sm-transcript 0.0.6 → 0.0.7

data/test/results/ocw-5.111-f08-lec01_300k.SRT

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+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
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+3
+00:00:00,024 --> 00:00:00,03
+Commons license.
+
+
+4
+00:00:00,03 --> 00:00:00,054
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
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+00:00:00,054 --> 00:00:00,075
+offer high quality educational
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+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
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+00:00:00,386 --> 00:00:00,726
+hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+8
+00:00:00,726 --> 00:00:16,84
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+
+9
+00:00:16,84 --> 00:00:26,29
+PROFESSOR: Welcome to 5.111,
+and today what we're going to
+
+10
+00:00:26,29 --> 00:00:28,96
+do is introduce you to the
+course and the people
+
+11
+00:00:28,96 --> 00:00:30,37
+teaching the course.
+
+
+12
+00:00:30,37 --> 00:00:34,38
+And we're also going to let you
+know that you were going to be
+
+13
+00:00:34,38 --> 00:00:39,85
+part of the great web exercise
+that is OCW, OpenCourseWare.
+
+14
+00:00:39,85 --> 00:00:43,3
+So, this course is being
+videotaped this year, and
+
+15
+00:00:43,3 --> 00:00:46,81
+this is the announcement
+that I have to make.
+
+16
+00:00:46,81 --> 00:00:52,05
+So, the videotape is in the
+back, and if you want to come
+
+17
+00:00:52,05 --> 00:00:55,38
+up front and participate in the
+class, you know that you'll be
+
+18
+00:00:55,38 --> 00:00:59,56
+videotaped -- if you want to
+hide your face or whatever, you
+
+19
+00:00:59,56 --> 00:01:01,55
+can do that but please pay
+attention to the
+
+20
+00:01:01,55 --> 00:01:02,91
+lectures anyway.
+
+
+21
+00:01:02,91 --> 00:01:07,59
+So, this course will be
+available on the OCW site
+
+22
+00:01:07,59 --> 00:01:09,36
+in the future, I'm not
+sure exactly what that
+
+23
+00:01:09,36 --> 00:01:13,02
+date is going to be.
+
+
+24
+00:01:13,02 --> 00:01:15,94
+So, today we're going to
+introduce the chemistry topics,
+
+25
+00:01:15,94 --> 00:01:18,8
+which we will cover in 5.111,
+and give you general
+
+26
+00:01:18,8 --> 00:01:21,09
+information, practical
+information about the course
+
+27
+00:01:21,09 --> 00:01:23,78
+number of points you need, when
+the exams are, that kind of
+
+28
+00:01:23,78 --> 00:01:27,11
+thing, policies, and introduce
+you to the teaching staff.
+
+29
+00:01:27,11 --> 00:01:29,72
+I am, again, Professor Cathy
+Drennen, and I'm one of the
+
+30
+00:01:29,72 --> 00:01:32,41
+lecturers in this course.
+
+
+31
+00:01:32,41 --> 00:01:36,15
+So, because this is MIT, we're
+going to start to quiz.
+
+32
+00:01:36,15 --> 00:01:39,75
+OK, not a quiz for points or
+anything, don't freak out,
+
+33
+00:01:39,75 --> 00:01:50,95
+but I do want you to tell
+me who these people are.
+
+34
+00:01:50,95 --> 00:01:54,14
+So, what about this person?
+
+
+35
+00:01:54,14 --> 00:01:59,43
+That's me -- this is my
+college yearbook photo.
+
+36
+00:01:59,43 --> 00:02:01,62
+OK, what about this
+person over here?
+
+37
+00:02:01,62 --> 00:02:06,61
+STUDENT: You?
+
+
+38
+00:02:06,61 --> 00:02:09,85
+PROFESSOR: It's not me again.
+
+
+39
+00:02:09,85 --> 00:02:12,31
+Not Elizabeth Taylor.
+
+
+40
+00:02:12,31 --> 00:02:23,75
+It is Lisa Kudrow, known as
+Phoebe on "Friends." So, we
+
+41
+00:02:23,75 --> 00:02:26,68
+both went to college at the
+same time, we went to
+
+42
+00:02:26,68 --> 00:02:27,69
+the same college.
+
+
+43
+00:02:27,69 --> 00:02:33,16
+Does anybody know what
+college that was?
+
+44
+00:02:33,16 --> 00:02:33,51
+STUDENT: Vassar.
+
+
+45
+00:02:33,51 --> 00:02:35,43
+PROFESSOR: Vassar
+College, very good.
+
+46
+00:02:35,43 --> 00:02:39,54
+And we graduated the same year
+-- now no one has to say what
+
+47
+00:02:39,54 --> 00:02:42,4
+year that was, even if
+you know, but we did
+
+48
+00:02:42,4 --> 00:02:44,29
+graduate the same year.
+
+
+49
+00:02:44,29 --> 00:02:45,17
+All right.
+
+
+50
+00:02:45,17 --> 00:02:51,78
+So, given what you know about
+us, what do you think Lisa
+
+51
+00:02:51,78 --> 00:02:53,28
+went to college to study?
+
+
+52
+00:02:53,28 --> 00:02:56,75
+STUDENT: Computer?
+
+
+53
+00:02:56,75 --> 00:02:58,2
+PROFESSOR: Computers?
+
+
+54
+00:02:58,2 --> 00:02:59,65
+No.
+
+
+55
+00:02:59,65 --> 00:03:00,42
+STUDENT: Theatre?
+
+
+56
+00:03:00,42 --> 00:03:00,88
+PROFESSOR: Theatre?
+
+
+57
+00:03:00,88 --> 00:03:01,65
+Surprisingly, no.
+
+
+58
+00:03:01,65 --> 00:03:02,71
+STUDENT: Nuclear Engineering?
+
+
+59
+00:03:02,71 --> 00:03:04,57
+PROFESSOR: Nuclear Engineering
+at Vassar, no for a
+
+60
+00:03:04,57 --> 00:03:08,12
+variety of reasons.
+
+
+61
+00:03:08,12 --> 00:03:08,94
+Any other guesses?
+
+
+62
+00:03:08,94 --> 00:03:11,04
+STUDENT: English?
+
+
+63
+00:03:11,04 --> 00:03:11,72
+PROFESSOR: English, no.
+
+
+64
+00:03:11,72 --> 00:03:15,26
+Biology -- I heard it.
+
+
+65
+00:03:15,26 --> 00:03:16,99
+Biology.
+
+
+66
+00:03:16,99 --> 00:03:19,67
+What do you think I went
+to college to study?
+
+67
+00:03:19,67 --> 00:03:21,75
+STUDENT: Theatre.
+
+
+68
+00:03:21,75 --> 00:03:24,67
+PROFESSOR: Theatre, correct!
+
+
+69
+00:03:24,67 --> 00:03:28,61
+And/or I hadn't made
+up my mind exactly --
+
+70
+00:03:28,61 --> 00:03:31,3
+biopsychology or drama.
+
+
+71
+00:03:31,3 --> 00:03:33,92
+So, biopsychology was what they
+called sort of brain and
+
+72
+00:03:33,92 --> 00:03:36,53
+cognitive sciences
+in those days.
+
+73
+00:03:36,53 --> 00:03:40,58
+So, those were the two things
+I was thinking about.
+
+74
+00:03:40,58 --> 00:03:44
+What do you think Lisa ended
+up majoring in college?
