sm-transcript 0.0.6 → 0.0.7

data/test/results/ocw-18_02-f07-lec01_220k.srt

@@ -0,0 +1,2535 @@
+1
+00:00:22,350 --> 00:00:25,768
+So let's start right away with
+stuff that we will need to see
+
+2
+00:00:25,768 --> 00:00:28,390
+before we can go on to more
+advanced things.
+
+3
+00:00:28,390 --> 00:00:31,677
+So, hopefully yesterday in
+recitation, you heard a bit
+
+4
+00:00:31,677 --> 00:00:34,586
+about vectors.
+How many of you actually knew
+
+5
+00:00:34,586 --> 00:00:39,060
+about vectors before that?
+OK, that's the vast majority.
+
+6
+00:00:39,060 --> 00:00:42,066
+If you are not one of those
+people, well,
+
+7
+00:00:42,066 --> 00:00:45,750
+hopefully you'll learn about
+vectors right now.
+
+8
+00:00:45,750 --> 00:00:48,564
+I'm sorry that the learning
+curve will be a bit steeper for
+
+9
+00:00:48,564 --> 00:00:50,950
+the first week.
+But hopefully,
+
+10
+00:00:50,950 --> 00:00:55,152
+you'll adjust fine.
+If you have trouble with
+
+11
+00:00:55,152 --> 00:00:59,426
+vectors, do go to your
+recitation instructor's office
+
+12
+00:00:59,426 --> 00:01:03,700
+hours for extra practice if you
+feel the need to.
+
+13
+00:01:03,700 --> 00:01:09,931
+You will see it's pretty easy.
+So, just to remind you,
+
+14
+00:01:09,931 --> 00:01:18,783
+a vector is a quantity that has
+both a direction and a magnitude
+
+15
+00:01:18,783 --> 00:01:20,610
+of length.
+
+
+16
+00:01:20,610 --> 00:01:33,890
+
+
+17
+00:01:33,890 --> 00:01:38,306
+So -- So, concretely the way
+you draw a vector is by some
+
+18
+00:01:38,306 --> 00:01:40,120
+arrow, like that,
+OK?
+
+19
+00:01:40,120 --> 00:01:43,726
+And so, it has a length,
+and it's pointing in some
+
+20
+00:01:43,726 --> 00:01:45,674
+direction.
+And, so, now,
+
+21
+00:01:45,674 --> 00:01:49,195
+the way that we compute things
+with vectors,
+
+22
+00:01:49,195 --> 00:01:53,290
+typically, as we introduce a
+coordinate system.
+
+23
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,664
+So, if we are in the plane,
+x-y-axis, if we are in space,
+
+24
+00:01:57,664 --> 00:02:00,965
+x-y-z axis.
+So, usually I will try to draw
+
+25
+00:02:00,965 --> 00:02:04,469
+my x-y-z axis consistently to
+look like this.
+
+26
+00:02:04,469 --> 00:02:07,717
+And then, I can represent my
+vector in terms of its
+
+27
+00:02:07,717 --> 00:02:10,250
+components along the coordinate
+axis.
+
+28
+00:02:10,250 --> 00:02:13,205
+So, that means when I have this
+row, I can ask,
+
+29
+00:02:13,205 --> 00:02:15,840
+how much does it go in the x
+direction?
+
+30
+00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:17,590
+How much does it go in the y
+direction?
+
+31
+00:02:17,590 --> 00:02:20,530
+How much does it go in the z
+direction?
+
+32
+00:02:20,530 --> 00:02:25,770
+And, so, let's call this a
+vector A.
+
+33
+00:02:25,770 --> 00:02:29,256
+So, it's more convention.
+When we have a vector quantity,
+
+34
+00:02:29,256 --> 00:02:32,050
+we put an arrow on top to
+remind us that it's a vector.
+
+35
+00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:35,231
+If it's in the textbook,
+then sometimes it's in bold
+
+36
+00:02:35,231 --> 00:02:39,558
+because it's easier to typeset.
+If you've tried in your
+
+37
+00:02:39,558 --> 00:02:44,686
+favorite word processor,
+bold is easy and vectors are
+
+38
+00:02:44,686 --> 00:02:49,182
+not easy.
+So, the vector you can try to
+
+39
+00:02:49,182 --> 00:02:56,036
+decompose terms of unit vectors
+directed along the coordinate
+
+40
+00:02:56,036 --> 00:02:59,691
+axis.
+So, the convention is there is
+
+41
+00:02:59,691 --> 00:03:03,894
+a vector that we call
+***amp***lt;i***amp***gt;
+
+42
+00:03:03,894 --> 00:03:08,919
+hat that points along the x
+axis and has length one.
+
+43
+00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:10,576
+There's a vector called
+***amp***lt;j***amp***gt;
+
+44
+00:03:10,576 --> 00:03:12,060
+hat that does the same along
+the y axis,
+
+45
+00:03:12,060 --> 00:03:14,152
+and the
+***amp***lt;k***amp***gt;
+
+46
+00:03:14,152 --> 00:03:16,900
+hat that does the same along
+the z axis.
+
+47
+00:03:16,900 --> 00:03:20,922
+And, so, we can express any
+vector in terms of its
+
+48
+00:03:20,922 --> 00:03:24,998
+components.
+So, the other notation is
+
+49
+00:03:24,998 --> 00:03:29,089
+***amp***lt;a1,
+a2, a3 ***amp***gt;
+
+50
+00:03:29,089 --> 00:03:37,160
+between these square brackets.
+Well, in angular brackets.
+
+51
+00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:42,370
+So, the length of a vector we
+denote by, if you want,
+
+52
+00:03:42,370 --> 00:03:47,080
+it's the same notation as the
+absolute value.
+
+53
+00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:50,333
+So, that's going to be a
+number, as we say,
+
+54
+00:03:50,333 --> 00:03:54,465
+now, a scalar quantity.
+OK, so, a scalar quantity is a
+
+55
+00:03:54,465 --> 00:03:58,710
+usual numerical quantity as
+opposed to a vector quantity.
+
+56
+00:03:58,710 --> 00:04:08,930
+And, its direction is sometimes
+called dir A,
+
+57
+00:04:08,930 --> 00:04:13,887
+and that can be obtained just
+by scaling the vector down to
+
+58
+00:04:13,887 --> 00:04:17,064
+unit length,
+for example,
+
+59
+00:04:17,064 --> 00:04:26,985
+by dividing it by its length.
+So -- Well, there's a lot of
+
+60
+00:04:26,985 --> 00:04:32,875
+notation to be learned.
+So, for example,
+
+61
+00:04:32,875 --> 00:04:37,122
+if I have two points,
+P and Q, then I can draw a
+
+62
+00:04:37,122 --> 00:04:42,153
+vector from P to Q.
+And, that vector is called
+
+63
+00:04:42,153 --> 00:04:46,500
+vector PQ, OK?
