errors
+///
+/// The functions below will panic in debug mode whenever you try to modify the Cranelift IR
+/// function in a way that violate the coherence of the code. For instance: switching to a new
+/// [`Block`] when you haven't filled the current one with a terminator instruction, inserting a
+/// return instruction with arguments that don't match the function's signature.
+impl<'a> FunctionBuilder<'a> {
+    /// Creates a new [`FunctionBuilder`] structure that will operate on a [`Function`] using a
+    /// [`FunctionBuilderContext`].
+    pub fn new(func: &'a mut Function, func_ctx: &'a mut FunctionBuilderContext) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(func_ctx.is_empty());
+        Self {
+            func,
+            srcloc: Default::default(),
+            func_ctx,
+            position: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the block that this builder is currently at.
+    pub fn current_block(&self) -> Option<Block> {
+        self.position.expand()
+    }
+
+    /// Set the source location that should be assigned to all new instructions.
+    pub fn set_srcloc(&mut self, srcloc: ir::SourceLoc) {
+        self.srcloc = srcloc;
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new [`Block`] and returns its reference.
+    pub fn create_block(&mut self) -> Block {
+        let block = self.func.dfg.make_block();
+        self.func_ctx.ssa.declare_block(block);
+        block
+    }
+
+    /// Mark a block as "cold".
+    ///
+    /// This will try to move it out of the ordinary path of execution
+    /// when lowered to machine code.
+    pub fn set_cold_block(&mut self, block: Block) {
+        self.func.layout.set_cold(block);
+    }
+
+    /// Insert `block` in the layout *after* the existing block `after`.
+    pub fn insert_block_after(&mut self, block: Block, after: Block) {
+        self.func.layout.insert_block_after(block, after);
+    }
+
+    /// After the call to this function, new instructions will be inserted into the designated
+    /// block, in the order they are declared. You must declare the types of the [`Block`] arguments
+    /// you will use here.
+    ///
+    /// When inserting the terminator instruction (which doesn't have a fallthrough to its immediate
+    /// successor), the block will be declared filled and it will not be possible to append
+    /// instructions to it.
+    pub fn switch_to_block(&mut self, block: Block) {
+        // First we check that the previous block has been filled.
+        debug_assert!(
+            self.position.is_none()
+                || self.is_unreachable()
+                || self.is_pristine(self.position.unwrap())
+                || self.is_filled(self.position.unwrap()),
+            "you have to fill your block before switching"
+        );
+        // We cannot switch to a filled block
+        debug_assert!(
+            !self.is_filled(block),
+            "you cannot switch to a block which is already filled"
+        );
+
+        // Then we change the cursor position.
+        self.position = PackedOption::from(block);
+    }
+
+    /// Declares that all the predecessors of this block are known.
+    ///
+    /// Function to call with `block` as soon as the last branch instruction to `block` has been
+    /// created. Forgetting to call this method on every block will cause inconsistencies in the
+    /// produced functions.
+    pub fn seal_block(&mut self, block: Block) {
+        let side_effects = self.func_ctx.ssa.seal_block(block, self.func);
+        self.handle_ssa_side_effects(side_effects);
+    }
+
+    /// Effectively calls [seal_block](Self::seal_block) on all unsealed blocks in the function.
+    ///
+    /// It's more efficient to seal [`Block`]s as soon as possible, during
+    /// translation, but for frontends where this is impractical to do, this
+    /// function can be used at the end of translating all blocks to ensure
+    /// that everything is sealed.
+    pub fn seal_all_blocks(&mut self) {
+        let side_effects = self.func_ctx.ssa.seal_all_blocks(self.func);
+        self.handle_ssa_side_effects(side_effects);
+    }
+
+    /// Declares the type of a variable, so that it can be used later (by calling
+    /// [`FunctionBuilder::use_var`]). This function will return an error if the variable
+    /// has been previously declared.
+    pub fn try_declare_var(&mut self, var: Variable, ty: Type) -> Result<(), DeclareVariableError> {
+        if self.func_ctx.types[var] != types::INVALID {
+            return Err(DeclareVariableError::DeclaredMultipleTimes(var));
+        }
+        self.func_ctx.types[var] = ty;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// In order to use a variable (by calling [`FunctionBuilder::use_var`]), you need
+    /// to first declare its type with this method.
+    pub fn declare_var(&mut self, var: Variable, ty: Type) {
+        self.try_declare_var(var, ty)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("the variable {:?} has been declared multiple times", var))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the Cranelift IR necessary to use a previously defined user
+    /// variable, returning an error if this is not possible.
+    pub fn try_use_var(&mut self, var: Variable) -> Result<Value, UseVariableError> {
+        // Assert that we're about to add instructions to this block using the definition of the
+        // given variable. ssa.use_var is the only part of this crate which can add block parameters
+        // behind the caller's back. If we disallow calling append_block_param as soon as use_var is
+        // called, then we enforce a strict separation between user parameters and SSA parameters.
+        self.ensure_inserted_block();
+
+        let (val, side_effects) = {
+            let ty = *self
+                .func_ctx
+                .types
+                .get(var)
+                .ok_or(UseVariableError::UsedBeforeDeclared(var))?;
+            debug_assert_ne!(
+                ty,
+                types::INVALID,
+                "variable {:?} is used but its type has not been declared",
+                var
+            );
+            self.func_ctx
+                .ssa
+                .use_var(self.func, var, ty, self.position.unwrap())
+        };
+        self.handle_ssa_side_effects(side_effects);
+        Ok(val)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the Cranelift IR value corresponding to the utilization at the current program
+    /// position of a previously defined user variable.
+    pub fn use_var(&mut self, var: Variable) -> Value {
+        self.try_use_var(var).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+            panic!(
+                "variable {:?} is used but its type has not been declared",
+                var
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Registers a new definition of a user variable. This function will return
+    /// an error if the value supplied does not match the type the variable was
+    /// declared to have.
+    pub fn try_def_var(&mut self, var: Variable, val: Value) -> Result<(), DefVariableError> {
+        let var_ty = *self
+            .func_ctx
+            .types
+            .get(var)
+            .ok_or(DefVariableError::DefinedBeforeDeclared(var))?;
+        if var_ty != self.func.dfg.value_type(val) {
+            return Err(DefVariableError::TypeMismatch(var, val));
+        }
+
+        self.func_ctx.ssa.def_var(var, val, self.position.unwrap());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Register a new definition of a user variable. The type of the value must be
+    /// the same as the type registered for the variable.
+    pub fn def_var(&mut self, var: Variable, val: Value) {
+        self.try_def_var(var, val)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|error| match error {
+                DefVariableError::TypeMismatch(var, val) => {
+                    panic!(
+                        "declared type of variable {:?} doesn't match type of value {}",
+                        var, val
+                    );
+                }
+                DefVariableError::DefinedBeforeDeclared(var) => {
+                    panic!(
+                        "variable {:?} is used but its type has not been declared",
+                        var
+                    );
+                }
+            })
+    }
+
+    /// Set label for [`Value`]
+    ///
+    /// This will not do anything unless
+    /// [`func.dfg.collect_debug_info`](DataFlowGraph::collect_debug_info) is called first.
+    pub fn set_val_label(&mut self, val: Value, label: ValueLabel) {
+        if let Some(values_labels) = self.func.stencil.dfg.values_labels.as_mut() {
+            use alloc::collections::btree_map::Entry;
+
+            let start = ValueLabelStart {
+                from: RelSourceLoc::from_base_offset(self.func.params.base_srcloc(), self.srcloc),
+                label,
+            };
+
+            match values_labels.entry(val) {
+                Entry::Occupied(mut e) => match e.get_mut() {
+                    ValueLabelAssignments::Starts(starts) => starts.push(start),
+                    _ => panic!("Unexpected ValueLabelAssignments at this stage"),
+                },
+                Entry::Vacant(e) => {
+                    e.insert(ValueLabelAssignments::Starts(vec![start]));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Declare that the given value is a GC reference that requires inclusion
+    /// in a stack map when it is live across GC safepoints.
+    ///
+    /// At the current moment, values that need inclusion in stack maps are
+    /// spilled before safepoints, but they are not reloaded afterwards. This
+    /// means that moving GCs are not yet supported, however the intention is to
+    /// add this support in the near future.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `val` is larger than 16 bytes.
+    pub fn declare_needs_stack_map(&mut self, val: Value) {
+        // We rely on these properties in `insert_safepoint_spills`.
+        let size = self.func.dfg.value_type(val).bytes();
+        assert!(size <= 16);
+        assert!(size.is_power_of_two());
+
+        self.func_ctx.needs_stack_map.insert(val);
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a jump table in the function, to be used by [`br_table`](InstBuilder::br_table) instructions.