+
+75
+00:03:44 --> 00:03:46,49
+STUDENT: Biopsychology.
+
+
+76
+00:03:46,49 --> 00:03:50,21
+PROFESSOR: Not biopsychology.
+
+
+77
+00:03:50,21 --> 00:03:50,49
+STUDENT: Biology.
+
+
+78
+00:03:50,49 --> 00:03:57,18
+PROFESSOR: Biology, yes.
+
+
+79
+00:03:57,18 --> 00:03:59
+What do you think I
+majored in college?
+
+80
+00:03:59 --> 00:04:00,06
+This should be a bit easier.
+
+
+81
+00:04:00,06 --> 00:04:01,3
+STUDENT: Chemistry.
+
+
+82
+00:04:01,3 --> 00:04:05,66
+PROFESSOR: Chemistry, And, of
+course, our professions,
+
+83
+00:04:05,66 --> 00:04:09,16
+actress and chemistry
+professor.
+
+84
+00:04:09,16 --> 00:04:15,96
+So, let me ask what
+happened here?
+
+85
+00:04:15,96 --> 00:04:19,26
+My understanding about Lisa
+Kudrow is that she came
+
+86
+00:04:19,26 --> 00:04:20,77
+from a Hollywood family.
+
+
+87
+00:04:20,77 --> 00:04:23,65
+She went to college and said
+here's my opportunity to study
+
+88
+00:04:23,65 --> 00:04:26,39
+the thing that I find most
+interesting, and that was
+
+89
+00:04:26,39 --> 00:04:29,91
+biology, and then she went back
+and participated in the family
+
+90
+00:04:29,91 --> 00:04:33,45
+business, which was of course
+the acting profession.
+
+91
+00:04:33,45 --> 00:04:35,41
+For me, what happened?
+
+
+92
+00:04:35,41 --> 00:04:42,22
+Well, I have to say, I did not
+like chemistry in high school,
+
+93
+00:04:42,22 --> 00:04:45,92
+so I did not think about going
+to college to study chemistry.
+
+94
+00:04:45,92 --> 00:04:50,01
+So, why did I not like
+chemistry in high school?
+
+95
+00:04:50,01 --> 00:04:56,42
+I think it was because of
+images such as this one.
+
+96
+00:04:56,42 --> 00:04:59,05
+You spend a lot of time talking
+about the transition between
+
+97
+00:04:59,05 --> 00:05:00,68
+alchemy and modern chemistry.
+
+
+98
+00:05:00,68 --> 00:05:03,77
+I wasn't very interested in
+that kind of thing, and there's
+
+99
+00:05:03,77 --> 00:05:06,37
+nothing in these photographs
+that really appealed
+
+100
+00:05:06,37 --> 00:05:07,81
+to me personally.
+
+
+101
+00:05:07,81 --> 00:05:12,39
+I mean, Avogadro -- I'm fond
+of his number, and he is, in
+
+102
+00:05:12,39 --> 00:05:18,33
+fact, an interesting, if not
+frightening looking man -- this
+
+103
+00:05:18,33 --> 00:05:21,16
+just didn't connect with me.
+
+
+104
+00:05:21,16 --> 00:05:23,13
+But then I got to college and
+they said, "Well, if you're
+
+105
+00:05:23,13 --> 00:05:26,95
+thinking about anything bio --
+biopsychology, biology -- you
+
+106
+00:05:26,95 --> 00:05:31,89
+have to take chemistry." And I
+said to my advisor, "No, no.
+
+107
+00:05:31,89 --> 00:05:35,53
+I have taken chemistry in high
+school, and I can assure you
+
+108
+00:05:35,53 --> 00:05:38,74
+that chemistry has no relevance
+whatsoever to the life
+
+109
+00:05:38,74 --> 00:05:42,21
+sciences." And they said,
+"Well, I'm sorry you feel that
+
+110
+00:05:42,21 --> 00:05:46,01
+way, it's incorrect, and you
+have to take it anyway."
+
+111
+00:05:46,01 --> 00:05:51,66
+So, I, like some of you in this
+room, took freshman chemistry,
+
+112
+00:05:51,66 --> 00:05:54,87
+because we had to, not
+because we wanted to.
+
+113
+00:05:54,87 --> 00:05:58,54
+And I, like hopefully some of
+you in this room, discovered
+
+114
+00:05:58,54 --> 00:06:01,62
+that chemistry was actually a
+lot of fun, and that the
+
+115
+00:06:01,62 --> 00:06:05,03
+chemistry I got in college was
+pretty much nothing like the
+
+116
+00:06:05,03 --> 00:06:07,78
+chemistry I had seen
+in high school.
+
+117
+00:06:07,78 --> 00:06:09,93
+So, let me introduce you to
+some of the topics we are
+
+118
+00:06:09,93 --> 00:06:14,59
+going to be covering in
+chemistry this semester.
+
+119
+00:06:14,59 --> 00:06:18,64
+So, there's more detail on your
+syllabus -- a detail of what
+
+120
+00:06:18,64 --> 00:06:21,5
+we'll cover every day, but
+these are the kind of basic
+
+121
+00:06:21,5 --> 00:06:23,52
+things that were covering, and
+you don't need to write this
+
+122
+00:06:23,52 --> 00:06:24,99
+down, you'll become
+familiar with it as
+
+123
+00:06:24,99 --> 00:06:27,28
+the semester goes on.
+
+
+124
+00:06:27,28 --> 00:06:29,9
+We start out with some
+really basic principles.
+
+125
+00:06:29,9 --> 00:06:34,05
+So, up here, atomic theory,
+periodic table, bonding,
+
+126
+00:06:34,05 --> 00:06:35,56
+structures and molecules.
+
+
+127
+00:06:35,56 --> 00:06:40,99
+And there will be a little bit
+of history in there, but this
+
+128
+00:06:40,99 --> 00:06:45,88
+is mostly modern chemistry and
+represents the basic properties
+
+129
+00:06:45,88 --> 00:06:49,32
+of matter, and it's basic
+properties of all matter,
+
+130
+00:06:49,32 --> 00:06:52,51
+including living matter, which
+was what really interested me,
+
+131
+00:06:52,51 --> 00:06:55,07
+that connection between
+chemistry and biology.
+
+132
+00:06:55,07 --> 00:06:57,05
+So, then we go to
+thermodynamics and chemical
+
+133
+00:06:57,05 --> 00:07:01,71
+equilibrium, and this is really
+about chemical reactions --
+
+134
+00:07:01,71 --> 00:07:04,54
+weather a reaction will go,
+will it be spontaneous, if
+
+135
+00:07:04,54 --> 00:07:06,61
+there an equilibrium, what
+direction will the
+
+136
+00:07:06,61 --> 00:07:09,59
+reaction be shifted in.
+
+
+137
+00:07:09,59 --> 00:07:12,35
+And then, of course, not just
+whether the reaction will
+
+138
+00:07:12,35 --> 00:07:15,83
+occur but, how fast it
+occurs is really important.
+
+139
+00:07:15,83 --> 00:07:19,62
+So, that's kinetics -- how fast
+a reaction will go, and from
+
+140
+00:07:19,62 --> 00:07:22,07
+the perspective of someone
+who's a biochemist, I'm
+
+141
+00:07:22,07 --> 00:07:25,35
+interested in kinetics and
+enzyme kinetics, and thinking
+
+142
+00:07:25,35 --> 00:07:29,06
+about molecules that catalyze
+reactions in the body.