+So, maybe we'll call it A.
+
+64
+00:04:46,500 --> 00:04:48,794
+But, a vector doesn't really
+have, necessarily,
+
+65
+00:04:48,794 --> 00:04:50,740
+a starting point and an ending
+point.
+
+66
+00:04:50,740 --> 00:04:54,004
+OK, so if I decide to start
+here and I go by the same
+
+67
+00:04:54,004 --> 00:04:57,520
+distance in the same direction,
+this is also vector A.
+
+68
+00:04:57,520 --> 00:05:04,095
+It's the same thing.
+So, a lot of vectors we'll draw
+
+69
+00:05:04,095 --> 00:05:08,139
+starting at the origin,
+but we don't have to.
+
+70
+00:05:08,139 --> 00:05:19,610
+So, let's just check and see
+how things went in recitation.
+
+71
+00:05:19,610 --> 00:05:23,993
+So, let's say that I give you
+the vector
+
+72
+00:05:23,993 --> 00:05:34,709
+***amp***lt;3,2,1***amp***gt;.
+And so, what do you think about
+
+73
+00:05:34,709 --> 00:05:46,100
+the length of this vector?
+OK, I see an answer forming.
+
+74
+00:05:46,100 --> 00:05:49,540
+So, a lot of you are answering
+the same thing.
+
+75
+00:05:49,540 --> 00:05:54,389
+Maybe it shouldn't spoil it for
+those who haven't given it yet.
+
+76
+00:05:54,389 --> 00:05:59,572
+OK, I think the overwhelming
+vote is in favor of answer
+
+77
+00:05:59,572 --> 00:06:02,470
+number two.
+I see some sixes, I don't know.
+
+78
+00:06:02,470 --> 00:06:06,851
+That's a perfectly good answer,
+too, but hopefully in a few
+
+79
+00:06:06,851 --> 00:06:10,100
+minutes it won't be I don't know
+anymore.
+
+80
+00:06:10,100 --> 00:06:17,901
+So, let's see.
+How do we find -- -- the length
+
+81
+00:06:17,901 --> 00:06:24,170
+of a vector three,
+two, one?
+
+82
+00:06:24,170 --> 00:06:30,503
+Well, so, this vector,
+A, it comes towards us along
+
+83
+00:06:30,503 --> 00:06:37,222
+the x axis by three units.
+It goes to the right along the
+
+84
+00:06:37,222 --> 00:06:42,615
+y axis by two units,
+and then it goes up by one unit
+
+85
+00:06:42,615 --> 00:06:46,875
+along the z axis.
+OK, so, it's pointing towards
+
+86
+00:06:46,875 --> 00:06:51,850
+here.
+That's pretty hard to draw.
+
+87
+00:06:51,850 --> 00:06:55,416
+So, how do we get its length?
+Well, maybe we can start with
+
+88
+00:06:55,416 --> 00:06:58,257
+something easier,
+the length of the vector in the
+
+89
+00:06:58,257 --> 00:07:01,756
+plane.
+So, observe that A is obtained
+
+90
+00:07:01,756 --> 00:07:04,920
+from a vector,
+B, in the plane.
+
+91
+00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:09,970
+Say, B equals three (i) hat
+plus two (j) hat.
+
+92
+00:07:09,970 --> 00:07:15,015
+And then, we just have to,
+still, go up by one unit,
+
+93
+00:07:15,015 --> 00:07:17,011
+OK?
+So, let me try to draw a
+
+94
+00:07:17,011 --> 00:07:20,389
+picture in this vertical plane
+that contains A and B.
+
+95
+00:07:20,389 --> 00:07:23,240
+If I draw it in the vertical
+plane,
+
+96
+00:07:23,240 --> 00:07:27,340
+so, that's the Z axis, 
+that's not any particular axis, 
+
+97
+00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:38,405
+then my vector B will go here, 
+and my vector A will go above
+
+98
+00:07:38,405 --> 00:07:43,960
+it.
+And here, that's one unit.
+
+99
+00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:49,446
+And, here I have a right angle.
+So, I can use the Pythagorean
+
+100
+00:07:49,446 --> 00:07:57,220
+theorem to find that length A^2
+equals length B^2 plus one.
+
+101
+00:07:57,220 --> 00:08:00,060
+Now, we are reduced to finding
+the length of B.
+
+102
+00:08:00,060 --> 00:08:02,844
+The length of B,
+we can again find using the
+
+103
+00:08:02,844 --> 00:08:06,664
+Pythagorean theorem in the XY
+plane because here we have the
+
+104
+00:08:06,664 --> 00:08:09,487
+right angle.
+Here we have three units,
+
+105
+00:08:09,487 --> 00:08:12,967
+and here we have two units.
+OK, so, if you do the
+
+106
+00:08:12,967 --> 00:08:15,148
+calculations,
+you will see that,
+
+107
+00:08:15,148 --> 00:08:18,314
+well, length of B is square
+root of (3^2 2^2),
+
+108
+00:08:18,314 --> 00:08:23,865
+that's 13.
+So, the square root of 13 -- --
+
+109
+00:08:23,865 --> 00:08:32,565
+and length of A is square root
+of length B^2 plus one (square
+
+110
+00:08:32,565 --> 00:08:41,554
+it if you want) which is going
+to be square root of 13 plus one
+
+111
+00:08:41,554 --> 00:08:49,961
+is the square root of 14,
+hence, answer number two which
+
+112
+00:08:49,961 --> 00:08:54,659
+almost all of you gave.
+OK, so the general formula,
+
+113
+00:08:54,659 --> 00:09:02,067
+if you follow it with it,
+in general if we have a vector
+
+114
+00:09:02,067 --> 00:09:07,710
+with components a1,
+a2, a3,
+
+115
+00:09:07,710 --> 00:09:16,085
+then the length of A is the
+square root of a1^2 plus a2^2
+
+116
+00:09:16,085 --> 00:09:23,870
+plus a3^2.
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+117
+00:09:23,870 --> 00:09:29,597
+Yes?
+Yes.
+
+118
+00:09:29,597 --> 00:09:32,490
+So, in general,
+we indeed can consider vectors
+
+119
+00:09:32,490 --> 00:09:36,220
+in abstract spaces that have any
+number of coordinates.
+
+120
+00:09:36,220 --> 00:09:38,460
+And that you have more
+components.
+
+121
+00:09:38,460 --> 00:09:40,896
+In this class,
+we'll mostly see vectors with
+
+122
+00:09:40,896 --> 00:09:44,240
+two or three components because
+they are easier to draw,
+
+123
+00:09:44,240 --> 00:09:47,423
+and because a lot of the math
+that we'll see works exactly the
+
+124
+00:09:47,423 --> 00:09:50,189
+same way whether you have three
+variables or a million
+
+125
+00:09:50,189 --> 00:09:52,428
+variables.