+    pub fn create_jump_table(&mut self, data: JumpTableData) -> JumpTable {
+        self.func.create_jump_table(data)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a sized stack slot in the function, to be used by [`stack_load`](InstBuilder::stack_load),
+    /// [`stack_store`](InstBuilder::stack_store) and [`stack_addr`](InstBuilder::stack_addr) instructions.
+    pub fn create_sized_stack_slot(&mut self, data: StackSlotData) -> StackSlot {
+        self.func.create_sized_stack_slot(data)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a dynamic stack slot in the function, to be used by
+    /// [`dynamic_stack_load`](InstBuilder::dynamic_stack_load),
+    /// [`dynamic_stack_store`](InstBuilder::dynamic_stack_store) and
+    /// [`dynamic_stack_addr`](InstBuilder::dynamic_stack_addr) instructions.
+    pub fn create_dynamic_stack_slot(&mut self, data: DynamicStackSlotData) -> DynamicStackSlot {
+        self.func.create_dynamic_stack_slot(data)
+    }
+
+    /// Adds a signature which can later be used to declare an external function import.
+    pub fn import_signature(&mut self, signature: Signature) -> SigRef {
+        self.func.import_signature(signature)
+    }
+
+    /// Declare an external function import.
+    pub fn import_function(&mut self, data: ExtFuncData) -> FuncRef {
+        self.func.import_function(data)
+    }
+
+    /// Declares a global value accessible to the function.
+    pub fn create_global_value(&mut self, data: GlobalValueData) -> GlobalValue {
+        self.func.create_global_value(data)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an object with the [`InstBuilder`]
+    /// trait that allows to conveniently append an instruction to the current [`Block`] being built.
+    pub fn ins<'short>(&'short mut self) -> FuncInstBuilder<'short, 'a> {
+        let block = self
+            .position
+            .expect("Please call switch_to_block before inserting instructions");
+        FuncInstBuilder::new(self, block)
+    }
+
+    /// Make sure that the current block is inserted in the layout.
+    pub fn ensure_inserted_block(&mut self) {
+        let block = self.position.unwrap();
+        if self.is_pristine(block) {
+            if !self.func.layout.is_block_inserted(block) {
+                self.func.layout.append_block(block);
+            }
+            self.func_ctx.status[block] = BlockStatus::Partial;
+        } else {
+            debug_assert!(
+                !self.is_filled(block),
+                "you cannot add an instruction to a block already filled"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a [`FuncCursor`] pointed at the current position ready for inserting instructions.
+    ///
+    /// This can be used to insert SSA code that doesn't need to access locals and that doesn't
+    /// need to know about [`FunctionBuilder`] at all.
+    pub fn cursor(&mut self) -> FuncCursor {
+        self.ensure_inserted_block();
+        FuncCursor::new(self.func)
+            .with_srcloc(self.srcloc)
+            .at_bottom(self.position.unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// Append parameters to the given [`Block`] corresponding to the function
+    /// parameters. This can be used to set up the block parameters for the
+    /// entry block.
+    pub fn append_block_params_for_function_params(&mut self, block: Block) {
+        debug_assert!(
+            !self.func_ctx.ssa.has_any_predecessors(block),
+            "block parameters for function parameters should only be added to the entry block"
+        );
+
+        // These parameters count as "user" parameters here because they aren't
+        // inserted by the SSABuilder.
+        debug_assert!(
+            self.is_pristine(block),
+            "You can't add block parameters after adding any instruction"
+        );
+
+        for argtyp in &self.func.stencil.signature.params {
+            self.func
+                .stencil
+                .dfg
+                .append_block_param(block, argtyp.value_type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Append parameters to the given [`Block`] corresponding to the function
+    /// return values. This can be used to set up the block parameters for a
+    /// function exit block.
+    pub fn append_block_params_for_function_returns(&mut self, block: Block) {
+        // These parameters count as "user" parameters here because they aren't
+        // inserted by the SSABuilder.
+        debug_assert!(
+            self.is_pristine(block),
+            "You can't add block parameters after adding any instruction"
+        );
+
+        for argtyp in &self.func.stencil.signature.returns {
+            self.func
+                .stencil
+                .dfg
+                .append_block_param(block, argtyp.value_type);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Insert spills for every value that needs to be in a stack map at every
+    /// safepoint.
+    ///
+    /// First, we do a very simple, imprecise, and overapproximating liveness
+    /// analysis. This considers any use (regardless if that use produces side
+    /// effects or flows into another instruction that produces side effects!)
+    /// of a needs-stack-map value to keep the value live. This allows us to do
+    /// this liveness analysis in a single post-order traversal of the IR,
+    /// without any fixed-point loop. The result of this analysis is the set of
+    /// live needs-stack-map values at each instruction that must be a safepoint
+    /// (currently this is just non-tail calls).
+    ///
+    /// Second, take those results, add stack slots so we have a place to spill
+    /// to, and then finally spill the live needs-stack-map values at each
+    /// safepoint.
+    fn insert_safepoint_spills(&mut self) {
+        // A map from each safepoint to the set of GC references that are live
+        // across it.
+        let mut safepoints: crate::HashMap<ir::Inst, SmallVec<[ir::Value; 4]>> =
+            crate::HashMap::new();
+
+        // The maximum number of values we need to store in a stack map at the
+        // same time, bucketed by their type's size. This array is indexed by
+        // the log2 of the type's size. We do not support recording values whose
+        // size is greater than 16 in stack maps.
+        const LOG2_SIZE_CAPACITY: usize = (16u8.ilog2() as usize) + 1;
+        let mut max_vals_in_stack_map_by_log2_size = [0; LOG2_SIZE_CAPACITY];
+
+        // The set of needs-stack-maps values that are currently live in our
+        // traversal.
+        //
+        // NB: use a `BTreeSet` so that iteration is deterministic, as we will
+        // insert spills an order derived from this collection's iteration
+        // order.
+        let mut live = BTreeSet::new();
+
+        // Do our single-pass liveness analysis.
+        //
+        // Use a post-order traversal, traversing the IR backwards from uses to
+        // defs, because liveness is a backwards analysis.
+        //
+        // 1. The definition of a value removes it from our `live` set. Values
+        //    are not live before they are defined.
+        //
+        // 2. When we see any instruction that requires a safepoint (aka
+        //    non-tail calls) we record the current live set of needs-stack-map
+        //    values.
+        //
+        //    We ignore tail calls because this caller and its frame won't exist
+        //    by the time the callee is executing and potentially triggers a GC;
+        //    nothing is live in the function after it exits!
+        //
+        //    Note that this step should actually happen *before* adding uses to
+        //    the `live` set below, in order to avoid holding GC objects alive
+        //    longer than necessary, because arguments to the call that are not
+        //    live afterwards should need not be prevented from reclamation by
+        //    the GC for us, and therefore need not appear in this stack map. It
+        //    is the callee's responsibility to record such arguments in its
+        //    stack maps if it keeps them alive across some call that might
+        //    trigger GC.
+        //
+        // 3. Any use of a needs-stack-map value adds it to our `live` set.
+        //
+        //    Note: we do not flow liveness from block parameters back to branch
+        //    arguments, and instead always consider branch arguments live. That
+        //    additional precision would require a fixed-point loop in the
+        //    presence of back edges.
+        //
+        //    Furthermore, we do not differentiate between uses of a
+        //    needs-stack-map value that ultimately flow into a side-effecting
+        //    operation versus uses that themselves are not live. This could be
+        //    tightened up in the future, but we're starting with the easiest,
+        //    simplest thing. Besides, none of our mid-end optimization passes
+        //    have run at this point in time yet, so there probably isn't much,
+        //    if any, dead code.
+        for block in self.func_ctx.dfs.post_order_iter(&self.func) {
+            let mut option_inst = self.func.layout.last_inst(block);
+            while let Some(inst) = option_inst {
+                // (1) Remove values defined by this instruction from the `live`
+                // set.
+                for val in self.func.dfg.inst_results(inst) {
+                    live.remove(val);
+                }
+
+                // (2) If this instruction is a call, then we need to add a
+                // safepoint to record any values in `live`.
+                let opcode = self.func.dfg.insts[inst].opcode();
+                if opcode.is_call() && !opcode.is_return() {
+                    let mut live: SmallVec<[_; 4]> = live.iter().copied().collect();
+                    for chunk in live_vals_by_size(&self.func.dfg, &mut live) {
+                        let index = log2_size(&self.func.dfg, chunk[0]);
+                        max_vals_in_stack_map_by_log2_size[index] =
+                            core::cmp::max(max_vals_in_stack_map_by_log2_size[index], chunk.len());
+                    }
+
+                    let old_val = safepoints.insert(inst, live);
+                    debug_assert!(old_val.is_none());
+                }
+
+                // (3) Add all needs-stack-map values that are operands to this
+                // instruction to the live set. This includes branch arguments,
+                // as mentioned above.