+
+143
+00:07:29,06 --> 00:07:32,78
+And then, there's acid base
+equilibrium, and also oxidation
+
+144
+00:07:32,78 --> 00:07:36,66
+reduction reactions, and what
+is true is that most reactions
+
+145
+00:07:36,66 --> 00:07:38,83
+that occur are either catalyzed
+by either some kind of acid
+
+146
+00:07:38,83 --> 00:07:42,49
+base catalysis or involve some
+kind of oxidation reduction
+
+147
+00:07:42,49 --> 00:07:48,59
+reaction, and so, this sort of
+represents a lot of the basic
+
+148
+00:07:48,59 --> 00:07:51,19
+way reactions go -- now,
+whether that's a reaction in
+
+149
+00:07:51,19 --> 00:07:53,65
+your body or a reaction in
+a test tube -- it doesn't
+
+150
+00:07:53,65 --> 00:07:56,45
+matter, a lot of the same
+principles are involved.
+
+151
+00:07:56,45 --> 00:07:58,62
+And then, we also cover
+transition metals, which is
+
+152
+00:07:58,62 --> 00:08:01,57
+something that you often
+don't see in high school.
+
+153
+00:08:01,57 --> 00:08:04,06
+And transition metals, those
+all medals in the middle of
+
+154
+00:08:04,06 --> 00:08:07,57
+your periodic table, have some
+really unique properties, which
+
+155
+00:08:07,57 --> 00:08:09,84
+are exploited again in
+reactions that occur in your
+
+156
+00:08:09,84 --> 00:08:13,37
+body, and also are utilized in
+industry, for example, so we'll
+
+157
+00:08:13,37 --> 00:08:15,96
+talk about some of those
+unique properties.
+
+158
+00:08:15,96 --> 00:08:20,09
+And if we put all of that
+together, we get the real
+
+159
+00:08:20,09 --> 00:08:22,39
+fundamentals that you need
+to go on and study -- any
+
+160
+00:08:22,39 --> 00:08:24,71
+kind of curriculum that
+involves chemistry.
+
+161
+00:08:24,71 --> 00:08:28,44
+So, these are all the
+fundamentals that are involved
+
+162
+00:08:28,44 --> 00:08:31,63
+in chemistry that relate to
+physical chemistry, organic
+
+163
+00:08:31,63 --> 00:08:35,46
+chemistry, inorganic chemistry,
+biological chemistry, and are a
+
+164
+00:08:35,46 --> 00:08:38,51
+solid foundation for studying
+any kind of life science.
+
+165
+00:08:38,51 --> 00:08:42,01
+So, I congratulate you of being
+here in this class, this is
+
+166
+00:08:42,01 --> 00:08:45,02
+really good solid foundation
+for whatever you go on
+
+167
+00:08:45,02 --> 00:08:47,46
+to do, here at MIT.
+
+
+168
+00:08:47,46 --> 00:08:50,9
+So, normally at this point, we
+do actually start class with a
+
+169
+00:08:50,9 --> 00:08:54,76
+little bit of history from
+alchemy to modern chemistry,
+
+170
+00:08:54,76 --> 00:08:58,04
+but I decided to skip
+that this year.
+
+171
+00:08:58,04 --> 00:09:00,68
+If you are interested in that,
+it's never required on any
+
+172
+00:09:00,68 --> 00:09:04,28
+test, it never has been, but if
+you're interested in that there
+
+173
+00:09:04,28 --> 00:09:08,07
+is an OCW lecture, which you
+can listen to that's an
+
+174
+00:09:08,07 --> 00:09:10,58
+excellent lecture by Professor
+Sylvia Ceyer on that.
+
+175
+00:09:10,58 --> 00:09:13,94
+But today instead, I thought I
+would give you some examples of
+
+176
+00:09:13,94 --> 00:09:19,04
+modern chemistry -- why people
+now need to know chemistry,
+
+177
+00:09:19,04 --> 00:09:21,7
+what they're doing with
+chemistry, what is chemistry
+
+178
+00:09:21,7 --> 00:09:26,24
+research here at MIT, and how
+does it utilize these basic
+
+179
+00:09:26,24 --> 00:09:29,42
+principles, which we'll be
+talking about in the course.
+
+180
+00:09:29,42 --> 00:09:32,31
+So, I'll start with my
+colleague, Professor
+
+181
+00:09:32,31 --> 00:09:33,62
+Joanne Stubbe.
+
+
+182
+00:09:33,62 --> 00:09:35,68
+She studies molecules, in
+particular she studies
+
+183
+00:09:35,68 --> 00:09:37,5
+biological molecules.
+
+
+184
+00:09:37,5 --> 00:09:41,24
+And, so one of the things she's
+very interested in is how this
+
+185
+00:09:41,24 --> 00:09:45,27
+anti-cancer drug, gemcitabine,
+works in the body.
+
+186
+00:09:45,27 --> 00:09:48,02
+So, it inhibits an enzyme, and
+she's interested in knowing
+
+187
+00:09:48,02 --> 00:09:49,62
+how that really works.
+
+
+188
+00:09:49,62 --> 00:09:52,69
+So, enzymes are made up of
+amino acids, you have long
+
+189
+00:09:52,69 --> 00:09:55,98
+chains of amino acids that form
+together into a protein
+
+190
+00:09:55,98 --> 00:09:59,29
+molecules, protein molecules in
+your body often act as enzymes,
+
+191
+00:09:59,29 --> 00:10:00,88
+catalyzing reactions.
+
+
+192
+00:10:00,88 --> 00:10:03,82
+So, she is interested in how
+this molecule, gemcitabine,
+
+193
+00:10:03,82 --> 00:10:06,38
+inhibits an enzyme.
+
+
+194
+00:10:06,38 --> 00:10:09,29
+So, to do those studies,
+she needs to know a lot of
+
+195
+00:10:09,29 --> 00:10:10,51
+the stuff on this list.
+
+
+196
+00:10:10,51 --> 00:10:13,37
+Of course, she needs to know
+the basic principles, but she's
+
+197
+00:10:13,37 --> 00:10:15,43
+also talking about it an
+enzyme, so she needs to know
+
+198
+00:10:15,43 --> 00:10:17,49
+about enzyme catalysis.
+
+
+199
+00:10:17,49 --> 00:10:20,34
+She needs to know this
+enzyme works by both
+
+200
+00:10:20,34 --> 00:10:23,22
+acid base chemistry, and
+oxidation reduction.
+
+201
+00:10:23,22 --> 00:10:26,98
+It has two irons that are
+involved in doing the
+
+202
+00:10:26,98 --> 00:10:29,61
+chemistry, so it includes
+transition metals.
+
+203
+00:10:29,61 --> 00:10:33,02
+She thinks about how things
+bind, how the natural reactants
+
+204
+00:10:33,02 --> 00:10:35,77
+binds, how the inhibitor binds,
+and so she needs to know what
+
+205
+00:10:35,77 --> 00:10:37,79
+happens to the chemical
+equilibrium, she needs to know
+
+206
+00:10:37,79 --> 00:10:40,42
+about the thermodynamics of
+those binding events, and, of
+
+207
+00:10:40,42 --> 00:10:43,15
+course, everything, all
+the basic principles,
+
+208
+00:10:43,15 --> 00:10:44,62
+are required here.
