vehicles 0.6.1 → 0.8.0

data/data/plates/us-sd.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+# plates/us-sd.yml — South Dakota (PRD-PLATES gate L2, group midwest-b).
+#
+# SOUTH DAKOTA LEGISLATED ITS REDESIGN CADENCE, WHICH ALMOST NOBODY DOES. SDCL
+# 32-5-83, in seven words that matter more than their length suggests: the number
+# plates "shall be of different design each seven-year period". The US dossier
+# asked whether there is a redesign schedule anywhere in the United States and
+# concluded there is not — only per-state REPLACEMENT cycles. South Dakota is the
+# counter-example: not a replacement cycle for worn plates, but a standing
+# statutory duty that the DESIGN itself change every seven years. That single
+# provision is the most valuable thing in this file, because it means South
+# Dakota's series boundaries are, in principle, computable.
+#
+# THE SECOND SOUTH DAKOTA FIND is SDCL 32-5-89's closing words: dealer plates
+# "shall bear a distinctive number 77". South Dakota has 66 counties, so 77 sits
+# deliberately outside the county range — statutory proof that the leading number
+# on a South Dakota plate occupies a DESIGNATION slot, and that the slot has
+# reserved values. Nebraska does the identical thing with 94 for its dealers.
+#
+# WHAT THIS FILE WILL NOT DO is assert the county-number table. The
+# county-number system is universally reported and is strongly implied by the
+# statutes below, but no primary stating the county-to-number mapping was
+# obtained in this pass: the South Dakota Legislature's site serves individual
+# statutes but renders its chapter indexes as a JavaScript shell, and the
+# Department of Revenue's plate pages 404'd. `region_encoding` records exactly
+# what is proven and exactly what is not.
+jurisdiction: us-sd
+authority:
+  name: South Dakota Department of Revenue, Motor Vehicle Division (plates issued through the county treasurers)
+  url: "https://dor.sd.gov/individuals/motor-vehicle/"
+binding: vehicle
+statute_edition: "South Dakota Codified Laws Title 32, Chapter 32-5 (Registration and Taxation of Motor Vehicles), individual sections as served by sdlegislature.gov and fetched for this pass. SDCL 32-5-83 and 32-5-84 carry 2020 amendments (SL 2020, ch 135, §§ 1-2) and 32-5-85 a 2025 amendment (SL 2025, ch 44, § 15), so the design provisions read here are current."
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# artwork_risk — required per jurisdiction by PRD-PLATES §4.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+artwork_risk:
+  posture: unresearched
+  basis: >-
+    SOUTH DAKOTA WAS NOT LOCATED IN ANY COPYRIGHT SURVEY READ FOR THIS PASS. The Wikipedia
+    survey of subnational-government copyright status carries per-state sections for
+    seventeen states and NO section for South Dakota; no {{PD-SDGov}} tag was found on
+    Commons. The dossier's default therefore governs: 17 U.S.C. § 105 does not reach the
+    states, so a South Dakota plate design is presumed COPYRIGHTED unless South Dakota says
+    otherwise, and South Dakota has not been shown to say otherwise. Recorded as
+    unresearched, not adverse.
+  mount_rushmore_caution: >-
+    SOUTH DAKOTA CARRIES AN IP HAZARD NO OTHER STATE IN THIS GROUP HAS, and it is not a
+    state-copyright hazard at all. SDCL 32-5-88 authorises plates to bear 'a replica of the
+    Mount Rushmore National Memorial sculptured figures'. Mount Rushmore is a FEDERAL
+    memorial administered by the National Park Service and a SCULPTURAL WORK in its own
+    right, so a replica of it on a plate raises questions — about the sculpture, about NPS
+    marks, and about the memorial's name — that are entirely independent of whether South
+    Dakota claims copyright in its plate design. NONE of those questions was researched.
+    Flagged prominently because it is exactly the kind of layered exposure PRD-PLATES §3's
+    placeholder rule exists to sidestep, and because an unwary renderer would treat a
+    statutory authorization as a clearance. It is not one.
