vehicles 0.6.1 → 0.8.0

data/data/plates/it.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,1317 @@
+# plates/it.yml — Italy (PRD-PLATES gate L1).
+#
+# EVERY format, colour, dimension and period claim in this file comes from the
+# consolidated text of the REGOLAMENTO DI ESECUZIONE E DI ATTUAZIONE DEL NUOVO
+# CODICE DELLA STRADA — D.P.R. 16 dicembre 1992, n. 495 (GU n. 303 del
+# 28-12-1992, Suppl. Ordinario n. 134) — read article by article and appendix by
+# appendix off Normattiva's own Akoma-Ntoso export of the act, together with the
+# CODICE DELLA STRADA itself (D.Lgs. 30 aprile 1992, n. 285, GU n. 114 del
+# 18-05-1992, S.O. n. 74), D.P.R. 24 novembre 2001, n. 474 (trade plates) and,
+# for the pre-1993 provincial system, the regulation the 1992 regolamento
+# replaced: D.P.R. 30 giugno 1959, n. 420.
+#
+# The L0 EU research dossier recorded Italy as its worst gap — "**No primary
+# source secured.** Everything below is from Wikipedia and must be confirmed
+# against the Codice della Strada and DPR 495/1992" (plates-research-eu-intl.md
+# §2.5 and DEAD-ENDS §8). This file closes that gap: every claim below is
+# instrument-dated, and where the primaries and the enthusiast web disagree the
+# disagreement is RECORDED rather than averaged (PRD-PLATES §5.3).
+#
+# THE SIX STRUCTURAL FACTS THAT SHAPE THIS FILE
+#
+# 1. THE SERIAL GRAMMAR IS APPENDICE XII, AND IT IS COMPLETE AND SMALL.
+#    Art. 257 comma 1 delegates: "I criteri per la formazione dei dati riportati
+#    nelle targhe di cui all'articolo 100, comma 9, del codice, sono quelli
+#    riportati nell'appendice XII al presente titolo." Appendice XII then spells
+#    out, per vehicle kind, the ORDER of the imprinted elements — e.g. for cars,
+#    verbatim: "due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica
+#    italiana, tre caratteri numerici e due caratteri alfabetici". Its comma 2
+#    gives the alphabet, verbatim: "I caratteri alfabetici utilizzabili sono: A,
+#    B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z". Twenty-two
+#    letters; I, O, Q and U are the four the authority never issues. Comma 2 also
+#    gives the progression, verbatim: "La progressione, entro il campo numerico,
+#    procede secondo la naturale sequenza da destra verso sinistra. I caratteri
+#    alfabetici ... progrediscono in successione da destra verso sinistra,
+#    ciascuno avanzando ad ogni completamento della serie numerica."
+#
+# 2. THE MARCHIO IS NOT A SEPARATOR — IT IS WHAT SITS IN THE GAP. Art. 262
+#    verbatim: "Il marchio ufficiale, che le targhe di ogni tipo devono portare,
+#    è costituito da una stella a cinque punte tra un ramo di olivo ed uno di
+#    quercia, della forma e dimensioni di cui alla figura III.5." Appendice XII
+#    always names it BETWEEN two character groups, so the printed gaps on an
+#    Italian plate are occupied by an emblem, exactly as the German gap is
+#    occupied by the Plaketten (see plates/de.yml). The dataset writes those gaps
+#    as the emitted SPACE separator (PRD-PLATES §2.6) and carries the emblem in
+#    `design.emblem`; no glyph is ever inside an Italian serial.
+#
+# 3. 1993, NOT 1994 — AND THE PRIMARY SAYS SO TWICE. Art. 260 comma 5 as
+#    originally enacted: "Il sistema di targatura stabilito dal presente
+#    regolamento entra in vigore, ai sensi dell'articolo 235, comma 7, del
+#    codice, a partire dal 1 luglio 1993 progressivamente con l'esaurimento delle
+#    targhe di vecchio tipo ancora in giacenza presso gli uffici provinciali
+#    della Direzione generale della M.C.T.C." As amended (text in force from
+#    1997) the date reads "((a partire dal 1 ottobre 1993))" with a hard backstop
+#    "((e comunque non oltre il 31 dicembre 1996))". The ubiquitous "1994" start
+#    date for AA 000 AA is UNCITED wherever it appears (it.wikipedia gives
+#    "dal 28 febbraio 1994" with no source of any kind) and is recorded here as
+#    folklore, not as a period claim. What the primary supports is: legal
+#    commencement 1 October 1993, progressive rollout as each provincial office
+#    exhausted its old-type stock, everything over by 31 December 1996 — which is
+#    also, by the same sentence, the LAST year a provincial plate could issue.
+#
+# 4. THE 1999 CHANGE IS A DESIGN CHANGE, NOT A FORMAT CHANGE — one instrument,
+#    D.P.R. 4 settembre 1998, n. 355 (GU 14-10-1998 n. 240), did all of it: it
+#    rewrote Appendice XII lett. a) and c) to add "una zona rettangolare a
+#    sinistra dove, su fondo blu, è impressa in giallo nella parte superiore la
+#    corona di stelle simbolo della Unione europea e nella parte inferiore è
+#    impressa in bianco la lettera I" plus "una zona rettangolare a destra, a
+#    fondo blu"; it inserted art. 256 comma 4-bis (the province sigla); it
+#    rewrote art. 258's dimensions (the plate physically GREW: 340x109 -> 360x110
+#    front, 486x109 -> 520x110 rear); it rewrote art. 260 comma 3 (the two
+#    stickers) and comma 5, which now names the switchover date itself: "le nuove
+#    targhe in uso dal 1 gennaio 1999". Art. 260 comma 5 also settles that the
+#    SERIAL survived the change — a 1993-series plate may be swapped for a
+#    1999-series one "con la stessa sigla alfanumerica ... senza che si configuri
+#    l'ipotesi di reimmatricolazione".
+#
+# 5. THE RIGHT-HAND BLUE ZONE IS PART OF THE PLATE; WHAT IT CARRIES IS NOT.
+#    Art. 260 comma 3, verbatim: "Nelle targhe di immatricolazione degli
+#    autoveicoli, dei rimorchi e dei motoveicoli la zona rettangolare posta
+#    all'estrema destra è destinata a contenere due talloncini in materiale
+#    autoadesivo, CHE NON FORMANO PARTE INTEGRANTE DELLA TARGA E NON INFLUISCONO
+#    AI FINI DELL'IDENTIFICAZIONE DEL VEICOLO E DEL RELATIVO INTESTATARIO: il
+#    primo, da applicarsi nella parte alta, reca in giallo le ultime due cifre
+#    dell'anno di immatricolazione; il secondo, da applicarsi nella parte bassa,
+#    reca in bianco la sigla della provincia di residenza dell'intestatario della
+#    carta di circolazione." So Italy's celebrated year+province band is, in the
+#    regulation's own words, two removable stickers that are not part of the
+#    plate — which is exactly why they are modelled here as
+#    `design.right_field.stickers` and NOT as serial characters, and why their
+#    absence proves nothing. Note also whose province it is: the province of
+#    RESIDENCE OF THE REGISTRATION-DOCUMENT HOLDER, not of the registering
+#    office.
+#
+# 6. THE MINISTER MAY DEVIATE WITHOUT AMENDING THE APPENDIX. Art. 257 comma 2,
+#    verbatim: "Fermo restando quanto previsto dall'articolo 246, il Ministro dei
+#    trasporti può, in caso di particolari esigenze, stabilire una successione ed
+#    un impiego di caratteri alfanumerici diversi da quelli indicati al comma 1
+#    della suddetta appendice XII." This is the single most important sourcing
+#    caveat for Italy: a ministerial decree can lawfully put a different
+#    character succession on the road than the appendix prints, without leaving a
+#    trace in the regolamento. It is the reason the MOTORCYCLE series below is
+#    `matching: recall-only` — see its notes.
+#
+# REGEX POLICY, as in plates/de.yml and plates/nl.yml: `format.regex` is the
+# lint-round-trippable regex written in PRINTED form (§2.6 rule 2), with the
+# inter-group gap spelled as an optional emitted SPACE because Appendice XII
+# prescribes a marchio in the gap and no separator glyph. `format.regex_strict`
+# carries the sourced twenty-two-letter alphabet of Appendice XII comma 2, which
+# `regex` cannot carry because the lint's pattern generator emits all 26 letters
+# for an "L".
+jurisdiction: it
+authority:
+  name: Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti — Dipartimento per i trasporti terrestri (ex Direzione generale della M.C.T.C.)
+  url: "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495"
+binding: vehicle
+binding_note: >-
+  VEHICLE-bound today, but with a dormant statutory switch that a consumer must
+  know about. Art. 100 comma 3-bis of the Codice della Strada reads, verbatim:
+  "Le targhe di cui ai commi 1, 2 e 3 sono personali, non possono essere abbinate
+  contemporaneamente a più di un veicolo e sono trattenute dal titolare in caso
+  di trasferimento di proprietà, costituzione di usufrutto, stipulazione di
+  locazione con facoltà di acquisto, esportazione all'estero e cessazione o
+  sospensione dalla circolazione" — i.e. a Swiss-style OWNER binding. It is not
+  in force: L. 29 luglio 2010, n. 120, art. 11 comma 6 provides that art. 100
+  comma 3-bis "si applica a decorrere dal sesto mese successivo alla data di
+  entrata in vigore del regolamento di cui al comma 5", and no such regolamento
+  was found in this pass (recorded gap). `binding: vehicle` is therefore the
+  current fact and `binding: owner` is a scheduled future one. The MOPED series
+  is the exception and already carries `binding: owner` — see it-moped-2006.