+
+
+209
+00:10:44,62 --> 00:10:48,67
+So, to do this biochemistry
+research, she needs to know all
+
+210
+00:10:48,67 --> 00:10:52,78
+of these things, and she has
+really made tremendous progress
+
+211
+00:10:52,78 --> 00:10:55,04
+in understanding how
+gemcitabine works, and it is
+
+212
+00:10:55,04 --> 00:10:59,7
+not so toxic, so it's a really
+good thing to have
+
+213
+00:10:59,7 --> 00:11:01,77
+in chemotherapy.
+
+
+214
+00:11:01,77 --> 00:11:04,86
+So, in addition to studying
+molecules, chemists often want
+
+215
+00:11:04,86 --> 00:11:08,16
+to make molecules, such as Tim
+Jamison, who's an
+
+216
+00:11:08,16 --> 00:11:09,94
+organic chemist.
+
+
+217
+00:11:09,94 --> 00:11:14,8
+So, you will hear, probably,
+hopefully, in this presidential
+
+218
+00:11:14,8 --> 00:11:17,93
+debate about the environment
+and about why saving the
+
+219
+00:11:17,93 --> 00:11:19,29
+environment is important.
+
+
+220
+00:11:19,29 --> 00:11:22,27
+And one of the things you often
+hear about in this discussion
+
+221
+00:11:22,27 --> 00:11:25,71
+is about our oceans and about
+rainforests, and part of the
+
+222
+00:11:25,71 --> 00:11:29,49
+reason why people want to
+protect those areas is because
+
+223
+00:11:29,49 --> 00:11:32,48
+you find a lot of natural
+products in those regions.
+
+224
+00:11:32,48 --> 00:11:34,53
+So, a natural product is
+something that is made by
+
+225
+00:11:34,53 --> 00:11:37,043
+nature, and often natural
+products, whether it comes from
+
+226
+00:11:37,043 --> 00:11:40,28
+a plant or a marine organism
+have some really good,
+
+227
+00:11:40,28 --> 00:11:41,73
+useful properties.
+
+
+228
+00:11:41,73 --> 00:11:45,79
+And so, one particular compound
+has anti-tumor properties.
+
+229
+00:11:45,79 --> 00:11:48,76
+So, again, along this
+line of cancer research.
+
+230
+00:11:48,76 --> 00:11:51,85
+So, Tim Jamison's lab figured
+out how to make this thing.
+
+231
+00:11:51,85 --> 00:11:55,3
+And often that's really
+important, because you can't
+
+232
+00:11:55,3 --> 00:11:59,05
+get enough of the organism that
+naturally makes it, to be able
+
+233
+00:11:59,05 --> 00:12:01,67
+to grind that organism up and
+have enough that you can
+
+234
+00:12:01,67 --> 00:12:03,03
+actually use as a medicine.
+
+
+235
+00:12:03,03 --> 00:12:05,75
+So, you have to make more
+of it, because nature
+
+236
+00:12:05,75 --> 00:12:06,85
+doesn't make enough.
+
+
+237
+00:12:06,85 --> 00:12:10,29
+So, it's very important to
+figure out how to do that.
+
+238
+00:12:10,29 --> 00:12:13,77
+So, in doing that, Tim
+Jamison's lab needs a
+
+239
+00:12:13,77 --> 00:12:15,25
+lot of these things.
+
+
+240
+00:12:15,25 --> 00:12:18,71
+So, he needs a lot of knowledge
+of bonding, he wants to
+
+241
+00:12:18,71 --> 00:12:20,37
+form bonds in making this.
+
+
+242
+00:12:20,37 --> 00:12:22,7
+He needs to know about the
+structures of the molecules,
+
+243
+00:12:22,7 --> 00:12:25,92
+because if the structure is
+wrong it's not going to work.
+
+244
+00:12:25,92 --> 00:12:28,06
+And often, if you want to make
+a lot of it, you have to think
+
+245
+00:12:28,06 --> 00:12:29,888
+about the thermodynamics of the
+system, how fast the reactions
+
+246
+00:12:29,888 --> 00:12:32,9
+will go and kinetics, and then
+whether they'll go, the
+
+247
+00:12:32,9 --> 00:12:38,97
+thermodynamics, and sometimes
+then you need to adjust the
+
+248
+00:12:38,97 --> 00:12:41,01
+reactions, maybe use a
+transition metal to
+
+249
+00:12:41,01 --> 00:12:42,19
+make it go better.
+
+
+250
+00:12:42,19 --> 00:12:45,81
+So, these are all the things
+that Tim Jamison needs to know
+
+251
+00:12:45,81 --> 00:12:47,11
+to do organic chemistry.
+
+
+252
+00:12:47,11 --> 00:12:49,61
+So, you'll be learning in this
+class a great preparation
+
+253
+00:12:49,61 --> 00:12:53,28
+for 512, which is
+organic chemistry.
+
+254
+00:12:53,28 --> 00:12:57,28
+In addition to studying
+molecules and making molecules,
+
+255
+00:12:57,28 --> 00:13:01,13
+some chemists want to detect
+molecules, and a chemist who
+
+256
+00:13:01,13 --> 00:13:04,25
+likes to detect molecules
+is Tim Swager.
+
+257
+00:13:04,25 --> 00:13:07,8
+So, Tim Swager's lab has
+designed sensors that detect
+
+258
+00:13:07,8 --> 00:13:11,59
+vapors, and so they will
+detect TNT, for example.
+
+259
+00:13:11,59 --> 00:13:14,81
+And so, he has put this
+chemistry to use in this
+
+260
+00:13:14,81 --> 00:13:19,3
+robotic arm and they call it
+Fido, because often dogs are
+
+261
+00:13:19,3 --> 00:13:22,08
+the creatures that have to go
+out and detect these things,
+
+262
+00:13:22,08 --> 00:13:26,43
+and it's not a great job if
+you're a dog to be sent out to
+
+263
+00:13:26,43 --> 00:13:28,63
+see whether there was an
+explosive and discover yes,
+
+264
+00:13:28,63 --> 00:13:30,74
+there was, a little
+bit too late.
+
+265
+00:13:30,74 --> 00:13:35,64
+So, this is a much nicer way
+to detect chemicals with this
+
+266
+00:13:35,64 --> 00:13:39,96
+robotic arm, and here's a
+picture of it in use in Iraq.
+
+267
+00:13:39,96 --> 00:13:43,73
+So, in doing this, if you go
+down to kind of a basic
+
+268
+00:13:43,73 --> 00:13:47,56
+principles that Tim needed to
+know about, oxidation reduction
+
+269
+00:13:47,56 --> 00:13:50,52
+was really key in developing
+this technology, so
+
+270
+00:13:50,52 --> 00:13:53,17
+we'll talk about that.
+
+
+271
+00:13:53,17 --> 00:13:57,52
+So, my final example is from
+Alan Davidson's lab, and Alan
+
+272
+00:13:57,52 --> 00:14:01,07
+is an inorganic chemist -- he
+loved those transition metals
+
+273
+00:14:01,07 --> 00:14:04,85
+and they're unique properties,
+and he designed this compound,
+
+274
+00:14:04,85 --> 00:14:08,56
+it's called Cardiolite, and
+it's used in heart imaging.
+
+275
+00:14:08,56 --> 00:14:12,83
+So, many people have relatives
+they know of that have had to
+
+276
+00:14:12,83 --> 00:14:16,14
+have their heart imaged --
+heart disease is a major
+
+277
+00:14:16,14 --> 00:14:18,84
+problem in the United States,
+and there's a good chance that
+
+278
+00:14:18,84 --> 00:14:21,11
+they had Cardiolite given to
+them to help in that
+
+279
+00:14:21,11 --> 00:14:22,27
+imaging process.
