sm-transcript 0.0.6 → 0.0.7

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+ 1
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+ 00:00:00 --> 00:00:00
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+ The following content is
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+ provided under a Creative
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+
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+ 00:00:02,4 --> 00:00:03,81
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+ Commons license.
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+ Your support will help MIT
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+ OpenCourseWare continue to
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+ resources for free.
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+ To make a donation or view
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+ additional materials from
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+ hundreds of MIT courses,
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+ visit MIT OpenCourseWare
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+
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+ 00:00:15,99 --> 00:00:17,59
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+ at ocw.mit.edu.
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+
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+
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+ 9
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+ 00:00:17,59 --> 00:00:19,92
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+ PROFESSOR: Thermodynamics,
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+ all right, let's start.
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+
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+ 10
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+ 00:00:19,92 --> 00:00:31,27
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+ Thermodynamics is the science
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+ of the flow of heat.
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+
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+ 11
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+ 00:00:31,27 --> 00:00:42,3
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+ So, thermo is heat, and
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+ dynamics is the motion of heat.
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+
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+ 12
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+ 00:00:42,3 --> 00:00:46,73
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+ Thermodynamics was developed
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+ largely beginning in the
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+
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+ 13
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+ 00:00:46,73 --> 00:00:52,75
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+ 1800's, at the time of the
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+ Industrial Revolution.
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+
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+ 14
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+ 00:00:52,75 --> 00:00:54,89
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+ So, taming of steel.
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+
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+
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+ 15
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+ 00:00:54,89 --> 00:01:02,2
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+ The beginning of generating
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+ power by burning fossil fuels.
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+
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+ 16
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+ 00:01:02,2 --> 00:01:05,57
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+ The beginning of the problems
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+ with CO2 and [NOISE OBSCURES]
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+
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+ 17
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+ 00:01:05,57 --> 00:01:06,21
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+ global warming.
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+
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+
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+ 18
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+ 00:01:06,21 --> 00:01:10,42
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+ In fact, it's interesting to
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+ note that the first calculation
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+
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+ 19
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+ 00:01:10,42 --> 00:01:18,11
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+ on the impact of CO2 on climate
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+ was done in the late
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+
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+ 20
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+ 00:01:18,11 --> 00:01:21,17
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+ 1800's by Arrhenius.
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+
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+
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+ 21
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+ 00:01:21,17 --> 00:01:26,13
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+ Beginning of a generation of
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+ power moving heat from fossil
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+
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+ 22
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+ 00:01:26,13 --> 00:01:30,92
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+ fuels to generating energy,
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+ locomotives, etcetera.
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+
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+ 23
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+ 00:01:30,92 --> 00:01:34,36
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+ So, he calculated what would
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+ happen to this burning of
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+
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+ 24
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+ 00:01:34,36 --> 00:01:38,89
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+ fossil fuels, and he decided in
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+ his calculation, he basically
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+
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+ 25
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+ 00:01:38,89 --> 00:01:42,65
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+ got the calculation right, by
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+ the way, but he came out that
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+
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+ 26
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+ 00:01:42,65 --> 00:01:45,31
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+ in 2,000 years from the time
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+ that he did the calculations,
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+
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+ 27
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+ 00:01:45,31 --> 00:01:48,38
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+ humans would be in trouble.
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+
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+
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+ 28
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+ 00:01:48,38 --> 00:01:51,93
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+ Well, since his calculation,
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+ we've had an exponential growth
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+
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+ 29
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+ 00:01:51,93 --> 00:01:54,64
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+ in the amount of CO2, and if
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+ you go through the calculations
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+
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+ 30
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+ 00:01:54,64 --> 00:01:57,95
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+ of -- people have done these
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+ calculations throughout times
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+
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+ 31
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+ 00:01:57,95 --> 00:02:01,58
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+ since Arrhenius, the time that
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+ we're in trouble, 2,000 years
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+
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+ 32
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+ 00:02:01,58 --> 00:02:06,07
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+ and the calculation, has
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+ gone like this, and so now
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+
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+ 33
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+ 00:02:06,07 --> 00:02:08,25
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+ we're really in trouble.
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+
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+
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+ 34
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+ 00:02:08,25 --> 00:02:11,15
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+ That's for a different lecture.
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+
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+
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+ 35
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+ 00:02:11,15 --> 00:02:13,61
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+ So, anyway, thermodynamics
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+ dates from the same period
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+
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+ 36
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+ 00:02:13,61 --> 00:02:19,18
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+ as getting fossil fuels
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+ out of the ground.
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+
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+ 37
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+ 00:02:19,18 --> 00:02:20,16
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+ It's universal.
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+
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+
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+ 38
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+ 00:02:20,16 --> 00:02:24,02
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+ It turns out everything around
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+ us moves energy around
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+
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+ 39
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+ 00:02:24,02 --> 00:02:24,85
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+ in one way or the other.
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+
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+
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+ 40
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+ 00:02:24,85 --> 00:02:26,84
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+ If you're a biological
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+ system, you're burning
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+
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+ 41
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+ 00:02:26,84 --> 00:02:28,5
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+ calories, burning ATP.
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+
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+
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+ 42
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+ 00:02:28,5 --> 00:02:31,98
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+ You're creating heat.
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+
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+
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+ 43
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+ 00:02:31,98 --> 00:02:34,04
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+ If you're a
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+ warm-blooded animal.
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+
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+ 44
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+ 00:02:34,04 --> 00:02:37,64
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+ You need energy to move your
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+ arms around and move around --
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+
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+ 45
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+ 00:02:37,64 --> 00:02:41,59
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+ mechanical systems, obviously,
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+ cars, boats, etcetera.
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+
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+ 46
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+ 00:02:41,59 --> 00:02:44,9
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+ And even in astrophysics, when
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+ you talk about stars, black
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+
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+ 47
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+ 00:02:44,9 --> 00:02:46,6
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+ holes, etcetera, you're
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+ moving energy around.
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+
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+ 48
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+ 00:02:46,6 --> 00:02:49,47
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+ You're moving heat around
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+ when you're changing matter
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+
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+ 49
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+ 00:02:49,47 --> 00:02:51,19
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+ through thermodynamics.
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+
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+
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+ 50
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+ 00:02:51,19 --> 00:02:54,61
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+ And the cause of some
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+ thermodynamics have even been
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+
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+ 51
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+ 00:02:54,61 --> 00:02:59,34
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+ applied to economics, systems
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+ out of equilibrium, like big
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+
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+ 52
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+ 00:02:59,34 --> 00:03:01,9
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+ companies like Enron, you
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+ know, completely out of
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+
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+ 53
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+ 00:03:01,9 --> 00:03:03,9
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+ equilibrium, crash and burn.
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+
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+
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+ 54
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+ 00:03:03,9 --> 00:03:11,52
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+ You can apply non-equilibrium
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+ thermodynamics to economics.
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+
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+ 55
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+ 00:03:11,52 --> 00:03:15,63
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+ It was developed before people
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+ knew about atoms and molecules.
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+
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+ 56
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+ 00:03:15,63 --> 00:03:18,42
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+ So it's a science that's
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+ based on macroscopic
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+
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+ 57
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+ 00:03:18,42 --> 00:03:21,48
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+ properties of matter.
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+
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+
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+ 58
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+ 00:03:21,48 --> 00:03:25,63
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+ Since then, since we know about
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+ atoms and molecules now, we
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+
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+ 59
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+ 00:03:25,63 --> 00:03:29,8
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+ can rationalize the concepts
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+ of thermodynmamics using
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+
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+ 60
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+ 00:03:29,8 --> 00:03:34,56
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+ microscopic properties, and if
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+ you are going to take 5.62,
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+
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+ 61
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+ 00:03:34,56 --> 00:03:35,47
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+ that's what you'd learn about.
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+
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+
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+ 62
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+ 00:03:35,47 --> 00:03:38,01
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+ You'd learn about statistical
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+ mechanics, and how the
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+
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+ 63
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+ 00:03:38,01 --> 00:03:41,84
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+ atomistic concepts
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+ rationalize thermodynamics.
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+
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+ 64
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+ 00:03:41,84 --> 00:03:46,75
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+ It doesn't prove it, but it
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+ helps to getting more intuition
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+
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+ 65
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+ 00:03:46,75 --> 00:03:53,57
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+ about the consequences
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+ of thermodynamics.
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+
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+ 66
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+ 00:03:53,57 --> 00:03:55,79
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+ So it applies to macroscopic
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+ systems that are in
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+
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+ 67
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+ 00:03:55,79 --> 00:03:59,34
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+ equilibrium, and how to go from
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+ one equilibrium state to
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+
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+ 68
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+ 00:03:59,34 --> 00:04:03,27
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+ another equilibrium state, and
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+ it's entirely empirical
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+
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+ 69
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+ 00:04:03,27 --> 00:04:05,73
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+ in its foundation.
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+
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+
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+ 70
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+ 00:04:05,73 --> 00:04:08,27
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+ People have done experiments
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+ through the ages, and they've
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+
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+ 71
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+ 00:04:08,27 --> 00:04:11,31
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+ accumulated the knowledge from
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+ these experiments, and they've
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+
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+ 72
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+ 00:04:11,31 --> 00:04:16,21
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+ synthesized these experiments
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+ into a few basic empirical
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+
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+ 73
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+ 00:04:16,21 --> 00:04:19,84
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+ rules, empirical laws, which
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+ are the laws of thermodynamics.
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+
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+ 74
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+ 00:04:19,84 --> 00:04:25,415
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+ And then they've taken these
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+ laws and added a structure of
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+
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+ 75
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+ 00:04:25,415 --> 00:04:30,46
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+ math upon it, to build this
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+ edifice, which is a very solid
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+
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+ 76
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+ 00:04:30,46 --> 00:04:36,81
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+ edifice of thermodynamics as a
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+ science of equilibrium systems.
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+
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+ 77
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+ 00:04:36,81 --> 00:04:43,12
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+ So these empirical observations
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+ then are summarized
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+
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+ 78
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+ 00:04:43,12 --> 00:04:46,41
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+ into four laws.
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+
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+
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+ 79
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+ 00:04:46,41 --> 00:04:51,38
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+ So, these laws are,
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+ they're really depillars.
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+
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+ 80
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+ 00:04:51,38 --> 00:04:55,95
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+ They're not proven, but
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+ they're not wrong.
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+
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+ 81
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+ 00:04:55,95 --> 00:04:59,34
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+ They're very unlikely
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+ to be wrong.
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+
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+ 82
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+ 00:04:59,34 --> 00:05:01,81
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+ Let's just go through these
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+ laws, OK, very quickly.