+instrument:
+  citation: "Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 16 dicembre 1992, n. 495 — Regolamento di esecuzione e di attuazione del nuovo codice della strada (GU n. 303 del 28-12-1992, Suppl. Ordinario n. 134)"
+  ausfertigungsdatum: "1992-12-16"
+  gazzetta: "GU Serie Generale n. 303 del 28-12-1992 — Suppl. Ordinario n. 134"
+  enabling_act: "D.Lgs. 30 aprile 1992, n. 285 (Nuovo codice della strada), GU n. 114 del 18-05-1992, S.O. n. 74 — artt. 97, 99, 100, 131, 134, 138"
+  replaces: "D.P.R. 30 giugno 1959, n. 420 (regolamento del T.U. delle norme sulla circolazione stradale, D.P.R. 15 giugno 1959, n. 393)"
+  amendments_that_touch_plates:
+    - "D.P.R. 16 settembre 1996, n. 610 (SO n. 212 alla GU 04-12-1996 n. 284) — moved the targatura commencement to 1 ottobre 1993 and added the 31-12-1996 backstop in art. 260 c. 5; widened the repeater-plate box count in Appendice XII lett. h) and i)"
+    - "D.P.R. 4 settembre 1998, n. 355 (GU 14-10-1998 n. 240) — THE 1999 PLATE: EU band + right-hand blue zone in Appendice XII a) and c); art. 256 c. 4-bis; art. 258 dimensions incl. the new 177x177 motorcycle plate; art. 260 c. 1 c-bis), c. 3 and c. 5; Appendice XI (province sigle); Appendice XIII; the Allegati figures"
+    - "D.P.R. 24 novembre 2001, n. 474 (GU 30-01-2002 n. 25) — abrogated the targa prova from the regolamento (Appendice XII lett. l)-o), art. 254, art. 260 c. 1 lett. b)) and re-enacted it with a new format in its own art. 2"
+    - "D.P.R. 6 marzo 2006, n. 153 (GU 15-04-2006 n. 89) — turned the moped 'contrassegno di identificazione' into a 'targa' (artt. 248-250)"
+    - "D.P.R. 28 settembre 2012, n. 198 (GU 22-11-2012 n. 273) — trailers moved from their own 'Rimorchio' format onto the car format; art. 8 c. 1: in force from the ninetieth day after publication and 'si applicano ai soli rimorchi immatricolati successivamente' to that date"
+    - "D.P.R. 20 luglio 2017, n. 140 (GU 22-09-2017 n. 222) — withdrew four province sigle and added Sud Sardegna; art. 2 c. 2: 'I veicoli dotati di targhe di immatricolazione con le sigle delle province, di cui al comma 1, possono continuare a circolare fino a una nuova immatricolazione o fino alla cessazione dalla circolazione'"
+  source: "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Normattiva Akoma-Ntoso export of the consolidated DPR 495/1992 — the whole act incl. Appendici XI, XII and XIII and the AGGIORNAMENTO notes; accessed 2026-08-02"
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Jurisdiction-wide facts, cited once and referenced per series.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+common:
+  alphabet:
+    letters: [A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z]
+    letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U]
+    digits: "0-9, all values"
+    verbatim: >-
+      Appendice XII comma 2: "I caratteri numerici di cui alle lettere da a) ad s)
+      del comma 1 assumono tutti i valori da zero a nove. La progressione, entro
+      il campo numerico, procede secondo la naturale sequenza da destra verso
+      sinistra. I caratteri alfabetici, previsti nello stesso comma, progrediscono
+      in successione da destra verso sinistra, ciascuno avanzando ad ogni
+      completamento della serie numerica. I caratteri alfabetici utilizzabili
+      sono: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
+      (tabelle da III.3/a a III.3/d che fanno parte integrante del presente
+      regolamento)."
+    note: >-
+      The four excluded letters are I, O, Q and U. The regulation gives the
+      positive list only and states no reason; the usual explanation (I/O/Q
+      confusable with 1/0, U with V) is NOT in the text and is not asserted here.
+      Tabelle III.3/a-III.3/d, which the same comma incorporates, are FIGURES and
+      were not text-extractable — the block-allocation order inside the alphabet
+      is therefore a recorded gap.
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII al Titolo III, comma 2 — the 22-letter alphabet and the right-to-left progression, verbatim"
+  marchio_ufficiale:
+    description: "una stella a cinque punte tra un ramo di olivo ed uno di quercia"
+    figure: "figura III.5"
+    verbatim: "Art. 262: 'Il marchio ufficiale, che le targhe di ogni tipo devono portare, è costituito da una stella a cinque punte tra un ramo di olivo ed uno di quercia, della forma e dimensioni di cui alla figura III.5.'"
+    exception: "Appendice XII comma 3: repeater plates carry NO marchio ('contengono soltanto la lettera \"R\" in rosso, senza il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana')."
+    licensing: >-
+      The emblem is the Stella d'Italia between olive and oak — an element of the
+      emblem of the Italian Republic, whose use is regulated independently of
+      copyright. PRD-PLATES §3 placeholder rule applies: renders carry
+      `emblem: {present: true, rendered: placeholder}` until a per-emblem
+      clearance exists.
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art262  # art. 262 Marchio ufficiale, verbatim"
+  colours:
+    verbatim: >-
+      Art. 260 comma 1: "Il fondo delle targhe è giallo per le targhe di
+      immatricolazione delle macchine agricole semoventi o trainate, delle
+      macchine operatrici semoventi o trainate e per tutte le targhe ripetitrici;
+      è bianco in tutti gli altri casi ad eccezione delle parti poste
+      all'estremità delle targhe per autoveicoli, loro rimorchi e motoveicoli. I
+      caratteri ed il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana sono neri, la
+      sigla I è bianca, ad eccezione dei casi di seguito indicati: a) colore
+      rosso: scritta RIM. AGR.; lettera R delle targhe ripetitrici; marchio
+      ufficiale e caratteri alfanumerici delle targhe di immatricolazione delle
+      macchine operatrici; ... c) colore azzurro: lettere EE di tutte le targhe
+      previste dall'articolo 134, comma 1, del codice. c-bis) colore nero: sigla I
+      alle targhe per escursionisti esteri, quando prevista."
+    note: >-
+      Every Italian plate colour is a NAMED colour — bianco, giallo, nero, rosso,
+      azzurro, blu — with no RAL or RGB value anywhere in the regolamento or in
+      the Appendice XIII disciplinare's extractable text. Every hex in this file
+      is therefore `hex_basis: observed` (a plausible rendering of the named
+      colour) except black and white, which are marked `spec` because the name
+      determines the value. Contrast Germany, whose Anlage 3 and Anlage 4 do give
+      RAL codes. The photometric/colorimetric limits do exist — Appendice XIII
+      point 4.1 "Le prescrizioni cromatiche relative ai colori bianco, giallo e
+      blu sono contenute al punto 4.1" — but the chromaticity tables at that point
+      are figures and were not text-extractable (recorded gap).
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art260  # art. 260 commi 1-3"
+  construction:
+    verbatim: >-
+      Art. 260 comma 2: "Tutti i caratteri alfanumerici e gli elementi
+      complementari impressi nelle targhe sono realizzati mediante imbutitura
+      profonda 1,4 ± 0,1 mm". Appendice XIII punto 2.1: "Il supporto metallico
+      deve essere in lamiera di alluminio tipo Al 99,5 UNI 9001, parte seconda,
+      nelle gradazioni H12, H14 o H24, dello spessore di 1,00 ± 0,05 mm".
+      Appendice XIII punto 1.4: "Le targhe devono essere realizzate con quattro
+      fori di fissaggio del diametro di 5 mm e gli spigoli raccordati."
+    embossing_mm: 1.4
+    embossing_tolerance_mm: 0.1
+    substrate: "aluminium Al 99,5 UNI 9001 (H12/H14/H24), 1.00 ± 0.05 mm, phospho-chromated per UNI 4718 or chromated per UNI 4719"
+    finish: retroreflective
+    fixing_holes: { count: 4, diameter_mm: 5 }
+    retroreflection_required_by: "art. 100 comma 5 del codice: 'Le targhe indicate ai commi 1, 2, 3, 4 devono avere caratteristiche rifrangenti.'"
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # art. 260 c. 2 and Appendice XIII al Titolo III, punti 1.1-1.4 and 2.1-2.3"
+  font:
+    name: null
+    statutory_basis: >-
+      NO TYPEFACE IS NAMED ANYWHERE. Art. 260 comma 4: "Le dimensioni delle targhe
+      e il formato dei relativi caratteri sono quelli previsti nelle figure
+      allegate al presente regolamento." Appendice XIII punto 1.2: "Le targhe ...
+      devono essere composte con caratteri alfanumerici conformi a quelli indicati
+      nelle figure stesse, con la spaziatura ivi indicata." Art. 261: "I modelli
+      delle targhe sono depositati presso il Ministero dei trasporti."
+    licence: >-
+      Italy is the fourth surveyed country to prescribe the glyphs by STATUTORY
+      DRAWING rather than by named licensable font (after DE, ES and UK — EU
+      dossier §6). PRD-PLATES §6 therefore applies unchanged: the render layer
+      derives glyphs from the statutory figures, never from a third-party
+      "Italian plate font" TTF whose own licence is unstated. The figures
+      themselves were not text-extractable from Normattiva's export and are a
+      recorded gap for the render pass.
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art260  # art. 260 c. 4; art. 261 c. 1"
+  euro_band:
+    side: left
+    content: eu-stars+I
+    verbatim: >-
+      Appendice XII lett. a): "una zona rettangolare a sinistra dove, su fondo blu,
+      è impressa in giallo nella parte superiore la corona di stelle simbolo della
+      Unione europea e nella parte inferiore è impressa in bianco la lettera I".
+    note: >-
+      Italy states the band's CONTENT and its three colours in words and gives no
+      geometry at all — no millimetres, no star-circle ratio. The only hard
+      Euroband geometry secured anywhere in this program remains German (FZV
+      Anlage 4 Abschnitt 1 Nr. 3, see plates/de.yml). Italy also does not
+      cross-reference Reg. (CE) 2411/98 the way Germany does.
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. a) and c)"
+  right_field:
+    side: right
+    background: blue
+    verbatim: >-
+      Appendice XII lett. a): "una zona rettangolare a destra, a fondo blu,
+      destinata ad ospitare i talloncini di cui al comma 3 dell'articolo 260."