+
+
+280
+00:14:22,27 --> 00:14:27,83
+So, this again, takes advantage
+of those great unique
+
+281
+00:14:27,83 --> 00:14:30,7
+properties of transition
+metals, which we'll talk
+
+282
+00:14:30,7 --> 00:14:32,51
+about in this course.
+
+
+283
+00:14:32,51 --> 00:14:36,27
+So, again, all together, this
+is the basis for modern
+
+284
+00:14:36,27 --> 00:14:39,55
+chemistry, and examples I just
+gave you, are some of the
+
+285
+00:14:39,55 --> 00:14:42,43
+things that modern chemists are
+working on -- some of the
+
+286
+00:14:42,43 --> 00:14:45,57
+issues that our country faces
+and our world faces, and how
+
+287
+00:14:45,57 --> 00:14:48,55
+chemistry is involved in that.
+
+
+288
+00:14:48,55 --> 00:14:52,14
+So, not only will you have the
+fundamental knowledge to go on
+
+289
+00:14:52,14 --> 00:14:56,01
+and take more courses in
+chemistry, you will also have
+
+290
+00:14:56,01 --> 00:14:59,36
+the fundamental knowledge to go
+on and do undergraduate
+
+291
+00:14:59,36 --> 00:15:04,27
+research here, and here are
+some of the 5.111 undergraduate
+
+292
+00:15:04,27 --> 00:15:07,46
+researchers that have
+come through my lab, in
+
+293
+00:15:07,46 --> 00:15:10,26
+particular, from this class.
+
+
+294
+00:15:10,26 --> 00:15:14,13
+So, it's a really nice
+solid foundation.
+
+295
+00:15:14,13 --> 00:15:17,91
+So, I want to encourage you to
+set some of your likes and
+
+296
+00:15:17,91 --> 00:15:22,25
+dislikes from high school aside
+when you come to MIT, because
+
+297
+00:15:22,25 --> 00:15:25,84
+at MIT you often see
+disciplines taught and
+
+298
+00:15:25,84 --> 00:15:28,15
+emphasize a very different
+fashion than what
+
+299
+00:15:28,15 --> 00:15:29,03
+you've seen before.
+
+
+300
+00:15:29,03 --> 00:15:31,51
+And you may discover that the
+thing you came here to study is
+
+301
+00:15:31,51 --> 00:15:34,86
+not the thing that you really
+want to study after all.
+
+302
+00:15:34,86 --> 00:15:38,3
+One other thing that I'll say
+to you is that I said these
+
+303
+00:15:38,3 --> 00:15:41,73
+words at one point, it's true,
+I said, when I was in high
+
+304
+00:15:41,73 --> 00:15:49,57
+school, I said, "I hate
+chemistry." And now, I do
+
+305
+00:15:49,57 --> 00:15:56,12
+chemistry every day and
+will for the rest my life.
+
+306
+00:15:56,12 --> 00:15:57,49
+I love chemistry now.
+
+
+307
+00:15:57,49 --> 00:15:59,48
+Be very careful what you say.
+
+
+308
+00:15:59,48 --> 00:16:01,29
+Have any of you made
+that statement about
+
+309
+00:16:01,29 --> 00:16:04,15
+hating a subject?
+
+
+310
+00:16:04,15 --> 00:16:06,65
+Tell me later what it is
+you're going to be doing
+
+311
+00:16:06,65 --> 00:16:09,85
+for the rest of your life.
+
+
+312
+00:16:09,85 --> 00:16:13,03
+So, at MIT things are very
+different, and keep an open
+
+313
+00:16:13,03 --> 00:16:16,63
+mind, explore new areas -- take
+advantage of being at this
+
+314
+00:16:16,63 --> 00:16:19,89
+amazing place for science and
+technology and you may surprise
+
+315
+00:16:19,89 --> 00:16:25,43
+yourself in what you really
+enjoy learning about.
+
+316
+00:16:25,43 --> 00:16:28,555
+So, that's a little bit about
+the chemistry that we're going
+
+317
+00:16:28,555 --> 00:16:32,66
+to cover in this class, and now
+I'm going to talk a little
+
+318
+00:16:32,66 --> 00:16:35,46
+bit about some of the
+policies and procedures.
+
+319
+00:16:35,46 --> 00:16:39,21
+But first I need to introduce
+my co-instructor for this
+
+320
+00:16:39,21 --> 00:16:43,28
+class, and let me just put
+up her picture, you'll
+
+321
+00:16:43,28 --> 00:16:44,31
+see her in a minute.
+
+
+322
+00:16:44,31 --> 00:16:47,04
+So, Dr. Beth Vogel Taylor.
+
+
+323
+00:16:47,04 --> 00:16:50,91
+So, all chemistry courses are
+team taught, so you have a
+
+324
+00:16:50,91 --> 00:16:53,24
+different lecturer for the
+first half than the second
+
+325
+00:16:53,24 --> 00:16:56,69
+half, and Dr. Taylor will be
+doing most of the first half
+
+326
+00:16:56,69 --> 00:16:58,35
+lectures, and I'll be doing
+most of the second
+
+327
+00:16:58,35 --> 00:16:59,36
+half lectures.
+
+
+328
+00:16:59,36 --> 00:17:02,87
+So, Dr. Taylor will take you
+from atomic theory through
+
+329
+00:17:02,87 --> 00:17:05,75
+thermodynamics, and I'll start
+up with chemical equilibrium,
+
+330
+00:17:05,75 --> 00:17:09,35
+talk to about kinetics, acid
+base, oxidation reduction
+
+331
+00:17:09,35 --> 00:17:10,92
+and transition metals.
+
+
+332
+00:17:10,92 --> 00:17:14,56
+So, you will have both of us
+as lecturers in this class.
+
+333
+00:17:14,56 --> 00:17:18,19
+Now, in the past, sometimes
+students have found this whole
+
+334
+00:17:18,19 --> 00:17:20,86
+thing a little frustrating,
+that they just get used to one
+
+335
+00:17:20,86 --> 00:17:23,37
+lecture style, and then all of
+a sudden there's another
+
+336
+00:17:23,37 --> 00:17:26,34
+lecture style, and
+that can be true.
+
+337
+00:17:26,34 --> 00:17:30,01
+I mean sometimes the styles of
+the two professors couldn't
+
+338
+00:17:30,01 --> 00:17:32,74
+be more different -- think
+McCain/Palin, odd couples.
+
+339
+00:17:32,74 --> 00:17:39,9
+Sometimes they're more similar,
+and when I first, about a year
+
+340
+00:17:39,9 --> 00:17:43,25
+and a half ago, got to know Dr.
+Taylor, we sort of realized
+
+341
+00:17:43,25 --> 00:17:46,65
+that we had very similar
+styles, and we got very excited
+
+342
+00:17:46,65 --> 00:17:49,3
+about the idea that we could
+teach together, so that there
+
+343
+00:17:49,3 --> 00:17:51,96
+would be much more continuity
+throughout the semester.