+If we had a factor with more
+
+126
+00:09:52,428 --> 00:09:55,659
+components, then we would have a
+lot of trouble drawing it.
+
+127
+00:09:55,659 --> 00:09:58,610
+But we could still define its
+length in the same way,
+
+128
+00:09:58,610 --> 00:10:01,049
+by summing the squares of the
+components.
+
+129
+00:10:01,049 --> 00:10:04,845
+So, I'm sorry to say that here,
+multi-variable,
+
+130
+00:10:04,845 --> 00:10:07,980
+multi will mean mostly two or
+three.
+
+131
+00:10:07,980 --> 00:10:13,659
+But, be assured that it works
+just the same way if you have
+
+132
+00:10:13,659 --> 00:10:20,600
+10,000 variables.
+Just, calculations are longer.
+
+133
+00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:28,272
+OK, more questions?
+So, what else can we do with
+
+134
+00:10:28,272 --> 00:10:31,111
+vectors?
+Well, another thing that I'm
+
+135
+00:10:31,111 --> 00:10:35,918
+sure you know how to do with
+vectors is to add them to scale
+
+136
+00:10:35,918 --> 00:10:39,653
+them.
+So, vector addition,
+
+137
+00:10:39,653 --> 00:10:48,133
+so, if you have two vectors,
+A and B, then you can form,
+
+138
+00:10:48,133 --> 00:10:52,629
+their sum, A plus B.
+How do we do that?
+
+139
+00:10:52,629 --> 00:10:54,368
+Well, first,
+I should tell you,
+
+140
+00:10:54,368 --> 00:10:56,570
+vectors, they have this double
+life.
+
+141
+00:10:56,570 --> 00:10:59,679
+They are, at the same time, 
+geometric objects that we can
+
+142
+00:10:59,679 --> 00:11:02,442
+draw like this in pictures,
+and there are also
+
+143
+00:11:02,442 --> 00:11:06,029
+computational objects that we
+can represent by numbers.
+
+144
+00:11:06,029 --> 00:11:09,634
+So, every question about
+vectors will have two answers,
+
+145
+00:11:09,634 --> 00:11:11,970
+one geometric,
+and one numerical.
+
+146
+00:11:11,970 --> 00:11:14,409
+OK, so let's start with the
+geometric.
+
+147
+00:11:14,409 --> 00:11:17,775
+So, let's say that I have two
+vectors, A and B,
+
+148
+00:11:17,775 --> 00:11:21,027
+given to me.
+And, let's say that I thought
+
+149
+00:11:21,027 --> 00:11:24,789
+of drawing them at the same
+place to start with.
+
+150
+00:11:24,789 --> 00:11:28,902
+Well, to take the sum,
+what I should do is actually
+
+151
+00:11:28,902 --> 00:11:33,920
+move B so that it starts at the
+end of A, at the head of A.
+
+152
+00:11:33,920 --> 00:11:38,369
+OK, so this is, again, vector B.
+So, observe,
+
+153
+00:11:38,369 --> 00:11:41,305
+this actually forms,
+now, a parallelogram,
+
+154
+00:11:41,305 --> 00:11:43,894
+right?
+So, this side is,
+
+155
+00:11:43,894 --> 00:11:48,546
+again, vector A.
+And now, if we take the
+
+156
+00:11:48,546 --> 00:11:57,769
+diagonal of that parallelogram,
+this is what we call A plus B, 
+
+157
+00:11:57,769 --> 00:12:00,450
+OK, so, the idea being that to
+move along A plus B,
+
+158
+00:12:00,450 --> 00:12:03,880
+it's the same as to move first
+along A and then along B,
+
+159
+00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:09,370
+or, along B, then along A.
+A plus B equals B plus A.
+
+160
+00:12:09,370 --> 00:12:13,570
+OK, now, if we do it
+numerically,
+
+161
+00:12:13,570 --> 00:12:19,413
+then all you do is you just add
+the first component of A with
+
+162
+00:12:19,413 --> 00:12:23,840
+the first component of B,
+the second with the second, 
+
+163
+00:12:23,840 --> 00:12:28,275
+and the third with the third.
+OK, say that A was
+
+164
+00:12:28,275 --> 00:12:31,476
+***amp***lt;a1,
+a2, a3***amp***gt;
+
+165
+00:12:31,476 --> 00:12:35,356
+B was ***amp***lt;b1,
+b2, b3***amp***gt;,
+
+166
+00:12:35,356 --> 00:12:40,789
+then you just add this way.
+OK, so it's pretty
+
+167
+00:12:40,789 --> 00:12:44,227
+straightforward.
+So, for example,
+
+168
+00:12:44,227 --> 00:12:48,712
+I said that my vector over
+there, its components are three,
+
+169
+00:12:48,712 --> 00:12:54,220
+two, one.
+But, I also wrote it as 3i 2j k.
+
+170
+00:12:54,220 --> 00:12:57,264
+What does that mean?
+OK, so I need to tell you first
+
+171
+00:12:57,264 --> 00:13:06,940
+about multiplying by a scalar.
+So, this is about addition.
+
+172
+00:13:06,940 --> 00:13:11,029
+So, multiplication by a scalar,
+it's very easy.
+
+173
+00:13:11,029 --> 00:13:15,142
+If you have a vector,
+A, then you can form a vector
+
+174
+00:13:15,142 --> 00:13:20,159
+2A just by making it go twice as
+far in the same direction.
+
+175
+00:13:20,159 --> 00:13:24,700
+Or, we can make half A more
+modestly.
+
+176
+00:13:24,700 --> 00:13:31,679
+We can even make minus A,
+and so on.
+
+177
+00:13:31,679 --> 00:13:35,408
+So now, you see,
+if I do the calculation,
+
+178
+00:13:35,408 --> 00:13:38,669
+3i 2j k, well,
+what does it mean?
+
+179
+00:13:38,669 --> 00:13:43,460
+3i is just going to go along
+the x axis, but by distance of
+
+180
+00:13:43,460 --> 00:13:47,565
+three instead of one.
+And then, 2j goes two units
+
+181
+00:13:47,565 --> 00:13:51,240
+along the y axis,
+and k goes up by one unit.
+
+182
+00:13:51,240 --> 00:13:54,760
+Well, if you add these
+together, you will go from the
+
+183
+00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:58,686
+origin, then along the x axis,
+then parallel to the y axis,
+
+184
+00:13:58,686 --> 00:14:02,011
+and then up.
+And, you will end up,
+
+185
+00:14:02,011 --> 00:14:05,960
+indeed, at the endpoint of a
+vector.
+
+186
+00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:19,470
+OK, any questions at this point?
+Yes?
+
+187
+00:14:19,470 --> 00:14:21,822
+Exactly.
+To add vectors geometrically,
+
+188
+00:14:21,822 --> 00:14:25,035
+you just put the head of the
+first vector and the tail of the
+
+189
+00:14:25,035 --> 00:14:30,879
+second vector in the same place.