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+
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+ 83
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+ 00:05:01,81 --> 00:05:07,12
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+ There's a zeroth law The zeroth
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+ law every one of these laws
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+
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+ 84
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+ 00:05:07,12 --> 00:05:09,63
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+ basically defines the quantity
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+ in thermodynamics and then
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+
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+ 85
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+ 00:05:09,63 --> 00:05:11,33
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+ defines the concept.
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+
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+
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+ 86
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+ 00:05:11,33 --> 00:05:13,77
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+ The zeroth law
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+ defines temperature.
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+
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+ 87
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+ 00:05:13,77 --> 00:05:19
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+ That's a fairly common-sense
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+ idea, but it's important to
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+
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+ 88
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+ 00:05:19 --> 00:05:23,143
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+ define it, and I call that
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+ the common-sense law.
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+
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+ 89
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+ 00:05:23,143 --> 00:05:30,15
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+ So this is the
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+ common-sense law.
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+
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+ 90
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+ 00:05:30,15 --> 00:05:37,8
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+ The first law ends up defining
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+ energy, which we're going to
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+
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+ 91
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+ 00:05:37,8 --> 00:05:44,68
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+ call u, and the concept of
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+ energy conservation, energy
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+
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+ 92
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+ 00:05:44,68 --> 00:05:48,88
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+ can't be lost or gained.
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+
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+
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+ 93
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+ 00:05:48,88 --> 00:05:51,77
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+ And I'm going to call this
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+ the you can break even law;
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+
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+ 94
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+ 00:05:51,77 --> 00:05:55,1
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+ you can break even law.
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+
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+
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+ 95
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+ 00:05:55,1 --> 00:06:00
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+ You don't lose energy,
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+ you can't gain energy.
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+
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+ 96
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+ 00:06:00 --> 00:06:02,09
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+ You break even.
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+
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+
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+ 97
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+ 00:06:02,09 --> 00:06:09,67
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+ The second law is going to
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+ define entropy, and is going to
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+
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+ 98
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+ 00:06:09,67 --> 00:06:11,82
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+ tell us about the direction
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+ of time, something that
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+
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+ 99
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+ 00:06:11,82 --> 00:06:15,66
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+ conceptually we, clearly,
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+ understand, but is going to put
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+
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+ 100
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+ 00:06:15,66 --> 00:06:20,19
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+ a mathematical foundation
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+ on which way does time go.
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+
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+ 101
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+ 00:06:20,19 --> 00:06:24,73
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+ Clearly, if I take a chalk like
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+ this one here, and I throw it
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+
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+ 102
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+ 00:06:24,73 --> 00:06:27,53
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+ on the ground, and it breaks
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+ in little pieces, if I run
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+
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+ 103
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+ 00:06:27,53 --> 00:06:30,11
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+ the movie backwards, that
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+ doesn't make sense, right?
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+
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+ 104
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+ 00:06:30,11 --> 00:06:33,37
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+ We have a concept of time going
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+ forward in a particular way.
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+
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+ 105
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+ 00:06:33,37 --> 00:06:39,19
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+ How does entropy play into
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+ that concept of time?
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+
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+ 106
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+ 00:06:39,19 --> 00:06:48,5
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+ And I'm going to call this
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+ the you can break even at
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+
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+ 107
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+ 00:06:48,5 --> 00:06:49,51
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+ zero degrees Kelvin law.
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+
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+
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+ 108
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+ 00:06:49,51 --> 00:06:53,56
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+ You can only do it at
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+ zero degrees Kelvin.
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+
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+ 109
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+ 00:06:53,56 --> 00:07:06,2
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+ The third law is going to give
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+ a numerical value to the
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+
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+ 110
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+ 00:07:06,2 --> 00:07:13,65
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+ entropy, and the third law is
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+ going to be the depressing one,
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+
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+ 111
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+ 00:07:13,65 --> 00:07:23,57
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+ and it's going to say, you
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+ can't get to zero degrees.
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+
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+ 112
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+ 00:07:23,57 --> 00:07:26,69
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+ These laws are
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+ universally valid.
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+
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+ 113
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+ 00:07:26,69 --> 00:07:29,82
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+ They cannot be circumvented.
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+
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+
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+ 114
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+ 00:07:29,82 --> 00:07:33,95
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+ Certainly people have tried to
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+ do that, and every year there's
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+
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+ 115
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+ 00:07:33,95 --> 00:07:38,43
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+ a newspaper story, Wall Street
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+ Journal, or New York Times
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+
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+ 116
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+ 00:07:38,43 --> 00:07:42,07
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+ about somebody that has
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+ invented the device that
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+
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+ 117
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+ 00:07:42,07 --> 00:07:46,38
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+ somehow goes around the second
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+ law and makes more energy than
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+
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+ 118
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+ 00:07:46,38 --> 00:07:50,12
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+ it creates, and this is going
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+ to be -- well, first of all,
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+
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+ 119
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+ 00:07:50,12 --> 00:07:53,46
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+ for the investors this is going
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+ to make them very, very rich,
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+
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+ 120
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+ 00:07:53,46 --> 00:07:57,04
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+ and for the rest of us, it's
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+ going to be wonderful.
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+
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+ 121
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+ 00:07:57,04 --> 00:07:59,76
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+ And they go through these
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+ arguments, and they find
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+
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+ 122
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+ 00:07:59,76 --> 00:08:02,79
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+ venture money to fund the
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+ company, and they get
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+
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+ 123
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+ 00:08:02,79 --> 00:08:06,53
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+ very famous people to
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+ endorse them, etcetera.
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+
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+ 124
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+ 00:08:06,53 --> 00:08:10,77
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+ But you guys know, because you
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+ have MIT degrees, and you've,
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+
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+ 125
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+ 00:08:10,77 --> 00:08:14,08
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+ later, and you've taken 5.60,
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+ that can't be the case, and
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+
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+ 126
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+ 00:08:14,08 --> 00:08:16,08
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+ you're not going to get
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+ fooled into investing money
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+
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+ 127
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+ 00:08:16,08 --> 00:08:18,47
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+ into these companies.
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+
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+
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+ 128
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+ 00:08:18,47 --> 00:08:22,98
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+ But it's amazing, that every
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+ year you find somebody coming
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+
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+ 129
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+ 00:08:22,98 --> 00:08:26,33
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+ up with a way of going around
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+ the second law and somehow
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+
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+ 130
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+ 00:08:26,33 --> 00:08:36,09
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+ convincing people who are very
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+ smart that this will work.
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+
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+ 131
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+ 00:08:36,09 --> 00:08:39,26
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+ So, thermo is also a big
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+ tease, as you can see
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+
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+ 132
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+ 00:08:39,26 --> 00:08:43,23
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+ from my descriptions
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+ of these laws here.
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+
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+ 133
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+ 00:08:43,23 --> 00:08:46,86
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+ It makes you believe,
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+ initially, in the feasibility
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+
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+ 134
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+ 00:08:46,86 --> 00:08:49,8
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+ of perfect efficiency.
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+
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+
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+ 135
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+ 00:08:49,8 --> 00:08:54,19
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+ The first law is very upbeat.
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+
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+
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+ 136
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+ 00:08:54,19 --> 00:08:58,49
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+ It talks about the
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+ conservation of energy.
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+
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+ 137
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+ 00:08:58,49 --> 00:09:01,86
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+ Energy is conserved
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+ in all of its forms.
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+
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+ 138
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+ 00:09:01,86 --> 00:09:04,74
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+ You can take heat energy and
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+ convert it to work energy and
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+
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+ 139
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+ 00:09:04,74 --> 00:09:08,88
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+ vice versa, and it doesn't say
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+ anything about that you have
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+
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+ 140
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+ 00:09:08,88 --> 00:09:11,86
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+ to waste heat if you're going
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+ to transform heat into work.
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+
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+ 141
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+ 00:09:11,86 --> 00:09:13,87
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+ It just says it's energy.
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+
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+
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+ 142
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+ 00:09:13,87 --> 00:09:16,35
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+ It's all the same thing, right?
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+
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+
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+ 143
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+ 00:09:16,35 --> 00:09:19,23
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+ So, you could break even if you
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+ were very clever about it,
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+
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+ 144
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+ 00:09:19,23 --> 00:09:22,4
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+ and that's pretty neat.
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+
720
+
721
+ 145
722
+ 00:09:22,4 --> 00:09:24,51
723
+ So, in a sense, it says, you
724
+ know, if you wanted to build a
725
+
726
+ 146
727
+ 00:09:24,51 --> 00:09:29,55
728
+ boat that took energy out of
729
+ the warmth of the air, to sail
730
+
731
+ 147
732
+ 00:09:29,55 --> 00:09:33,74
733
+ around the world,
734
+ you can do that.
735
+
736
+ 148
737
+ 00:09:33,74 --> 00:09:37,8
738
+ And then the second law
739
+ comes in and says well,
740
+
741
+ 149
742
+ 00:09:37,8 --> 00:09:40,04
743
+ that's not quite right.
744
+
745
+
746
+ 150
747
+ 00:09:40,04 --> 00:09:42,97
748
+ The second law says, yes,
749
+ energy is pretty much the same
750
+
751
+ 151
752
+ 00:09:42,97 --> 00:09:46,04
753
+ in all this form, but if you
754
+ want to convert one form of
755
+
756
+ 152
757
+ 00:09:46,04 --> 00:09:51,95
758
+ energy into another, if you
759
+ want to convert work, heat into
760
+
761
+ 153
762
+ 00:09:51,95 --> 00:09:55,58
763
+ work, with 100% efficiency,
764
+ you've got to go down to zero
765
+
766
+ 154
767
+ 00:09:55,58 --> 00:09:57,87
768
+ degrees Kelvin, to absolute
769
+ zero if you want to do that.
770
+
771
+ 155
772
+ 00:09:57,87 --> 00:10:01,42
773
+ Otherwise you're going to waste
774
+ some of that heat somewhere
775
+
776
+ 156
777
+ 00:10:01,42 --> 00:10:04,92
778
+ along the way, some
779
+ of that energy.
780
+
781
+ 157
782
+ 00:10:04,92 --> 00:10:06,96
783
+ All right, so you can't get
784
+ perfect efficiency, but at
785
+
786
+ 158
787
+ 00:10:06,96 --> 00:10:09,95
788
+ least if you were able to go
789
+ to zero degrees Kelvin,
790
+
791
+ 159
792
+ 00:10:09,95 --> 00:10:11,52
793
+ then you'd be all set.
794
+
795
+
796
+ 160
797
+ 00:10:11,52 --> 00:10:14,09
798
+ You just got to find a good
799
+ refrigerator on your boat,
800
+
801
+ 161
802
+ 00:10:14,09 --> 00:10:16,25
803
+ and then you can still
804
+ go around the world.
805
+
806
+ 162
807
+ 00:10:16,25 --> 00:10:18,69
808
+ And then the third law
809
+ comes in, and that's the
810
+
811
+ 163
812
+ 00:10:18,69 --> 00:10:19,81
813
+ depressing part here.