+
+344
+00:17:51,96 --> 00:17:54,86
+And so, Dr. Taylor had been
+teaching the first half of the
+
+345
+00:17:54,86 --> 00:17:58,05
+material in the Spring, and I
+had been teaching the second
+
+346
+00:17:58,05 --> 00:18:00,74
+half of the material in the
+Fall, and we thought wouldn't
+
+347
+00:18:00,74 --> 00:18:04,3
+it be great if we got together
+and taught in the Fall.
+
+348
+00:18:04,3 --> 00:18:06,92
+So, this was actually, for a
+variety of reasons, a very
+
+349
+00:18:06,92 --> 00:18:10,52
+complicated thing to request
+and do, and so we started a
+
+350
+00:18:10,52 --> 00:18:13,88
+campaign and campaigned for a
+year and a half that we should
+
+351
+00:18:13,88 --> 00:18:17,33
+be allowed to do this course
+together, and finally just a
+
+352
+00:18:17,33 --> 00:18:20,25
+few weeks ago in August -- we
+really didn't know up until
+
+353
+00:18:20,25 --> 00:18:24,07
+almost when this course started
+-- that permission was granted.
+
+354
+00:18:24,07 --> 00:18:29,86
+So, I have to say, I am very
+excited now to introduce you to
+
+355
+00:18:29,86 --> 00:18:33,97
+Dr. Taylor, who I would be
+teaching with this semester --
+
+356
+00:18:33,97 --> 00:18:36,47
+limited engagement -- who will
+tell you about some of
+
+357
+00:18:36,47 --> 00:18:37,43
+the course policies.
+
+
+358
+00:18:37,43 --> 00:18:47,07
+PROFESSOR: Okay, so before we
+get to some of these course
+
+359
+00:18:47,07 --> 00:18:51,15
+policies, I think I'll tell you
+a little bit about my path
+
+360
+00:18:51,15 --> 00:18:52,54
+to chemistry as well.
+
+
+361
+00:18:52,54 --> 00:18:56,39
+Professor Drennen explained
+that not everyone that ends up
+
+362
+00:18:56,39 --> 00:19:00,36
+as a chemist started off that
+way on their first class
+
+363
+00:19:00,36 --> 00:19:03,24
+freshman year, for
+example, in chemistry.
+
+364
+00:19:03,24 --> 00:19:06,43
+And in fact, if you talk to a
+lot of chemists, if you talk to
+
+365
+00:19:06,43 --> 00:19:09,9
+some of the graduate students,
+maybe your TA, you'll find that
+
+366
+00:19:09,9 --> 00:19:12,77
+that phrase, "I hate
+chemistry," has maybe been
+
+367
+00:19:12,77 --> 00:19:16,98
+uttered by more than one us at
+some point in our lives before
+
+368
+00:19:16,98 --> 00:19:19,56
+we realized, and once it
+happens you don't go back, that
+
+369
+00:19:19,56 --> 00:19:22,6
+actually you love chemistry and
+it's hard to even remember a
+
+370
+00:19:22,6 --> 00:19:24,96
+point where you didn't see all
+of these connections that
+
+371
+00:19:24,96 --> 00:19:26,33
+it provided for you.
+
+
+372
+00:19:26,33 --> 00:19:29,01
+To give a little background of
+where I was, sitting where
+
+373
+00:19:29,01 --> 00:19:32,33
+maybe you are today on the
+first day of chemistry, when I
+
+374
+00:19:32,33 --> 00:19:35,79
+left high school, I had no
+interest in chemistry
+
+375
+00:19:35,79 --> 00:19:36,71
+whatsoever.
+
+
+376
+00:19:36,71 --> 00:19:39,74
+And I have only one strong
+memory from high school
+
+377
+00:19:39,74 --> 00:19:43,73
+chemistry, and that memory
+is shown right here, and
+
+378
+00:19:43,73 --> 00:19:45,26
+that is the common ions.
+
+
+379
+00:19:45,26 --> 00:19:47,69
+Did you guys have to
+learn the common ions?
+
+380
+00:19:47,69 --> 00:19:51,99
+Does anyone have that in their
+brain somewhere for ready use?
+
+381
+00:19:51,99 --> 00:19:54,4
+I don't, in fact, so it's
+actually okay if you don't
+
+382
+00:19:54,4 --> 00:19:57,35
+know all your common ions,
+if you missed that part.
+
+383
+00:19:57,35 --> 00:20:00,79
+This is the strongest memory I
+have, and I remembered a) that
+
+384
+00:20:00,79 --> 00:20:02,94
+I didn't learn them, and that
+was really bad because it kept
+
+385
+00:20:02,94 --> 00:20:06,04
+coming up, but the other thing
+I remember is that I had no
+
+386
+00:20:06,04 --> 00:20:07,78
+idea why they were important.
+
+
+387
+00:20:07,78 --> 00:20:11,27
+I didn't really understand what
+any of these molecules were.
+
+388
+00:20:11,27 --> 00:20:14,27
+I certainly didn't understand
+how they even connected really
+
+389
+00:20:14,27 --> 00:20:17,2
+to chemical reactions, much
+less other disciplines
+
+390
+00:20:17,2 --> 00:20:18,48
+that I was interested in.
+
+
+391
+00:20:18,48 --> 00:20:20,56
+I couldn't have told you, for
+example, if we look at a
+
+392
+00:20:20,56 --> 00:20:22,87
+phosphate group, that that's
+going to be incredibly
+
+393
+00:20:22,87 --> 00:20:26,34
+important in DNA, that it's
+also an incredibly important
+
+394
+00:20:26,34 --> 00:20:28,63
+group when you're dealing with
+proteins and whether you're
+
+395
+00:20:28,63 --> 00:20:31,22
+turning the function of
+a protein on or off.
+
+396
+00:20:31,22 --> 00:20:33,85
+So really, I just had no
+context for the chemistry.
+
+397
+00:20:33,85 --> 00:20:37,21
+So, when I started in college,
+that wasn't even an option for
+
+398
+00:20:37,21 --> 00:20:39,77
+me and I was interested in a
+lot of things, chemistry
+
+399
+00:20:39,77 --> 00:20:40,32
+not being one.
+
+
+400
+00:20:40,32 --> 00:20:45,49
+But one that I was very
+interested in was biology, and
+
+401
+00:20:45,49 --> 00:20:48,73
+the reason was we did a lot of
+cool labs in high school, I
+
+402
+00:20:48,73 --> 00:20:51,63
+loved doing the dissections --
+it was very interesting to me
+
+403
+00:20:51,63 --> 00:20:54,41
+to think about how different
+organs worked, how the heart
+
+404
+00:20:54,41 --> 00:20:56,88
+could be a pump, how
+the lungs worked.
+
+405
+00:20:56,88 --> 00:20:59,84
+And then when we got to more of
+a cellular level, it was even
+
+406
+00:20:59,84 --> 00:21:02,82
+more interesting to see that we
+could actually understand how
+
+407
+00:21:02,82 --> 00:21:07,5
+our body worked as low of a
+level as thinking about cells.
+
+408
+00:21:07,5 --> 00:21:10,19
+And so, that was a clear major
+for me to pick -- I actually
+
+409
+00:21:10,19 --> 00:21:12,2
+also was considering English
+and ended up being a
+
+410
+00:21:12,2 --> 00:21:12,98
+minor in English.