+    stickers:
+      - { position: top, content: "last two digits of the year of registration", colour: yellow }
+      - { position: bottom, content: "sigla of the province of RESIDENCE of the holder of the carta di circolazione", colour: white }
+    legal_status: "art. 260 c. 3: the two stickers 'non formano parte integrante della targa e non influiscono ai fini dell'identificazione del veicolo e del relativo intestatario'"
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art260  # art. 260 c. 3, second sentence"
+  no_historic_series:
+    finding: >-
+      ITALY HAS NO HISTORIC/VINTAGE PLATE SERIES, and that is a sourced negative,
+      not a gap. Art. 60 of the codice splits old vehicles in two: "veicoli
+      d'epoca" (cancelled from the P.R.A., museum-kept) and "veicoli di interesse
+      storico e collezionistico" (registered in ASI, Storico Lancia, Italiano
+      FIAT, Italiano Alfa Romeo, Storico FMI). The first group has no plate at
+      all — art. 214 of the regolamento: "Ai veicoli d'epoca ... per la
+      circolazione nei luoghi consentiti, è rilasciato il foglio di via e la targa
+      provvisoria previsti dall'articolo 99 del codice", i.e. they borrow the
+      TEMPORARY series (see it-temporary-provvisoria). The second group keeps its
+      ordinary registration; art. 215 imposes technical conditions, not a plate.
+      There is consequently no Italian equivalent of the German H-Kennzeichen or
+      the Spanish histórico, and no `historic` series is authored here.
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # art. 214 (veicoli d'epoca -> foglio di via + targa provvisoria) and art. 215 (veicoli di interesse storico); D.Lgs. 285/1992 art. 60"
+  unsourced_series:
+    diplomatic_and_consular: >-
+      THE CURRENT CD/CC FORMAT IS NOT IN ANY INSTRUMENT READ IN THIS PASS. Art.
+      131 comma 2 of the codice delegates it: for vehicles of diplomatic and
+      career consular agents "il Ministero dei trasporti, su richiesta del
+      Ministero degli affari esteri, ... provvede all'immatricolazione, assegnando
+      speciali targhe di riconoscimento, NEI TIPI E NELLE CARATTERISTICHE
+      DETERMINATE CON DECRETO DEL MINISTRO DEI TRASPORTI, DI CONCERTO CON IL
+      MINISTRO DEGLI AFFARI ESTERI." That decree was not located (Normattiva's
+      full-text search is not reachable without a session and the WebSearch budget
+      was exhausted). This is the same shape as the German district list (§ 9 Abs.
+      3 FZV delegating to the Bundesanzeiger): the MECHANISM is cited, the table
+      is not invented. Art. 131 c. 4 does give one modellable fact — "La validità
+      delle speciali targhe di riconoscimento ... scade al momento in cui cessa lo
+      status diplomatico di colui al quale il veicolo appartiene" — and the
+      PRE-1993 diplomatic plate IS sourced and appears below as
+      it-diplomatic-1959.
+    military_and_police: >-
+      NOT MODELLED, and for a cleaner reason: art. 138 comma 1 of the codice
+      removes military vehicles from the civil system entirely — "Le Forze armate
+      provvedono direttamente nei riguardi dei veicoli di loro dotazione agli
+      accertamenti tecnici, all'immatricolazione militare, al rilascio dei
+      documenti di circolazione e delle targhe di riconoscimento." The EI / MM /
+      AM / CC / GdiF / VF / POLIZIA series therefore live outside DPR 495 and
+      outside every instrument read here. No format is asserted.
+    monopattini: >-
+      A NEW SERIES LANDED IN 2025 AND IS NOT MODELLED. L. 177/2024 and its
+      implementing decree (reported as decreto n. 210 of 27-06-2025) introduce an
+      identification mark for monopattini (e-scooters). Neither text was pinned in
+      this pass; it is flagged for the next Italian pass rather than guessed.
+    source: "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art131  # art. 131 c. 2 and c. 4, verbatim; art. 138 c. 1"
+
+region_encoding_tables:
+  reference: "plates/_decode/it-provinces.yml"
+  note: >-
+    TWO closed, primary, inlineable-sized tables live in Appendice XI al Titolo
+    III, and both are extracted into one decode file: (1) comma 1, the sigle of
+    the provincial M.C.T.C. offices (A1 Alessandria ... X4 Oristano), which are
+    the PREFIX of the targa provvisoria; and (2) comma 1-bis, the sigle of the
+    provinces, which is what the right-hand sticker carries. They are NOT the same
+    table and they do not use the same codes — Rome is "P4" as an office and the
+    literal word "Roma" as a province.
+  source: "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XI al Titolo III, commi 1 and 1-bis"
+
+series:
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # THE CURRENT STANDARD SERIES — AA 000 AA with the two blue zones.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-standard-1999
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus]
+    period: { start: 1999 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999 LL"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]{2}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?\d{3} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2}\z'
+      charset:
+        letters: [A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z]
+        letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U]
+        notes: "Appendice XII comma 2 — see common.alphabet. The exclusion applies to BOTH letter groups; there is no separate rule for the first pair."
+      progression: >-
+        Appendice XII comma 2: the numeric field advances right to left in natural
+        sequence; the alphabetic characters advance right to left, each moving on
+        when the numeric series completes. With 22 letters the space is
+        22 x 22 x 1000 x 22 x 22 = 234,256,000 combinations. The dataset does NOT
+        claim which letter block is current — the block order lives in tabelle
+        III.3/a-III.3/d, which are figures (recorded gap), so an Italian plate
+        cannot be dated from its serial by anything in this file.
+      separator_note: >-
+        The two printed gaps are occupied by the marchio ufficiale (Appendice XII
+        lett. a) names it between the first letter pair and the digits), not by a
+        separator glyph. Both regexes accept the gap as an optional emitted SPACE
+        per PRD-PLATES §2.6.
+      reserved_combinations: >-
+        Art. 100 comma 8 of the codice lets the holder request "una specifica
+        combinazione alfanumerica" at cost, "ferma restando la sequenza
+        alfanumerica fissata dal regolamento" — a personalised SERIAL inside the
+        standard grammar, hence the `personalized` variant below rather than a
+        series of its own (PRD-PLATES §2.3).
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 520, h: 110, unit: mm, note: "targa posteriore, formato A" }
+      plate_variants:
+        - { w: 360, h: 110, unit: mm, note: "targa anteriore" }
+        - { w: 297, h: 214, unit: mm, note: "targa posteriore formato B — 'destinato esclusivamente agli autoveicoli il cui alloggiamento targa non consente l'installazione della targa formato A'" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec, spec_note: "art. 260 c. 1: 'è bianco in tutti gli altri casi ad eccezione delle parti poste all'estremità'" }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      band: { side: left, color: "#003399", content: eu-stars+I, hex_basis: observed, stars_color: "#FFCC00", letter_color: "#FFFFFF", note: "art. 260 c. 1: 'la sigla I è bianca'; Appendice XII a): stars 'in giallo', letter I 'in bianco', on 'fondo blu'" }
+      right_field:
+        side: right
+        color: "#003399"
+        hex_basis: observed
+        content: "two adhesive stickers: year of registration (yellow, top) over province sigla of the holder's residence (white, bottom)"
+        note: "art. 260 c. 3 — the stickers are expressly NOT part of the plate and do not affect identification of the vehicle or its holder"
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "marchio ufficiale — five-pointed star between olive and oak branches, figura III.5 (art. 262)" }
+      rear_differs: true
+      rear_differs_note: >-
+        ITALY IS THE EU DOSSIER'S NAMED CASE OF FRONT/REAR ASYMMETRY, and the
+        primary confirms it: art. 258 c. 1 lett. a) gives 360 x 110 mm for the
+        front plate and lett. b) 520 x 110 mm for the rear. Same serial, different
+        plate. A render pipeline must emit two artefacts per Italian registration.
+      display: "front and rear on autoveicoli (art. 100 c. 1 del codice)"
+    region_encoding: "plates/_decode/it-provinces.yml"
+    region_encoding_mechanism: >-
+      NONE IN THE SERIAL. The 1993 reform removed geography from the Italian
+      registration mark completely: Appendice XII lett. a) contains no province
+      element. Geography survives only in the right-hand STICKER (art. 260 c. 3),
+      which is removable, optional in practice, decodes to the HOLDER'S PROVINCE
+      OF RESIDENCE rather than the place of registration, and is expressly not
+      part of the plate. A parse API must treat an Italian province claim as
+      evidence about the sticker, never about the serial — the same "the band lies"
+      caution the EU dossier records for the French SIV département.
+    variants:
+      - class: personalized
+        format: { pattern: "LL 999 LL", regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]{2}\z' }
+        note: >-
+          TARGA A COMBINAZIONE RICHIESTA. Art. 100 c. 8: the holder may request a
+          specific alphanumeric combination at the cost set under art. 101 c. 1;
+          the office checks the combination is unused, registers the vehicle, and
+          the Istituto Poligrafico delivers the plates within thirty days. Format
+          and design are identical to the standard series — a sub-entry, not a
+          series, per PRD-PLATES §2.3. Italy has no vanity ALPHABET: the requested
+          combination must still obey Appendice XII.
+        sources:
+          - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art100  # art. 100 c. 8, verbatim"
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. a) — 'due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, tre caratteri numerici e due caratteri alfabetici' plus the left EU zone and the right blue zone; comma 2 — the 22-letter alphabet"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art258  # art. 258 c. 1 lett. a) and b) — 360x110 front, 520x110 formato A, 297x214 formato B, all 'fermo restando quanto stabilito nella materia dalle norme previgenti per i veicoli immatricolati anteriormente al 1 gennaio 1999'"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art260  # art. 260 c. 1 (colours), c. 3 (the two stickers), c. 5 ('le nuove targhe in uso dal 1 gennaio 1999')"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art100  # art. 100 c. 1 (front and rear), c. 5 (retroreflective), c. 8 (requested combination), c. 9 (what the regolamento must fix)"
+    notes: >-
+      THE CURRENT ITALIAN CAR PLATE. period.start 1999 is the date the primary
+      itself names: art. 260 c. 5, as amended by D.P.R. 4 settembre 1998 n. 355,
+      speaks of "le nuove targhe in uso dal 1 gennaio 1999", and art. 258 c. 1
+      opens by preserving the previous rules "per i veicoli immatricolati
+      anteriormente al 1 gennaio 1999". `period_evidence: instrument-in-force`
+      rather than a harder value because the instrument names a month-and-year
+      switchover, not a first-issue date; the widely repeated "8 febbraio 1999" is
+      uncited and is not adopted. NOTE THE CONTINUITY the same comma establishes:
+      a 1993-series plate may be exchanged for a 1999-series one "con la stessa
+      sigla alfanumerica ... senza che si configuri l'ipotesi di reimmatricolazione
+      di cui all'articolo 102", so serial-space and design-space are orthogonal in
+      Italy, and a 1999-design plate can carry a serial first issued in 1993.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # ONE SERIES BACK — the same serial, no bands, smaller plates.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-standard-1993
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus]
+    period: { start: 1993, end: 1999 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    period_rollout:
+      legal_commencement: 1993
+      old_stock_backstop: 1996
+      note: >-
+        Art. 260 c. 5: "a partire dal 1 ottobre 1993 progressivamente con
+        l'esaurimento delle targhe di vecchio tipo ancora in giacenza presso gli
+        uffici provinciali della Direzione generale della M.C.T.C. e comunque non
+        oltre il 31 dicembre 1996". Legal commencement and full coverage are three
+        years apart and the regulation says so — the PRD-PLATES §2.2
+        `period.rollout` case, arriving in Italy.