+And then, it's head to tail
+
+190
+00:14:30,879 --> 00:14:35,390
+addition.
+Any other questions?
+
+191
+00:14:35,390 --> 00:14:41,129
+Yes?
+That's correct.
+
+192
+00:14:41,129 --> 00:14:43,626
+If you subtract two vectors,
+that just means you add the
+
+193
+00:14:43,626 --> 00:14:45,673
+opposite of a vector.
+So, for example,
+
+194
+00:14:45,673 --> 00:14:49,185
+if I wanted to do A minus B,
+I would first go along A and
+
+195
+00:14:49,185 --> 00:14:52,195
+then along minus B,
+which would take me somewhere
+
+196
+00:14:52,195 --> 00:14:55,455
+over there, OK?
+So, A minus B,
+
+197
+00:14:55,455 --> 00:15:01,330
+if you want,
+would go from here to here.
+
+198
+00:15:01,330 --> 00:15:08,883
+OK, so hopefully you've kind of
+seen that stuff either before in
+
+199
+00:15:08,883 --> 00:15:13,200
+your lives, or at least
+yesterday.
+
+200
+00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:23,730
+So, I'm going to use that as an
+excuse to move quickly forward.
+
+201
+00:15:23,730 --> 00:15:28,854
+So, now we are going to learn a
+few more operations about
+
+202
+00:15:28,854 --> 00:15:31,365
+vectors.
+And, these operations will be
+
+203
+00:15:31,365 --> 00:15:34,610
+useful to us when we start
+trying to do a bit of geometry.
+
+204
+00:15:34,610 --> 00:15:37,049
+So, of course,
+you've all done some geometry.
+
+205
+00:15:37,049 --> 00:15:40,299
+But, we are going to see that
+geometry can be done using
+
+206
+00:15:40,299 --> 00:15:42,058
+vectors.
+And, in many ways,
+
+207
+00:15:42,058 --> 00:15:44,330
+it's the right language for
+that,
+
+208
+00:15:44,330 --> 00:15:47,665
+and in particular when we learn
+about functions we really will
+
+209
+00:15:47,665 --> 00:15:51,576
+want to use vectors more than,
+maybe, the other kind of
+
+210
+00:15:51,576 --> 00:15:54,559
+geometry that you've seen
+before.
+
+211
+00:15:54,559 --> 00:15:56,960
+I mean, of course,
+it's just a language in a way.
+
+212
+00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:59,783
+I mean, we are just
+reformulating things that you
+
+213
+00:15:59,783 --> 00:16:02,490
+have seen, you already know
+since childhood.
+
+214
+00:16:02,490 --> 00:16:07,828
+But, you will see that notation
+somehow helps to make it more
+
+215
+00:16:07,828 --> 00:16:10,870
+straightforward.
+So, what is dot product?
+
+216
+00:16:10,870 --> 00:16:16,619
+Well, dot product as a way of
+multiplying two vectors to get a
+
+217
+00:16:16,619 --> 00:16:21,006
+number, a scalar.
+And, well, let me start by
+
+218
+00:16:21,006 --> 00:16:25,799
+giving you a definition in terms
+of components.
+
+219
+00:16:25,799 --> 00:16:29,186
+What we do, let's say that we
+have a vector,
+
+220
+00:16:29,186 --> 00:16:32,572
+A, with components a1,
+a2, a3, vector B with
+
+221
+00:16:32,572 --> 00:16:34,620
+components b1,
+b2, b3.
+
+222
+00:16:34,620 --> 00:16:38,504
+Well, we multiply the first
+components by the first
+
+223
+00:16:38,504 --> 00:16:43,399
+components, the second by the
+second, the third by the third.
+
+224
+00:16:43,399 --> 00:16:46,190
+If you have N components,
+you keep going.
+
+225
+00:16:46,190 --> 00:16:49,429
+And, you sum all of these
+together.
+
+226
+00:16:49,429 --> 00:16:55,720
+OK, and important:
+this is a scalar.
+
+227
+00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:59,009
+OK, you do not get a vector.
+You get a number.
+
+228
+00:16:59,009 --> 00:17:01,013
+I know it sounds completely
+obvious from the definition
+
+229
+00:17:01,013 --> 00:17:03,591
+here,
+but in the middle of the action
+
+230
+00:17:03,591 --> 00:17:07,050
+when you're going to do
+complicated problems,
+
+231
+00:17:07,050 --> 00:17:14,230
+it's sometimes easy to forget.
+So, that's the definition.
+
+232
+00:17:14,230 --> 00:17:17,757
+What is it good for?
+Why would we ever want to do
+
+233
+00:17:17,757 --> 00:17:20,391
+that?
+That's kind of a strange
+
+234
+00:17:20,391 --> 00:17:23,469
+operation.
+So, probably to see what it's
+
+235
+00:17:23,469 --> 00:17:27,730
+good for, I should first tell
+you what it is geometrically.
+
+236
+00:17:27,730 --> 00:17:29,480
+OK, so what does it do
+geometrically?
+
+237
+00:17:29,480 --> 00:17:38,660
+
+
+
+238
+00:17:38,660 --> 00:17:42,723
+Well, what you do when you
+multiply two vectors in this
+
+239
+00:17:42,723 --> 00:17:45,869
+way,
+I claim the answer is equal to
+
+240
+00:17:45,869 --> 00:17:51,108
+the length of A times the length
+of B times the cosine of the
+
+241
+00:17:51,108 --> 00:17:59,560
+angle between them.
+So, I have my vector, A, 
+
+242
+00:17:59,560 --> 00:18:04,144
+and if I have my vector, B, 
+and I have some angle between
+
+243
+00:18:04,144 --> 00:18:06,559
+them,
+I multiply the length of A
+
+244
+00:18:06,559 --> 00:18:10,630
+times the length of B times the
+cosine of that angle.
+
+245
+00:18:10,630 --> 00:18:13,880
+So, that looks like a very
+artificial operation.
+
+246
+00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:16,970
+I mean, why would want to do
+that complicated multiplication?
+
+247
+00:18:16,970 --> 00:18:21,525
+Well, the basic answer is it
+tells us at the same time about
+
+248
+00:18:21,525 --> 00:18:25,681
+lengths and about angles.
+And, the extra bonus thing is
+
+249
+00:18:25,681 --> 00:18:29,466
+that it's very easy to compute
+if you have components,
+
+250
+00:18:29,466 --> 00:18:32,680
+see, that formula is actually
+pretty easy.
+
+251
+00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:39,012
+So, OK, maybe I should first
+tell you, how do we get this
+
+252
+00:18:39,012 --> 00:18:41,325
+from that?
+Because, you know,
+
+253
+00:18:41,325 --> 00:18:44,509
+in math, one tries to justify
+everything to prove theorems.