+
+
+411
+00:21:12,98 --> 00:21:15,85
+But, I think what most of you,
+actually having come to MIT,
+
+412
+00:21:15,85 --> 00:21:18,9
+have probably realized is
+sometimes it's nice to major in
+
+413
+00:21:18,9 --> 00:21:21,47
+a science, because you can't
+just pick up a reaction and do
+
+414
+00:21:21,47 --> 00:21:23,25
+it in your kitchen on the
+weekend, where as you can
+
+415
+00:21:23,25 --> 00:21:25,5
+sometimes join a book
+group and do that.
+
+416
+00:21:25,5 --> 00:21:28,61
+So, it's kind of nice to major
+in the thing that you're going
+
+417
+00:21:28,61 --> 00:21:31,43
+to get to have the opportunity
+to do for the rest
+
+418
+00:21:31,43 --> 00:21:32,37
+of your life.
+
+
+419
+00:21:32,37 --> 00:21:34,32
+So, I actually also
+started pre-med.
+
+420
+00:21:34,32 --> 00:21:37,05
+Is anyone else pre-med here?
+
+
+421
+00:21:37,05 --> 00:21:38,8
+Okay, so a pretty good showing.
+
+
+422
+00:21:38,8 --> 00:21:41,5
+So maybe you can relate to some
+of the reasons I wanted to be
+
+423
+00:21:41,5 --> 00:21:43,59
+pretty pre-med -- part of
+it was the interest in the
+
+424
+00:21:43,59 --> 00:21:44,98
+science and the biology.
+
+
+425
+00:21:44,98 --> 00:21:47,8
+Also, I wanted to help people
+-- it seemed like a really
+
+426
+00:21:47,8 --> 00:21:50,73
+clear way that I could have a
+career that was challenging
+
+427
+00:21:50,73 --> 00:21:53,03
+and involved in science,
+but also helping others.
+
+428
+00:21:53,03 --> 00:21:56,34
+So, it seemed like a good start
+for me, pre-med/bio, and I
+
+429
+00:21:56,34 --> 00:22:00,64
+signed up for my bio class -- I
+found out, as Professor Drennen
+
+430
+00:22:00,64 --> 00:22:03,12
+did, that I had to take
+chemistry as well.
+
+431
+00:22:03,12 --> 00:22:06,21
+I wasn't as upset, I was sort
+of a neutral chemistry person
+
+432
+00:22:06,21 --> 00:22:08,77
+at this point, but I thought it
+was pretty smart to get it over
+
+433
+00:22:08,77 --> 00:22:11,7
+with on the first semester,
+so that's what I did.
+
+434
+00:22:11,7 --> 00:22:16,05
+And my plan was going along
+fine until something happened,
+
+435
+00:22:16,05 --> 00:22:19,81
+and what happened was that
+chemistry was just way more
+
+436
+00:22:19,81 --> 00:22:21,53
+interesting than I anticipated.
+
+
+437
+00:22:21,53 --> 00:22:25,01
+So, my perfect pre-med/bio plan
+was getting a little shaken
+
+438
+00:22:25,01 --> 00:22:27,47
+right from the start, and the
+reason that it was getting
+
+439
+00:22:27,47 --> 00:22:30,59
+taken was because I would learn
+this new principal in chemistry
+
+440
+00:22:30,59 --> 00:22:33,09
+and because I was taking bio
+with the same time, I could
+
+441
+00:22:33,09 --> 00:22:34,43
+see the connections.
+
+
+442
+00:22:34,43 --> 00:22:38,35
+And at one point I realized,
+"Oh, my gosh, chemistry is just
+
+443
+00:22:38,35 --> 00:22:41,98
+biology, it's just looking at
+one level deeper." So actually,
+
+444
+00:22:41,98 --> 00:22:45,33
+all of my interest in biology
+was quickly transferred to
+
+445
+00:22:45,33 --> 00:22:47,56
+saying, "Wow, now I can think
+about things on the molecular
+
+446
+00:22:47,56 --> 00:22:50,33
+level." And one of the
+molecules that caught my
+
+447
+00:22:50,33 --> 00:22:53,05
+attention first, and I can't
+remember if this was freshman
+
+448
+00:22:53,05 --> 00:22:56,01
+or sophomore year in high
+school, was the first time I
+
+449
+00:22:56,01 --> 00:22:58,6
+actually took meaning in
+looking at a chemical
+
+450
+00:22:58,6 --> 00:23:01,17
+structure, and that was with
+the structure of penicillin
+
+451
+00:23:01,17 --> 00:23:03,78
+here, and I know that all of
+you are familiar with
+
+452
+00:23:03,78 --> 00:23:06,99
+penicillin, whether or not you
+know the structure or not, but
+
+453
+00:23:06,99 --> 00:23:09,43
+the most important part of this
+structure is the four-membered
+
+454
+00:23:09,43 --> 00:23:13,94
+ring here, the beta-lactam, and
+this was the first time I
+
+455
+00:23:13,94 --> 00:23:16,26
+thought I could actually
+understand how a molecule
+
+456
+00:23:16,26 --> 00:23:19,13
+worked because I knew
+something about chemistry.
+
+457
+00:23:19,13 --> 00:23:23,31
+So, for example with penicillin
+what it does is it inhibits an
+
+458
+00:23:23,31 --> 00:23:27,29
+enzyme that builds the cell
+wall in bacteria, the bacterial
+
+459
+00:23:27,29 --> 00:23:30,33
+cell wall, and if I thought
+about what I'd learned in
+
+460
+00:23:30,33 --> 00:23:32,53
+chemistry -- some of you know
+this from high school, some of
+
+461
+00:23:32,53 --> 00:23:35,46
+you will be very familiar with
+this soon, is that this
+
+462
+00:23:35,46 --> 00:23:38,72
+carbon here, for example, is
+bonded to three things.
+
+463
+00:23:38,72 --> 00:23:43,64
+Does anyone know what angle
+those would like to be at?
+
+464
+00:23:43,64 --> 00:23:44,62
+120.
+
+
+465
+00:23:44,62 --> 00:23:46,82
+They want to get as far away
+from each other possible,
+
+466
+00:23:46,82 --> 00:23:48,64
+the ideal angle is 120.
+
+
+467
+00:23:48,64 --> 00:23:51,27
+But what we have here is a
+four-membered ring, so what
+
+468
+00:23:51,27 --> 00:23:54,66
+angle does that have
+to be, that bond?
+
+469
+00:23:54,66 --> 00:23:56,14
+90 degrees.
+
+
+470
+00:23:56,14 --> 00:23:58,75
+So, we have a problem here if
+we're thinking about keeping
+
+471
+00:23:58,75 --> 00:24:01,12
+things at the lowest energy,
+so there's a lot of ring
+
+472
+00:24:01,12 --> 00:24:02,41
+strain in the system.
+
+
+473
+00:24:02,41 --> 00:24:05,13
+And I was incredibly excited
+that I could look at that and
+
+474
+00:24:05,13 --> 00:24:07,79
+realize it and say "Wow, that's
+why it's so reactive, that's
+
+475
+00:24:07,79 --> 00:24:10,47
+why it's such a good
+medication," because when it
+
+476
+00:24:10,47 --> 00:24:13,59
+comes into contact with these
+bacterial cell wall building
+
+477
+00:24:13,59 --> 00:24:17,96
+enzyme, the enzyme can actually
+react with this four-membered
+
+478
+00:24:17,96 --> 00:24:21,47
+ring and open up the ring and
+relieve that ring strain.