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999 LL"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]{2}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?\d{3} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2}\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U], notes: "identical to the 1999 series — the 1998 amendment did not touch Appendice XII comma 2" }
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 486, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "targa posteriore, formato A (1993 dimensions)" }
+      plate_variants:
+        - { w: 340, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "targa anteriore (1993 dimensions)" }
+        - { w: 336, h: 202, unit: mm, note: "targa posteriore formato B (1993 dimensions)" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      band: { side: none }
+      band_note: "NO EU band and NO right-hand blue zone: Appendice XII lett. a) as enacted read simply 'due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, tre caratteri numerici e due caratteri alfabetici', and art. 260 c. 1 as enacted made the whole ground white with no end-zone exception."
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      rear_differs: true
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19940101  # Appendice XII lett. a) as originally enacted (no blue zones) and art. 260 c. 5 as originally enacted ('a partire dal 1 luglio 1993'), Normattiva multivigenza export at 1994-01-01"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19980101  # art. 260 c. 5 as amended: '((a partire dal 1 ottobre 1993))' and '((e comunque non oltre il 31 dicembre 1996))'; art. 258 c. 1 lett. a)-b) with the 340x109 / 486x109 / 336x202 dimensions"
+    notes: >-
+      THE 1993 SERIES — the first Italian plate with no province in it, and the
+      FOLKLORE FLAG of this file. Every enthusiast source and it.wikipedia date it
+      to 1994 ("dal 28 febbraio 1994", uncited); the regulation dates its own
+      commencement to 1 July 1993 as enacted and 1 October 1993 as amended, and
+      caps the transition at 31 December 1996. Because provincial offices issued
+      old-type stock until it ran out, the first AA 000 AA plate in a given
+      province may well post-date the legal commencement by months — which is
+      exactly why `period_rollout` carries the backstop instead of the folklore
+      year being laundered into `period.start`. Distinct from it-standard-1999
+      only in DESIGN (no bands, smaller plates); the serial grammar is
+      character-for-character the same, and art. 260 c. 5 expressly allows a
+      1993-series serial to be re-plated in the 1999 design.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # THE PRE-1993 PROVINCIAL SYSTEM — the real "one series back".
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-provincial-1959
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus]
+    period: { start: 1959, end: 1996 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    # RECALL-ONLY (PRD-PLATES §2.7): the 1959 regolamento fixes the province
+    # sigla and nothing else — the rest of the mark is "un numero o una
+    # combinazione di lettere e cifre", with no length, no alphabet and no
+    # arrangement. Any regex covering it is necessarily wider than what was
+    # issued, so a match is a shape hit and never a validity claim.
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999999"
+      regex: '\A(?:ROMA|[A-Z]{1,2}) ?[A-Z0-9]{1,6}\z'
+      charset:
+        notes: >-
+          Art. 320 D.P.R. 420/1959, verbatim: "Essa porta in rilievo in carattere
+          bianco su fondo nero, il contrassegno d'immatricolazione dell'autoveicolo,
+          formato dalla sigla di individuazione della provincia in cui è
+          immatricolato e da un numero o da una combinazione di lettere e cifre,
+          con il marchio ufficiale interposto tra i predetti elementi." The serial
+          part is DELIBERATELY unbounded in the primary; the {1,6} in the regex is a
+          practical recall bound, not a sourced one, which is the other half of why
+          this series is recall-only.
+      progression: "not stated in the 1959 regolamento — recorded gap"
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 275, h: 200, unit: mm, note: "targa di riconoscimento posteriore (art. 320)" }
+      plate_variants:
+        - { w: 267, h: 62, unit: mm, note: "targa anteriore, single row (art. 321): 'porta in rilievo, in carattere bianco su fondo nero, su unica riga le indicazioni contenute nella targa di riconoscimento'" }
+      background: { color: "#000000", finish: painted, hex_basis: spec, spec_note: "art. 320: 'in carattere bianco su fondo nero'" }
+      foreground: "#FFFFFF"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "'con il marchio ufficiale interposto tra i predetti elementi' — the emblem sits between the province sigla and the serial, which is why province and serial are visually separated" }
+      rear_differs: true
+      construction: "metal or equivalent, rounded corners, four 5 mm fixing holes (art. 320)"
+      colour_caveat: >-
+        THE COLOUR CLAIM HERE IS THE REGULATION'S, NOT THE ROAD'S. The text of art.
+        320 still read "carattere bianco su fondo nero" in the version in force on
+        1 January 1992, yet the last generation of provincial plates was black on
+        white retroreflective. No instrument changing the colour was located in
+        this pass, so the black-on-white variant is a RECORDED GAP and is not
+        asserted; the sourced colours are recorded here and the discrepancy is
+        flagged rather than averaged (PRD-PLATES §5.3).
+    region_encoding: "plates/_decode/it-provinces.yml"
+    region_encoding_mechanism: >-
+      THE PROVINCE IS IN THE MARK ITSELF — this is the only Italian series where a
+      parse can return a province from the serial. The sigla is the province of
+      registration (art. 320), not of residence, which inverts the modern sticker's
+      semantics. TWO CAUTIONS a decode table must carry: (1) the only
+      primary-sourced sigle list is Appendice XI comma 1-bis of DPR 495/1992, which
+      was inserted in 1998 and uses the province set of that date — provinces
+      created in 1992 (Lecco, Lodi, Rimini, Prato, Crotone, Vibo Valentia,
+      Verbano-Cusio-Ossola) never issued provincial plates at all, and the
+      pre-1992 list is a recorded gap; (2) Rome's sigla is the literal word "Roma",
+      not "RM" — Appendice XII comma 3 has to say so explicitly for repeater
+      plates: "Nel caso in cui la targa del veicolo traente contenga la parola Roma
+      essa viene riportata sulla targa ripetitrice mediante la sigla RM."
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19590630&codiceRedaz=059U0420&dataVigenza=19920101  # D.P.R. 30 giugno 1959, n. 420, art. 320 (rear plate 275x200, white on black, province sigla + marchio + number or letter/digit combination) and art. 321 (front plate 267x62, single row)"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art260  # art. 260 c. 5 — the provincial plates' issuance end: old-type stock ran until exhausted 'e comunque non oltre il 31 dicembre 1996', and already-registered vehicles 'possono continuare a circolare con la targa di immatricolazione ... originale'"
+    notes: >-
+      THE PROVINCIAL SYSTEM (MI 12345, ROMA 123456). period.start 1959 is the date
+      of the instrument that states the rule read here, NOT the date the system
+      began — Italian province codes are commonly said to date from 1927 and no
+      primary for that was secured, so it is recorded as folklore and not as a
+      period claim. period.end 1996 IS sourced, and unusually cleanly: art. 260
+      c. 5 of the 1992 regolamento caps the issuance of old-type plates at 31
+      December 1996. The same comma is the reason a provincial plate is still a
+      live parse target thirty years later: "Gli autoveicoli ... già immatricolati,
+      possono continuare a circolare con la targa di immatricolazione (e con quella
+      anteriore, ove ricorra) originale" — never re-plated, still legal.
+
+  - id: it-provincial-motorcycle-1959
+    class: motorcycle
+    categories: [motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1959, end: 1996 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999999"
+      regex: '\A(?:ROMA|[A-Z]{1,2}) ?[A-Z0-9]{1,6}\z'
+      charset: { notes: "art. 322: same open grammar as the car plate — province sigla + marchio + 'un numero o una combinazione di lettere e cifre'" }
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm, note: "square, rounded corners, four 5 mm holes" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: painted, hex_basis: spec, spec_note: "art. 322: 'in carattere blu su fondo bianco'" }
+      foreground: "#0000A0"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    region_encoding: "plates/_decode/it-provinces.yml"
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19590630&codiceRedaz=059U0420&dataVigenza=19920101  # art. 322: 'La targa di riconoscimento per i motoveicoli è ... di forma quadrata, con il lato di mm. 165 ... Essa porta in rilievo, in carattere blu su fondo bianco, il contrassegno d'immatricolazione del motoveicolo formato dalla sigla d'individuazione della provincia'"
+    notes: >-
+      THE BLUE-ON-WHITE MOTORCYCLE PLATE, and the one genuinely surprising colour
+      fact in Italian plate law: while cars carried white on black, motorcycles
+      carried BLUE on white under the same 1959 regolamento. Its own series rather
+      than a variant of it-provincial-1959 because both design and dimensions
+      differ (PRD-PLATES §2.3). The 165 x 165 mm square survived the 1993 reform
+      unchanged and did not grow until 1999.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # MOTORCYCLES — the file's one deliberately over-broad current series.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-motorcycle-1999
+    class: motorcycle
+    categories: [motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1999 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    # RECALL-ONLY (PRD-PLATES §2.7), and the reason is a documented conflict
+    # rather than a union of issued shapes — see notes. A match is a shape hit.
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999 LL"
+      regex: '\A(?:[A-Z]{2} ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]{2}|[A-Z]{2} ?\d{5})\z'
+      pattern_note: >-
+        The pattern shows the APPENDIX shape (two letters, three digits, two
+        letters). The regex is the union of that shape and the two-letters +
+        five-digits shape reported everywhere on the enthusiast web and in
+        it.wikipedia, because the two cannot both be right and neither can be
+        discarded — see notes.
+      charset:
+        letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U]
+        notes: "Appendice XII comma 2's 22-letter alphabet governs whichever shape is in fact issued; it is not written into `regex` because a recall-only series may carry no regex_strict (PRD-PLATES §2.7)."