814
+
815
+
816
+ 164
817
+ 00:10:19,81 --> 00:10:21,71
818
+ It says, well, it's true.
819
+
820
+
821
+ 165
822
+ 00:10:21,71 --> 00:10:23,98
823
+ If you could get to zero
824
+ degrees Kelvin, you'd get
825
+
826
+ 166
827
+ 00:10:23,98 --> 00:10:27,705
828
+ perfect efficiency, but you
829
+ can't get to zero degrees
830
+
831
+ 167
832
+ 00:10:27,705 --> 00:10:31,18
833
+ Kelvin, you can't.
834
+
835
+
836
+ 168
837
+ 00:10:31,18 --> 00:10:34,18
838
+ Even if you have an infinite
839
+ amount of resources,
840
+
841
+ 169
842
+ 00:10:34,18 --> 00:10:42,75
843
+ you can't get there.
844
+
845
+
846
+ 170
847
+ 00:10:42,75 --> 00:10:48,94
848
+ Any questions so far?
849
+
850
+
851
+ 171
852
+ 00:10:48,94 --> 00:10:52,72
853
+ So thermodynamics, based on
854
+ these four laws now, requires
855
+
856
+ 172
857
+ 00:10:52,72 --> 00:10:56,42
858
+ an edifice, and it's a very
859
+ mature science, and it
860
+
861
+ 173
862
+ 00:10:56,42 --> 00:10:58,6
863
+ requires that we define
864
+ things carefully.
865
+
866
+ 174
867
+ 00:10:58,6 --> 00:11:01,12
868
+ So we're going to spend a
869
+ little bit of time making sure
870
+
871
+ 175
872
+ 00:11:01,12 --> 00:11:06,41
873
+ we define our concepts and our
874
+ words, and what you'll find
875
+
876
+ 176
877
+ 00:11:06,41 --> 00:11:13,68
878
+ that when you do problem sets,
879
+ especially at the beginning,
880
+
881
+ 177
882
+ 00:11:13,68 --> 00:11:18,03
883
+ understanding the words and the
884
+ conditions of the problem sets
885
+
886
+ 178
887
+ 00:11:18,03 --> 00:11:23,26
888
+ is most of the way into
889
+ solving the problem.
890
+
891
+ 179
892
+ 00:11:23,26 --> 00:11:33,56
893
+ So we're going to talk
894
+ about things like systems.
895
+
896
+ 180
897
+ 00:11:33,56 --> 00:11:37,09
898
+ The system, it's that part
899
+ of the universe that
900
+
901
+ 181
902
+ 00:11:37,09 --> 00:11:38,67
903
+ we're studying.
904
+
905
+
906
+ 182
907
+ 00:11:38,67 --> 00:11:41,26
908
+ These are going to be fairly
909
+ common-sense definitions, but
910
+
911
+ 183
912
+ 00:11:41,26 --> 00:11:44,74
913
+ they're important, and when you
914
+ get to a problem set, really
915
+
916
+ 184
917
+ 00:11:44,74 --> 00:11:50,52
918
+ nailing down what the system
919
+ is, not more, nor less, in
920
+
921
+ 185
922
+ 00:11:50,52 --> 00:11:53,05
923
+ terms of the amount of stuff,
924
+ that's part of the system, it's
925
+
926
+ 186
927
+ 00:11:53,05 --> 00:11:55,94
928
+ going to be often very crucial.
929
+
930
+
931
+ 187
932
+ 00:11:55,94 --> 00:11:57,09
933
+ So you've got the system.
934
+
935
+
936
+ 188
937
+ 00:11:57,09 --> 00:11:59,01
938
+ For instance, it
939
+ could be a person.
940
+
941
+ 189
942
+ 00:11:59,01 --> 00:11:59,85
943
+ I am the system.
944
+
945
+
946
+ 190
947
+ 00:11:59,85 --> 00:12:00,62
948
+ I could be a system.
949
+
950
+
951
+ 191
952
+ 00:12:00,62 --> 00:12:04,45
953
+ It could be a hot
954
+ coffee in a thermos.
955
+
956
+ 192
957
+ 00:12:04,45 --> 00:12:07,62
958
+ So the coffee and the milk and
959
+ whatever else you like in your
960
+
961
+ 193
962
+ 00:12:07,62 --> 00:12:08,92
963
+ coffee would be the system.
964
+
965
+
966
+ 194
967
+ 00:12:08,92 --> 00:12:12,14
968
+ It could be a glass of
969
+ water with ice in it.
970
+
971
+ 195
972
+ 00:12:12,14 --> 00:12:13,52
973
+ That's a fine system.
974
+
975
+
976
+ 196
977
+ 00:12:13,52 --> 00:12:15,22
978
+ Volume of air in a
979
+ part of a room.
980
+
981
+ 197
982
+ 00:12:15,22 --> 00:12:18,42
983
+ Take four liters on this
984
+ corner of the room.
985
+
986
+ 198
987
+ 00:12:18,42 --> 00:12:21,57
988
+ That's my system.
989
+
990
+
991
+ 199
992
+ 00:12:21,57 --> 00:12:28,95
993
+ Then, after you define what
994
+ your system is, whatever is
995
+
996
+ 200
997
+ 00:12:28,95 --> 00:12:32,19
998
+ left over of the universe
999
+ is the surroundings.
1000
+
1001
+ 201
1002
+ 00:12:32,19 --> 00:12:35,34
1003
+ So, if I'm the system,
1004
+ then everything else
1005
+
1006
+ 202
1007
+ 00:12:35,34 --> 00:12:35,86
1008
+ is the surroundings.
1009
+
1010
+
1011
+ 203
1012
+ 00:12:35,86 --> 00:12:37,5
1013
+ You are my surroundings.
1014
+
1015
+
1016
+ 204
1017
+ 00:12:37,5 --> 00:12:39,37
1018
+ Saturn is my surroundings.
1019
+
1020
+
1021
+ 205
1022
+ 00:12:39,37 --> 00:12:41,2
1023
+ As far as you can go in
1024
+ the universe, that's part
1025
+
1026
+ 206
1027
+ 00:12:41,2 --> 00:12:43,3
1028
+ of the surroundings.
1029
+
1030
+
1031
+ 207
1032
+ 00:12:43,3 --> 00:12:44,93
1033
+ And then between the system
1034
+ and the surroundings
1035
+
1036
+ 208
1037
+ 00:12:44,93 --> 00:12:47,12
1038
+ is the boundary.
1039
+
1040
+
1041
+ 209
1042
+ 00:12:47,12 --> 00:12:56,99
1043
+ And the boundary is a surface
1044
+ that's real, like the outsides
1045
+
1046
+ 210
1047
+ 00:12:56,99 --> 00:13:01,74
1048
+ of my skin, or the inner wall
1049
+ of the thermos that has the
1050
+
1051
+ 211
1052
+ 00:13:01,74 --> 00:13:06,03
1053
+ coffee in it, or it could
1054
+ be an imaginary boundary.
1055
+
1056
+ 212
1057
+ 00:13:06,03 --> 00:13:09,34
1058
+ For instance, I can imagine
1059
+ that there is a boundary that
1060
+
1061
+ 213
1062
+ 00:13:09,34 --> 00:13:12,14
1063
+ surrounds the four liters of
1064
+ air that's sitting in
1065
+
1066
+ 214
1067
+ 00:13:12,14 --> 00:13:12,74
1068
+ the corner there.
1069
+
1070
+
1071
+ 215
1072
+ 00:13:12,74 --> 00:13:15,79
1073
+ It doesn't have to be a real
1074
+ container to contain it.
1075
+
1076
+ 216
1077
+ 00:13:15,79 --> 00:13:21,42
1078
+ It's just an imaginary
1079
+ boundary there.
1080
+
1081
+ 217
1082
+ 00:13:21,42 --> 00:13:24,18
1083
+ And where you place that
1084
+ boundary becomes important.
1085
+
1086
+ 218
1087
+ 00:13:24,18 --> 00:13:28,21
1088
+ So, for instance, for the
1089
+ thermos with the coffee in it,
1090
+
1091
+ 219
1092
+ 00:13:28,21 --> 00:13:31,4
1093
+ if you place the boundary in
1094
+ the inside wall of the glass or
1095
+
1096
+ 220
1097
+ 00:13:31,4 --> 00:13:33,93
1098
+ the outside wall of the glass
1099
+ and the inside of the thermos,
1100
+
1101
+ 221
1102
+ 00:13:33,93 --> 00:13:35,56
1103
+ that makes a difference;
1104
+ different heat
1105
+
1106
+ 222
1107
+ 00:13:35,56 --> 00:13:36,74
1108
+ capacity, etcetera.
1109
+
1110
+
1111
+ 223
1112
+ 00:13:36,74 --> 00:13:39,86
1113
+ So this becomes where
1114
+ defining the system and the
1115
+
1116
+ 224
1117
+ 00:13:39,86 --> 00:13:42,26
1118
+ boundaries, and everything
1119
+ becomes important.
1120
+
1121
+ 225
1122
+ 00:13:42,26 --> 00:13:43,97
1123
+ You've got to place the
1124
+ boundary at exactly the right
1125
+
1126
+ 226
1127
+ 00:13:43,97 --> 00:13:46,07
1128
+ place, otherwise you've got a
1129
+ bit too much in your system
1130
+
1131
+ 227
1132
+ 00:13:46,07 --> 00:13:50,63
1133
+ or a bit too little.
1134
+
1135
+
1136
+ 228
1137
+ 00:13:50,63 --> 00:13:51,42
1138
+ More definitions.
1139
+
1140
+
1141
+ 229
1142
+ 00:13:51,42 --> 00:13:59,17
1143
+ The system can be an open
1144
+ system, or it can be a closed
1145
+
1146
+ 230
1147
+ 00:13:59,17 --> 00:14:06,59
1148
+ system, or it can be isolated.
1149
+
1150
+
1151
+ 231
1152
+ 00:14:06,59 --> 00:14:09,03
1153
+ The definitions are
1154
+ also important here.
1155
+
1156
+ 232
1157
+ 00:14:09,03 --> 00:14:16,2
1158
+ An open system, as the name
1159
+ describes, allows mass and
1160
+
1161
+ 233
1162
+ 00:14:16,2 --> 00:14:21,98
1163
+ energy to freely flow
1164
+ through the boundary.
1165
+
1166
+ 234
1167
+ 00:14:21,98 --> 00:14:37,69
1168
+ Mass and energy flow
1169
+ through boundary.
1170
+
1171
+ 235
1172
+ 00:14:37,69 --> 00:14:43,63
1173
+ Mass and energy -- I'm
1174
+ an open system, right?