+                for val in self.func.dfg.inst_values(inst) {
+                    if self.func_ctx.needs_stack_map.contains(val) {
+                        live.insert(val);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                option_inst = self.func.layout.prev_inst(inst);
+            }
+
+            // After we've processed this block's instructions, remove its
+            // parameters from the live set. This is part of step (1).
+            for val in self.func.dfg.block_params(block) {
+                live.remove(val);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create a stack slot for each size of needs-stack-map value. These
+        // slots are arrays capable of holding the maximum number of same-sized
+        // values that must appear in the same stack map at the same time.
+        //
+        // This is indexed by the log2 of the type size.
+        let mut stack_slots = [PackedOption::<ir::StackSlot>::default(); LOG2_SIZE_CAPACITY];
+        for (log2_size, capacity) in max_vals_in_stack_map_by_log2_size.into_iter().enumerate() {
+            if capacity == 0 {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let size = 1usize << log2_size;
+            let slot = self.func.create_sized_stack_slot(ir::StackSlotData::new(
+                ir::StackSlotKind::ExplicitSlot,
+                u32::try_from(size * capacity).unwrap(),
+                u8::try_from(log2_size).unwrap(),
+            ));
+            stack_slots[log2_size] = Some(slot).into();
+        }
+
+        // Insert spills to our new stack slots before each safepoint
+        // instruction.
+        let mut cursor = FuncCursor::new(self.func);
+        for (inst, live_vals) in safepoints {
+            cursor = cursor.at_inst(inst);
+
+            // The offset within each stack slot for the next spill to that
+            // associated stack slot.
+            let mut stack_slot_offsets = [0; LOG2_SIZE_CAPACITY];
+
+            for val in live_vals {
+                let ty = cursor.func.dfg.value_type(val);
+                let size_of_val = ty.bytes();
+
+                let index = log2_size(&cursor.func.dfg, val);
+                let slot = stack_slots[index].unwrap();
+
+                let offset = stack_slot_offsets[index];
+                stack_slot_offsets[index] += size_of_val;
+
+                cursor
+                    .ins()
+                    .stack_store(val, slot, i32::try_from(offset).unwrap());
+
+                cursor
+                    .func
+                    .dfg
+                    .append_user_stack_map_entry(inst, ir::UserStackMapEntry { ty, slot, offset });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Declare that translation of the current function is complete.
+    ///
+    /// This resets the state of the [`FunctionBuilderContext`] in preparation to
+    /// be used for another function.
+    pub fn finalize(mut self) {
+        // Check that all the `Block`s are filled and sealed.
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            for block in self.func_ctx.status.keys() {
+                if !self.is_pristine(block) {
+                    assert!(
+                        self.func_ctx.ssa.is_sealed(block),
+                        "FunctionBuilder finalized, but block {} is not sealed",
+                        block,
+                    );
+                    assert!(
+                        self.is_filled(block),
+                        "FunctionBuilder finalized, but block {} is not filled",
+                        block,
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // In debug mode, check that all blocks are valid basic blocks.
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        {
+            // Iterate manually to provide more helpful error messages.
+            for block in self.func_ctx.status.keys() {
+                if let Err((inst, msg)) = self.func.is_block_basic(block) {
+                    let inst_str = self.func.dfg.display_inst(inst);
+                    panic!(
+                        "{} failed basic block invariants on {}: {}",
+                        block, inst_str, msg
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !self.func_ctx.needs_stack_map.is_empty() {
+            self.insert_safepoint_spills();
+        }
+
+        // Clear the state (but preserve the allocated buffers) in preparation
+        // for translation another function.
+        self.func_ctx.clear();
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sort `live` by size and return an iterable of subslices grouped by size.
+fn live_vals_by_size<'a, 'b>(
+    dfg: &'a ir::DataFlowGraph,
+    live: &'b mut [ir::Value],
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'b [ir::Value]>
+where
+    'a: 'b,
+{
+    live.sort_by_key(|val| dfg.value_type(*val).bytes());
+    live.chunk_by(|a, b| dfg.value_type(*a).bytes() == dfg.value_type(*b).bytes())
+}
+
+/// Get `log2(sizeof(val))` as a `usize`.
+fn log2_size(dfg: &ir::DataFlowGraph, val: ir::Value) -> usize {
+    let size = dfg.value_type(val).bytes();
+    debug_assert!(size.is_power_of_two());
+    usize::try_from(size.ilog2()).unwrap()
+}
+
+/// All the functions documented in the previous block are write-only and help you build a valid
+/// Cranelift IR functions via multiple debug asserts. However, you might need to improve the
+/// performance of your translation perform more complex transformations to your Cranelift IR
+/// function. The functions below help you inspect the function you're creating and modify it
+/// in ways that can be unsafe if used incorrectly.
+impl<'a> FunctionBuilder<'a> {
+    /// Retrieves all the parameters for a [`Block`] currently inferred from the jump instructions
+    /// inserted that target it and the SSA construction.
+    pub fn block_params(&self, block: Block) -> &[Value] {
+        self.func.dfg.block_params(block)
+    }
+
+    /// Retrieves the signature with reference `sigref` previously added with
+    /// [`import_signature`](Self::import_signature).
+    pub fn signature(&self, sigref: SigRef) -> Option<&Signature> {
+        self.func.dfg.signatures.get(sigref)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a parameter for a specific [`Block`] by appending it to the list of already existing
+    /// parameters.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** this function has to be called at the creation of the `Block` before adding
+    /// instructions to it, otherwise this could interfere with SSA construction.
+    pub fn append_block_param(&mut self, block: Block, ty: Type) -> Value {
+        debug_assert!(
+            self.is_pristine(block),
+            "You can't add block parameters after adding any instruction"
+        );
+        self.func.dfg.append_block_param(block, ty)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the result values of an instruction.
+    pub fn inst_results(&self, inst: Inst) -> &[Value] {
+        self.func.dfg.inst_results(inst)
+    }
+
+    /// Changes the destination of a jump instruction after creation.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** You are responsible for maintaining the coherence with the arguments of
+    /// other jump instructions.
+    pub fn change_jump_destination(&mut self, inst: Inst, old_block: Block, new_block: Block) {
+        let dfg = &mut self.func.dfg;
+        for block in dfg.insts[inst].branch_destination_mut(&mut dfg.jump_tables) {
+            if block.block(&dfg.value_lists) == old_block {
+                self.func_ctx.ssa.remove_block_predecessor(old_block, inst);
+                block.set_block(new_block, &mut dfg.value_lists);
+                self.func_ctx.ssa.declare_block_predecessor(new_block, inst);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if and only if the current [`Block`] is sealed and has no predecessors declared.
+    ///
+    /// The entry block of a function is never unreachable.
+    pub fn is_unreachable(&self) -> bool {
+        let is_entry = match self.func.layout.entry_block() {
+            None => false,
+            Some(entry) => self.position.unwrap() == entry,
+        };
+        !is_entry
+            && self.func_ctx.ssa.is_sealed(self.position.unwrap())
+            && !self
+                .func_ctx
+                .ssa
+                .has_any_predecessors(self.position.unwrap())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if and only if no instructions have been added since the last call to
+    /// [`switch_to_block`](Self::switch_to_block).
+    fn is_pristine(&self, block: Block) -> bool {
+        self.func_ctx.status[block] == BlockStatus::Empty
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if and only if a terminator instruction has been inserted since the
+    /// last call to [`switch_to_block`](Self::switch_to_block).
+    fn is_filled(&self, block: Block) -> bool {
+        self.func_ctx.status[block] == BlockStatus::Filled
+    }
+}
+
+/// Helper functions
+impl<'a> FunctionBuilder<'a> {
+    /// Calls libc.memcpy
+    ///
+    /// Copies the `size` bytes from `src` to `dest`, assumes that `src + size`
+    /// won't overlap onto `dest`. If `dest` and `src` overlap, the behavior is
+    /// undefined. Applications in which `dest` and `src` might overlap should
+    /// use `call_memmove` instead.
+    pub fn call_memcpy(
+        &mut self,
+        config: TargetFrontendConfig,
+        dest: Value,
+        src: Value,
+        size: Value,
+    ) {
+        let pointer_type = config.pointer_type();
+        let signature = {
+            let mut s = Signature::new(config.default_call_conv);
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.returns.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            self.import_signature(s)
+        };
+
+        let libc_memcpy = self.import_function(ExtFuncData {
+            name: ExternalName::LibCall(LibCall::Memcpy),
+            signature,
+            colocated: false,
+        });
+
+        self.ins().call(libc_memcpy, &[dest, src, size]);
+    }
+
+    /// Optimised memcpy or memmove for small copies.