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 177, h: 177, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. e-bis), inserted by D.P.R. 355/1998 — the motorcycle plate GREW from 165x165 to 177x177 when the EU band arrived" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      band: { side: left, color: "#003399", content: eu-stars+I, hex_basis: observed }
+      right_field: { side: right, color: "#003399", hex_basis: observed, content: "the same two art. 260 c. 3 stickers as the car plate — year over province" }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      layout: "two rows on a square plate; the EU band runs the full height at the left"
+      display: "rear only (art. 100 c. 2 del codice)"
+    region_encoding: "plates/_decode/it-provinces.yml"
+    variants:
+      - class: motorcycle
+        design: { background: { color: "#FFCC00", finish: painted, hex_basis: observed }, foreground: "#000000" }
+        note: >-
+          THE OFF-ROAD COMPETITION SUBSTITUTE PANEL, and one of the odder things in
+          the codice. Art. 100 c. 10, verbatim: "I motoveicoli impegnati in
+          competizioni motoristiche fuori strada che prevedono trasferimenti su
+          strada possono esporre, limitatamente ai giorni e ai percorsi di gara, in
+          luogo della targa di cui al comma 2, una targa sostitutiva costituita da
+          un pannello AUTO-COSTRUITO che riproduce i dati di immatricolazione del
+          veicolo. Il pannello deve avere fondo giallo, cifre e lettere nere e
+          caratteristiche dimensionali identiche a quelle della targa che
+          sostituisce." A self-built yellow panel repeating the vehicle's own
+          registration, legal only on race days and race routes, and only for FMI
+          licence holders. Colour-and-substrate variant of the same serial, hence a
+          sub-entry (PRD-PLATES §2.3).
+        sources:
+          - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art100  # art. 100 c. 10, second sentence"
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. c) as amended in 1998: '((c) targa dei motoveicoli (fig. III 4/e): riporta nell'ordine, una zona rettangolare a sinistra dove, su fondo blu, è impressa in giallo ... la corona di stelle ... la lettera I; due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio della Repubblica italiana, tre caratteri numerici e due caratteri alfabetici; una zona rettangolare a destra ...))'"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19980101  # the same lett. c) BEFORE the amendment: 'due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana e cinque caratteri numerici' — proof that the 1998 amendment deliberately replaced the five-digit tail"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art258  # art. 258 c. 1 lett. e-bis): 'targhe di immatricolazioni dei motoveicoli: 177 mm X 177 mm'"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art257  # art. 257 c. 2 — the Minister's power to set 'una successione ed un impiego di caratteri alfanumerici diversi da quelli indicati' in Appendice XII"
+    notes: >-
+      THE ONE PLACE THIS FILE REFUSES TO CHOOSE, and it is recorded rather than
+      resolved. D.P.R. 355/1998 rewrote Appendice XII lett. c) so that a
+      motorcycle plate carries "tre caratteri numerici e due caratteri alfabetici"
+      — the car grammar — replacing the enacted "cinque caratteri numerici". The
+      consolidated regolamento in force in 2026 still reads that way. But every
+      non-primary description of Italian motorcycle plates, it.wikipedia included,
+      says the second row is FIVE DIGITS, and none of them cites anything.
+      Art. 257 c. 2 supplies a lawful mechanism by which both could be true — the
+      Minister may set a different character succession by decree without amending
+      the appendix — and no such decree was located. Averaging the two would be
+      exactly the failure PRD-PLATES §5.3 forbids, so the series is `recall-only`
+      with a union regex, the appendix text is quoted in the sources, and this is
+      the FIRST item on the verifier's list (see dossier-it.md §Verification).
+      period.start 1999 is the design date (D.P.R. 355/1998 + art. 260 c. 5's
+      1 January 1999); if the five-digit shape is the one actually issued, this
+      series' start is unaffected but its format claim moves to the 1993 entry.
+
+  - id: it-motorcycle-1993
+    class: motorcycle
+    categories: [motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1993, end: 1999 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 99999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{5}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?\d{5}\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U], notes: "Appendice XII comma 2" }
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "the marchio sits between the letter pair and the five digits" }
+      display: "rear only"
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19940101  # Appendice XII lett. c) as enacted: 'targa dei motoveicoli (fig. III.4/e): riporta, nell'ordine, due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana e cinque caratteri numerici'; art. 258 c. 1 lett. e) — 165 x 165 mm"
+    notes: >-
+      THE 1993 MOTORCYCLE SERIES — two letters, the emblem, five digits, on the
+      same 165 mm square the 1959 regolamento used. This entry is `strict` and its
+      1999 successor is not, which is the honest asymmetry: the five-digit shape is
+      unambiguously sourced FOR THIS PERIOD, and the dispute is only about whether
+      it was ever replaced. If the verifier finds that motorcycles never moved off
+      the five-digit tail, the fix is to extend this series rather than to widen
+      it-motorcycle-1999.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # MOPEDS — six alphanumerics, owner-bound, and no arrangement in the law.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-moped-2006
+    class: moped
+    categories: [moped]
+    period: { start: 2006 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    binding: owner
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LLL999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z0-9]{6}\z'
+      charset:
+        notes: >-
+          Art. 250 c. 1 of the regolamento, verbatim: "La targa è composta da sei
+          caratteri alfanumerici, nonché dal marchio ufficiale della Repubblica
+          italiana." Art. 250 c. 4: "Il codice alfanumerico è costituito da una
+          combinazione di lettere e numeri. La progressione delle combinazioni
+          viene stabilita dal Dipartimento per i trasporti terrestri." SIX
+          POSITIONS IS THE WHOLE OF THE SOURCED GRAMMAR — the regulation fixes
+          neither the arrangement of letters and digits nor any excluded character,
+          and expressly hands the progression to the Department. The commonly
+          repeated three-letters-then-three-digits arrangement, the A/E/I/O/Q/U
+          letter exclusion and the "no digit 1" rule are UNSOURCED and are not
+          written into any regex here.
+      progression: "set by the Dipartimento per i trasporti terrestri (art. 250 c. 4); not published in the regolamento — recorded gap"
+    design:
+      plate: { note: "form and dimensions are 'indicati nella figura III 3' and the character format 'nella tabella III 2' (art. 250 c. 2) — both are figures and were not text-extractable; RECORDED GAP" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec, spec_note: "art. 250 c. 1: 'Il fondo della targa è bianco'" }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      band: { side: none }
+      band_note: "art. 250 gives the moped plate no EU band and no right-hand zone; only art. 260 c. 1's white ground and black characters"
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      illumination: "art. 250 c. 5: 'La targa non deve essere necessariamente illuminata'"
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # artt. 248-251 as amended: art. 248 c. 1 (the art. 97 plate has art. 250's characteristics and an alphanumeric code), c. 3 (owner binding), art. 250 c. 1 (six alphanumeric characters, white ground, black characters, 1.4 mm embossing on 1.00 mm aluminium), c. 2 (figura III 3, tabella III 2), c. 4 (progression set by the Department), c. 5 (need not be illuminated)"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art97  # art. 97 c. 1 lett. b): a moped needs 'una targa, che identifica l'intestatario del certificato di circolazione'; c. 2: 'La targa è personale e abbinata a un solo veicolo'"
+    notes: >-
+      THE ITALIAN MOPED PLATE IS OWNER-BOUND, and it is the only Italian series
+      that is. Art. 97 c. 2 of the codice: "La targa è personale e abbinata a un
+      solo veicolo", retained by the holder on sale; art. 248 c. 3 of the
+      regolamento: "La targa è strettamente legata al titolare, che la applica solo
+      al veicolo identificato nel certificato di circolazione di cui risulta
+      intestatario. Chi risulta intestatario di più veicoli deve conseguentemente
+      munirsi di un corrispondente numero di certificati di circolazione e di
+      targhe." Hence `binding: owner` on this series while the file's default is
+      `binding: vehicle` — the Swiss case arriving in Italy through a different
+      door, and a trap for any vehicle-keyed consumer.
+      PREDECESSOR, NOT MODELLED: before D.P.R. 6 marzo 2006 n. 153 the same
+      vehicles carried a "contrassegno di identificazione" whose art. 250 read
+      only "porta in rilievo su fondo bianco retroriflettente una combinazione di
+      cifre e lettere" — no count, no arrangement, nothing quantifiable — and which
+      was bound to the PERSON so loosely that art. 248 c. 4 let one holder ride
+      several different mopeds on it ("Lo stesso contrassegno permette
+      all'intestatario di circolare con differenti ciclomotori"). A series whose
+      primary fixes no length cannot carry a regex, so none is authored; it is a
+      recorded gap, and the 14 July 2006 date usually given for the changeover is
+      uncited (the instrument's own date, GU 15-04-2006, is what `period.start`
+      rests on).
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # TRAILERS — the 2013 merge, and the "RIMORCHIO" plate it replaced.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-trailer-2013
+    class: trailer
+    categories: [trailer, semitrailer]
+    period: { start: 2013 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999 LL"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]{2}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?\d{3} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2}\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U] }
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 520, h: 110, unit: mm, note: "formato A; art. 258 c. 1 lett. b) extended to 'autoveicoli ((e loro rimorchi))'" }
+      plate_variants:
+        - { w: 297, h: 214, unit: mm, note: "formato B where the mounting cannot take formato A" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      band: { side: left, color: "#003399", content: eu-stars+I, hex_basis: observed }
+      right_field: { side: right, color: "#003399", hex_basis: observed, content: "the art. 260 c. 3 stickers" }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      display: "rear only (art. 100 c. 3 del codice)"
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. a) as amended by D.P.R. 198/2012: 'targa anteriore e posteriore degli autoveicoli, nonché quella posteriore dei loro rimorchi'; lett. b) 'LETTERA SOPPRESSA DAL D.P.R. 28 SETTEMBRE 2012, N. 198'; art. 258 c. 1 lett. b) with '((e loro rimorchi))'"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art260  # AGGIORNAMENTO (44): D.P.R. 28 settembre 2012, n. 198 art. 8 c. 1 — in force from the ninetieth day after publication (GU 22-11-2012 n. 273) and applicable 'ai soli rimorchi immatricolati successivamente'"
+    notes: >-
+      TRAILERS JOINED THE CAR FORMAT IN 2013. D.P.R. 28 settembre 2012 n. 198
+      suppressed Appendice XII lett. b) — the dedicated "Rimorchio" plate — and
+      extended lett. a) to cover "quella posteriore dei loro rimorchi", so an
+      Italian trailer registered after the changeover carries an ordinary AA 000 AA
+      plate with both blue zones and is indistinguishable from a car by its serial.