1175
+
1176
+ 236
1177
+ 00:14:43,63 --> 00:14:45,91
1178
+ Water vapor goes
1179
+ through my skin.
1180
+
1181
+ 237
1182
+ 00:14:45,91 --> 00:14:52,39
1183
+ I'm hot, compared to the air
1184
+ of the room, or cold if
1185
+
1186
+ 238
1187
+ 00:14:52,39 --> 00:14:54,78
1188
+ I'm somewhere that's warm.
1189
+
1190
+
1191
+ 239
1192
+ 00:14:54,78 --> 00:14:56,42
1193
+ So energy can go
1194
+ back and forth.
1195
+
1196
+ 240
1197
+ 00:14:56,42 --> 00:15:02,45
1198
+ The thermos, with the lid on
1199
+ top, is not an open system.
1200
+
1201
+ 241
1202
+ 00:15:02,45 --> 00:15:04,57
1203
+ Hopefully, your coffee is
1204
+ going to stay warm or
1205
+
1206
+ 242
1207
+ 00:15:04,57 --> 00:15:05,85
1208
+ hot in the thermos.
1209
+
1210
+
1211
+ 243
1212
+ 00:15:05,85 --> 00:15:07,44
1213
+ It's not going to get out.
1214
+
1215
+
1216
+ 244
1217
+ 00:15:07,44 --> 00:15:09,08
1218
+ So the thermos is
1219
+ not an open system.
1220
+
1221
+ 245
1222
+ 00:15:09,08 --> 00:15:13,32
1223
+ In fact, the thermos is
1224
+ an isolated system.
1225
+
1226
+ 246
1227
+ 00:15:13,32 --> 00:15:17,27
1228
+ The isolated system is the
1229
+ opposite of the open system,
1230
+
1231
+ 247
1232
+ 00:15:17,27 --> 00:15:22,06
1233
+ no mass and no energy can
1234
+ flow through the boundary.
1235
+
1236
+ 248
1237
+ 00:15:22,06 --> 00:15:26,7
1238
+ The closed system allows energy
1239
+ to transfer through the
1240
+
1241
+ 249
1242
+ 00:15:26,7 --> 00:15:28,32
1243
+ boundary but not mass.
1244
+
1245
+
1246
+ 250
1247
+ 00:15:28,32 --> 00:15:32,08
1248
+ So a closed system would be,
1249
+ for instance, a glass of ice
1250
+
1251
+ 251
1252
+ 00:15:32,08 --> 00:15:35,22
1253
+ water with an ice cube in
1254
+ it, with the lid on top.
1255
+
1256
+ 252
1257
+ 00:15:35,22 --> 00:15:37,58
1258
+ The glass is not
1259
+ very insulating.
1260
+
1261
+ 253
1262
+ 00:15:37,58 --> 00:15:41,72
1263
+ Energy can flow across the
1264
+ glass, but I put a lid on top,
1265
+
1266
+ 254
1267
+ 00:15:41,72 --> 00:15:43,35
1268
+ and so the water can't get out.
1269
+
1270
+
1271
+ 255
1272
+ 00:15:43,35 --> 00:15:45,06
1273
+ And that's the closed system.
1274
+
1275
+
1276
+ 256
1277
+ 00:15:45,06 --> 00:15:50,23
1278
+ Energy goes through the
1279
+ boundaries but nothing else.
1280
+
1281
+ 257
1282
+ 00:15:50,23 --> 00:15:52,9
1283
+ Important definitions, even
1284
+ though they may sound really
1285
+
1286
+ 258
1287
+ 00:15:52,9 --> 00:15:55,98
1288
+ kind of dumb, but they are
1289
+ really important, because when
1290
+
1291
+ 259
1292
+ 00:15:55,98 --> 00:15:59,1
1293
+ you get the problem, figuring
1294
+ out whether you have an open,
1295
+
1296
+ 260
1297
+ 00:15:59,1 --> 00:16:01,46
1298
+ closed, or isolated system,
1299
+ what are the surroundings?
1300
+
1301
+ 261
1302
+ 00:16:01,46 --> 00:16:02,24
1303
+ What's the boundary?
1304
+
1305
+
1306
+ 262
1307
+ 00:16:02,24 --> 00:16:04,36
1308
+ What is the system?
1309
+
1310
+
1311
+ 263
1312
+ 00:16:04,36 --> 00:16:08,246
1313
+ That's the first thing to
1314
+ make sure that is clear.
1315
+
1316
+ 264
1317
+ 00:16:08,246 --> 00:16:10,71
1318
+ If it's not clear, the
1319
+ problem is going to be
1320
+
1321
+ 265
1322
+ 00:16:10,71 --> 00:16:14,2
1323
+ impossible to solve.
1324
+
1325
+
1326
+ 266
1327
+ 00:16:14,2 --> 00:16:18,46
1328
+ And that's also how people find
1329
+ ways to break the second law,
1330
+
1331
+ 267
1332
+ 00:16:18,46 --> 00:16:24,67
1333
+ because somehow they've messed
1334
+ up on what their system is.
1335
+
1336
+ 268
1337
+ 00:16:24,67 --> 00:16:27,6
1338
+ And they've included too much
1339
+ or too little in the system,
1340
+
1341
+ 269
1342
+ 00:16:27,6 --> 00:16:30,64
1343
+ and it looks to them that the
1344
+ second law is broken and
1345
+
1346
+ 270
1347
+ 00:16:30,64 --> 00:16:35,71
1348
+ they've created more energy
1349
+ than is being brought in.
1350
+
1351
+ 271
1352
+ 00:16:35,71 --> 00:16:39,04
1353
+ That's usually the case.
1354
+
1355
+
1356
+ 272
1357
+ 00:16:39,04 --> 00:16:42,65
1358
+ Questions?
1359
+
1360
+
1361
+ 273
1362
+ 00:16:42,65 --> 00:16:44,88
1363
+ Let's keep going.
1364
+
1365
+
1366
+ 274
1367
+ 00:16:44,88 --> 00:16:48,27
1368
+ So, now that we've got
1369
+ a system, we've got
1370
+
1371
+ 275
1372
+ 00:16:48,27 --> 00:16:49,06
1373
+ to describe it.
1374
+
1375
+
1376
+ 276
1377
+ 00:16:49,06 --> 00:16:57,31
1378
+ So, let's describe
1379
+ the system now.
1380
+
1381
+ 277
1382
+ 00:16:57,31 --> 00:17:02,12
1383
+ It turns out that when you're
1384
+ talking about macroscopic
1385
+
1386
+ 278
1387
+ 00:17:02,12 --> 00:17:06,69
1388
+ properties of matter, you don't
1389
+ need very many variables to
1390
+
1391
+ 279
1392
+ 00:17:06,69 --> 00:17:11,5
1393
+ describe the system completely
1394
+ thermodynamically.
1395
+
1396
+ 280
1397
+ 00:17:11,5 --> 00:17:14,36
1398
+ You just need a few macroscopic
1399
+ variables that are very
1400
+
1401
+ 281
1402
+ 00:17:14,36 --> 00:17:18,875
1403
+ familiar to you, like the
1404
+ pressure, the temperature, the
1405
+
1406
+ 282
1407
+ 00:17:18,875 --> 00:17:22,47
1408
+ volume, the number of moles of
1409
+ each component, the
1410
+
1411
+ 283
1412
+ 00:17:22,47 --> 00:17:25,76
1413
+ mass of the system.
1414
+
1415
+
1416
+ 284
1417
+ 00:17:25,76 --> 00:17:27,91
1418
+ You've got a magnetic field,
1419
+ maybe even magnetic
1420
+
1421
+ 285
1422
+ 00:17:27,91 --> 00:17:30,33
1423
+ susceptibility, the
1424
+ electric field.
1425
+
1426
+ 286
1427
+ 00:17:30,33 --> 00:17:32,75
1428
+ We're not going to worry about
1429
+ these magnetic fields or
1430
+
1431
+ 287
1432
+ 00:17:32,75 --> 00:17:34,62
1433
+ electric fields in this class.
1434
+
1435
+
1436
+ 288
1437
+ 00:17:34,62 --> 00:17:37,59
1438
+ So, pretty much we're going
1439
+ to focus on this set
1440
+
1441
+ 289
1442
+ 00:17:37,59 --> 00:17:40,58
1443
+ of variables here.
1444
+
1445
+
1446
+ 290
1447
+ 00:17:40,58 --> 00:17:42,67
1448
+ You're going to have to know
1449
+ when you describe the system,
1450
+
1451
+ 291
1452
+ 00:17:42,67 --> 00:17:48,02
1453
+ if your system is homogeneous,
1454
+ like your coffee with milk in
1455
+
1456
+ 292
1457
+ 00:17:48,02 --> 00:17:52,74
1458
+ it, or heterogeneous, like
1459
+ water with an ice cube in it.
1460
+
1461
+ 293
1462
+ 00:17:52,74 --> 00:17:55,18
1463
+ So heterogeneous means
1464
+ that you've got different
1465
+
1466
+ 294
1467
+ 00:17:55,18 --> 00:17:56,64
1468
+ phases in your system.
1469
+
1470
+
1471
+ 295
1472
+ 00:17:56,64 --> 00:17:59,44
1473
+ I'm the heterogeneous
1474
+ system, soft stuff, hard
1475
+
1476
+ 296
1477
+ 00:17:59,44 --> 00:18:02,34
1478
+ stuff, liquid stuff.
1479
+
1480
+
1481
+ 297
1482
+ 00:18:02,34 --> 00:18:04,14
1483
+ Coffee is homogeneous,
1484
+ even though it's made
1485
+
1486
+ 298
1487
+ 00:18:04,14 --> 00:18:06,44
1488
+ up of many components.
1489
+
1490
+
1491
+ 299
1492
+ 00:18:06,44 --> 00:18:08,85
1493
+ Many different kinds of
1494
+ molecules make up your coffee.
1495
+
1496
+ 300
1497
+ 00:18:08,85 --> 00:18:11,07
1498
+ There are the water molecules,
1499
+ the flavor molecules, the
1500
+
1501
+ 301
1502
+ 00:18:11,07 --> 00:18:12,56
1503
+ milk proteins, etcetera.
1504
+
1505
+
1506
+ 302
1507
+ 00:18:12,56 --> 00:18:14,94
1508
+ But it's all mixed up
1509
+ together in a homogeneous,
1510
+
1511
+ 303
1512
+ 00:18:14,94 --> 00:18:17,1
1513
+ macroscopic fashion.
1514
+
1515
+
1516
+ 304
1517
+ 00:18:17,1 --> 00:18:20,52
1518
+ If you drill down at the level
1519
+ of molecules you see that
1520
+
1521
+ 305
1522
+ 00:18:20,52 --> 00:18:22,01
1523
+ it's not homogeneous.