+
+254
+00:18:44,509 --> 00:18:45,559
+So, if you want,
+that's the theorem.
+
+255
+00:18:45,559 --> 00:18:47,750
+That's the first theorem in
+18.02.
+
+256
+00:18:47,750 --> 00:18:52,014
+So, how do we prove the theorem?
+How do we check that this is,
+
+257
+00:18:52,014 --> 00:18:55,529
+indeed, correct using this
+definition?
+
+258
+00:18:55,529 --> 00:19:06,019
+So, in more common language,
+what does this geometric
+
+259
+00:19:06,019 --> 00:19:11,211
+definition mean?
+Well, the first thing it means,
+
+260
+00:19:11,211 --> 00:19:14,031
+before we multiply two vectors,
+let's start multiplying a
+
+261
+00:19:14,031 --> 00:19:17,390
+vector with itself.
+That's probably easier.
+
+262
+00:19:17,390 --> 00:19:19,891
+So, if we multiply a vector,
+A, with itself,
+
+263
+00:19:19,891 --> 00:19:22,102
+using this dot product,
+so, by the way,
+
+264
+00:19:22,102 --> 00:19:24,720
+I should point out,
+we put this dot here.
+
+265
+00:19:24,720 --> 00:19:28,809
+That's why it's called dot
+product.
+
+266
+00:19:28,809 --> 00:19:33,684
+So, what this tells us is we
+should get the same thing as
+
+267
+00:19:33,684 --> 00:19:38,210
+multiplying the length of A with
+itself, so, squared,
+
+268
+00:19:38,210 --> 00:19:43,988
+times the cosine of the angle.
+But now, the cosine of an
+
+269
+00:19:43,988 --> 00:19:49,060
+angle, of zero,
+cosine of zero you all know is
+
+270
+00:19:49,060 --> 00:19:52,991
+one.
+OK, so that's going to be
+
+271
+00:19:52,991 --> 00:19:56,035
+length A^2.
+Well, doesn't stand a chance of
+
+272
+00:19:56,035 --> 00:19:57,730
+being true?
+Well, let's see.
+
+273
+00:19:57,730 --> 00:20:03,238
+If we do AdotA using this
+formula, we will get a1^2 a2^2
+
+274
+00:20:03,238 --> 00:20:07,208
+a3^2.
+That is, indeed,
+
+275
+00:20:07,208 --> 00:20:14,510
+the square of the length.
+So, check.
+
+276
+00:20:14,510 --> 00:20:18,660
+That works.
+OK, now, what about two
+
+277
+00:20:18,660 --> 00:20:23,740
+different vectors?
+Can we understand what this
+
+278
+00:20:23,740 --> 00:20:27,380
+says, and how it relates to
+that?
+
+279
+00:20:27,380 --> 00:20:33,073
+So, let's say that I have two
+different vectors,
+
+280
+00:20:33,073 --> 00:20:40,220
+A and B, and I want to try to
+understand what's going on.
+
+281
+00:20:40,220 --> 00:20:45,067
+So, my claim is that we are
+going to be able to understand
+
+282
+00:20:45,067 --> 00:20:49,829
+the relation between this and
+that in terms of the law of
+
+283
+00:20:49,829 --> 00:20:52,537
+cosines.
+So, the law of cosines is
+
+284
+00:20:52,537 --> 00:20:56,656
+something that tells you about
+the length of the third side in
+
+285
+00:20:56,656 --> 00:21:00,370
+the triangle like this in terms
+of these two sides,
+
+286
+00:21:00,370 --> 00:21:07,315
+and the angle here.
+OK, so the law of cosines,
+
+287
+00:21:07,315 --> 00:21:11,393
+which hopefully you have seen
+before, says that,
+
+288
+00:21:11,393 --> 00:21:14,690
+so let me give a name to this
+side.
+
+289
+00:21:14,690 --> 00:21:19,934
+Let's call this side C,
+and as a vector,
+
+290
+00:21:19,934 --> 00:21:29,519
+C is A minus B.
+It's minus B plus A.
+
+291
+00:21:29,519 --> 00:21:37,440
+So, it's getting a bit
+cluttered here.
+
+292
+00:21:37,440 --> 00:21:45,220
+So, the law of cosines says
+that the length of the third
+
+293
+00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:53,849
+side in this triangle is equal
+to length A2 plus length B2.
+
+294
+00:21:53,849 --> 00:21:56,234
+Well, if I stopped here,
+that would be Pythagoras,
+
+295
+00:21:56,234 --> 00:22:01,743
+but I don't have a right angle.
+So, I have a third term which
+
+296
+00:22:01,743 --> 00:22:07,262
+is twice length A,
+length B, cosine theta,
+
+297
+00:22:07,262 --> 00:22:10,799
+OK?
+Has everyone seen this formula
+
+298
+00:22:10,799 --> 00:22:13,360
+sometime?
+I hear some yeah's.
+
+299
+00:22:13,360 --> 00:22:16,324
+I hear some no's.
+Well, it's a fact about,
+
+300
+00:22:16,324 --> 00:22:19,131
+I mean, you probably haven't
+seen it with vectors,
+
+301
+00:22:19,131 --> 00:22:22,339
+but it's a fact about the side
+lengths in a triangle.
+
+302
+00:22:22,339 --> 00:22:27,188
+And, well, let's say,
+if you haven't seen it before,
+
+303
+00:22:27,188 --> 00:22:32,513
+then this is going to be a
+proof of the law of cosines if
+
+304
+00:22:32,513 --> 00:22:39,980
+you believe this.
+Otherwise, it's the other way
+
+305
+00:22:39,980 --> 00:22:43,725
+around.
+So, let's try to see how this
+
+306
+00:22:43,725 --> 00:22:47,579
+relates to what I'm saying about
+the dot product.
+
+307
+00:22:47,579 --> 00:22:54,012
+So, I've been saying that
+length C^2, that's the same
+
+308
+00:22:54,012 --> 00:22:56,610
+thing as CdotC,
+OK?
+
+309
+00:22:56,610 --> 00:23:01,572
+That, we have checked.
+Now, CdotC, well,
+
+310
+00:23:01,572 --> 00:23:06,382
+C is A minus B.
+So, it's A minus B,
+
+311
+00:23:06,382 --> 00:23:09,529
+dot product,
+A minus B.
+
+312
+00:23:09,529 --> 00:23:11,529
+Now, what do we want to do in a
+situation like that?
+
+313
+00:23:11,529 --> 00:23:16,310
+Well, we want to expand this
+into a sum of four terms.
+
+314
+00:23:16,310 --> 00:23:19,987
+Are we allowed to do that?
+Well, we have this dot product
+
+315
+00:23:19,987 --> 00:23:22,050
+that's a mysterious new
+operation.
+
+316
+00:23:22,050 --> 00:23:24,352
+We don't really know.
+Well, the answer is yes,
+
+317
+00:23:24,352 --> 00:23:27,062
+we can do it.