+      period.start 2013 is derived, not printed: art. 8 c. 1 sets commencement at
+      the ninetieth day after publication in GU of 22 November 2012, which falls in
+      February 2013. The same comma carries the transitional rule that makes the
+      old series a live parse target indefinitely — the new format "si applica ai
+      soli rimorchi immatricolati successivamente alla" that date, with an express
+      option to re-register older trailers.
+
+  - id: it-trailer-1993
+    class: trailer
+    categories: [trailer, semitrailer]
+    period: { start: 1993, end: 2013 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 99999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{5}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?\d{5}\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U] }
+      legend_note: >-
+        The word "Rimorchio" printed above the serial is a LEGEND, not part of the
+        mark: Appendice XII lett. b) as enacted reads "riporta, nell'ordine, la
+        scritta 'Rimorchio', due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della
+        Repubblica italiana e cinque caratteri numerici". It is carried in
+        `design.legend` because it contains a full stop and a space and could never
+        be spelled inside a serial under PRD-PLATES §2.6.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 340, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. d) as enacted" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      legend: { text: "RIMORCHIO", color: "#CC0000", note: "art. 260 c. 1 lett. a) as enacted: 'colore rosso: scritte RIMORCHIO, RIM. AGR.'" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19940101  # Appendice XII lett. b) as enacted (the 'Rimorchio' legend + 2 letters + marchio + 5 digits); art. 258 c. 1 lett. d) (340 x 109 mm); art. 260 c. 1 lett. a) (the red legend)"
+    notes: >-
+      THE "RIMORCHIO" PLATE — twenty years of Italian trailers, and the reason a
+      five-digit Italian mark is not automatically a motorcycle. Same serial shape
+      as it-motorcycle-1993 (two letters, five digits) on a completely different
+      plate: 340 x 109 mm landscape, with the red word RIMORCHIO across the top.
+      Distinguishing the two from the string alone is impossible; distinguishing
+      them from the plate is trivial. Recorded so the parse API returns both
+      candidates rather than guessing.
+
+  - id: it-repeater
+    class: trailer
+    categories: [trailer]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    # RECALL-ONLY (PRD-PLATES §2.7): a repeater plate carries the TOWING vehicle's
+    # registration, transcribed by the owner into empty boxes. Its regex is a
+    # container, not a grammar; a match says only that the string could sit in
+    # those boxes. Same situation as nl-export.
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "LLR999LL"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?R ?[A-Z0-9]{1,6}\z'
+      pattern_note: >-
+        Appendice XII lett. h): "targa ripetitrice per carrelli appendice: riporta,
+        nell'ordine, due caratteri alfabetici, la lettera 'R', e sei caratteri
+        alfanumerici". Lett. i) gives five alphanumerics for agricultural trailers
+        and trailed operating machines. As enacted in 1992 both were narrower —
+        lett. h) read "tre caratteri numerici e due caratteri alfabetici" — and
+        D.P.R. 610/1996 widened them, which is why one open series is modelled
+        rather than two.
+      fill_rule: >-
+        Appendice XII comma 3, verbatim: "In luogo delle cifre e delle lettere
+        costituenti il numero o il contrassegno di immatricolazione, le targhe
+        ripetitrici sono dotate di riquadri rettangolari, aventi dimensioni di
+        80 x 40 o 60 x 30 o 65 x 31 millimetri ... ciascuno dei quali è riservato a
+        ricevere un carattere alfabetico o numerico. Gli interessati avranno cura
+        di riprodurre su dette targhe, con caratteri neri autoadesivi o impressi
+        con sistemi equivalenti, il numero o il contrassegno di immatricolazione
+        della motrice cui il veicolo viene agganciato, NON IMPEGNANDO LA PRIMA O LE
+        PRIME CASELLE eventualmente eccedenti rispetto alla quantità di caratteri
+        costituenti il numero d'immatricolazione."
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 486, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "formato A (art. 258 c. 1 lett. c))" }
+      plate_variants:
+        - { w: 336, h: 202, unit: mm, note: "formato B where the mounting cannot take formato A" }
+        - { w: 340, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "repeater plates for agricultural trailers and trailed operating machines (art. 258 c. 1 lett. d))" }
+      background: { color: "#FFCC00", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed, spec_note: "art. 260 c. 1: yellow ground for 'tutte le targhe ripetitrici'; Appendice XII c. 3: 'Esse hanno fondo retroriflettente di colore giallo'" }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      marker: { text: "R", color: "#CC0000", note: "art. 260 c. 1 lett. a): 'colore rosso: ... lettera R delle targhe ripetitrici'" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: false, note: "Appendice XII c. 3: repeater plates 'contengono soltanto la lettera \"R\" in rosso, SENZA il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana' — the only Italian plate with no emblem" }
+      boxes: { sizes_mm: ["80x40", "60x30", "65x31"], note: "80x40 for carrelli appendice behind autoveicoli; 60x30 behind agricultural/operating machines; 65x31 behind EE autoveicoli" }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. h) and i) and comma 3 in full; art. 258 c. 1 lett. c) and d); art. 260 c. 1 lett. a) and c. 2"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art100  # art. 100 c. 4: 'I carrelli appendice, quando sono agganciati ad una motrice, devono essere muniti posteriormente di una targa ripetitrice dei dati di immatricolazione della motrice stessa'"
+    notes: >-
+      THE TARGA RIPETITRICE — an owner-filled yellow plate that repeats the towing
+      vehicle's mark, carried by carrelli appendice, agricultural trailers and
+      trailed operating machines. Three facts make it worth its own entry rather
+      than a footnote: it is the ONLY Italian plate with no marchio; it is the only
+      one whose characters are applied by the owner rather than the State; and it
+      contains the single best piece of decode trivia in Italian plate law —
+      Appendice XII comma 3: "Nel caso in cui la targa del veicolo traente contenga
+      la parola Roma essa viene riportata sulla targa ripetitrice mediante la sigla
+      RM." Rome's provincial plates spelled the city out in full, and the repeater
+      plate is where the abbreviation had to be legislated.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # AGRICULTURAL AND OPERATING MACHINES — yellow, no EU band, four shapes.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-agricultural-selfpropelled
+    class: agricultural
+    categories: [tractor]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999 L"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?\d{3} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U] }
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. e)" }
+      background: { color: "#FFCC00", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed, spec_note: "art. 260 c. 1: 'Il fondo delle targhe è giallo per le targhe di immatricolazione delle macchine agricole semoventi o trainate'" }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      band: { side: none }
+      band_note: "NO EU band. D.P.R. 355/1998 added the blue zones only to Appendice XII lett. a) and c) — cars and motorcycles. Letters d) to i) were left untouched, so on the regulation's own text an Italian agricultural or operating-machine plate has never carried a Euroband. Flagged for verification against photographs."
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. d): 'targa delle macchine agricole semoventi (figura III.4/f): riporta, nell'ordine, due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, tre caratteri numerici ed un carattere alfabetico'; art. 258 c. 1 lett. e); art. 260 c. 1"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art113  # art. 113 c. 1 of the codice — the registration duty these plates discharge"
+    notes: >-
+      MACCHINE AGRICOLE SEMOVENTI — self-propelled agricultural machines. The
+      Italian yellow family is four series (this one, the agricultural trailer, and
+      the two operating-machine shapes) and they are genuinely four: two different
+      character orders and two different colour rules. This one is the plain
+      yellow-and-black case. Unchanged since 1993 in the regulation's text, which
+      is why `period.start` is the regolamento's own commencement year and
+      `period_evidence` is instrument-in-force.
+
+  - id: it-agricultural-trailer
+    class: agricultural
+    categories: [trailer]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL 999 L"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?\d{3} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U] }
+      legend_note: "the 'Rim. Agr.' legend contains a full stop and a space and is therefore a design element, never part of the serial (PRD-PLATES §2.6)"
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 340, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. d)" }
+      background: { color: "#FFCC00", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      legend: { text: "RIM. AGR.", color: "#CC0000", note: "art. 260 c. 1 lett. a): 'colore rosso: scritta RIM. AGR.'" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. f): 'targa dei rimorchi agricoli (fig. III.4/h): riporta, nell'ordine, la scritta \"Rim. Agr.\", due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, tre caratteri numerici ed un carattere alfabetico'; art. 260 c. 1 lett. a)"
+    notes: >-
+      RIMORCHI AGRICOLI. Identical serial grammar to the self-propelled machines,
+      distinguished on the road by the red RIM. AGR. legend and the landscape
+      340 x 109 plate. Same class as it-agricultural-selfpropelled, but the
+      categories do not overlap ([trailer] vs [tractor]) and the notes are distinct,
+      which is how the parallel-issuance rule is satisfied.
+
+  - id: it-machine-selfpropelled
+    class: agricultural
+    categories: [machine]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL L 999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?[A-Z] ?\d{3}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ] ?\d{3}\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U] }
+      order_note: >-
+        NOTE THE INVERSION, which is the whole point of a separate series:
+        Appendice XII lett. e) puts the single letter BEFORE the three digits
+        ("un carattere alfabetico e tre caratteri numerici") where lett. d) puts it
+        after. Two shapes, one character-count, opposite order — the cheapest
+        possible tell between an agricultural machine and an operating machine.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. e)" }
+      background: { color: "#FFCC00", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#CC0000"
+      foreground_note: "art. 260 c. 1 lett. a): 'colore rosso: ... marchio ufficiale e caratteri alfanumerici delle targhe di immatricolazione delle macchine operatrici'. RED characters AND a red emblem on yellow — the only Italian plate whose entire imprint is red."
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, color: "#CC0000" }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. e): 'targa delle macchine operatrici semoventi (fig. III.4/g): riporta, nell'ordine, due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, un carattere alfabetico e tre caratteri numerici'; art. 260 c. 1 lett. a)"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art114  # art. 114 c. 4 of the codice — the registration duty for macchine operatrici"
+    notes: >-
+      MACCHINE OPERATRICI SEMOVENTI — self-propelled operating machines (excavators,
+      loaders, road plant). CLASS CAVEAT, stated plainly: `_meta/classes.yml` has
+      `agricultural` but nothing for construction/works plant, and art. 114 of the
+      codice is a different regime from art. 113. `agricultural` is recorded as the
+      closest available value and flagged as a vocabulary gap, exactly as
+      plates/de.yml records for the German green tax-exempt plate.