+    ///
+    /// # Codegen safety
+    ///
+    /// The following properties must hold to prevent UB:
+    ///
+    /// * `src_align` and `dest_align` are an upper-bound on the alignment of `src` respectively `dest`.
+    /// * If `non_overlapping` is true, then this must be correct.
+    pub fn emit_small_memory_copy(
+        &mut self,
+        config: TargetFrontendConfig,
+        dest: Value,
+        src: Value,
+        size: u64,
+        dest_align: u8,
+        src_align: u8,
+        non_overlapping: bool,
+        mut flags: MemFlags,
+    ) {
+        // Currently the result of guess work, not actual profiling.
+        const THRESHOLD: u64 = 4;
+
+        if size == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let access_size = greatest_divisible_power_of_two(size);
+        assert!(
+            access_size.is_power_of_two(),
+            "`size` is not a power of two"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            access_size >= u64::from(::core::cmp::min(src_align, dest_align)),
+            "`size` is smaller than `dest` and `src`'s alignment value."
+        );
+
+        let (access_size, int_type) = if access_size <= 8 {
+            (access_size, Type::int((access_size * 8) as u16).unwrap())
+        } else {
+            (8, types::I64)
+        };
+
+        let load_and_store_amount = size / access_size;
+
+        if load_and_store_amount > THRESHOLD {
+            let size_value = self.ins().iconst(config.pointer_type(), size as i64);
+            if non_overlapping {
+                self.call_memcpy(config, dest, src, size_value);
+            } else {
+                self.call_memmove(config, dest, src, size_value);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if u64::from(src_align) >= access_size && u64::from(dest_align) >= access_size {
+            flags.set_aligned();
+        }
+
+        // Load all of the memory first. This is necessary in case `dest` overlaps.
+        // It can also improve performance a bit.
+        let registers: smallvec::SmallVec<[_; THRESHOLD as usize]> = (0..load_and_store_amount)
+            .map(|i| {
+                let offset = (access_size * i) as i32;
+                (self.ins().load(int_type, flags, src, offset), offset)
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        for (value, offset) in registers {
+            self.ins().store(flags, value, dest, offset);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Calls libc.memset
+    ///
+    /// Writes `size` bytes of i8 value `ch` to memory starting at `buffer`.
+    pub fn call_memset(
+        &mut self,
+        config: TargetFrontendConfig,
+        buffer: Value,
+        ch: Value,
+        size: Value,
+    ) {
+        let pointer_type = config.pointer_type();
+        let signature = {
+            let mut s = Signature::new(config.default_call_conv);
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(types::I32));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.returns.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            self.import_signature(s)
+        };
+
+        let libc_memset = self.import_function(ExtFuncData {
+            name: ExternalName::LibCall(LibCall::Memset),
+            signature,
+            colocated: false,
+        });
+
+        let ch = self.ins().uextend(types::I32, ch);
+        self.ins().call(libc_memset, &[buffer, ch, size]);
+    }
+
+    /// Calls libc.memset
+    ///
+    /// Writes `size` bytes of value `ch` to memory starting at `buffer`.
+    pub fn emit_small_memset(
+        &mut self,
+        config: TargetFrontendConfig,
+        buffer: Value,
+        ch: u8,
+        size: u64,
+        buffer_align: u8,
+        mut flags: MemFlags,
+    ) {
+        // Currently the result of guess work, not actual profiling.
+        const THRESHOLD: u64 = 4;
+
+        if size == 0 {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let access_size = greatest_divisible_power_of_two(size);
+        assert!(
+            access_size.is_power_of_two(),
+            "`size` is not a power of two"
+        );
+        assert!(
+            access_size >= u64::from(buffer_align),
+            "`size` is smaller than `dest` and `src`'s alignment value."
+        );
+
+        let (access_size, int_type) = if access_size <= 8 {
+            (access_size, Type::int((access_size * 8) as u16).unwrap())
+        } else {
+            (8, types::I64)
+        };
+
+        let load_and_store_amount = size / access_size;
+
+        if load_and_store_amount > THRESHOLD {
+            let ch = self.ins().iconst(types::I8, i64::from(ch));
+            let size = self.ins().iconst(config.pointer_type(), size as i64);
+            self.call_memset(config, buffer, ch, size);
+        } else {
+            if u64::from(buffer_align) >= access_size {
+                flags.set_aligned();
+            }
+
+            let ch = u64::from(ch);
+            let raw_value = if int_type == types::I64 {
+                ch * 0x0101010101010101_u64
+            } else if int_type == types::I32 {
+                ch * 0x01010101_u64
+            } else if int_type == types::I16 {
+                (ch << 8) | ch
+            } else {
+                assert_eq!(int_type, types::I8);
+                ch
+            };
+
+            let value = self.ins().iconst(int_type, raw_value as i64);
+            for i in 0..load_and_store_amount {
+                let offset = (access_size * i) as i32;
+                self.ins().store(flags, value, buffer, offset);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Calls libc.memmove
+    ///
+    /// Copies `size` bytes from memory starting at `source` to memory starting
+    /// at `dest`. `source` is always read before writing to `dest`.
+    pub fn call_memmove(
+        &mut self,
+        config: TargetFrontendConfig,
+        dest: Value,
+        source: Value,
+        size: Value,
+    ) {
+        let pointer_type = config.pointer_type();
+        let signature = {
+            let mut s = Signature::new(config.default_call_conv);
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.returns.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            self.import_signature(s)
+        };
+
+        let libc_memmove = self.import_function(ExtFuncData {
+            name: ExternalName::LibCall(LibCall::Memmove),
+            signature,
+            colocated: false,
+        });
+
+        self.ins().call(libc_memmove, &[dest, source, size]);
+    }
+
+    /// Calls libc.memcmp
+    ///
+    /// Compares `size` bytes from memory starting at `left` to memory starting
+    /// at `right`. Returns `0` if all `n` bytes are equal.  If the first difference
+    /// is at offset `i`, returns a positive integer if `ugt(left[i], right[i])`
+    /// and a negative integer if `ult(left[i], right[i])`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns a C `int`, which is currently always [`types::I32`].
+    pub fn call_memcmp(
+        &mut self,
+        config: TargetFrontendConfig,
+        left: Value,
+        right: Value,
+        size: Value,
+    ) -> Value {
+        let pointer_type = config.pointer_type();
+        let signature = {
+            let mut s = Signature::new(config.default_call_conv);
+            s.params.reserve(3);
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.params.push(AbiParam::new(pointer_type));
+            s.returns.push(AbiParam::new(types::I32));
+            self.import_signature(s)
+        };
+
+        let libc_memcmp = self.import_function(ExtFuncData {
+            name: ExternalName::LibCall(LibCall::Memcmp),
+            signature,
+            colocated: false,
+        });
+
+        let call = self.ins().call(libc_memcmp, &[left, right, size]);
+        self.func.dfg.first_result(call)
+    }
+
+    /// Optimised [`Self::call_memcmp`] for small copies.
+    ///
+    /// This implements the byte slice comparison `int_cc(left[..size], right[..size])`.
+    ///
+    /// `left_align` and `right_align` are the statically-known alignments of the
+    /// `left` and `right` pointers respectively.  These are used to know whether
+    /// to mark `load`s as aligned.  It's always fine to pass `1` for these, but
+    /// passing something higher than the true alignment may trap or otherwise
+    /// misbehave as described in [`MemFlags::aligned`].
+    ///
+    /// Note that `memcmp` is a *big-endian* and *unsigned* comparison.
+    /// As such, this panics when called with `IntCC::Signed*`.
+    pub fn emit_small_memory_compare(
+        &mut self,
+        config: TargetFrontendConfig,
+        int_cc: IntCC,
+        left: Value,
+        right: Value,
+        size: u64,
+        left_align: std::num::NonZeroU8,
+        right_align: std::num::NonZeroU8,
+        flags: MemFlags,
+    ) -> Value {
+        use IntCC::*;
+        let (zero_cc, empty_imm) = match int_cc {
+            //
+            Equal => (Equal, 1),
+            NotEqual => (NotEqual, 0),
+
+            UnsignedLessThan => (SignedLessThan, 0),
+            UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual => (SignedGreaterThanOrEqual, 1),
+            UnsignedGreaterThan => (SignedGreaterThan, 0),
+            UnsignedLessThanOrEqual => (SignedLessThanOrEqual, 1),
+
+            SignedLessThan
+            | SignedGreaterThanOrEqual
+            | SignedGreaterThan
+            | SignedLessThanOrEqual => {
+                panic!("Signed comparison {} not supported by memcmp", int_cc)
+            }
+        };
+
+        if size == 0 {
+            return self.ins().iconst(types::I8, empty_imm);
+        }
+
+        // Future work could consider expanding this to handle more-complex scenarios.