+
+479
+00:24:21,47 --> 00:24:24,56
+So, now the angles can open up
+all the way to 120 if it wants
+
+480
+00:24:24,56 --> 00:24:26,74
+to, and there's no way it's
+going to form that ring again,
+
+481
+00:24:26,74 --> 00:24:29,55
+right, because it's not going
+to back to those 90 degree
+
+482
+00:24:29,55 --> 00:24:30,97
+angles, if it can help it.
+
+
+483
+00:24:30,97 --> 00:24:34,77
+So now, the enzyme is locked up
+with the penicillin molecule,
+
+484
+00:24:34,77 --> 00:24:37,38
+no more bacterial cell wall
+being built, and the
+
+485
+00:24:37,38 --> 00:24:40,06
+penicillin has effectively
+killed the bacteria.
+
+486
+00:24:40,06 --> 00:24:42,5
+So, that, for me, was kind of
+the first connection that what
+
+487
+00:24:42,5 --> 00:24:44,94
+went, "Woah, wait a second, I
+want to be thinking about these
+
+488
+00:24:44,94 --> 00:24:49,51
+molecules all the way down to
+the level of individual atoms."
+
+489
+00:24:49,51 --> 00:24:52,07
+So, at this point, kept the
+pre-med, just switched
+
+490
+00:24:52,07 --> 00:24:54,18
+the major to chemistry.
+
+
+491
+00:24:54,18 --> 00:24:56,99
+The next problem came up
+when I went and took
+
+492
+00:24:56,99 --> 00:24:58,75
+organic chemistry.
+
+
+493
+00:24:58,75 --> 00:25:01,73
+So, if you're dead set on
+staying with bio, maybe, I
+
+494
+00:25:01,73 --> 00:25:04,14
+guess you have to take organic,
+so this might happen to
+
+495
+00:25:04,14 --> 00:25:06,61
+you, just to warn you.
+
+
+496
+00:25:06,61 --> 00:25:08,89
+We started looking at all
+sorts of other kinds of
+
+497
+00:25:08,89 --> 00:25:11,62
+molecules that became
+very interesting to me.
+
+498
+00:25:11,62 --> 00:25:14,17
+I especially love thinking
+about vitamins and drugs,
+
+499
+00:25:14,17 --> 00:25:17,42
+because I do have that interest
+in medicine and human health.
+
+500
+00:25:17,42 --> 00:25:20,82
+These are actually all examples
+that we'll talk about in
+
+501
+00:25:20,82 --> 00:25:23,2
+freshman chemistry at some
+point, as an example of a
+
+502
+00:25:23,2 --> 00:25:25,91
+connection between a chemical
+principle we learn, and what we
+
+503
+00:25:25,91 --> 00:25:28,16
+can know about how
+it functions.
+
+504
+00:25:28,16 --> 00:25:31,74
+But what happened here was I
+thought "Oh, my gosh, now I
+
+505
+00:25:31,74 --> 00:25:34,65
+could actually, using my
+chemical knowledge, think about
+
+506
+00:25:34,65 --> 00:25:38,46
+synthesizing these molecules,
+or maybe coming up with new
+
+507
+00:25:38,46 --> 00:25:41,15
+ways to synthesize them
+better or synthesize
+
+508
+00:25:41,15 --> 00:25:42,38
+different molecules.
+
+
+509
+00:25:42,38 --> 00:25:46,17
+And the real clincher was
+when I started doing some
+
+510
+00:25:46,17 --> 00:25:47,96
+undergraduate research.
+
+
+511
+00:25:47,96 --> 00:25:51,41
+Any potential UROPs out there
+-- anyone planning to do
+
+512
+00:25:51,41 --> 00:25:53,69
+a research at some point?
+
+
+513
+00:25:53,69 --> 00:25:54,42
+Excellent.
+
+
+514
+00:25:54,42 --> 00:25:55,87
+Okay.
+
+
+515
+00:25:55,87 --> 00:25:58,43
+So, just to be warned, you
+might fall in love with the
+
+516
+00:25:58,43 --> 00:26:00,49
+subject you do your UROP in.
+
+
+517
+00:26:00,49 --> 00:26:02,69
+This is one of our summer
+students from this past
+
+518
+00:26:02,69 --> 00:26:04,27
+summer, who is also premed.
+
+
+519
+00:26:04,27 --> 00:26:07,18
+She's continuing to be
+pre-med, which is fantastic.
+
+520
+00:26:07,18 --> 00:26:09,38
+That didn't happen to me --
+once I got into the lab,
+
+521
+00:26:09,38 --> 00:26:10,25
+I didn't want to leave.
+
+
+522
+00:26:10,25 --> 00:26:13,29
+So, I thought, "You know what,
+I think I'll change the medical
+
+523
+00:26:13,29 --> 00:26:15,52
+school plans and now I'm going
+to go all the way -- chemistry
+
+524
+00:26:15,52 --> 00:26:18,61
+major, chemistry grad school."
+And the reason I was able to do
+
+525
+00:26:18,61 --> 00:26:22,01
+that and keep with what my
+original intentions were was to
+
+526
+00:26:22,01 --> 00:26:24,47
+have a career that was the
+fulfilling, in terms of helping
+
+527
+00:26:24,47 --> 00:26:27,82
+people and being engaged in
+science, is all of a sudden I
+
+528
+00:26:27,82 --> 00:26:31,37
+realized, as chemists, we can
+think about better ways to
+
+529
+00:26:31,37 --> 00:26:34,7
+build molecules that are
+important for making
+
+530
+00:26:34,7 --> 00:26:35,4
+medications.
+
+
+531
+00:26:35,4 --> 00:26:38,45
+Another thing we can do is we
+can use our chemistry to
+
+532
+00:26:38,45 --> 00:26:41,65
+understand biological systems,
+so we can help illucinate
+
+533
+00:26:41,65 --> 00:26:44,44
+pathways, maybe, that are
+implicated in disease.
+
+534
+00:26:44,44 --> 00:26:47,21
+So, the combination of these
+two things had made my decision
+
+535
+00:26:47,21 --> 00:26:50,38
+and I ended up coming here for
+graduate school, actually, and
+
+536
+00:26:50,38 --> 00:26:53,13
+working in Professor
+Imperiali's lab doing
+
+537
+00:26:53,13 --> 00:26:56,85
+bio-organic chemistry, which
+means that I synthesize
+
+538
+00:26:56,85 --> 00:27:00,11
+molecules, which I loved,
+and used them to study
+
+539
+00:27:00,11 --> 00:27:01,62
+biological systems.
+
+
+540
+00:27:01,62 --> 00:27:05,06
+So, really I'm pretty happy
+with what I've gotten to do,
+
+541
+00:27:05,06 --> 00:27:07,37
+and I just want to say we're
+not trying to convert
+
+542
+00:27:07,37 --> 00:27:11,05
+all of them you pre-med
+people, by any means.
+
+543
+00:27:11,05 --> 00:27:14,22
+My roommate for many years was
+going to medical school as I
+
+544
+00:27:14,22 --> 00:27:17,33
+was going to graduate school,
+and we found we had so many
+
+545
+00:27:17,33 --> 00:27:20
+interesting conversations about
+chemistry -- her from the
+
+546
+00:27:20 --> 00:27:24,59
+context of practicing and using
+medications and talking about
+
+547
+00:27:24,59 --> 00:27:26,99
+how they worked on a molecular
+level, and me talking
+
+548
+00:27:26,99 --> 00:27:28,64
+about my research.
+
+
+549
+00:27:28,64 --> 00:27:29,197
+
+
+