+  edict_carve_out: >-
+    Every format, design-cadence, plate-count and reflectorization claim in this file cites
+    the South Dakota Codified Laws. Edicts of government are uncopyrightable at every level
+    ({{PD-US-GovEdict}}), so the seven-year design duty, the two-plate rule, the dealer 77
+    and the reflectorization requirement are all affirmatively clean.
+  emblem_rule: >-
+    PRD-PLATES §3's placeholder default applies with unusual force here — to the current
+    base graphic, and above all to the Mount Rushmore replica for the reasons above. Render
+    `emblem: {present: true, rendered: placeholder}` and do not render Mount Rushmore even
+    schematically until the federal-memorial question is researched. South Dakota state-seal
+    misuse statutes are unresearched.
+  sources:
+    - "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States  # LOCATOR ONLY (PRD-PLATES §4): read to establish that South Dakota has NO section in the survey — a negative result, recorded as such"
+    - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-88.html  # SDCL 32-5-88, the Mount Rushmore replica authorization — an edict, PD, and the source of the layered non-copyright hazard recorded above"
+
+us_standards:
+  no_federal_mandate: true
+  chain: "SAE J686 -> AAMVA License Plate Standard Edition 3 (September 2025) -> voluntary state adoption. AAMVA has no enforcement power; its declarative present is RECOMMENDED PRACTICE."
+  dimensions_delegated: "AAMVA §3.1 sends dimensions and bolt holes to SAE J686, whose text is PAYWALLED and UNPINNED. No J686 dimension is quoted anywhere in this file. SDCL 32-5-89 delegates plate size to the department, which published no figure this pass could reach (recorded gap)."
+  geometry_available: "AAMVA §2.1 (jurisdiction name top-centre between the bolt holes, >=0.25 in above the number, >=0.125 in from the top edge, characters 0.75-1.0 in) and §2.2 (characters >=2.5 in high, >=0.25 in apart, stroke 0.2-0.4 in, >=1.25 in clear of top and bottom)."
+  retroreflectivity: "AAMVA §3.3: legible day and night from at least 75 feet; ASTM D4956-19 and ISO 7591:1982 clause 3; entrance angle 0.2 deg, observation angle -4 deg, minimum 45 cd/lx/m^2. SDCL 32-5-86 requires reflectorization but delegates its extent, method and degree to the department without stating a figure."
+  replacement_cycle_recommendation: >-
+    AAMVA §1.1 recommends a replacement cycle 'not to exceed 7 to 10 years'. SOUTH DAKOTA'S
+    SEVEN-YEAR RULE IS A DIFFERENT INSTRUMENT AND THE DISTINCTION MUST NOT BE COLLAPSED:
+    SDCL 32-5-83 requires a change of DESIGN every seven-year period, which is a duty about
+    what the plate LOOKS LIKE, not about when a worn plate is replaced. AAMVA's
+    recommendation is about retro-reflectivity decay. They coincide numerically at seven and
+    they are not the same rule — see `design_cycle` on us-sd-standard.
+  source: "https://www.aamva.org/getmedia/646bcc8a-219b-47d8-b5cd-726240473163/License-Plate-Standard-Edition-3_September-2025-Update.pdf"
+  folklore_caution: "The '1956 AMA standardization agreement' is UNCITED in its Wikipedia source (a `citation needed` since 2017, copied across articles). Recorded as COMMONLY REPEATED, UNSOURCED. SDCL 32-5-89 delegates size to the department and states none, so this file makes no South Dakota dimension claim (recorded gap)."
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Display rules. Two plates, with a four-class single-plate list amended in 2025.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+display_rules:
+  default: "TWO plates. SDCL 32-5-85: 'Two number plates must be issued, except that as to a motorcycle, recreational vehicle, semitrailer, and trailer, as such terms are defined in § 32-3-1, one number plate must be issued.'"