+        if let Some(small_type) = size.try_into().ok().and_then(Type::int_with_byte_size) {
+            if let Equal | NotEqual = zero_cc {
+                let mut left_flags = flags;
+                if size == left_align.get() as u64 {
+                    left_flags.set_aligned();
+                }
+                let mut right_flags = flags;
+                if size == right_align.get() as u64 {
+                    right_flags.set_aligned();
+                }
+                let left_val = self.ins().load(small_type, left_flags, left, 0);
+                let right_val = self.ins().load(small_type, right_flags, right, 0);
+                return self.ins().icmp(int_cc, left_val, right_val);
+            } else if small_type == types::I8 {
+                // Once the big-endian loads from wasmtime#2492 are implemented in
+                // the backends, we could easily handle comparisons for more sizes here.
+                // But for now, just handle single bytes where we don't need to worry.
+
+                let mut aligned_flags = flags;
+                aligned_flags.set_aligned();
+                let left_val = self.ins().load(small_type, aligned_flags, left, 0);
+                let right_val = self.ins().load(small_type, aligned_flags, right, 0);
+                return self.ins().icmp(int_cc, left_val, right_val);
+            }
+        }
+
+        let pointer_type = config.pointer_type();
+        let size = self.ins().iconst(pointer_type, size as i64);
+        let cmp = self.call_memcmp(config, left, right, size);
+        self.ins().icmp_imm(zero_cc, cmp, 0)
+    }
+}
+
+fn greatest_divisible_power_of_two(size: u64) -> u64 {
+    (size as i64 & -(size as i64)) as u64
+}
+
+// Helper functions
+impl<'a> FunctionBuilder<'a> {
+    /// A Block is 'filled' when a terminator instruction is present.
+    fn fill_current_block(&mut self) {
+        self.func_ctx.status[self.position.unwrap()] = BlockStatus::Filled;
+    }
+
+    fn declare_successor(&mut self, dest_block: Block, jump_inst: Inst) {
+        self.func_ctx
+            .ssa
+            .declare_block_predecessor(dest_block, jump_inst);
+    }
+
+    fn handle_ssa_side_effects(&mut self, side_effects: SideEffects) {
+        for modified_block in side_effects.instructions_added_to_blocks {
+            if self.is_pristine(modified_block) {
+                self.func_ctx.status[modified_block] = BlockStatus::Partial;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::greatest_divisible_power_of_two;
+    use crate::frontend::{
+        DeclareVariableError, DefVariableError, FunctionBuilder, FunctionBuilderContext,
+        UseVariableError,
+    };
+    use crate::Variable;
+    use alloc::string::ToString;
+    use cranelift_codegen::entity::EntityRef;
+    use cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::IntCC;
+    use cranelift_codegen::ir::{self, types::*, UserFuncName};
+    use cranelift_codegen::ir::{AbiParam, Function, InstBuilder, MemFlags, Signature, Value};
+    use cranelift_codegen::isa::{CallConv, TargetFrontendConfig, TargetIsa};
+    use cranelift_codegen::settings;
+    use cranelift_codegen::verifier::verify_function;
+    use target_lexicon::PointerWidth;
+
+    fn sample_function(lazy_seal: bool) {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let block1 = builder.create_block();
+            let block2 = builder.create_block();
+            let block3 = builder.create_block();
+            let x = Variable::new(0);
+            let y = Variable::new(1);
+            let z = Variable::new(2);
+            builder.declare_var(x, I32);
+            builder.declare_var(y, I32);
+            builder.declare_var(z, I32);
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+            if !lazy_seal {
+                builder.seal_block(block0);
+            }
+            {
+                let tmp = builder.block_params(block0)[0]; // the first function parameter
+                builder.def_var(x, tmp);
+            }
+            {
+                let tmp = builder.ins().iconst(I32, 2);
+                builder.def_var(y, tmp);
+            }
+            {
+                let arg1 = builder.use_var(x);
+                let arg2 = builder.use_var(y);
+                let tmp = builder.ins().iadd(arg1, arg2);
+                builder.def_var(z, tmp);
+            }
+            builder.ins().jump(block1, &[]);
+
+            builder.switch_to_block(block1);
+            {
+                let arg1 = builder.use_var(y);
+                let arg2 = builder.use_var(z);
+                let tmp = builder.ins().iadd(arg1, arg2);
+                builder.def_var(z, tmp);
+            }
+            {
+                let arg = builder.use_var(y);
+                builder.ins().brif(arg, block3, &[], block2, &[]);
+            }
+
+            builder.switch_to_block(block2);
+            if !lazy_seal {
+                builder.seal_block(block2);
+            }
+            {
+                let arg1 = builder.use_var(z);
+                let arg2 = builder.use_var(x);
+                let tmp = builder.ins().isub(arg1, arg2);
+                builder.def_var(z, tmp);
+            }
+            {
+                let arg = builder.use_var(y);
+                builder.ins().return_(&[arg]);
+            }
+
+            builder.switch_to_block(block3);
+            if !lazy_seal {
+                builder.seal_block(block3);
+            }
+
+            {
+                let arg1 = builder.use_var(y);
+                let arg2 = builder.use_var(x);
+                let tmp = builder.ins().isub(arg1, arg2);
+                builder.def_var(y, tmp);
+            }
+            builder.ins().jump(block1, &[]);
+            if !lazy_seal {
+                builder.seal_block(block1);
+            }
+
+            if lazy_seal {
+                builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            }
+
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        let flags = settings::Flags::new(settings::builder());
+        // println!("{}", func.display(None));
+        if let Err(errors) = verify_function(&func, &flags) {
+            panic!("{}\n{}", func.display(), errors)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sample() {
+        sample_function(false)
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sample_with_lazy_seal() {
+        sample_function(true)
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn check(func: &Function, expected_ir: &str) {
+        let actual_ir = func.display().to_string();
+        assert!(
+            expected_ir == actual_ir,
+            "Expected:\n{}\nGot:\n{}",
+            expected_ir,
+            actual_ir
+        );
+    }
+
+    /// Helper function to construct a fixed frontend configuration.