1524
+
1525
+
1526
+ 306
1527
+ 00:18:22,01 --> 00:18:25,59
1528
+ But thermodynamics takes
1529
+ a bird's eye view.
1530
+
1531
+ 307
1532
+ 00:18:25,59 --> 00:18:27,76
1533
+ It looks pretty, beautiful.
1534
+
1535
+
1536
+ 308
1537
+ 00:18:27,76 --> 00:18:32,41
1538
+ So, that's a homogeneous
1539
+ system, one phase.
1540
+
1541
+ 309
1542
+ 00:18:32,41 --> 00:18:35,25
1543
+ You have to know if your
1544
+ system is an equilibrium
1545
+
1546
+ 310
1547
+ 00:18:35,25 --> 00:18:38,07
1548
+ system or not.
1549
+
1550
+
1551
+ 311
1552
+ 00:18:38,07 --> 00:18:40,13
1553
+ If it's an equilibrium
1554
+ system, then thermodynamics
1555
+
1556
+ 312
1557
+ 00:18:40,13 --> 00:18:41,75
1558
+ can describe it.
1559
+
1560
+
1561
+ 313
1562
+ 00:18:41,75 --> 00:18:44,81
1563
+ If it's not, then you're going
1564
+ to have trouble describing it
1565
+
1566
+ 314
1567
+ 00:18:44,81 --> 00:18:46,89
1568
+ using thermodynamic properties.
1569
+
1570
+
1571
+ 315
1572
+ 00:18:46,89 --> 00:18:51,34
1573
+ Thermodynamics talks about
1574
+ equilibrium systems and how
1575
+
1576
+ 316
1577
+ 00:18:51,34 --> 00:18:53,7
1578
+ to go from one state of
1579
+ equilibrium to another
1580
+
1581
+ 317
1582
+ 00:18:53,7 --> 00:18:55,81
1583
+ state of equilibrium.
1584
+
1585
+
1586
+ 318
1587
+ 00:18:55,81 --> 00:18:56,48
1588
+ What does equilibrium mean?
1589
+
1590
+
1591
+ 319
1592
+ 00:18:56,48 --> 00:18:59,61
1593
+ It means that the properties of
1594
+ the system, the properties that
1595
+
1596
+ 320
1597
+ 00:18:59,61 --> 00:19:06,64
1598
+ describe the system, don't
1599
+ change in time or in space.
1600
+
1601
+ 321
1602
+ 00:19:06,64 --> 00:19:10,11
1603
+ If I've got a gas in a
1604
+ container, the pressure of the
1605
+
1606
+ 322
1607
+ 00:19:10,11 --> 00:19:12,51
1608
+ gas has to be the same
1609
+ everywhere in the container,
1610
+
1611
+ 323
1612
+ 00:19:12,51 --> 00:19:14,88
1613
+ otherwise it's not equilibrium.
1614
+
1615
+
1616
+ 324
1617
+ 00:19:14,88 --> 00:19:17,93
1618
+ If I place my container of gas
1619
+ on the table here, and I come
1620
+
1621
+ 325
1622
+ 00:19:17,93 --> 00:19:20,63
1623
+ back an hour later, the
1624
+ pressure needs to be the
1625
+
1626
+ 326
1627
+ 00:19:20,63 --> 00:19:22,68
1628
+ same when I come back.
1629
+
1630
+
1631
+ 327
1632
+ 00:19:22,68 --> 00:19:25,76
1633
+ Otherwise it's not equilibrium.
1634
+
1635
+
1636
+ 328
1637
+ 00:19:25,76 --> 00:19:29,57
1638
+ So it only talks about
1639
+ equilibrium systems.
1640
+
1641
+ 329
1642
+ 00:19:29,57 --> 00:19:30,92
1643
+ What else do you need to know?
1644
+
1645
+
1646
+ 330
1647
+ 00:19:30,92 --> 00:19:32,99
1648
+ So, you need to know
1649
+ the variables.
1650
+
1651
+ 331
1652
+ 00:19:32,99 --> 00:19:36,25
1653
+ You need to know it's
1654
+ heterogeneous or homogeneous.
1655
+
1656
+ 332
1657
+ 00:19:36,25 --> 00:19:39,26
1658
+ You need to know if it's an
1659
+ equilibrium, and you also need
1660
+
1661
+ 333
1662
+ 00:19:39,26 --> 00:19:47,82
1663
+ to know how many components
1664
+ you have in your system.
1665
+
1666
+ 334
1667
+ 00:19:47,82 --> 00:19:52,8
1668
+ So, a glass of ice water with
1669
+ an ice cube in it, which is a
1670
+
1671
+ 335
1672
+ 00:19:52,8 --> 00:19:54,59
1673
+ heterogeneous system, has only
1674
+ one component, which
1675
+
1676
+ 336
1677
+ 00:19:54,59 --> 00:19:57,11
1678
+ is water, H2O.
1679
+
1680
+
1681
+ 337
1682
+ 00:19:57,11 --> 00:20:00,98
1683
+ Two phases, but one component.
1684
+
1685
+
1686
+ 338
1687
+ 00:20:00,98 --> 00:20:04,86
1688
+ Latte, which is a homogeneous
1689
+ system, has a very, very large
1690
+
1691
+ 339
1692
+ 00:20:04,86 --> 00:20:07,37
1693
+ number of components to it.
1694
+
1695
+
1696
+ 340
1697
+ 00:20:07,37 --> 00:20:09,02
1698
+ All the components that
1699
+ make up the milk.
1700
+
1701
+ 341
1702
+ 00:20:09,02 --> 00:20:12,55
1703
+ All the components that make
1704
+ up the coffee, and all the
1705
+
1706
+ 342
1707
+ 00:20:12,55 --> 00:20:15,77
1708
+ impurities, etcetera. cadmium,
1709
+ heavy metals, arsenic,
1710
+
1711
+ 343
1712
+ 00:20:15,77 --> 00:20:22,05
1713
+ whatever is in your coffee.
1714
+
1715
+
1716
+ 344
1717
+ 00:20:22,05 --> 00:20:26,1
1718
+ OK, any questions?
1719
+
1720
+
1721
+ 345
1722
+ 00:20:26,1 --> 00:20:29,91
1723
+ All right, so we've
1724
+ described the system
1725
+
1726
+ 346
1727
+ 00:20:29,91 --> 00:20:31,04
1728
+ with these properties.
1729
+
1730
+
1731
+ 347
1732
+ 00:20:31,04 --> 00:20:33,04
1733
+ Now these properties
1734
+ come in two flavors.
1735
+
1736
+ 348
1737
+ 00:20:33,04 --> 00:20:37,65
1738
+ You have extensive properties
1739
+ and intensive properties.
1740
+
1741
+ 349
1742
+ 00:20:37,65 --> 00:20:43,14
1743
+ The extensive properties are
1744
+ the ones that scale with
1745
+
1746
+ 350
1747
+ 00:20:43,14 --> 00:20:44,37
1748
+ the size of the system.
1749
+
1750
+
1751
+ 351
1752
+ 00:20:44,37 --> 00:20:47,54
1753
+ If you double the system,
1754
+ they double in there
1755
+
1756
+ 352
1757
+ 00:20:47,54 --> 00:20:48,7
1758
+ numerical number.
1759
+
1760
+
1761
+ 353
1762
+ 00:20:48,7 --> 00:20:51,09
1763
+ For instance, the volume.
1764
+
1765
+
1766
+ 354
1767
+ 00:20:51,09 --> 00:20:54,01
1768
+ If you double the
1769
+ volume, the v doubles.
1770
+
1771
+ 355
1772
+ 00:20:54,01 --> 00:20:55,4
1773
+ I mean that's obvious.
1774
+
1775
+
1776
+ 356
1777
+ 00:20:55,4 --> 00:20:58,1
1778
+ The mass, if you double
1779
+ the amount of stuff
1780
+
1781
+ 357
1782
+ 00:20:58,1 --> 00:21:02,78
1783
+ the mass will double.
1784
+
1785
+
1786
+ 358
1787
+ 00:21:02,78 --> 00:21:06,86
1788
+ Intensive properties don't care
1789
+ about the scale of your system.
1790
+
1791
+ 359
1792
+ 00:21:06,86 --> 00:21:10,8
1793
+ If you double everything in the
1794
+ system, the temperature is not
1795
+
1796
+ 360
1797
+ 00:21:10,8 --> 00:21:12,54
1798
+ going to change, it's
1799
+ not going to double.
1800
+
1801
+ 361
1802
+ 00:21:12,54 --> 00:21:14,05
1803
+ The temperature stays the same.
1804
+
1805
+
1806
+ 362
1807
+ 00:21:14,05 --> 00:21:16,28
1808
+ So the temperature is
1809
+ intensive, and you can make
1810
+
1811
+ 363
1812
+ 00:21:16,28 --> 00:21:19,17
1813
+ intensive properties out of
1814
+ the extensive properties by
1815
+
1816
+ 364
1817
+ 00:21:19,17 --> 00:21:24,25
1818
+ dividing by the number
1819
+ of moles in the system.
1820
+
1821
+ 365
1822
+ 00:21:24,25 --> 00:21:27,92
1823
+ So I can make a quantity that
1824
+ I'll call V bar, which is the
1825
+
1826
+ 366
1827
+ 00:21:27,92 --> 00:21:32,37
1828
+ molar volume, the volume of one
1829
+ mole of a component in my
1830
+
1831
+ 367
1832
+ 00:21:32,37 --> 00:21:37,27
1833
+ system, and that becomes
1834
+ an intensive quantity.
1835
+
1836
+ 368
1837
+ 00:21:37,27 --> 00:21:41,65
1838
+ A volume which is an
1839
+ intensive volume.
1840
+
1841
+ 369
1842
+ 00:21:41,65 --> 00:21:51,46
1843
+ The volumes per mole
1844
+ of that stuff.
1845
+
1846
+ 370
1847
+ 00:21:51,46 --> 00:21:54,48
1848
+ So, as I mentioned,
1849
+ thermodynamics is the science
1850
+
1851
+ 371
1852
+ 00:21:54,48 --> 00:22:05,26
1853
+ of equilibrium systems, and it
1854
+ also describes the evolution
1855
+
1856
+ 372
1857
+ 00:22:05,26 --> 00:22:07,51
1858
+ of one equilibrium to
1859
+ another equilibrium.
1860
+
1861
+ 373
1862
+ 00:22:07,51 --> 00:22:09,77
1863
+ How do you go from
1864
+ one to the other?
1865
+
1866
+ 374
1867
+ 00:22:09,77 --> 00:22:13,85
1868
+ And so the set of properties
1869
+ that describes the system --
1870
+
1871
+ 375
1872
+ 00:22:13,85 --> 00:22:16,55
1873
+ the equilibrium doesn't change.