+  single_plate_classes: ["motorcycle", "recreational vehicle", "semitrailer", "trailer"]
+  single_plate_note: "the RECREATIONAL VEHICLE entry is unusual — most states in this group give RVs two plates — and the class list was last amended by SL 2025, ch 44, § 15, so it is current to the 2025 session"
+  delivery: "SDCL 32-5-82: on receipt of a registration application the county treasurer or the department delivers 'two number plates or two number stickers, or both', bearing the distinctive number from the application; mailing fees under § 32-5-127, or actual postage and handling if express mailing is requested"
+  county_treasurer_stock: "SDCL 32-5-82 requires each county treasurer's office to stock: standard issue county motor vehicle and standard issue county motorcycle plates; emblem specialty plates under § 32-5-167; commercial trailer plates under § 32-5-8.1; and trailer plates"
+  display_position_status: >-
+    NOT ESTABLISHED. Chapter 32-5 as read here governs issuance rather than mounting; South
+    Dakota's display, position and mounting-height rules were not located in this pass and
+    are a recorded gap. No front/rear position claim is made.
+  sources:
+    - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-85.html  # SDCL 32-5-85: two plates, with motorcycle, recreational vehicle, semitrailer and trailer receiving one. Source: SL 2016, ch 157, § 1; SL 2025, ch 44, § 15"
+    - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-82.html  # SDCL 32-5-82: delivery of two plates or stickers bearing the § 32-5-81 distinctive number, mailing and express-mailing fees, and the four plate types every county treasurer's office must stock"
+
+series:
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # THE STANDARD-ISSUE SERIES — and the seven-year statutory design cadence.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: us-sd-standard
+    class: standard
+    categories: [car, van, truck, bus]
+    period: { start: 2025 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force-upper-bound
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "99L999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z0-9](?: ?[A-Z0-9]){1,6}\z'
+      charset:
+        notes: >-
+          SDCL 32-5-84 is the whole statutory grammar and it is deliberately open: the plates
+          'shall be of metal or other suitable material bearing the name of the state, either
+          in full or by abbreviation and a distinctive number for assignment to each vehicle.
+          The distinctive number may be in figures or a combination of figures and letters and
+          shall be of a size clearly distinguishable by law enforcement officers and
+          individuals generally.' NO WIDTH, NO ARRANGEMENT and NO LETTER EXCLUSIONS are
+          stated. SDCL 32-5-89 then delegates everything physical: 'The size, design,
+          thickness of metal or material to be used, color, and general makeup of the number
+          plates for motor vehicles of all classifications shall be determined by the
+          department.'
+      pattern_note: >-
+        REPRESENTATIVE SHAPE ONLY, on the nl-export precedent. South Dakota's serial
+        arrangement is not in the Codified Laws — the statute delegates it — and no
+        departmental specification was reachable: the Department of Revenue's plate pages
+        404'd and the Legislature's chapter indexes render as a JavaScript shell. The pattern
+        shows a county-prefixed shape as a representative member of the space and NOT as a
+        claim; the regex is deliberately wide and `matching: recall-only` states that a hit
+        is a shape hit only.
+    design:
+      material: "metal or other suitable material (SDCL 32-5-84)"
+      contrast_rule: "SDCL 32-5-83: 'there shall be at all times a marked contrast between the color of the number plates and that of the numerals and letters on the plates'"
+      reflectorization: >-
+        SDCL 32-5-86: 'To reduce highway accidents at night all number plates authorized by
+        § 32-5-82 shall be reflectorized to an extent, under such method, and to a degree to
+        be maintained all during the service life of the plates as determined by the
+        department.' Note the duty runs for the SERVICE LIFE of the plate, not merely at
+        issue — a durability requirement rather than a specification.
+      manufacture: >-
+        SDCL 32-5-86 requires the department, in weighing reflectorization bids, to consider
+        'the practicability of manufacture of the plates in the license plate plant of the
+        STATE PENITENTIARY, and the durability of any material proposed by bidders', and to
+        eliminate any bid or process not deemed feasible. South Dakota states its
+        correctional-industries manufacture in the plainest terms of any state in this group;
+        Kansas reaches the same arrangement obliquely, via a K.S.A. 39-1208 contract.