+    fn systemv_frontend_config() -> TargetFrontendConfig {
+        TargetFrontendConfig {
+            default_call_conv: CallConv::SystemV,
+            pointer_width: PointerWidth::U64,
+            page_size_align_log2: 12,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn memcpy() {
+        let frontend_config = systemv_frontend_config();
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(frontend_config.default_call_conv);
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let x = Variable::new(0);
+            let y = Variable::new(1);
+            let z = Variable::new(2);
+            builder.declare_var(x, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.declare_var(y, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.declare_var(z, I32);
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let src = builder.use_var(x);
+            let dest = builder.use_var(y);
+            let size = builder.use_var(y);
+            builder.call_memcpy(frontend_config, dest, src, size);
+            builder.ins().return_(&[size]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            "function %sample() -> i32 system_v {
+    sig0 = (i64, i64, i64) -> i64 system_v
+    fn0 = %Memcpy sig0
+
+block0:
+    v4 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v4
+    v3 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v3
+    v2 = call fn0(v1, v0, v1)  ; v1 = 0, v0 = 0, v1 = 0
+    return v1  ; v1 = 0
+}
+",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_memcpy() {
+        let frontend_config = systemv_frontend_config();
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(frontend_config.default_call_conv);
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let x = Variable::new(0);
+            let y = Variable::new(16);
+            builder.declare_var(x, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.declare_var(y, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let src = builder.use_var(x);
+            let dest = builder.use_var(y);
+            let size = 8;
+            builder.emit_small_memory_copy(
+                frontend_config,
+                dest,
+                src,
+                size,
+                8,
+                8,
+                true,
+                MemFlags::new(),
+            );
+            builder.ins().return_(&[dest]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            "function %sample() -> i32 system_v {
+block0:
+    v4 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v4
+    v3 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v3
+    v2 = load.i64 aligned v0  ; v0 = 0
+    store aligned v2, v1  ; v1 = 0
+    return v1  ; v1 = 0
+}
+",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn not_so_small_memcpy() {
+        let frontend_config = systemv_frontend_config();
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(frontend_config.default_call_conv);
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let x = Variable::new(0);
+            let y = Variable::new(16);
+            builder.declare_var(x, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.declare_var(y, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let src = builder.use_var(x);
+            let dest = builder.use_var(y);
+            let size = 8192;
+            builder.emit_small_memory_copy(
+                frontend_config,
+                dest,
+                src,
+                size,
+                8,
+                8,
+                true,
+                MemFlags::new(),
+            );
+            builder.ins().return_(&[dest]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            "function %sample() -> i32 system_v {
+    sig0 = (i64, i64, i64) -> i64 system_v
+    fn0 = %Memcpy sig0
+
+block0:
+    v5 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v5
+    v4 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v4
+    v2 = iconst.i64 8192
+    v3 = call fn0(v1, v0, v2)  ; v1 = 0, v0 = 0, v2 = 8192
+    return v1  ; v1 = 0
+}
+",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_memset() {
+        let frontend_config = systemv_frontend_config();
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(frontend_config.default_call_conv);
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let y = Variable::new(16);
+            builder.declare_var(y, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let dest = builder.use_var(y);
+            let size = 8;
+            builder.emit_small_memset(frontend_config, dest, 1, size, 8, MemFlags::new());
+            builder.ins().return_(&[dest]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            "function %sample() -> i32 system_v {
+block0:
+    v2 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v2
+    v1 = iconst.i64 0x0101_0101_0101_0101
+    store aligned v1, v0  ; v1 = 0x0101_0101_0101_0101, v0 = 0
+    return v0  ; v0 = 0
+}
+",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn not_so_small_memset() {
+        let frontend_config = systemv_frontend_config();
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(frontend_config.default_call_conv);
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let y = Variable::new(16);
+            builder.declare_var(y, frontend_config.pointer_type());
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let dest = builder.use_var(y);
+            let size = 8192;
+            builder.emit_small_memset(frontend_config, dest, 1, size, 8, MemFlags::new());
+            builder.ins().return_(&[dest]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            "function %sample() -> i32 system_v {
+    sig0 = (i64, i32, i64) -> i64 system_v
+    fn0 = %Memset sig0
+
+block0:
+    v5 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v5
+    v1 = iconst.i8 1
+    v2 = iconst.i64 8192
+    v3 = uextend.i32 v1  ; v1 = 1
+    v4 = call fn0(v0, v3, v2)  ; v0 = 0, v2 = 8192
+    return v0  ; v0 = 0
+}
+",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn memcmp() {
+        use core::str::FromStr;
+        use cranelift_codegen::isa;
+
+        let shared_builder = settings::builder();
+        let shared_flags = settings::Flags::new(shared_builder);
+
+        let triple =
+            ::target_lexicon::Triple::from_str("x86_64").expect("Couldn't create x86_64 triple");
+
+        let target = isa::lookup(triple)
+            .ok()
+            .map(|b| b.finish(shared_flags))
+            .expect("This test requires x86_64 support.")
+            .expect("Should be able to create backend with default flags");
+
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(target.default_call_conv());
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let x = Variable::new(0);
+            let y = Variable::new(1);
+            let z = Variable::new(2);
+            builder.declare_var(x, target.pointer_type());
+            builder.declare_var(y, target.pointer_type());
+            builder.declare_var(z, target.pointer_type());
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let left = builder.use_var(x);
+            let right = builder.use_var(y);
+            let size = builder.use_var(z);
+            let cmp = builder.call_memcmp(target.frontend_config(), left, right, size);
+            builder.ins().return_(&[cmp]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            "function %sample() -> i32 system_v {
+    sig0 = (i64, i64, i64) -> i32 system_v
+    fn0 = %Memcmp sig0
+
+block0:
+    v6 = iconst.i64 0
+    v2 -> v6
+    v5 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v5
+    v4 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v4
+    v3 = call fn0(v0, v1, v2)  ; v0 = 0, v1 = 0, v2 = 0
+    return v3
+}
+",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_memcmp_zero_size() {
+        let align_eight = std::num::NonZeroU8::new(8).unwrap();
+        small_memcmp_helper(
+            "
+block0:
+    v4 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v4
+    v3 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v3
+    v2 = iconst.i8 1
+    return v2  ; v2 = 1",
+            |builder, target, x, y| {
+                builder.emit_small_memory_compare(
+                    target.frontend_config(),
+                    IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    0,
+                    align_eight,
+                    align_eight,
+                    MemFlags::new(),
+                )
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_memcmp_byte_ugt() {
+        let align_one = std::num::NonZeroU8::new(1).unwrap();
+        small_memcmp_helper(
+            "
+block0:
+    v6 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v6
+    v5 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v5
+    v2 = load.i8 aligned v0  ; v0 = 0
+    v3 = load.i8 aligned v1  ; v1 = 0
+    v4 = icmp ugt v2, v3
+    return v4",
+            |builder, target, x, y| {
+                builder.emit_small_memory_compare(
+                    target.frontend_config(),
+                    IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThan,
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    1,
+                    align_one,
+                    align_one,
+                    MemFlags::new(),
+                )
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_memcmp_aligned_eq() {
+        let align_four = std::num::NonZeroU8::new(4).unwrap();
+        small_memcmp_helper(
+            "
+block0:
+    v6 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v6
+    v5 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v5
+    v2 = load.i32 aligned v0  ; v0 = 0
+    v3 = load.i32 aligned v1  ; v1 = 0
+    v4 = icmp eq v2, v3
+    return v4",
+            |builder, target, x, y| {
+                builder.emit_small_memory_compare(
+                    target.frontend_config(),
+                    IntCC::Equal,
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    4,
+                    align_four,
+                    align_four,
+                    MemFlags::new(),
+                )
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_memcmp_ipv6_ne() {
+        let align_two = std::num::NonZeroU8::new(2).unwrap();
+        small_memcmp_helper(
+            "
+block0:
+    v6 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v6
+    v5 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v5
+    v2 = load.i128 v0  ; v0 = 0
+    v3 = load.i128 v1  ; v1 = 0
+    v4 = icmp ne v2, v3
+    return v4",
+            |builder, target, x, y| {
+                builder.emit_small_memory_compare(
+                    target.frontend_config(),
+                    IntCC::NotEqual,
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    16,
+                    align_two,
+                    align_two,
+                    MemFlags::new(),
+                )
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn small_memcmp_odd_size_uge() {
+        let one = std::num::NonZeroU8::new(1).unwrap();
+        small_memcmp_helper(
+            "
+    sig0 = (i64, i64, i64) -> i32 system_v
+    fn0 = %Memcmp sig0
+
+block0:
+    v6 = iconst.i64 0
+    v1 -> v6
+    v5 = iconst.i64 0
+    v0 -> v5
+    v2 = iconst.i64 3
+    v3 = call fn0(v0, v1, v2)  ; v0 = 0, v1 = 0, v2 = 3
+    v4 = icmp_imm sge v3, 0
+    return v4",
+            |builder, target, x, y| {
+                builder.emit_small_memory_compare(
+                    target.frontend_config(),
+                    IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual,
+                    x,
+                    y,
+                    3,
+                    one,
+                    one,
+                    MemFlags::new(),
+                )
+            },
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn small_memcmp_helper(
+        expected: &str,
+        f: impl FnOnce(&mut FunctionBuilder, &dyn TargetIsa, Value, Value) -> Value,
+    ) {
+        use core::str::FromStr;
+        use cranelift_codegen::isa;
+
+        let shared_builder = settings::builder();
+        let shared_flags = settings::Flags::new(shared_builder);
+
+        let triple =
+            ::target_lexicon::Triple::from_str("x86_64").expect("Couldn't create x86_64 triple");
+
+        let target = isa::lookup(triple)
+            .ok()
+            .map(|b| b.finish(shared_flags))
+            .expect("This test requires x86_64 support.")