+You can check from this
+
+318
+00:23:27,062 --> 00:23:31,435
+definition that it behaves in
+the usual way in terms of
+
+319
+00:23:31,435 --> 00:23:34,269
+expanding, vectoring,
+and so on.
+
+320
+00:23:34,269 --> 00:23:49,239
+So, I can write that as AdotA
+minus AdotB minus BdotA plus
+
+321
+00:23:49,239 --> 00:23:55,069
+BdotB.
+So, AdotA is length A^2.
+
+322
+00:23:55,069 --> 00:23:56,740
+Let me jump ahead to the last
+term.
+
+323
+00:23:56,740 --> 00:24:01,207
+BdotB is length B^2,
+and then these two terms,
+
+324
+00:24:01,207 --> 00:24:04,920
+well, they're the same.
+You can check from the
+
+325
+00:24:04,920 --> 00:24:07,830
+definition that AdotB and BdotA
+are the same thing.
+
+326
+00:24:07,830 --> 00:24:20,299
+
+
+
+327
+00:24:20,299 --> 00:24:24,933
+Well, you see that this term,
+I mean, this is the only
+
+328
+00:24:24,933 --> 00:24:30,180
+difference between these two
+formulas for the length of C.
+
+329
+00:24:30,180 --> 00:24:34,706
+So, if you believe in the law
+of cosines, then it tells you
+
+330
+00:24:34,706 --> 00:24:39,233
+that, yes, this a proof that
+AdotB equals length A length B
+
+331
+00:24:39,233 --> 00:24:41,635
+cosine theta.
+Or, vice versa,
+
+332
+00:24:41,635 --> 00:24:45,793
+if you've never seen the law of
+cosines, you are willing to
+
+333
+00:24:45,793 --> 00:24:49,509
+believe this.
+Then, this is the proof of the
+
+334
+00:24:49,509 --> 00:24:53,577
+law of cosines.
+So, the law of cosines,
+
+335
+00:24:53,577 --> 00:24:59,910
+or this interpretation,
+are equivalent to each other.
+
+336
+00:24:59,910 --> 00:25:07,980
+OK, any questions?
+Yes?
+
+337
+00:25:07,980 --> 00:25:12,234
+So, in the second one there
+isn't a cosine theta because I'm
+
+338
+00:25:12,234 --> 00:25:16,237
+just expanding a dot product.
+OK, so I'm just writing C
+
+339
+00:25:16,237 --> 00:25:19,348
+equals A minus B,
+and then I'm expanding this
+
+340
+00:25:19,348 --> 00:25:22,223
+algebraically.
+And then, I get to an answer
+
+341
+00:25:22,223 --> 00:25:24,759
+that has an A.B.
+So then, if I wanted to express
+
+342
+00:25:24,759 --> 00:25:27,551
+that without a dot product,
+then I would have to introduce
+
+343
+00:25:27,551 --> 00:25:31,743
+a cosine.
+And, I would get the same as
+
+344
+00:25:31,743 --> 00:25:34,343
+that, OK?
+So, yeah, if you want,
+
+345
+00:25:34,343 --> 00:25:38,105
+the next step to recall the law
+of cosines would be plug in this
+
+346
+00:25:38,105 --> 00:25:43,367
+formula for AdotB.
+And then you would have a
+
+347
+00:25:43,367 --> 00:25:58,120
+cosine.
+OK, let's keep going.
+
+348
+00:25:58,120 --> 00:26:03,476
+OK, so what is this good for?
+Now that we have a definition,
+
+349
+00:26:03,476 --> 00:26:06,049
+we should figure out what we
+can do with it.
+
+350
+00:26:06,049 --> 00:26:11,390
+So, what are the applications
+of dot product?
+
+351
+00:26:11,390 --> 00:26:14,565
+Well, will this discover new
+applications of dot product
+
+352
+00:26:14,565 --> 00:26:17,566
+throughout the entire
+semester,but let me tell you at
+
+353
+00:26:17,566 --> 00:26:20,279
+least about those that are
+readily visible.
+
+354
+00:26:20,279 --> 00:26:33,450
+So, one is to compute lengths
+and angles, especially angles.
+
+355
+00:26:33,450 --> 00:26:39,446
+So, let's do an example.
+Let's say that,
+
+356
+00:26:39,446 --> 00:26:44,311
+for example,
+I have in space,
+
+357
+00:26:44,311 --> 00:26:51,609
+I have a point,
+P, which is at (1,0,0).
+
+358
+00:26:51,609 --> 00:26:55,849
+I have a point,
+Q, which is at (0,1,0).
+
+359
+00:26:55,849 --> 00:26:58,789
+So, it's at distance one here,
+one here.
+
+360
+00:26:58,789 --> 00:27:03,117
+And, I have a third point,
+R at (0,0,2),
+
+361
+00:27:03,117 --> 00:27:07,607
+so it's at height two.
+And, let's say that I'm
+
+362
+00:27:07,607 --> 00:27:11,660
+curious, and I'm wondering what
+is the angle here?
+
+363
+00:27:11,660 --> 00:27:15,637
+So, here I have a triangle in
+space connect P,
+
+364
+00:27:15,637 --> 00:27:20,500
+Q, and R, and I'm wondering,
+what is this angle here?
+
+365
+00:27:20,500 --> 00:27:23,099
+OK, so, of course,
+one solution is to build a
+
+366
+00:27:23,099 --> 00:27:25,580
+model and then go and measure
+the angle.
+
+367
+00:27:25,580 --> 00:27:28,778
+But, we can do better than that.
+We can just find the angle
+
+368
+00:27:28,778 --> 00:27:32,410
+using dot product.
+So, how would we do that?
+
+369
+00:27:32,410 --> 00:27:38,107
+Well, so, if we look at this
+formula, we see,
+
+370
+00:27:38,107 --> 00:27:44,839
+so, let's say that we want to
+find the angle here.
+
+371
+00:27:44,839 --> 00:27:50,980
+Well, let's look at the formula
+for PQdotPR.
+
+372
+00:27:50,980 --> 00:27:56,365
+Well, we said it should be
+length PQ times length PR times
+
+373
+00:27:56,365 --> 00:27:59,200
+the cosine of the angle,
+OK?
+
+374
+00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:01,549
+Now, what do we know,
+and what do we not know?
+
+375
+00:28:01,549 --> 00:28:04,364
+Well, certainly at this point
+we don't know the cosine of the
+
+376
+00:28:04,364 --> 00:28:06,798
+angle.
+That's what we would like to
+
+377
+00:28:06,798 --> 00:28:08,042
+find.
+The lengths,
+
+378
+00:28:08,042 --> 00:28:11,471
+certainly we can compute.
+We know how to find these
+
+379
+00:28:11,471 --> 00:28:14,000
+lengths.