+      mount_rushmore_option: >-
+        SDCL 32-5-88: the plates 'may have impressed thereon, in addition to the words and
+        numerals set forth in § 32-5-84, a replica of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial
+        sculptured figures; provided, that such replica can be reproduced on a motor vehicle
+        license plate so as to be easily discernible, and shall be satisfactory as to the cost
+        and feasibility thereof to the Governor, secretary of revenue, and warden of the state
+        penitentiary.' A design element authorised by statute, conditioned on legibility and
+        on the sign-off of three named officers including the prison warden who has to make
+        it. SEE `artwork_risk.mount_rushmore_caution` — this authorization is not a clearance.
+      colour_note: >-
+        NO HEX IS RECORDED. SDCL 32-5-83 mandates marked CONTRAST and 32-5-89 delegates COLOUR
+        to the department, which named no value this pass could reach. Recorded gap rather
+        than an eyedropped value.
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    design_cycle:
+      years: 7
+      statutory_text: "SDCL 32-5-83: 'The number plates authorized by § 32-5-82 shall be of different design each seven-year period and there shall be at all times a marked contrast between the color of the number plates and that of the numerals and letters on the plates.'"
+      why_this_matters: >-
+        THIS IS THE ANSWER TO A QUESTION THE US DOSSIER RECORDED AS UNANSWERED. The dossier
+        surveyed US redesign cadence and concluded: 'Nothing resembling an official
+        cross-state changelog was found... AAMVA gives a recommended replacement cycle
+        (7-10 yr) but no design registry. States individually publish current designs only.'
+        South Dakota is the exception — a STANDING STATUTORY DUTY TO REDESIGN on a fixed
+        seven-year period, which is categorically different from a replacement cycle for worn
+        plates. Consequences for this dataset: South Dakota's series boundaries are periodic
+        by law, so the series history is enumerable once ONE boundary year is pinned, and a
+        South Dakota base that has run more than seven years is prima facie evidence of a
+        data error rather than of a long-lived design.
+      boundary_not_pinned: >-
+        AND YET NO BOUNDARY YEAR WAS OBTAINED, which is the frustrating half. Knowing the
+        period without knowing the phase yields nothing: seven-year steps from an unknown
+        origin do not locate a single boundary. `period.start` therefore remains an
+        instrument-in-force upper bound and the id remains undated. Pinning ONE South Dakota
+        issue year would unlock the entire series history by arithmetic — the single
+        highest-leverage follow-up anywhere in group midwest-b.
+      amendment_history: "SDCL 32-5-83's source line runs SDC 1939 § 44.0114 through SL 2020, ch 135, § 1 — the seven-year figure itself was last touched in 2010 (SL 2010, ch 154, § 1, eff. June 28, 2010) and 2020, so a session-law read of those two acts is the obvious route to the phase"
+    region_encoding:
+      mechanism: "a leading DESIGNATION NUMBER, widely reported to be the county of registration"
+      status: partially-proven
+      what_is_proven: >-
+        THAT A DESIGNATION-NUMBER SLOT EXISTS, AND THAT IT HAS RESERVED VALUES. SDCL 32-5-89
+        closes: 'The department shall also prescribe the plate to be used by the dealers for
+        demonstration purposes and for all motor vehicles registered by manufacturers or
+        dealers WHICH PLATES SHALL BEAR A DISTINCTIVE NUMBER 77.' South Dakota has 66
+        counties, so 77 is deliberately outside any county range. A statute that reserves a
+        specific number for the trade is a statute that presupposes a numbering scheme in
+        which other numbers mean something else. Additionally, SDCL 32-5-81 and 32-5-82 route
+        issuance through the COUNTY TREASURER and 32-5-82 requires each treasurer's office to
+        stock 'standard issue COUNTY motor vehicle and standard issue COUNTY motorcycle
+        license plates' — the statute's own phrase 'county ... license plates'.