+
+  - id: it-machine-trailed
+    class: agricultural
+    categories: [machine, trailer]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LL L 999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?[A-Z] ?\d{3}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ] ?\d{3}\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U] }
+      legend_note: "'Macc. Op.' is a legend, not serial content"
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 340, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. d)" }
+      background: { color: "#FFCC00", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: observed }
+      foreground: "#CC0000"
+      legend: { text: "MACC. OP.", note: "Appendice XII lett. g) prints it as 'Macc. Op.'; art. 260 c. 1 lett. a) puts the machine plates' characters and marchio in red but names only 'RIM. AGR.' among the red legends, so the legend's colour is a recorded gap" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, color: "#CC0000" }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. g): 'targa delle macchine operatrici trainate (fig. III.4/i): riporta, nell'ordine, la scritta \"Macc. Op.\", due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, un carattere alfabetico e tre caratteri numerici'"
+    notes: >-
+      MACCHINE OPERATRICI TRAINATE — trailed operating machines. Same inverted
+      letter-then-digits order as the self-propelled machines, on the landscape
+      340 x 109 plate, with the Macc. Op. legend. Kept separate from
+      it-machine-selfpropelled because dimensions and legend differ; kept separate
+      from it-agricultural-trailer because the character order and the colour rule
+      differ.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # EE — ESCURSIONISTI ESTERI. Italy's temporary-import / pre-export series.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-ee-1993
+    class: export
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus, trailer]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "EE 999 LL"
+      regex: '\AEE ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]{2}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\AEE ?\d{3} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2}\z'
+      charset:
+        fixed_letters: "EE"
+        letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U]
+        notes: "Appendice XII lett. p): 'riporta, nell'ordine, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, il rettangolo destinato a contenere il talloncino di scadenza, la sigla dello Stato italiano, la scritta \"EE\", tre caratteri numerici e due caratteri alfabetici'"
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 340, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. d) — EE plates for autoveicoli and their trailers, including repeater plates" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      ee_letters: { color: "#0066CC", hex_basis: observed, note: "art. 260 c. 1 lett. c): 'colore azzurro: lettere EE di tutte le targhe previste dall'articolo 134, comma 1, del codice'" }
+      country_oval: { content: "I", color: "#000000", note: "art. 260 c. 1 lett. c-bis), added in 1998: 'colore nero: sigla I alle targhe per escursionisti esteri, quando prevista' — the EE plate carries the Vienna-style national sign as an ELLIPSE on the plate, not an EU band" }
+      expiry_field:
+        w: 69
+        h: 20
+        unit: mm
+        background: "#CC0000"
+        foreground: "#FFFFFF"
+        content: "month number, a white separating stroke, then the last two digits of the year in which the carta di circolazione expires"
+        note: "art. 260 c. 3, first sentence — a red adhesive sticker in a raised 69 x 20 mm rectangle"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    validity: { max_months: 12, note: "art. 134 c. 1 del codice: 'una carta di circolazione della durata massima di un anno, salvo eventuale proroga, e una speciale targa di riconoscimento, come stabilito nel regolamento'" }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. p); art. 258 c. 1 lett. d); art. 260 c. 1 lett. c) and c-bis), c. 2 and c. 3"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art134  # art. 134 c. 1: temporarily imported or factory-new-for-export vehicles belonging to Italians resident abroad or to foreigners passing through; max one year, extendable"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19940101  # Appendice XII lett. q) as enacted — the separate EE TRAILER plate ('la sigla dello Stato italiano, la scritta \"Rimorchio\", il rettangolo ..., la scritta \"EE\", il marchio ufficiale ... e cinque caratteri numerici'), suppressed by D.P.R. 198/2012"
+    notes: >-
+      TARGHE EE (ESCURSIONISTI ESTERI) — the plate an Italian resident abroad or a
+      foreigner passing through gets for a temporarily imported vehicle or for a
+      factory-new vehicle bought in Italy for export. CLASS CAVEAT: art. 134 c. 1
+      covers BOTH legs ("importati temporaneamente O nuovi di fabbrica acquistati
+      per l'esportazione") and `_meta/classes.yml` forces a choice; `export` is
+      recorded because the plate's defining feature is that the vehicle is not
+      staying, and `temporary` is the near miss — the twelve-month cap is carried
+      in `validity` so a class-blind consumer still sees it. THE EE PLATE IS THE
+      ONE ITALIAN PLATE WITH A DATE ON IT: a red expiry sticker giving month and
+      year, in a rectangle the regulation embosses into the plate. It carries the
+      national sign as a black "I" in an ellipse rather than as an EU band, which
+      is exactly the pre-amendment Vienna Annex 3 arrangement the EU dossier warns
+      about. Since D.P.R. 198/2012 suppressed Appendice XII lett. q), EE trailers
+      have no separate format and fall under this entry.
+
+  - id: it-ee-motorcycle-1993
+    class: export
+    categories: [motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "EE 999 L"
+      regex: '\AEE ?\d{3} ?[A-Z]\z'
+      regex_strict: '\AEE ?\d{3} ?[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]\z'
+      charset: { fixed_letters: "EE", letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U] }
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 165, h: 165, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. e) — 'targhe EE per motoveicoli'" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      ee_letters: { color: "#0066CC", hex_basis: observed }
+      expiry_field: { w: 69, h: 20, unit: mm, background: "#CC0000", foreground: "#FFFFFF" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    validity: { max_months: 12 }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XII lett. s): 'targa EE per motoveicoli (fig. III.4/u): riporta, nell'ordine, la sigla \"EE\", il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, la sigla dello Stato italiano, il rettangolo destinato a contenere il talloncino di scadenza, tre caratteri numerici ed un carattere alfabetico'"
+    notes: >-
+      EE FOR MOTORCYCLES — one letter where the car plate has two, on the 165 mm
+      square. Note the order differs from the car EE plate as well: here "EE" comes
+      FIRST and the marchio and the national sign follow, where lett. p) opens with
+      the marchio. Two entries rather than one because both format and dimensions
+      differ (PRD-PLATES §2.3).
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # TEMPORARY — targa provvisoria, the only Italian plate with a region prefix
+  # still being issued.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-temporary-provvisoria
+    class: temporary
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus, motorcycle, trailer]
+    period: { start: 1993 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "L9 99999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]\d{1,2} ?\d{5}\z'
+      regex_statutory: '\A[A-Z]\d{1,2} ?[A-Z0-9]{5}\z'
+      charset:
+        notes: >-
+          Art. 255 c. 2, verbatim: "I criteri per la formazione dei dati riportati
+          nelle targhe provvisorie sono i seguenti: a) sigla d'individuazione
+          dell'ufficio provinciale, come indicato nella suddetta appendice ...;
+          b) marchio ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana; c) serie progressiva
+          costituita da cinque caratteri numerici. Il Ministero dei trasporti e
+          della navigazione - Direzione generale della M.C.T.C. può stabilire che
+          la serie in questione sia modificata ed integrata da caratteri
+          alfabetici." `regex` is the five-NUMERIC series the article prescribes;
+          `regex_statutory` is the outer bound the last sentence authorises, and is
+          the honest encoding of a power that has been exercised or not — the
+          dataset cannot tell, and says so.
+      progression: "five-digit progressive series per issuing office (art. 255 c. 2 lett. c))"
+    design:
+      note: >-
+        NO DESIGN IS SOURCED. Art. 255 sits outside the art. 256 definitions of
+        immatricolazione / ripetitrici / riconoscimento plates, so art. 258's
+        dimensions, art. 260's colours and Appendice XIII's construction rules do
+        not reach it on their own terms, and no figure for the targa provvisoria was
+        located. Colours and dimensions are a RECORDED GAP and are deliberately not
+        guessed.
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder, note: "art. 255 c. 2 lett. b) puts the marchio ufficiale on the plate" }
+    validity:
+      max_days: 60
+      max_days_special: 180
+      note: >-
+        Art. 99 c. 2 del codice: "Il foglio di via deve indicare il percorso, la
+        durata e le eventuali prescrizioni tecniche. La durata non può comunque
+        eccedere i giorni sessanta. Tuttavia, per particolari esigenze di
+        sperimentazione di veicoli nuovi non ancora immatricolati, l'ufficio
+        competente ... può rilasciare alla fabbrica costruttrice uno speciale foglio
+        di via, senza limitazioni di percorso, della durata massima di centottanta
+        giorni."
+    region_encoding: "plates/_decode/it-provinces.yml"
+    region_encoding_mechanism: >-
+      THE PREFIX IS AN OFFICE CODE, NOT A PROVINCE SIGLA, and confusing the two is
+      the trap this decode file exists to prevent. Appendice XI comma 1 lists the
+      M.C.T.C. provincial offices as a letter plus a number — A1 Alessandria, B6
+      Milano, P4 Roma, X4 Oristano — grouped under bare region letters (A Piemonte
+      e Valle d'Aosta, B Lombardia, ...) that are headings and not codes. Art. 255
+      c. 2 lett. a) adds the maintenance rule: "Detto elenco può essere aggiornato
+      con decreto del Ministro dei trasporti e della navigazione, a seguito
+      dell'istituzione di ulteriori province", so the table grows by ministerial
+      decree and decode rows need period discipline.