+And, this dot product we know
+
+380
+00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:17,509
+how to compute because we have
+an easy formula here.
+
+381
+00:28:17,509 --> 00:28:20,130
+OK, so we can compute
+everything else and then find
+
+382
+00:28:20,130 --> 00:28:25,118
+theta.
+So, I'll tell you what we will
+
+383
+00:28:25,118 --> 00:28:31,819
+do is we will find theta -- --
+in this way.
+
+384
+00:28:31,819 --> 00:28:34,785
+We'll take the dot product of
+PQ with PR, and then we'll
+
+385
+00:28:34,785 --> 00:28:36,080
+divide by the lengths.
+
+
+386
+00:28:36,080 --> 00:29:14,630
+
+
+387
+00:29:14,630 --> 00:29:27,994
+OK, so let's see.
+So, we said cosine theta is
+
+388
+00:29:27,994 --> 00:29:33,829
+PQdotPR over length PQ length
+PR.
+
+389
+00:29:33,829 --> 00:29:36,126
+So, let's try to figure out
+what this vector,
+
+390
+00:29:36,126 --> 00:29:39,279
+PQ,
+well, to go from P to Q, 
+
+391
+00:29:39,279 --> 00:29:43,028
+I should go minus one unit
+along the x direction plus one
+
+392
+00:29:43,028 --> 00:29:46,872
+unit along the y direction.
+And, I'm not moving in the z
+
+393
+00:29:46,872 --> 00:29:49,798
+direction.
+So, to go from P to Q,
+
+394
+00:29:49,798 --> 00:29:54,750
+I have to move by
+***amp***lt;-1,1,0***amp***gt;.
+
+395
+00:29:54,750 --> 00:29:59,141
+To go from P to R,
+I go -1 along the x axis and 2
+
+396
+00:29:59,141 --> 00:30:04,529
+along the z axis.
+So, PR, I claim, is this.
+
+397
+00:30:04,529 --> 00:30:12,480
+OK, then, the lengths of these
+vectors, well,(-1)^2 (1)^2
+
+398
+00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:19,152
+(0)^2, square root,
+and then same thing with the
+
+399
+00:30:19,152 --> 00:30:24,012
+other one.
+OK, so, the denominator will
+
+400
+00:30:24,012 --> 00:30:30,270
+become the square root of 2,
+and there's a square root of 5.
+
+401
+00:30:30,270 --> 00:30:34,545
+What about the numerator?
+Well, so, remember,
+
+402
+00:30:34,545 --> 00:30:37,849
+to do the dot product,
+we multiply this by this,
+
+403
+00:30:37,849 --> 00:30:40,240
+and that by that,
+that by that.
+
+404
+00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:45,712
+And, we add.
+Minus 1 times minus 1 makes 1
+
+405
+00:30:45,712 --> 00:30:49,230
+plus 1 times 0,
+that's 0.
+
+406
+00:30:49,230 --> 00:30:55,888
+Zero times 2 is 0 again.
+So, we will get 1 over square
+
+407
+00:30:55,888 --> 00:30:59,400
+root of 10.
+That's the cosine of the angle.
+
+408
+00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,394
+And, of course if we want the
+actual angle,
+
+409
+00:31:03,394 --> 00:31:08,245
+well, we have to take a
+calculator, find the inverse
+
+410
+00:31:08,245 --> 00:31:12,619
+cosine, and you'll find it's
+about 71.5°.
+
+411
+00:31:12,619 --> 00:31:18,665
+Actually, we'll be using mostly
+radians, but for today,
+
+412
+00:31:18,665 --> 00:31:26,690
+that's certainly more speaking.
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+413
+00:31:26,690 --> 00:31:29,268
+No?
+OK, so in particular,
+
+414
+00:31:29,268 --> 00:31:32,544
+I should point out one thing
+that's really neat about the
+
+415
+00:31:32,544 --> 00:31:34,369
+answer.
+I mean, we got this number.
+
+416
+00:31:34,369 --> 00:31:37,477
+We don't really know what it
+means exactly because it mixes
+
+417
+00:31:37,477 --> 00:31:39,460
+together the lengths and the
+angle.
+
+418
+00:31:39,460 --> 00:31:41,898
+But, one thing that's
+interesting here,
+
+419
+00:31:41,898 --> 00:31:45,684
+it's the sign of the answer,
+the fact that we got a positive
+
+420
+00:31:45,684 --> 00:31:48,214
+number.
+So, if you think about it,
+
+421
+00:31:48,214 --> 00:31:50,529
+the lengths are always
+positive.
+
+422
+00:31:50,529 --> 00:31:56,653
+So, the sign of a dot product
+is the same as a sign of cosine
+
+423
+00:31:56,653 --> 00:32:00,045
+theta.
+So, in fact,
+
+424
+00:32:00,045 --> 00:32:13,139
+the sign of AdotB is going to
+be positive if the angle is less
+
+425
+00:32:13,139 --> 00:32:17,599
+than 90°.
+So, that means geometrically,
+
+426
+00:32:17,599 --> 00:32:21,110
+my two vectors are going more
+or less in the same direction.
+
+427
+00:32:21,110 --> 00:32:27,595
+They make an acute angle.
+It's going to be zero if the
+
+428
+00:32:27,595 --> 00:32:33,607
+angle is exactly 90°,
+OK, because that's when the
+
+429
+00:32:33,607 --> 00:32:39,164
+cosine will be zero.
+And, it will be negative if the
+
+430
+00:32:39,164 --> 00:32:43,337
+angle is more than 90°.
+So, that means they go,
+
+431
+00:32:43,337 --> 00:32:46,160
+however, in opposite
+directions.
+
+432
+00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:50,694
+So, that's basically one way to
+think about what dot product
+
+433
+00:32:50,694 --> 00:32:54,598
+measures.
+It measures how much the two
+
+434
+00:32:54,598 --> 00:32:58,529
+vectors are going along each
+other.
+
+435
+00:32:58,529 --> 00:33:02,619
+OK, and that actually leads us
+to the next application.
+
+436
+00:33:02,619 --> 00:33:05,820
+So, let's see,
+did I have a number one there?
+
+437
+00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:07,844
+Yes.
+So, if I had a number one,
+
+438
+00:33:07,844 --> 00:33:12,048
+I must have number two.
+The second application is to
+
+439
+00:33:12,048 --> 00:33:16,807
+detect orthogonality.
+It's to figure out when two
+
+440
+00:33:16,807 --> 00:33:21,729
+things are perpendicular.
+OK, so orthogonality is just a
+
+441
+00:33:21,729 --> 00:33:26,710
+complicated word from Greek to
+say things are perpendicular.
+
+442
+00:33:26,710 --> 00:33:34,316
+So, let's just take an example.
+Let's say I give you the
+
+443
+00:33:34,316 --> 00:33:41,055
+equation x 2y 3z = 0.