+      what_is_not_proven: >-
+        THE MAPPING. No primary stating which number belongs to which county was obtained,
+        nor a statement that the leading number IS the county rather than some other
+        departmental designation. The county-to-number table is therefore NOT published here
+        and NOT asserted. It is universally reported in secondary sources; that is precisely
+        why asserting it without a primary would be the kind of laundering PRD-PLATES §4
+        forbids, and why 66 wrong decode rows would be worse than none.
+      reserved_values: { "77": "dealer, manufacturer and demonstration plates (SDCL 32-5-89) — statutory" }
+      cross_state_note: >-
+        Nebraska reserves 94 for its dealers in exactly the same slot, by DMV practice rather
+        than by statute. Two neighbouring states put the trade above the county range, and any
+        decode table treating the leading number as unconditionally geographic will
+        mis-resolve every dealer plate in both.
+      decode_file_planned: "plates/_decode/us-sd-county-designations.yml once a primary for the mapping is obtained"
+    sources:
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-83.html  # SDCL 32-5-83: the seven-year design duty and the marked-contrast rule. Source line SDC 1939 § 44.0114 through SL 2010, ch 154, § 1 and SL 2020, ch 135, § 1"
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-84.html  # SDCL 32-5-84: metal or other suitable material, the state name in full or abbreviated, the distinctive number in figures or figures-and-letters, and the legibility standard. Source through SL 2020, ch 135, § 2"
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-86.html  # SDCL 32-5-86: reflectorization to a departmentally determined extent maintained through the plates' service life, and the state penitentiary plate plant in the bid-evaluation criteria"
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-88.html  # SDCL 32-5-88: the optional Mount Rushmore replica, its discernibility condition and the Governor / secretary of revenue / penitentiary warden sign-off"
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-89.html  # SDCL 32-5-89: departmental determination of size, design, thickness, colour and general makeup for all classifications, and the dealer plates' 'distinctive number 77'"
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-81.html  # SDCL 32-5-81: county treasurer registration and issuance of a distinctive number plate, and the fuel-type declaration requirement"
+      - "https://www.aamva.org/getmedia/646bcc8a-219b-47d8-b5cd-726240473163/License-Plate-Standard-Edition-3_September-2025-Update.pdf  # AAMVA Ed.3 §1.1's recommended 7-10 year REPLACEMENT cycle, distinguished above from South Dakota's seven-year REDESIGN duty"
+    notes: >-
+      SOUTH DAKOTA STANDARD ISSUE. THE ID IS DELIBERATELY UNDATED even though South Dakota is
+      the one state in this group whose series boundaries are fixed by law — because the law
+      fixes the PERIOD and not the PHASE, and a dated id built on an unpinned phase would be a
+      fabrication dressed as arithmetic. `start: 2025` is the instrument-in-force upper bound.
+      THE ONE SERIES BACK IS A RECORDED GAP for the same reason, and it is the most
+      recoverable gap in group midwest-b: one sourced issue year converts SDCL 32-5-83 into a
+      complete series history.
+      SOURCING NOTE: sdlegislature.gov serves individual statute sections cleanly at
+      /api/Statutes/<cite>.html but renders chapter indexes as a JavaScript shell, so sections
+      here were located by probing cites rather than by reading a table of contents. The
+      Department of Revenue's licence-plate pages returned 404. Both are recorded so a later
+      run knows the terrain.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # DEALER — the statutory 77, and the cleanest reserved-designation fact in the
+  # whole group.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: us-sd-dealer
+    class: dealer
+    categories: [car, van, truck, motorcycle, trailer]
+    period: { start: 2025 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force-upper-bound
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "77-L999"
+      regex: '\A77[- ]?[A-Z0-9]{1,5}\z'
+      charset:
+        designation_literal: "77"
+        notes: >-
+          SDCL 32-5-89, verbatim: the department 'shall also prescribe the plate to be used by
+          the dealers for demonstration purposes and for all motor vehicles registered by
+          manufacturers or dealers which plates shall bear a distinctive number 77.' The 77 is
+          STATUTORY and is fixed in the regex. What follows it is not stated anywhere — no
+          width, no arrangement, not even whether a separator is printed — hence
+          `matching: recall-only` and the optional separator class.