1874
+
1875
+
1876
+ 376
1877
+ 00:22:16,55 --> 00:22:20,25
1878
+ So, these on-changing
1879
+ properties that describe the
1880
+
1881
+ 377
1882
+ 00:22:20,25 --> 00:22:23,4
1883
+ state of the equilibrium
1884
+ state of the system are
1885
+
1886
+ 378
1887
+ 00:22:23,4 --> 00:22:24,41
1888
+ called state variables.
1889
+
1890
+
1891
+ 379
1892
+ 00:22:24,41 --> 00:22:37,57
1893
+ So the state variables describe
1894
+ the equilibrium's state, and
1895
+
1896
+ 380
1897
+ 00:22:37,57 --> 00:22:41,8
1898
+ they don't care about how this
1899
+ state got to where it is.
1900
+
1901
+ 381
1902
+ 00:22:41,8 --> 00:22:44,76
1903
+ They don't care about the
1904
+ history of the state.
1905
+
1906
+ 382
1907
+ 00:22:44,76 --> 00:22:48,98
1908
+ They just know that's if you
1909
+ have water at zero degrees
1910
+
1911
+ 383
1912
+ 00:22:48,98 --> 00:22:53,49
1913
+ Celsius with it ice in, that
1914
+ you can define it as a
1915
+
1916
+ 384
1917
+ 00:22:53,49 --> 00:22:58,57
1918
+ heterogeneous system with a
1919
+ certain density for the water
1920
+
1921
+ 385
1922
+ 00:22:58,57 --> 00:23:01,35
1923
+ or certain density for the
1924
+ ice, etcetera, etcetera.
1925
+
1926
+ 386
1927
+ 00:23:01,35 --> 00:23:04,33
1928
+ It doesn't care how
1929
+ you got there.
1930
+
1931
+ 387
1932
+ 00:23:04,33 --> 00:23:06,96
1933
+ We're going to find other
1934
+ properties that do care about
1935
+
1936
+ 388
1937
+ 00:23:06,96 --> 00:23:09,73
1938
+ the history of the system, like
1939
+ work, that you put in the
1940
+
1941
+ 389
1942
+ 00:23:09,73 --> 00:23:11,77
1943
+ system, or heat that you put in
1944
+ the system, or some
1945
+
1946
+ 390
1947
+ 00:23:11,77 --> 00:23:13,33
1948
+ other variables.
1949
+
1950
+
1951
+ 391
1952
+ 00:23:13,33 --> 00:23:18,18
1953
+ But you can't use those to
1954
+ define the equilibrium state.
1955
+
1956
+ 392
1957
+ 00:23:18,18 --> 00:23:20,29
1958
+ You can only use the state
1959
+ variables, independent
1960
+
1961
+ 393
1962
+ 00:23:20,29 --> 00:23:22,25
1963
+ of history.
1964
+
1965
+
1966
+ 394
1967
+ 00:23:22,25 --> 00:23:25,38
1968
+ And it turns out that for a one
1969
+ component system, one component
1970
+
1971
+ 395
1972
+ 00:23:25,38 --> 00:23:30,5
1973
+ meaning one kind of molecule in
1974
+ the system, all that you need
1975
+
1976
+ 396
1977
+ 00:23:30,5 --> 00:23:37,99
1978
+ to know to describe the system
1979
+ is the number of moles for a
1980
+
1981
+ 397
1982
+ 00:23:37,99 --> 00:23:43,23
1983
+ one component system, and to
1984
+ describe one phase in that
1985
+
1986
+ 398
1987
+ 00:23:43,23 --> 00:23:46,5
1988
+ system, one component,
1989
+ homogeneous system, you
1990
+
1991
+ 399
1992
+ 00:23:46,5 --> 00:23:53,77
1993
+ need n and two variables.
1994
+
1995
+
1996
+ 400
1997
+ 00:23:53,77 --> 00:23:58,38
1998
+ For instance, the pressure
1999
+ and the temperature, or the
2000
+
2001
+ 401
2002
+ 00:23:58,38 --> 00:24:00,45
2003
+ volume and the pressure.
2004
+
2005
+
2006
+ 402
2007
+ 00:24:00,45 --> 00:24:05,35
2008
+ If you have the number of moles
2009
+ and two intensive variables,
2010
+
2011
+ 403
2012
+ 00:24:05,35 --> 00:24:07,79
2013
+ then you know everything there
2014
+ is to know about the system.
2015
+
2016
+ 404
2017
+ 00:24:07,79 --> 00:24:11,19
2018
+ About the equilibrium
2019
+ state of that system.
2020
+
2021
+ 405
2022
+ 00:24:11,19 --> 00:24:17,2
2023
+ There are hundreds of
2024
+ quantities that you can
2025
+
2026
+ 406
2027
+ 00:24:17,2 --> 00:24:19,59
2028
+ calculate and measure that are
2029
+ interesting and important
2030
+
2031
+ 407
2032
+ 00:24:19,59 --> 00:24:23,61
2033
+ properties, and all you need is
2034
+ just a few variables to get
2035
+
2036
+ 408
2037
+ 00:24:23,61 --> 00:24:26,02
2038
+ everything out, and that's
2039
+ really the power of
2040
+
2041
+ 409
2042
+ 00:24:26,02 --> 00:24:29,39
2043
+ thermodynamics, is that it
2044
+ takes so little information to
2045
+
2046
+ 410
2047
+ 00:24:29,39 --> 00:24:32,46
2048
+ get so much information out.
2049
+
2050
+
2051
+ 411
2052
+ 00:24:32,46 --> 00:24:42,73
2053
+ So little data to get a lot of
2054
+ predictive information out.
2055
+
2056
+ 412
2057
+ 00:24:42,73 --> 00:24:51,29
2058
+ As we're going on with our
2059
+ definitions, we can summarize a
2060
+
2061
+ 413
2062
+ 00:24:51,29 --> 00:24:56,77
2063
+ lot of these definitions into a
2064
+ notation, a chemical notation
2065
+
2066
+ 414
2067
+ 00:24:56,77 --> 00:25:00,22
2068
+ that that will be
2069
+ very important.
2070
+
2071
+ 415
2072
+ 00:25:00,22 --> 00:25:04,35
2073
+ So, for instance, if I'm
2074
+ talking about three moles
2075
+
2076
+ 416
2077
+ 00:25:04,35 --> 00:25:08,6
2078
+ of hydrogen, at one bar
2079
+ 100 degrees Celsius.
2080
+
2081
+ 417
2082
+ 00:25:08,6 --> 00:25:12,19
2083
+ I'm not going to write, given
2084
+ three moles of hydrogen at one
2085
+
2086
+ 418
2087
+ 00:25:12,19 --> 00:25:14,21
2088
+ bar and three degrees,
2089
+ blah, blah, blah.
2090
+
2091
+ 419
2092
+ 00:25:14,21 --> 00:25:17,27
2093
+ I'm going to write it
2094
+ in a compact notation.
2095
+
2096
+ 420
2097
+ 00:25:17,27 --> 00:25:21,24
2098
+ I'm going to write it like
2099
+ this: three moles of hydrogen
2100
+
2101
+ 421
2102
+ 00:25:21,24 --> 00:25:28,09
2103
+ which is a gas, one bar
2104
+ 100 degrees Celsius.
2105
+
2106
+ 422
2107
+ 00:25:28,09 --> 00:25:30
2108
+ This notation gives you
2109
+ everything you need to
2110
+
2111
+ 423
2112
+ 00:25:30 --> 00:25:31,59
2113
+ know about the system.
2114
+
2115
+
2116
+ 424
2117
+ 00:25:31,59 --> 00:25:33,32
2118
+ It tells you the
2119
+ number of moles.
2120
+
2121
+ 425
2122
+ 00:25:33,32 --> 00:25:34,32
2123
+ It tells you the phase.
2124
+
2125
+
2126
+ 426
2127
+ 00:25:34,32 --> 00:25:37,7
2128
+ It tells you what kind of
2129
+ molecule it is, and gives
2130
+
2131
+ 427
2132
+ 00:25:37,7 --> 00:25:41,09
2133
+ you two variables that
2134
+ are state variables.
2135
+
2136
+ 428
2137
+ 00:25:41,09 --> 00:25:44,25
2138
+ You could have the volume
2139
+ and the temperature.
2140
+
2141
+ 429
2142
+ 00:25:44,25 --> 00:25:47,12
2143
+ You could have the volume
2144
+ and the pressure.
2145
+
2146
+ 430
2147
+ 00:25:47,12 --> 00:25:48,72
2148
+ But this tells you everything.
2149
+
2150
+
2151
+ 431
2152
+ 00:25:48,72 --> 00:25:51,12
2153
+ I don't need to write
2154
+ it down in words.
2155
+
2156
+ 432
2157
+ 00:25:51,12 --> 00:25:55,27
2158
+ And then if I want to tell you
2159
+ about a change of state, or
2160
+
2161
+ 433
2162
+ 00:25:55,27 --> 00:25:57,36
2163
+ let's first start
2164
+ with a mixture.
2165
+
2166
+ 434
2167
+ 00:25:57,36 --> 00:26:02,4
2168
+ Suppose that I give to a
2169
+ mixture like, this is a
2170
+
2171
+ 435
2172
+ 00:26:02,4 --> 00:26:06
2173
+ homogeneous system with two
2174
+ components, like five moles of
2175
+
2176
+ 436
2177
+ 00:26:06 --> 00:26:13,87
2178
+ H2O, which is a liquid, at one
2179
+ bar 25 degrees Celsius, plus
2180
+
2181
+ 437
2182
+ 00:26:13,87 --> 00:26:21,42
2183
+ five moles of CH3, CH2, OH,
2184
+ which is a liquid, and one
2185
+
2186
+ 438
2187
+ 00:26:21,42 --> 00:26:26,46
2188
+ bar at 25 degrees Celsius.
2189
+
2190
+
2191
+ 439
2192
+ 00:26:26,46 --> 00:26:30,34
2193
+ This describes roughly
2194
+ something that is fairly
2195
+
2196
+ 440
2197
+ 00:26:30,34 --> 00:26:36,46
2198
+ commonplace, it's 100-proof
2199
+ vodka 1/2 water, 1/2 ethanol
2200
+
2201
+ 441
2202
+ 00:26:36,46 --> 00:26:41,98
2203
+ -- that describes that
2204
+ macroscopic system.
2205
+
2206
+ 442
2207
+ 00:26:41,98 --> 00:26:43,96
2208
+ You're missing all the
2209
+ impurities, all the little the
2210
+
2211
+ 443
2212
+ 00:26:43,96 --> 00:26:47,87
2213
+ flavor molecules that go into
2214
+ it, but basically, that's the
2215
+
2216
+ 444
2217
+ 00:26:47,87 --> 00:26:50,79
2218
+ homogeneous system we were
2219
+ describing, two component
2220
+
2221
+ 445
2222
+ 00:26:50,79 --> 00:26:53,02
2223
+ homogeneous systems.