+            .expect("Should be able to create backend with default flags");
+
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(target.default_call_conv());
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I8));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let x = Variable::new(0);
+            let y = Variable::new(1);
+            builder.declare_var(x, target.pointer_type());
+            builder.declare_var(y, target.pointer_type());
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let left = builder.use_var(x);
+            let right = builder.use_var(y);
+            let ret = f(&mut builder, &*target, left, right);
+            builder.ins().return_(&[ret]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            &format!("function %sample() -> i8 system_v {{{}\n}}\n", expected),
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn undef_vector_vars() {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I8X16));
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(I8X16));
+        sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(F32X4));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            let a = Variable::new(0);
+            let b = Variable::new(1);
+            let c = Variable::new(2);
+            builder.declare_var(a, I8X16);
+            builder.declare_var(b, I8X16);
+            builder.declare_var(c, F32X4);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            let a = builder.use_var(a);
+            let b = builder.use_var(b);
+            let c = builder.use_var(c);
+            builder.ins().return_(&[a, b, c]);
+
+            builder.seal_all_blocks();
+            builder.finalize();
+        }
+
+        check(
+            &func,
+            "function %sample() -> i8x16, i8x16, f32x4 system_v {
+    const0 = 0x00000000000000000000000000000000
+
+block0:
+    v5 = f32const 0.0
+    v6 = splat.f32x4 v5  ; v5 = 0.0
+    v2 -> v6
+    v4 = vconst.i8x16 const0
+    v1 -> v4
+    v3 = vconst.i8x16 const0
+    v0 -> v3
+    return v0, v1, v2  ; v0 = const0, v1 = const0
+}
+",
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_greatest_divisible_power_of_two() {
+        assert_eq!(64, greatest_divisible_power_of_two(64));
+        assert_eq!(16, greatest_divisible_power_of_two(48));
+        assert_eq!(8, greatest_divisible_power_of_two(24));
+        assert_eq!(1, greatest_divisible_power_of_two(25));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn try_use_var() {
+        let sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        {
+            let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+            let block0 = builder.create_block();
+            builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+            builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                builder.try_use_var(Variable::from_u32(0)),
+                Err(UseVariableError::UsedBeforeDeclared(Variable::from_u32(0)))
+            );
+
+            let value = builder.ins().iconst(cranelift_codegen::ir::types::I32, 0);
+
+            assert_eq!(
+                builder.try_def_var(Variable::from_u32(0), value),
+                Err(DefVariableError::DefinedBeforeDeclared(Variable::from_u32(
+                    0
+                )))
+            );
+
+            builder.declare_var(Variable::from_u32(0), cranelift_codegen::ir::types::I32);
+            assert_eq!(
+                builder.try_declare_var(Variable::from_u32(0), cranelift_codegen::ir::types::I32),
+                Err(DeclareVariableError::DeclaredMultipleTimes(
+                    Variable::from_u32(0)
+                ))
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_stack_map_and_loop() {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+        let signature = builder.func.import_signature(sig);
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        // Here the value `v1` is technically not live but our single-pass liveness
+        // analysis treats every branch argument to a block as live to avoid
+        // needing to do a fixed-point loop.
+        //
+        //     block0(v0, v1):
+        //       call $foo(v0)
+        //       jump block0(v0, v1)
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+        let a = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[0];
+        let b = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[1];
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(a);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(b);
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[a]);
+        builder.ins().jump(block0, &[a, b]);
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function %sample(i32, i32) system_v {
+    ss0 = explicit_slot 8, align = 4
+    sig0 = (i32) system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i32, v1: i32):
+    stack_store v0, ss0
+    stack_store v1, ss0+4
+    call fn0(v0), stack_map=[i32 @ ss0+0, i32 @ ss0+4]
+    jump block0(v0, v1)
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_stack_map_simple() {
+        let sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+        let signature = builder.func.import_signature(sig);
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        // At each `call` we are losing one more value as no longer live, so
+        // each stack map should be one smaller than the last. `v3` is never
+        // live, so should never appear in a stack map. Note that a value that
+        // is an argument to the call, but is not live after the call, should
+        // not appear in the stack map. This is why `v0` appears in the first
+        // call's stack map, but not the second call's stack map.
+        //
+        //     block0:
+        //       v0 = needs stack map
+        //       v1 = needs stack map
+        //       v2 = needs stack map
+        //       v3 = needs stack map
+        //       call $foo(v0)
+        //       call $foo(v0)
+        //       call $foo(v1)
+        //       call $foo(v2)
+        //       return
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let v0 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I32, 0);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v0);
+        let v1 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I32, 1);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v1);
+        let v2 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I32, 2);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v2);
+        let v3 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I32, 3);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v3);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[v0]);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[v0]);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[v1]);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[v2]);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function %sample() system_v {
+    ss0 = explicit_slot 12, align = 4
+    sig0 = (i32) system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0:
+    v0 = iconst.i32 0
+    v1 = iconst.i32 1
+    v2 = iconst.i32 2
+    v3 = iconst.i32 3
+    stack_store v0, ss0  ; v0 = 0
+    stack_store v1, ss0+4  ; v1 = 1
+    stack_store v2, ss0+8  ; v2 = 2
+    call fn0(v0), stack_map=[i32 @ ss0+0, i32 @ ss0+4, i32 @ ss0+8]  ; v0 = 0
+    stack_store v1, ss0  ; v1 = 1
+    stack_store v2, ss0+4  ; v2 = 2
+    call fn0(v0), stack_map=[i32 @ ss0+0, i32 @ ss0+4]  ; v0 = 0
+    stack_store v2, ss0  ; v2 = 2
+    call fn0(v1), stack_map=[i32 @ ss0+0]  ; v1 = 1
+    call fn0(v2)  ; v2 = 2
+    return
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_stack_map_and_post_order_early_return() {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let signature = builder
+            .func
+            .import_signature(Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV));
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        // Here we rely on the post-order to make sure that we never visit block
+        // 4 and add `v1` to our live set, then visit block 2 and add `v1` to
+        // its stack map even though `v1` is not in scope. Thanksfully, that
+        // sequence is impossible because it would be an invalid post-order
+        // traversal. The only valid post-order traversals are [3, 1, 2, 0] and
+        // [2, 3, 1, 0].
+        //
+        //     block0(v0):
+        //       brif v0, block1, block2
+        //
+        //     block1:
+        //       <stuff>
+        //       v1 = get some gc ref
+        //       jump block3
+        //
+        //     block2:
+        //       call $needs_safepoint_accidentally
+        //       return
+        //
+        //     block3:
+        //       stuff keeping v1 live
+        //       return
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        let block1 = builder.create_block();
+        let block2 = builder.create_block();
+        let block3 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let v0 = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[0];
+        builder.ins().brif(v0, block1, &[], block2, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block1);
+        let v1 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0x12345678);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v1);
+        builder.ins().jump(block3, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block2);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[]);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block3);
+        // NB: Our simplistic liveness analysis conservatively treats any use of
+        // a value as keeping it live, regardless if the use has side effects or
+        // is otherwise itself live, so an `iadd_imm` suffices to keep `v1` live
+        // here.
+        builder.ins().iadd_imm(v1, 0);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function %sample(i32) system_v {
+    sig0 = () system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i32):
+    brif v0, block1, block2
+
+block1:
+    v1 = iconst.i64 0x1234_5678
+    jump block3
+
+block2:
+    call fn0()
+    return
+
+block3:
+    v2 = iadd_imm.i64 v1, 0  ; v1 = 0x1234_5678
+    return
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_stack_map_conditional_branches_and_liveness() {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let signature = builder
+            .func
+            .import_signature(Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV));
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        // Depending on which post-order traversal we take, we might consider
+        // `v1` live inside `block1` and emit unnecessary safepoint
+        // spills. That's not great, but ultimately fine, we are trading away
+        // precision for a single-pass analysis.
+        //
+        //     block0(v0):
+        //       v1 = needs stack map
+        //       brif v0, block1, block2
+        //
+        //     block1:
+        //       call $foo()
+        //       return
+        //
+        //     block2:
+        //       keep v1 alive
+        //       return
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        let block1 = builder.create_block();
+        let block2 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let v0 = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[0];
+        let v1 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0x12345678);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v1);
+        builder.ins().brif(v0, block1, &[], block2, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block1);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[]);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block2);
+        // NB: Our simplistic liveness analysis conservatively treats any use of
+        // a value as keeping it live, regardless if the use has side effects or
+        // is otherwise itself live, so an `iadd_imm` suffices to keep `v1` live
+        // here.
+        builder.ins().iadd_imm(v1, 0);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function %sample(i32) system_v {
+    sig0 = () system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i32):
+    v1 = iconst.i64 0x1234_5678
+    brif v0, block1, block2
+
+block1:
+    call fn0()
+    return
+
+block2:
+    v2 = iadd_imm.i64 v1, 0  ; v1 = 0x1234_5678
+    return
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+
+        // Now Do the same test but with block 1 and 2 swapped so that we
+        // exercise what we are trying to exercise, regardless of which
+        // post-order traversal we happen to take.