+      pattern_note: >-
+        The 77 is spellable as a literal here only because neither of its digits is 9; the
+        human-pattern DSL reserves 9 as its digit token, which is why Nebraska's reserved 94
+        could NOT be pinned the same way in us-ne-dealer. Same fact, two states, and the DSL
+        permits it in one and not the other — worth knowing when reading the two files
+        together. The separator is written as the sanctioned separator-only class `[- ]`
+        (PRD-PLATES §2.8) because the statute prescribes no glyph and the printed form was
+        not observed.
+    design:
+      note: "the dealer plate is prescribed by the department under SDCL 32-5-89; no design property beyond the 77 is stated in the Codified Laws"
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    binding: business
+    eligibility: "dealers, for demonstration purposes, and all motor vehicles registered by manufacturers or dealers (SDCL 32-5-89)"
+    region_encoding: "designation 77 occupies the leading-number slot but denotes the TRADE, not a county — a decode table must exclude it or it will report a nonexistent 77th county in a 66-county state"
+    sources:
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-89.html  # SDCL 32-5-89: dealer and manufacturer plates 'shall bear a distinctive number 77', alongside the department's power to determine size, design, thickness, colour and general makeup"
+    notes: >-
+      DEALER PLATES. `binding: business` on the standing reasoning that the plate follows the
+      trade rather than a vehicle. This is the cleanest reserved-designation fact in group
+      midwest-b — a legislature naming a specific number and handing it to the trade — and it
+      does double duty: it specifies this series AND it is the primary evidence, recorded on
+      us-sd-standard, that South Dakota's leading number is a designation slot at all.
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # PERSONALIZED — a sourced character range, from statute and agency together.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: us-sd-personalized
+    class: personalized
+    categories: [car, van, truck, motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 2025 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force-upper-bound
+    matching: strict
+    format:
+      pattern: "LLLLLLL"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z]{1,7}\z'
+      charset:
+        min_characters: 1
+        max_characters: 7
+        notes: >-
+          South Dakota Department of Revenue, in its own words: 'Personalized plates can
+          consist of NO MORE THAN SEVEN LETTERS, NOR FEWER THAN ONE.' Note the agency says
+          LETTERS rather than characters — which is why `regex` here is letters-only and
+          carries no alphanumeric statutory twin, unlike its counterparts in Kansas, North
+          Dakota and Missouri. Whether digits are in fact permitted was not established
+          (recorded gap); the regex follows the agency's wording rather than widening it.
+      pattern_note: "the one-to-seven range is sourced directly and the alphabet follows the agency's own word 'letters'; this is the one personalized series in group midwest-b whose regex is narrower than a generic alphanumeric frame BECAUSE the source is narrower"
+    design:
+      note: "personalization is a serial-source difference over an eligible design; no distinct design is prescribed"
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    eligibility: "an owner of a vehicle who is a resident of South Dakota (SD DOR)"
+    fee: "$25.00 annually for cars, trucks and motorhomes and $20.00 for motorcycles, plus the regular licence plate fee, plus a $12.00 mailing fee; application on form MV 1300"
+    content_policy: >-
+      'On September 14, 2023, the Department updated the personal license plate policy.' The
+      Department 'may refuse or recall previously issued personalized license plates', and
+      states that 'Standards have been set to help the Department review and either approve or
+      deny applications fairly and consistently.' The standards document itself was not
+      retrieved (recorded gap) — but the DATED policy update is a firm anchor for a later pass.