2224
+
2225
+
2226
+ 446
2227
+ 00:26:53,02 --> 00:26:56,48
2228
+ Then you can do all sorts
2229
+ of predictive stuff
2230
+
2231
+ 447
2232
+ 00:26:56,48 --> 00:26:59,91
2233
+ with that system.
2234
+
2235
+
2236
+ 448
2237
+ 00:26:59,91 --> 00:27:01,74
2238
+ All right, that's the
2239
+ equilibrium system.
2240
+
2241
+ 449
2242
+ 00:27:01,74 --> 00:27:04,79
2243
+ Now we want to show a notation,
2244
+ how do we go from one
2245
+
2246
+ 450
2247
+ 00:27:04,79 --> 00:27:07,56
2248
+ equilibrium state like this
2249
+ describes to another
2250
+
2251
+ 451
2252
+ 00:27:07,56 --> 00:27:16,36
2253
+ equilibrium state?
2254
+
2255
+
2256
+ 452
2257
+ 00:27:16,36 --> 00:27:18,65
2258
+ So, we take our two equilibrium
2259
+ states, and you just put an
2260
+
2261
+ 453
2262
+ 00:27:18,65 --> 00:27:24,66
2263
+ equal sign between them, and
2264
+ the equal sign means go
2265
+
2266
+ 454
2267
+ 00:27:24,66 --> 00:27:25,42
2268
+ from one to the other.
2269
+
2270
+
2271
+ 455
2272
+ 00:27:25,42 --> 00:27:31,47
2273
+ So, if we took our three moles
2274
+ of hydrogen, which is a gas at
2275
+
2276
+ 456
2277
+ 00:27:31,47 --> 00:27:38,15
2278
+ five bar and 100 degrees
2279
+ Celsius, and, which is a nice
2280
+
2281
+ 457
2282
+ 00:27:38,15 --> 00:27:40,19
2283
+ equilibrium state here, and we
2284
+ say now we're going to change
2285
+
2286
+ 458
2287
+ 00:27:40,19 --> 00:27:43,08
2288
+ the equilibrium state to
2289
+ something new, we're going to
2290
+
2291
+ 459
2292
+ 00:27:43,08 --> 00:27:48,43
2293
+ do an expansion, let's say.
2294
+
2295
+
2296
+ 460
2297
+ 00:27:48,43 --> 00:27:50,265
2298
+ We're going to drop the
2299
+ pressure, the volume
2300
+
2301
+ 461
2302
+ 00:27:50,265 --> 00:27:51,44
2303
+ is going to go up.
2304
+
2305
+
2306
+ 462
2307
+ 00:27:51,44 --> 00:27:53,67
2308
+ I don't need to tell you the
2309
+ volume here, because you've
2310
+
2311
+ 463
2312
+ 00:27:53,67 --> 00:27:56,5
2313
+ got enough information
2314
+ to calculate the volume.
2315
+
2316
+ 464
2317
+ 00:27:56,5 --> 00:28:01,54
2318
+ The number of moles stays
2319
+ the same, a closed systems,
2320
+
2321
+ 465
2322
+ 00:28:01,54 --> 00:28:03,5
2323
+ gas doesn't come out.
2324
+
2325
+
2326
+ 466
2327
+ 00:28:03,5 --> 00:28:05,71
2328
+ Stays a gas, but now the
2329
+ pressure is less, the
2330
+
2331
+ 467
2332
+ 00:28:05,71 --> 00:28:06,51
2333
+ temperature is less.
2334
+
2335
+
2336
+ 468
2337
+ 00:28:06,51 --> 00:28:10,68
2338
+ I've done some sort of
2339
+ expansion on this.
2340
+
2341
+ 469
2342
+ 00:28:10,68 --> 00:28:12,41
2343
+ I've gone from 1 equilibrium
2344
+ state to another equilibrium
2345
+
2346
+ 470
2347
+ 00:28:12,41 --> 00:28:15,09
2348
+ state, and the equal sign
2349
+ means you go from this
2350
+
2351
+ 471
2352
+ 00:28:15,09 --> 00:28:16,09
2353
+ state to that state.
2354
+
2355
+
2356
+ 472
2357
+ 00:28:16,09 --> 00:28:17,42
2358
+ It's not a chemical reaction.
2359
+
2360
+
2361
+ 473
2362
+ 00:28:17,42 --> 00:28:20,27
2363
+ That's why we don't have an
2364
+ arrow here, because we could
2365
+
2366
+ 474
2367
+ 00:28:20,27 --> 00:28:22,24
2368
+ go back, this way too.
2369
+
2370
+
2371
+ 475
2372
+ 00:28:22,24 --> 00:28:24,03
2373
+ We can go back and forth
2374
+ between these two
2375
+
2376
+ 476
2377
+ 00:28:24,03 --> 00:28:25,07
2378
+ equilibrium states.
2379
+
2380
+
2381
+ 477
2382
+ 00:28:25,07 --> 00:28:25,86
2383
+ They're connected.
2384
+
2385
+
2386
+ 478
2387
+ 00:28:25,86 --> 00:28:27,21
2388
+ This means they're connected.
2389
+
2390
+
2391
+ 479
2392
+ 00:28:27,21 --> 00:28:30,22
2393
+ And when I put this, I
2394
+ have to tell you how
2395
+
2396
+ 480
2397
+ 00:28:30,22 --> 00:28:31,21
2398
+ they are connected.
2399
+
2400
+
2401
+ 481
2402
+ 00:28:31,21 --> 00:28:33,4
2403
+ I have to tell you the
2404
+ path, if you're going
2405
+
2406
+ 482
2407
+ 00:28:33,4 --> 00:28:34,27
2408
+ to solve a problem.
2409
+
2410
+
2411
+ 483
2412
+ 00:28:34,27 --> 00:28:36,12
2413
+ For instance, you want to know
2414
+ how much energy you're going to
2415
+
2416
+ 484
2417
+ 00:28:36,12 --> 00:28:39,26
2418
+ get out from doing
2419
+ this expansion.
2420
+
2421
+ 485
2422
+ 00:28:39,26 --> 00:28:42,25
2423
+ How much energy are you going
2424
+ to get out, and how far are you
2425
+
2426
+ 486
2427
+ 00:28:42,25 --> 00:28:44,915
2428
+ going to be able to drive a car
2429
+ with this expansion, let's
2430
+
2431
+ 487
2432
+ 00:28:44,915 --> 00:28:46,54
2433
+ say, so that's the problem.
2434
+
2435
+
2436
+ 488
2437
+ 00:28:46,54 --> 00:28:49,64
2438
+ So, I need to tell you how
2439
+ you're doing the expansion,
2440
+
2441
+ 489
2442
+ 00:28:49,64 --> 00:28:51,29
2443
+ because that's going to tell
2444
+ you how much energy you're
2445
+
2446
+ 490
2447
+ 00:28:51,29 --> 00:28:53,2
2448
+ wasting during that expansion.
2449
+
2450
+
2451
+ 491
2452
+ 00:28:53,2 --> 00:28:56,42
2453
+ It goes back to the second law.
2454
+
2455
+
2456
+ 492
2457
+ 00:28:56,42 --> 00:28:57,21
2458
+ Nothing is efficient.
2459
+
2460
+
2461
+ 493
2462
+ 00:28:57,21 --> 00:28:59,22
2463
+ You're always wasting energy
2464
+ into heat somewhere when you
2465
+
2466
+ 494
2467
+ 00:28:59,22 --> 00:29:03,2
2468
+ do a change that involves
2469
+ a mechanical change.
2470
+
2471
+ 495
2472
+ 00:29:03,2 --> 00:29:07,25
2473
+ All right, so I need to tell
2474
+ you the path, when I go from
2475
+
2476
+ 496
2477
+ 00:29:07,25 --> 00:29:09,55
2478
+ one state to the other.
2479
+
2480
+
2481
+ 497
2482
+ 00:29:09,55 --> 00:29:12,55
2483
+ And the path is going to be the
2484
+ sequence, intermediate states
2485
+
2486
+ 498
2487
+ 00:29:12,55 --> 00:29:15,14
2488
+ going from the initial
2489
+ state the final state.
2490
+
2491
+ 499
2492
+ 00:29:15,14 --> 00:29:22,67
2493
+ So, for instance, if I draw a
2494
+ graph of pressure on one axis
2495
+
2496
+ 500
2497
+ 00:29:22,67 --> 00:29:27,69
2498
+ and temperature on the other
2499
+ axis, my initial state is at a
2500
+
2501
+ 501
2502
+ 00:29:27,69 --> 00:29:34,95
2503
+ temperature of 100 degrees
2504
+ Celsius and five bar.
2505
+
2506
+ 502
2507
+ 00:29:34,95 --> 00:29:42,97
2508
+ My final stage is 50 degrees
2509
+ Celsius and one bar.
2510
+
2511
+ 503
2512
+ 00:29:42,97 --> 00:29:46,12
2513
+ So, I could have two
2514
+ steps in my path.
2515
+
2516
+ 504
2517
+ 00:29:46,12 --> 00:29:49,55
2518
+ I could decide first of all to
2519
+ keep the pressure constant
2520
+
2521
+ 505
2522
+ 00:29:49,55 --> 00:29:53,78
2523
+ and lower the pressure.
2524
+
2525
+
2526
+ 506
2527
+ 00:29:53,78 --> 00:29:55,88
2528
+ When I get to 50 degrees
2529
+ Celsius, I could choose to
2530
+
2531
+ 507
2532
+ 00:29:55,88 --> 00:29:59,05
2533
+ keep the temperature constant
2534
+ and lower the pressure.
2535
+
2536
+ 508
2537
+ 00:29:59,05 --> 00:30:01,34
2538
+ I'm sorry, my first step would
2539
+ be to keep the pressure
2540
+
2541
+ 509
2542
+ 00:30:01,34 --> 00:30:04,34
2543
+ constant and lower the
2544
+ temperature, then I lower the
2545
+
2546
+ 510
2547
+ 00:30:04,34 --> 00:30:07,2
2548
+ pressure, keeping the
2549
+ temperature constant.
2550
+
2551
+ 511
2552
+ 00:30:07,2 --> 00:30:08,89
2553
+ So there's my intermediate
2554
+ state there.
2555
+
2556
+ 512
2557
+ 00:30:08,89 --> 00:30:12,7
2558
+ This is one of many paths.
2559
+
2560
+
2561
+ 513
2562
+ 00:30:12,7 --> 00:30:15,66
2563
+ There's an infinite number
2564
+ of paths you could take.