+        func.clear();
+        fn_ctx.clear();
+
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+
+        func.signature = sig;
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let signature = builder
+            .func
+            .import_signature(Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV));
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        let block1 = builder.create_block();
+        let block2 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let v0 = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[0];
+        let v1 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0x12345678);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v1);
+        builder.ins().brif(v0, block1, &[], block2, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block1);
+        builder.ins().iadd_imm(v1, 0);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block2);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[]);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function u0:0(i32) system_v {
+    ss0 = explicit_slot 8, align = 8
+    sig0 = () system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i32):
+    v1 = iconst.i64 0x1234_5678
+    brif v0, block1, block2
+
+block1:
+    v2 = iadd_imm.i64 v1, 0  ; v1 = 0x1234_5678
+    return
+
+block2:
+    stack_store.i64 v1, ss0  ; v1 = 0x1234_5678
+    call fn0(), stack_map=[i64 @ ss0+0]
+    return
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_stack_map_and_tail_calls() {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let signature = builder
+            .func
+            .import_signature(Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV));
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        // Depending on which post-order traversal we take, we might consider
+        // `v1` live inside `block1`. But nothing is live after a tail call so
+        // we shouldn't spill `v1` either way here.
+        //
+        //     block0(v0):
+        //       v1 = needs stack map
+        //       brif v0, block1, block2
+        //
+        //     block1:
+        //       return_call $foo()
+        //
+        //     block2:
+        //       keep v1 alive
+        //       return
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        let block1 = builder.create_block();
+        let block2 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let v0 = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[0];
+        let v1 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0x12345678);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v1);
+        builder.ins().brif(v0, block1, &[], block2, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block1);
+        builder.ins().return_call(func_ref, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block2);
+        // NB: Our simplistic liveness analysis conservatively treats any use of
+        // a value as keeping it live, regardless if the use has side effects or
+        // is otherwise itself live, so an `iadd_imm` suffices to keep `v1` live
+        // here.
+        builder.ins().iadd_imm(v1, 0);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function %sample(i32) system_v {
+    sig0 = () system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i32):
+    v1 = iconst.i64 0x1234_5678
+    brif v0, block1, block2
+
+block1:
+    return_call fn0()
+
+block2:
+    v2 = iadd_imm.i64 v1, 0  ; v1 = 0x1234_5678
+    return
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+
+        // Do the same test but with block 1 and 2 swapped so that we exercise
+        // what we are trying to exercise, regardless of which post-order
+        // traversal we happen to take.
+        func.clear();
+        fn_ctx.clear();
+
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+        func.signature = sig;
+
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let signature = builder
+            .func
+            .import_signature(Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV));
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        let block1 = builder.create_block();
+        let block2 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let v0 = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[0];
+        let v1 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 0x12345678);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v1);
+        builder.ins().brif(v0, block1, &[], block2, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block1);
+        builder.ins().iadd_imm(v1, 0);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block2);
+        builder.ins().return_call(func_ref, &[]);
+
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function u0:0(i32) system_v {
+    sig0 = () system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i32):
+    v1 = iconst.i64 0x1234_5678
+    brif v0, block1, block2
+
+block1:
+    v2 = iadd_imm.i64 v1, 0  ; v1 = 0x1234_5678
+    return
+
+block2:
+    return_call fn0()
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_stack_map_and_cfg_diamond() {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ir::types::I32));
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let signature = builder
+            .func
+            .import_signature(Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV));
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        // Create an if/else CFG diamond that and check that various things get
+        // spilled as needed.
+        //
+        //     block0(v0):
+        //       brif v0, block1, block2
+        //
+        //     block1:
+        //       v1 = needs stack map
+        //       v2 = needs stack map
+        //       call $foo()
+        //       jump block3(v1, v2)
+        //
+        //     block2:
+        //       v3 = needs stack map
+        //       v4 = needs stack map
+        //       call $foo()
+        //       jump block3(v3, v3)  ;; Note: v4 is not live
+        //
+        //     block3(v5, v6):
+        //       call $foo()
+        //       keep v5 alive, but not v6
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        let block1 = builder.create_block();
+        let block2 = builder.create_block();
+        let block3 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let v0 = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0)[0];
+        builder.ins().brif(v0, block1, &[], block2, &[]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block1);
+        let v1 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 1);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v1);
+        let v2 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 2);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v2);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[]);
+        builder.ins().jump(block3, &[v1, v2]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block2);
+        let v3 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 3);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v3);
+        let v4 = builder.ins().iconst(ir::types::I64, 4);
+        builder.declare_needs_stack_map(v4);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[]);
+        builder.ins().jump(block3, &[v3, v3]);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block3);
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[]);
+        // NB: Our simplistic liveness analysis conservatively treats any use of
+        // a value as keeping it live, regardless if the use has side effects or
+        // is otherwise itself live, so an `iadd_imm` suffices to keep `v1` live
+        // here.
+        builder.ins().iadd_imm(v1, 0);
+        builder.ins().return_(&[]);
+
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function %sample(i32) system_v {
+    ss0 = explicit_slot 16, align = 8
+    sig0 = () system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i32):
+    brif v0, block1, block2
+
+block1:
+    v1 = iconst.i64 1
+    v2 = iconst.i64 2
+    stack_store v1, ss0  ; v1 = 1
+    stack_store v2, ss0+8  ; v2 = 2
+    call fn0(), stack_map=[i64 @ ss0+0, i64 @ ss0+8]
+    jump block3(v1, v2)  ; v1 = 1, v2 = 2
+
+block2:
+    v3 = iconst.i64 3
+    v4 = iconst.i64 4
+    stack_store v3, ss0  ; v3 = 3
+    call fn0(), stack_map=[i64 @ ss0+0]
+    jump block3(v3, v3)  ; v3 = 3, v3 = 3
+
+block3:
+    stack_store.i64 v1, ss0  ; v1 = 1
+    call fn0(), stack_map=[i64 @ ss0+0]
+    v5 = iadd_imm.i64 v1, 0  ; v1 = 1
+    return
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn needs_stack_map_and_heterogeneous_types() {
+        let mut sig = Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV);
+        for ty in [
+            ir::types::I8,
+            ir::types::I16,
+            ir::types::I32,
+            ir::types::I64,
+            ir::types::I128,
+            ir::types::F32,
+            ir::types::F64,
+            ir::types::I8X16,
+            ir::types::I16X8,
+        ] {
+            sig.params.push(AbiParam::new(ty));
+            sig.returns.push(AbiParam::new(ty));
+        }
+
+        let mut fn_ctx = FunctionBuilderContext::new();
+        let mut func = Function::with_name_signature(UserFuncName::testcase("sample"), sig);
+        let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut func, &mut fn_ctx);
+
+        let name = builder
+            .func
+            .declare_imported_user_function(ir::UserExternalName {
+                namespace: 0,
+                index: 0,
+            });
+        let signature = builder
+            .func
+            .import_signature(Signature::new(CallConv::SystemV));
+        let func_ref = builder.import_function(ir::ExtFuncData {
+            name: ir::ExternalName::user(name),
+            signature,
+            colocated: true,
+        });
+
+        // Test that we support stack maps of heterogeneous types and properly
+        // coalesce types into stack slots based on their size.
+        //
+        //     block0(v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8):
+        //       call $foo()
+        //       return v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8
+        let block0 = builder.create_block();
+        builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(block0);
+
+        builder.switch_to_block(block0);
+        let params = builder.func.dfg.block_params(block0).to_vec();
+        for val in &params {
+            builder.declare_needs_stack_map(*val);
+        }
+        builder.ins().call(func_ref, &[]);
+        builder.ins().return_(&params);
+
+        builder.seal_all_blocks();
+        builder.finalize();
+
+        eprintln!("Actual = {}", func.display());
+        assert_eq!(
+            func.display().to_string().trim(),
+            r#"
+function %sample(i8, i16, i32, i64, i128, f32, f64, i8x16, i16x8) -> i8, i16, i32, i64, i128, f32, f64, i8x16, i16x8 system_v {
+    ss0 = explicit_slot 1
+    ss1 = explicit_slot 2, align = 2
+    ss2 = explicit_slot 8, align = 4
+    ss3 = explicit_slot 16, align = 8
+    ss4 = explicit_slot 48, align = 16
+    sig0 = () system_v
+    fn0 = colocated u0:0 sig0
+
+block0(v0: i8, v1: i16, v2: i32, v3: i64, v4: i128, v5: f32, v6: f64, v7: i8x16, v8: i16x8):
+    stack_store v0, ss0
+    stack_store v1, ss1
+    stack_store v2, ss2
+    stack_store v5, ss2+4
+    stack_store v3, ss3
+    stack_store v6, ss3+8
+    stack_store v4, ss4
+    stack_store v7, ss4+16
+    stack_store v8, ss4+32
+    call fn0(), stack_map=[i8 @ ss0+0, i16 @ ss1+0, i32 @ ss2+0, f32 @ ss2+4, i64 @ ss3+0, f64 @ ss3+8, i128 @ ss4+0, i8x16 @ ss4+16, i16x8 @ ss4+32]
+    return v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8
+}
+            "#
+            .trim()
+        );
+    }
+}