+    region_encoding: "not established — whether a personalized South Dakota plate retains a county designation was not determined (recorded gap); Kansas expressly preserves its county letters on vanity plates, and whether South Dakota does the same is unknown"
+    sources:
+      - "https://dor.sd.gov/individuals/motor-vehicle/cars-trucks-vans/personalized-specialty-plates/  # SD DOR: 'Personalized plates can consist of no more than seven letters, nor fewer than one'; the $25/$20 annual fees, the $12 mailing fee, form MV 1300, the 14 September 2023 policy update, and the Department's refusal and recall powers. Cites SDCL 32-5-89.2 and 32-5-89.3"
+    notes: >-
+      PERSONALIZED PLATES. Modelled as its own series because the SERIAL SOURCE differs —
+      owner-chosen rather than department-assigned. The entry is worth reading against its
+      neighbours for a sourcing reason rather than a substantive one: because the South Dakota
+      agency said 'letters' and not 'characters', this regex is letters-only and carries no
+      wider statutory twin, where Kansas, North Dakota and Missouri all get alphanumeric
+      frames from their statutes. The narrower regex is not greater confidence — it is
+      fidelity to a narrower source, and the gap is recorded. SDCL 32-5-89.2 and 32-5-89.3
+      themselves were not read (gap).
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # TRIBAL — nine named tribes, statutory, and a genuine sovereignty wrinkle.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: us-sd-tribal
+    class: specialty
+    categories: [car, van, truck]
+    period: { start: 2025 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force-upper-bound
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "LLL999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z0-9](?: ?[A-Z0-9]){1,6}\z'
+      pattern_note: "REPRESENTATIVE SHAPE ONLY; neither SDCL 32-5-123 as summarised by the agency nor the agency page states a serial grammar for tribal plates, so the regex is wide and `matching: recall-only` follows"
+    design:
+      note: "one design per participating tribe; the designs themselves are L4 scope (PRD-PLATES §2.5) and none is described here"
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+      emblem_caution: >-
+        TRIBAL EMBLEMS ARE A DISTINCT IP AND SOVEREIGNTY QUESTION, not a state-copyright one.
+        These are the marks of nine SOVEREIGN NATIONS appearing on a state-issued plate, and
+        nothing about their reproduction is cleared by anything in `artwork_risk` above, which
+        concerns South Dakota's posture only. Placeholder rendering is not merely the default
+        here but the only defensible option, and this is flagged as an open question rather
+        than an answered one.
+    participating_tribes: ["Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe", "Crow Creek Sioux Tribe", "Lower Brule Sioux Tribe", "Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe", "Oglala Lakota Sioux Tribe", "Rosebud Sioux Tribe", "Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe", "Standing Rock Sioux Tribe", "Yankton Sioux Tribe"]
+    eligibility: "ANY RESIDENT may obtain Indian tribal plates, on having registered the vehicle, paid the current year's county plate fees and supplied a copy of the current registration — note the agency states no tribal-membership requirement"
+    display_rule: "'The Indian tribal plates must be displayed on the vehicle IN PLACE OF the regular number plates' (SD DOR) — a substitute plate, not an addition"
+    fee: "$10.00 initial fee, no renewal fee, plus a $12.00 mailing fee; application on form MV-101"
+    region_encoding: "not established — whether tribal plates carry a county designation was not determined (recorded gap)"
+    sources:
+      - "https://dor.sd.gov/individuals/motor-vehicle/cars-trucks-vans/personalized-specialty-plates/  # SD DOR: the nine participating tribes, the any-resident eligibility rule, the in-place-of-regular-plates display requirement, the $10 initial and no-renewal fee structure, the $12 mailing fee and form MV-101. Cites SDCL 32-5-123"
+    notes: >-
+      TRIBAL PLATES. Included as a core distinct class because South Dakota separately
+      serialises and separately authorises it by statute, and because it is the most
+      substantively distinctive plate program in group midwest-b. CLASS CAVEAT: recorded as
+      `specialty`, since _meta/classes.yml has no tribal or sovereign-nation class — the fit
+      is poor and is flagged, because a tribal plate is not an 'optional-design program on
+      standard serials' in the way a cause plate is. If the vocabulary grows to accommodate
+      sovereign-nation issuance, this series should move; the id contract (PRD-QUALITY I-5)
+      keeps that safe. SDCL 32-5-123's own text was not read (gap).
+
+  # =========================================================================
+  # SPECIALTY — THE PROGRAM INDEX, per PRD-PLATES §2.5.