+OK, so that defines a certain
+
+444
+00:33:41,055 --> 00:33:46,551
+set of points in space,
+and what do you think the set
+
+445
+00:33:46,551 --> 00:33:52,259
+of solutions look like if I give
+you this equation?
+
+446
+00:33:52,259 --> 00:34:01,277
+So far I see one,
+two, three answers,
+
+447
+00:34:01,277 --> 00:34:06,220
+OK.
+So, I see various competing
+
+448
+00:34:06,220 --> 00:34:11,688
+answers, but,
+yeah, I see a lot of people
+
+449
+00:34:11,688 --> 00:34:18,096
+voting for answer number four.
+I see also some I don't knows,
+
+450
+00:34:18,096 --> 00:34:22,678
+and some other things.
+But, the majority vote seems to
+
+451
+00:34:22,678 --> 00:34:26,179
+be a plane.
+And, indeed that's the correct
+
+452
+00:34:26,179 --> 00:34:28,320
+answer.
+So, how do we see that it's a
+
+453
+00:34:28,320 --> 00:34:28,690
+plane?
+
+
+454
+00:34:28,690 --> 00:34:43,699
+
+
+455
+00:34:43,699 --> 00:34:49,235
+So, I should say,
+this is the equation of a
+
+456
+00:34:49,235 --> 00:34:52,319
+plane.
+So, there's many ways to see
+
+457
+00:34:52,319 --> 00:34:55,869
+that, and I'm not going to give
+you all of them.
+
+458
+00:34:55,869 --> 00:34:58,820
+But, here's one way to think
+about it.
+
+459
+00:34:58,820 --> 00:35:03,862
+So, let's think geometrically
+about how to express this
+
+460
+00:35:03,862 --> 00:35:09,755
+condition in terms of vectors.
+So, let's take the origin O,
+
+461
+00:35:09,755 --> 00:35:13,489
+by convention is the point
+(0,0,0).
+
+462
+00:35:13,489 --> 00:35:18,217
+And, let's take a point,
+P, that will satisfy this
+
+463
+00:35:18,217 --> 00:35:21,691
+equation on it,
+so, at coordinates x,
+
+464
+00:35:21,691 --> 00:35:24,534
+y, z.
+So, what does this condition
+
+465
+00:35:24,534 --> 00:35:28,461
+here mean?
+Well, it means the following
+
+466
+00:35:28,461 --> 00:35:32,789
+thing.
+So, let's take the vector, OP.
+
+467
+00:35:32,789 --> 00:35:37,714
+OK, so vector OP,
+of course, has components x,
+
+468
+00:35:37,714 --> 00:35:40,410
+y, z.
+Now, we can think of this as
+
+469
+00:35:40,410 --> 00:35:44,614
+actually a dot product between
+OP and a mysterious vector that
+
+470
+00:35:44,614 --> 00:35:47,510
+won't remain mysterious for very
+long,
+
+471
+00:35:47,510 --> 00:35:50,849
+namely, the vector one,
+two, three.
+
+472
+00:35:50,849 --> 00:35:59,881
+OK, so, this condition is the
+same as OP.A equals zero,
+
+473
+00:35:59,881 --> 00:36:03,702
+right?
+If I take the dot product
+
+474
+00:36:03,702 --> 00:36:09,860
+OPdotA I get x times one plus y
+times two plus z times three.
+
+475
+00:36:09,860 --> 00:36:14,632
+But now, what does it mean that
+the dot product between OP and A
+
+476
+00:36:14,632 --> 00:36:19,613
+is zero?
+Well, it means that OP and A
+
+477
+00:36:19,613 --> 00:36:25,869
+are perpendicular.
+OK, so I have this vector, A.
+
+478
+00:36:25,869 --> 00:36:28,220
+I'm not going to be able to
+draw it realistically.
+
+479
+00:36:28,220 --> 00:36:32,632
+Let's say it goes this way.
+Then, a point,
+
+480
+00:36:32,632 --> 00:36:37,304
+P, solves this equation exactly
+when the vector from O to P is
+
+481
+00:36:37,304 --> 00:36:40,768
+perpendicular to A.
+And, I claim that defines a
+
+482
+00:36:40,768 --> 00:36:41,953
+plane.
+For example,
+
+483
+00:36:41,953 --> 00:36:45,030
+if it helps you to see it,
+take a vertical vector.
+
+484
+00:36:45,030 --> 00:36:47,195
+What does it mean to be
+perpendicular to the vertical
+
+485
+00:36:47,195 --> 00:36:49,320
+vector?
+It means you are horizontal.
+
+486
+00:36:49,320 --> 00:36:56,159
+It's the horizontal plane.
+Here, it's a plane that passes
+
+487
+00:36:56,159 --> 00:37:05,770
+through the origin and is
+perpendicular to this vector,
+
+488
+00:37:05,770 --> 00:37:14,831
+A.
+OK, so what we get is a plane
+
+489
+00:37:14,831 --> 00:37:25,820
+through the origin perpendicular
+to A.
+
+490
+00:37:25,820 --> 00:37:29,503
+And, in general, 
+what you should remember is
+
+491
+00:37:29,503 --> 00:37:35,193
+that two vectors have a dot
+product equal to zero if and
+
+492
+00:37:35,193 --> 00:37:41,815
+only if that's equivalent to the
+cosine of the angle between them
+
+493
+00:37:41,815 --> 00:37:46,900
+is zero.
+That means the angle is 90°.
+
+494
+00:37:46,900 --> 00:37:51,340
+That means A and B are
+perpendicular.
+
+495
+00:37:51,340 --> 00:37:57,245
+So, we have a very fast way of
+checking whether two vectors are
+
+496
+00:37:57,245 --> 00:38:01,421
+perpendicular.
+So, one additional application
+
+497
+00:38:01,421 --> 00:38:05,753
+I think we'll see actually
+tomorrow is to find the
+
+498
+00:38:05,753 --> 00:38:10,349
+components of a vector along a
+certain direction.
+
+499
+00:38:10,349 --> 00:38:13,403
+So, I claim we can use this
+intuition I gave about dot
+
+500
+00:38:13,403 --> 00:38:16,975
+product telling us how much to
+vectors go in the same direction
+
+501
+00:38:16,975 --> 00:38:19,856
+to actually give a precise
+meaning to the notion of
+
+502
+00:38:19,856 --> 00:38:22,811
+component for vector,
+not just along the x,
+
+503
+00:38:22,811 --> 00:38:27,260
+y, or z axis,
+but along any direction in
+
+504
+00:38:27,260 --> 00:38:31,600
+space.
+So, I think I should probably
+
+505
+00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:34,920
+stop here.
+But, I will see you tomorrow at
+
+506
+00:38:34,920 --> 00:38:38,654
+2:00 here, and we'll learn more
+about that and about cross
+
+507
+00:38:38,654 --> 00:38:44,440
+products.
+ 
+
+508
+00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:49,440
+