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.del.presidente.della.repubblica:1992-12-16;495~art255  # art. 255 c. 1 and c. 2 in full"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art99  # art. 99 c. 1 (the six purposes: technical checks, driving to border crossings for export, military reviews, authorised shows and fairs), c. 2 (60 / 180 days)"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=20260802  # Appendice XI comma 1 — the office sigle; art. 214 — veicoli d'epoca use this plate"
+    notes: >-
+      TARGA PROVVISORIA, issued with a foglio di via. Two things make it more
+      interesting than a typical temporary plate. First, it is the ONLY Italian
+      series still issued that encodes geography in the mark itself — but as an
+      OFFICE code, not a province sigla, so a decoder that reaches for the province
+      table will produce nonsense. Second, it is Italy's historic-vehicle plate by
+      default: art. 214 of the regolamento sends veicoli d'epoca here — "Ai veicoli
+      d'epoca ... per la circolazione nei luoghi consentiti, è rilasciato il foglio
+      di via e la targa provvisoria previsti dall'articolo 99 del codice" — with the
+      foglio di via capping speed at 40, 25 or 15 km/h depending on brakes and
+      tyres, and the event needing at least fifteen participants. Anyone looking for
+      an Italian H-Kennzeichen finds this instead.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # TRADE PLATES — targa prova, before and after DPR 474/2001.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-dealer-prova-2002
+    class: dealer
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus, motorcycle, moped, trailer, tractor, machine]
+    period: { start: 2002 }
+    period_evidence: enabling-statute
+    binding: business
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LLP99999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z0-9]{2} ?P ?[A-Z0-9]{5}\z'
+      charset:
+        notes: >-
+          Art. 2 c. 3 D.P.R. 474/2001, verbatim: "La targa è composta, nell'ordine,
+          da due caratteri alfanumerici, dalla lettera 'P' e da cinque caratteri
+          alfanumerici. Il fondo della targa è bianco. Il colore dei caratteri e
+          della lettera 'P' è nero." ALPHANUMERIC, not alphabetic: unlike every
+          series under Appendice XII, the outer groups may be letters or digits, and
+          the 22-letter alphabet of Appendice XII comma 2 does not govern this
+          decree at all. No strict twin is authored because none is sourced.
+      serial_semantics: "art. 2 c. 1: the character sequence 'corrisponde al numero dell'autorizzazione medesima' — the plate IS the authorisation number"
+    design:
+      plate: { note: "'Le dimensioni della targa ed il formato dei relativi caratteri sono quelli previsti nella figura allegata al presente regolamento' (art. 2 c. 4); the figure was not text-extractable — recorded gap" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec, spec_note: "art. 2 c. 3: 'Il fondo della targa è bianco'" }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      foreground_note: "art. 2 c. 3: 'Il colore dei caratteri e della lettera P è nero' — the GREEN P of the 1993 plate is gone"
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: false, note: "art. 2 c. 3 lists ground, characters, P and the embossing; it does not put a marchio on the plate, and D.P.R. 474/2001 has no equivalent of art. 262" }
+      construction: "1.4 ± 0.1 mm embossing on 1.00 ± 0.05 mm aluminium with retroreflective self-adhesive film (art. 2 c. 3)"
+      display: "rear; on autotreni and autoarticolati the plate goes on the TRAILED vehicle (art. 2 c. 1)"
+    validity: { max_months: 12, note: "the autorizzazione 'ha validità annuale e non è rinnovabile decorsi sei mesi dalla sua scadenza'" }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=20020130&codiceRedaz=002G0018&dataVigenza=20260802  # D.P.R. 24 novembre 2001, n. 474 (GU 30-01-2002 n. 25), art. 2 commi 1-4: the transferable plate bearing the authorisation number, the 2 + P + 5 composition, white ground and black characters, the figure reference; art. 3 (loss/theft); the annual validity and the six-month non-renewal cliff"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art98  # art. 98 of the codice: commi 1 and 2 'ABROGATO DAL D.P.R. 24 NOVEMBRE 2001, N. 474'; comma 3 still penalises using a prova vehicle for another purpose or without the authorisation holder or a delegated employee aboard"
+    notes: >-
+      TARGA PROVA — Italy's trade plate, and like the German rote Kennzeichen it
+      binds to a BUSINESS rather than a vehicle: art. 2 c. 1 makes it "trasferibile
+      da veicolo a veicolo insieme con la relativa autorizzazione", hence
+      `binding: business` and a warning to any vehicle-keyed consumer not to join on
+      it. `period_evidence: enabling-statute` is earned here rather than assumed:
+      D.P.R. 474/2001 is a self-contained regolamento di semplificazione that both
+      abrogated the old regime (art. 254, Appendice XII lett. l)-o) and art. 260
+      c. 1 lett. b) of DPR 495/1992 all read "ABROGATO/SOPPRESSA DAL D.P.R. 24
+      NOVEMBRE 2001, N. 474") and created this format, and Normattiva records the
+      resulting text as in force from 14 February 2002. One good operational detail
+      for a claims model: art. 2 c. 2-bis requires the ordinary registration plate
+      to stay on and stay legible while the prova plate is fitted — an Italian
+      vehicle can lawfully display two plates at once.
+
+  - id: it-dealer-prova-1993
+    class: dealer
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus, trailer]
+    period: { start: 1993, end: 2002 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    binding: business
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LLP 9999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?P ?\d{4}\z'
+      regex_strict: '\A[ABCDEFGHJKLMNPRSTVWXYZ]{2} ?P ?\d{4}\z'
+      charset: { letters_excluded: [I, O, Q, U], notes: "Appendice XII comma 2 governed the prova plates too, since they were letters l)-o) of the same comma 1" }
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 340, h: 109, unit: mm, note: "art. 258 c. 1 lett. d) as enacted — 'targhe prova degli autoveicoli e loro rimorchi'" }
+      background: { color: "#FFFFFF", finish: retroreflective, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#000000"
+      marker: { text: "P", color: "#008000", note: "art. 260 c. 1 lett. b) as enacted, verbatim: 'colore verde: lettera P di tutte le targhe per la circolazione di prova e lettere M ed A ed M ed O che la integrano, rispettivamente, nelle targhe per la circolazione di prova delle macchine agricole e delle targhe per la circolazione di prova delle macchine operatrici'" }
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    variants:
+      - class: dealer
+        format: { pattern: "LLP999", regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?P ?\d{3}\z' }
+        note: "targa prova per motoveicoli (from 1997, 'per ciclomotori e motoveicoli') — Appendice XII lett. m) as enacted: 'due caratteri alfabetici, il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana, la lettera \"P\" e tre caratteri numerici', on the 165 x 165 mm square"
+      - class: dealer
+        format: { pattern: "LLP999", regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?P ?\d{3}\z' }
+        note: "targa prova per macchine agricole — Appendice XII lett. n) as enacted, same characters plus 'la scritta \"MA\" con le lettere poste in successione verticale', the M and A in green"
+      - class: dealer
+        format: { pattern: "LLP999", regex: '\A[A-Z]{2} ?P ?\d{3}\z' }
+        note: "targa prova per macchine operatrici — Appendice XII lett. o) as enacted, same characters plus a vertically stacked 'MO' in green"
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19940101  # Appendice XII lett. l) 'targa prova per autoveicoli e rimorchi (fig. III.4/n): riporta, nell'ordine, due caratteri alfabetici, la lettera \"P\", il marchio ufficiale della Repubblica italiana e quattro caratteri numerici', lett. m), n) and o); art. 258 c. 1 lett. d) and e); art. 260 c. 1 lett. b) — the green P"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19921228&codiceRedaz=092G0531&dataVigenza=19980101  # lett. m) retitled '((targa prova per ciclomotori e motoveicoli))' by D.P.R. 610/1996"
+    notes: >-
+      THE GREEN-P TRADE PLATE, 1993-2002. Four shapes under one regime, so the three
+      companions are recorded as variants rather than as three thin series: what
+      distinguishes them is a vertically stacked two-letter suffix (MA, MO) and the
+      plate size, not the serial. The GREEN P is the one colour Italy ever assigned
+      to a functional letter and it did not survive: D.P.R. 474/2001 repainted the P
+      black. Note the letter order relative to the marchio also flipped between
+      lett. l) (P before the marchio) and lett. m)-o) (P after it) — recorded here
+      because a render pipeline needs it and a parser does not.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # DIPLOMATIC — sourced only for the pre-1993 era. The modern format is a
+  # documented gap; see common.unsourced_series.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: it-diplomatic-1959
+    class: diplomatic
+    categories: [car]
+    period: { start: 1959, end: 1996 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "CD 999999"
+      regex: '\ACD ?\d+\z'
+      charset:
+        fixed_letters: "CD"
+        notes: >-
+          Art. 327 D.P.R. 420/1959, verbatim: "Essa porta, in rilievo, in colore
+          alluminio lucido su fondo nero, la sigla CD, il marchio ufficiale ed il
+          numero di immatricolazione." The registration NUMBER is left entirely
+          unbounded by the primary, so the regex quantifies without a ceiling rather
+          than inventing one — which is also why this series is recall-only.
+    design:
+      plate: { w: 275, h: 200, unit: mm, note: "same dimensions as the ordinary rear plate of art. 320" }
+      background: { color: "#000000", finish: painted, hex_basis: spec }
+      foreground: "#C0C0C0"
+      foreground_note: "art. 327: 'in colore alluminio lucido' — POLISHED ALUMINIUM, not white. The hex is an observed rendering of a metallic finish that no hex can express; a render pipeline should treat it as a material, not a colour."
+      band: { side: none }
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      material: "alluminio anticorodal (art. 327)"
+    validity: { note: "art. 131 c. 4 del codice (current law, same rule): validity 'scade al momento in cui cessa lo status diplomatico di colui al quale il veicolo appartiene'; the plate must be returned within ninety days" }
+    region_encoding: none
+    sources:
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/do/atto/caricaAKN?dataGU=19590630&codiceRedaz=059U0420&dataVigenza=19920101  # D.P.R. 420/1959 art. 327: 'AUTOVETTURE APPARTENENTI AGLI AGENTI DIPLOMATICI' — anticorodal aluminium, 275 x 200 mm, polished-aluminium characters on black, sigla CD + marchio + registration number; transfer to another car of the same owner may be authorised by the Ministry"
+      - "https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:decreto.legislativo:1992-04-30;285!vig=~art131  # art. 131 c. 2: the CURRENT plate's type and characteristics are set 'con decreto del Ministro dei trasporti, di concerto con il Ministro degli affari esteri'; c. 4: expiry with diplomatic status"
+    notes: >-
+      THE PRE-1993 CD PLATE, and the honest limit of this pass. Italy's CURRENT
+      diplomatic and consular plates are real and are not modelled: art. 131 c. 2 of
+      the codice delegates their type and characteristics to a joint decree of the
+      transport and foreign ministries, that decree was not located, and DPR
+      495/1992 contains no diplomatic provision at all. This is the same posture
+      plates/de.yml takes towards the German district list — cite the mechanism,
+      refuse to author the table. What IS sourced is the plate this one replaced,
+      and it is worth having: silver-on-black, the same 275 x 200 mm as an ordinary
+      rear plate, and legally attached to a STATUS rather than to a vehicle or a
+      keeper, since art. 327 let the Ministry move it to another car of the same
+      owner and art. 131 c. 4 kills it the moment diplomatic status ends.