+  # =========================================================================
+  - id: us-sd-specialty-index
+    class: specialty
+    categories: [car, van, truck, motorcycle]
+    period: { start: 2025 }
+    period_evidence: instrument-in-force-upper-bound
+    matching: recall-only
+    format:
+      pattern: "LLL999"
+      regex: '\A[A-Z0-9](?: ?[A-Z0-9]){1,6}\z'
+      pattern_note: "REPRESENTATIVE SHAPE ONLY; the index stands for programs whose arrangements are not individually stated"
+    design:
+      note: "one design per authorised program; the designs themselves are L4 scope (PRD-PLATES §2.5) and none is described here"
+      emblem: { present: true, rendered: placeholder }
+    program_index:
+      count_official: null
+      count_status: >-
+        NOT ESTABLISHED. No South Dakota specialty-plate count was obtained: the Department of
+        Revenue's licence-plate pages returned 404 and the Legislature's chapter index for
+        Title 32 renders as a JavaScript shell, so neither an agency figure nor a completed
+        statutory enumeration was reached. Recording null with an explicit status is better
+        than importing a secondary figure.
+      structural_facts_sourced: >-
+        WHAT IS SOURCED about the program: SDCL 32-5-167 authorises EMBLEM SPECIALTY PLATES
+        and SDCL 32-5-82 requires every county treasurer's office to stock them alongside
+        standard issue, which tells us emblem specialty plates are mainstream rather than
+        mail-order. And the SD DOR states a reissue rule with real dataset consequences —
+        CONSERVATION specialty plates 'must be reissued on a three-year cycle', a
+        program-specific cadence running independently of the state's seven-year design duty
+        under SDCL 32-5-83.
+      known_program_hooks: ["32-5-167 (emblem specialty plates)", "32-5-76 (person with substantial physical disability)", "32-5-77 (historical plates)", "32-5-89.2 and 32-5-89.3 (personalized)", "32-5-123 (tribal)"]
+      historical_plates_note: >-
+        SDCL 32-5-77 is titled 'Historical license plates--Application and fee--PERMANENT
+        PLATES--Use of vehicle restricted'. Its title alone establishes that South Dakota runs
+        a permanent historic-plate regime with a use restriction, which is enough to know the
+        class exists and NOT enough to specify it. No series is minted for it here; its text
+        was not read (recorded gap) and the L2 brief asks for sourced classes, not inferred
+        ones.
+      official_list_url: "https://dor.sd.gov/individuals/motor-vehicle/cars-trucks-vans/personalized-specialty-plates/"
+      dor_status: "the South Dakota DOR licence-plate landing pages under /all-vehicles-title-fees-registration/ returned 404 in this pass; the personalized-and-specialty page under /cars-trucks-vans/ resolved and is the working entry point"
+    region_encoding: "not established for specialty plates (recorded gap)"
+    sources:
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-82.html  # SDCL 32-5-82: emblem specialty plates under § 32-5-167 among the four plate types every county treasurer's office must stock, alongside standard issue county motor vehicle and motorcycle plates, commercial trailer plates under § 32-5-8.1 and trailer plates"
+      - "https://dor.sd.gov/individuals/motor-vehicle/cars-trucks-vans/personalized-specialty-plates/  # SD DOR: the three-year reissue cycle for conservation specialty plates, the personalized and tribal programs and their statutory hooks"
+      - "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/32-5-77.html  # SDCL 32-5-77: 'Historical license plates--Application and fee--Permanent plates--Use of vehicle restricted' — the existence and shape of the historic regime, whose text was not read"
+    notes: >-
+      THE SPECIALTY PROGRAM INDEX — present as required by PRD-PLATES §2.5, CARRYING NO COUNT.
+      South Dakota joins Kansas and Minnesota as the three states in group midwest-b that
+      yielded no specialty figure, in each case because the issuing agency's pages were
+      unreachable or absent. The substantive find here is not a number but a CADENCE: South
+      Dakota runs at least two independent reissue clocks — the statutory seven-year design
+      duty over the standard plate (SDCL 32-5-83) and a three-year reissue cycle over
+      conservation specialty plates — so 'when does a South Dakota plate change' has different
+      answers for different programs, and a single per-state cadence field would be wrong.