2565
+
2566
+ 514
2567
+ 00:30:15,66 --> 00:30:19,49
2568
+ You could take a continuous
2569
+ path, where you have an
2570
+
2571
+ 515
2572
+ 00:30:19,49 --> 00:30:24,17
2573
+ infinite number of equilibrium
2574
+ points in between the two, a
2575
+
2576
+ 516
2577
+ 00:30:24,17 --> 00:30:28,51
2578
+ smooth path, where you drop the
2579
+ pressure and the temperature
2580
+
2581
+ 517
2582
+ 00:30:28,51 --> 00:30:30,6
2583
+ simultaneously in
2584
+ little increments.
2585
+
2586
+ 518
2587
+ 00:30:30,6 --> 00:30:35,83
2588
+ All right, so when you do
2589
+ a problem, the path is
2590
+
2591
+ 519
2592
+ 00:30:35,83 --> 00:30:38,47
2593
+ going to turn out to be
2594
+ extremely important.
2595
+
2596
+ 520
2597
+ 00:30:38,47 --> 00:30:43,58
2598
+ How do you get from the initial
2599
+ state to the final state?
2600
+
2601
+ 521
2602
+ 00:30:43,58 --> 00:30:44,77
2603
+ Define the initial state.
2604
+
2605
+
2606
+ 522
2607
+ 00:30:44,77 --> 00:30:45,87
2608
+ Define the final state.
2609
+
2610
+
2611
+ 523
2612
+ 00:30:45,87 --> 00:30:47,38
2613
+ Define the path.
2614
+
2615
+
2616
+ 524
2617
+ 00:30:47,38 --> 00:30:50,72
2618
+ Get all of these really
2619
+ clear, and you've basically
2620
+
2621
+ 525
2622
+ 00:30:50,72 --> 00:30:51,42
2623
+ solved the problem.
2624
+
2625
+
2626
+ 526
2627
+ 00:30:51,42 --> 00:30:56,03
2628
+ You've got to spend the time to
2629
+ make sure that everything is
2630
+
2631
+ 527
2632
+ 00:30:56,03 --> 00:30:58,52
2633
+ well defined before you start
2634
+ trying to work out
2635
+
2636
+ 528
2637
+ 00:30:58,52 --> 00:31:02,44
2638
+ these problem.
2639
+
2640
+
2641
+ 529
2642
+ 00:31:02,44 --> 00:31:04,02
2643
+ More about the path.
2644
+
2645
+
2646
+ 530
2647
+ 00:31:04,02 --> 00:31:08,5
2648
+ There are a couple ways you
2649
+ could go through that path.
2650
+
2651
+ 531
2652
+ 00:31:08,5 --> 00:31:10,83
2653
+ If I look at this
2654
+ smooth path here.
2655
+
2656
+ 532
2657
+ 00:31:10,83 --> 00:31:14,955
2658
+ I could have that path be very
2659
+ slow and steady, so that at
2660
+
2661
+ 533
2662
+ 00:31:14,955 --> 00:31:18,32
2663
+ every point along the way,
2664
+ my gas is an equilibrium.
2665
+
2666
+ 534
2667
+ 00:31:18,32 --> 00:31:21,73
2668
+ So I've got, this piston here
2669
+ is compressed, and I slowly,
2670
+
2671
+ 535
2672
+ 00:31:21,73 --> 00:31:25,15
2673
+ slowly increase the volume,
2674
+ drop the temperature.
2675
+
2676
+ 536
2677
+ 00:31:25,15 --> 00:31:29,67
2678
+ Then I can go back, the
2679
+ gas is included at
2680
+
2681
+ 537
2682
+ 00:31:29,67 --> 00:31:33,22
2683
+ every point of the way.
2684
+
2685
+
2686
+ 538
2687
+ 00:31:33,22 --> 00:31:35,12
2688
+ That's a reversible path.
2689
+
2690
+
2691
+ 539
2692
+ 00:31:35,12 --> 00:31:36,22
2693
+ That can reverse the process.
2694
+
2695
+
2696
+ 540
2697
+ 00:31:36,22 --> 00:31:39,11
2698
+ I expand it, and reverse
2699
+ it, no problem.
2700
+
2701
+ 541
2702
+ 00:31:39,11 --> 00:31:49,74
2703
+ So, I could have a reversible
2704
+ path, or I take my gas, and
2705
+
2706
+ 542
2707
+ 00:31:49,74 --> 00:31:53,84
2708
+ instead of slowly, slowly
2709
+ raising it, dropping the
2710
+
2711
+ 543
2712
+ 00:31:53,84 --> 00:32:00,43
2713
+ pressure, I go from five bar
2714
+ to one bar extremely fast.
2715
+
2716
+ 544
2717
+ 00:32:00,43 --> 00:32:01,9
2718
+ What happens to my gas inside?
2719
+
2720
+
2721
+ 545
2722
+ 00:32:01,9 --> 00:32:04,59
2723
+ Well, my gas inside is
2724
+ going to be very unhappy.
2725
+
2726
+ 546
2727
+ 00:32:04,59 --> 00:32:06,8
2728
+ It's not going stay
2729
+ in equilibrium.
2730
+
2731
+ 547
2732
+ 00:32:06,8 --> 00:32:08,94
2733
+ Parts of the system are
2734
+ going to be at five bar.
2735
+
2736
+ 548
2737
+ 00:32:08,94 --> 00:32:10,64
2738
+ Parts of it at one bar.
2739
+
2740
+
2741
+ 549
2742
+ 00:32:10,64 --> 00:32:14,27
2743
+ Parts of it may be even at zero
2744
+ bar, if I go really fast.
2745
+
2746
+ 550
2747
+ 00:32:14,27 --> 00:32:15,91
2748
+ I'm going to create a vacuum.
2749
+
2750
+
2751
+ 551
2752
+ 00:32:15,91 --> 00:32:21,78
2753
+ So the system will not be
2754
+ described by a single state
2755
+
2756
+ 552
2757
+ 00:32:21,78 --> 00:32:23,48
2758
+ variable during the path.
2759
+
2760
+
2761
+ 553
2762
+ 00:32:23,48 --> 00:32:27,7
2763
+ If I look at different points
2764
+ in my container during that
2765
+
2766
+ 554
2767
+ 00:32:27,7 --> 00:32:31,25
2768
+ path, I'm going to have to use
2769
+ a different value of pressure
2770
+
2771
+ 555
2772
+ 00:32:31,25 --> 00:32:32,8
2773
+ or different value of
2774
+ temperature at different
2775
+
2776
+ 556
2777
+ 00:32:32,8 --> 00:32:35,08
2778
+ points of the container.
2779
+
2780
+
2781
+ 557
2782
+ 00:32:35,08 --> 00:32:38,4
2783
+ That's not an equilibrium
2784
+ state, and that process
2785
+
2786
+ 558
2787
+ 00:32:38,4 --> 00:32:42,14
2788
+ turns out then to be in
2789
+ irreversible process.
2790
+
2791
+ 559
2792
+ 00:32:42,14 --> 00:32:43,41
2793
+ Do it very quickly.
2794
+
2795
+
2796
+ 560
2797
+ 00:32:43,41 --> 00:32:46,44
2798
+ Now to reverse it and get back
2799
+ to the initial point is going
2800
+
2801
+ 561
2802
+ 00:32:46,44 --> 00:32:50,51
2803
+ to require some input from
2804
+ outside, like heat or extra
2805
+
2806
+ 562
2807
+ 00:32:50,51 --> 00:32:53,32
2808
+ work or extra heat or
2809
+ something, because you've done
2810
+
2811
+ 563
2812
+ 00:32:53,32 --> 00:32:54,85
2813
+ an irreversible process.
2814
+
2815
+
2816
+ 564
2817
+ 00:32:54,85 --> 00:33:04,81
2818
+ You've wasted a lot of energy
2819
+ in doing that process.
2820
+
2821
+ 565
2822
+ 00:33:04,81 --> 00:33:09,72
2823
+ I have to tell you whether the
2824
+ path is reversible or
2825
+
2826
+ 566
2827
+ 00:33:09,72 --> 00:33:13,58
2828
+ irreversible, and the
2829
+ irreversible path also defines
2830
+
2831
+ 567
2832
+ 00:33:13,58 --> 00:33:15,1
2833
+ the direction of time.
2834
+
2835
+
2836
+ 568
2837
+ 00:33:15,1 --> 00:33:19
2838
+ You can only have an
2839
+ irreversible path go one way
2840
+
2841
+ 569
2842
+ 00:33:19 --> 00:33:20,75
2843
+ in time, not the other way.
2844
+
2845
+
2846
+ 570
2847
+ 00:33:20,75 --> 00:33:24,07
2848
+ Chalk breaks irreversibly
2849
+ and you can't put it
2850
+
2851
+ 571
2852
+ 00:33:24,07 --> 00:33:25,59
2853
+ back together so easily.
2854
+
2855
+
2856
+ 572
2857
+ 00:33:25,59 --> 00:33:29
2858
+ You've got to pretty much take
2859
+ that chalk, and make a slurry
2860
+
2861
+ 573
2862
+ 00:33:29 --> 00:33:32,27
2863
+ out of it, put water, and dry
2864
+ it back up, put in a mold, and
2865
+
2866
+ 574
2867
+ 00:33:32,27 --> 00:33:34,34
2868
+ then you can have the chalk
2869
+ again, but you can't just
2870
+
2871
+ 575
2872
+ 00:33:34,34 --> 00:33:35,48
2873
+ glue it back together.
2874
+
2875
+
2876
+ 576
2877
+ 00:33:35,48 --> 00:33:36,97
2878
+ That would not be the
2879
+ same state as what
2880
+
2881
+ 577
2882
+ 00:33:36,97 --> 00:33:40,99
2883
+ you started out with.
2884
+
2885
+
2886
+ 578
2887
+ 00:33:40,99 --> 00:33:42,28
2888
+ And then there are a
2889
+ bunch of words that
2890
+
2891
+ 579
2892
+ 00:33:42,28 --> 00:33:43,82
2893
+ describe these paths.
2894
+
2895
+
2896
+ 580
2897
+ 00:33:43,82 --> 00:33:47,75
2898
+ Words like adiabatic, which
2899
+ we'll be very familiar with.
2900
+
2901
+ 581
2902
+ 00:33:47,75 --> 00:33:50,38
2903
+ Adiabatic means that there's no
2904
+ heat transferred between the
2905
+
2906
+ 582
2907
+ 00:33:50,38 --> 00:33:51,95
2908
+ system and the surrounding.
2909
+
2910
+
2911
+ 583
2912
+ 00:33:51,95 --> 00:33:55,34
2913
+ The boundary is impervious
2914
+ to transfer of heat,
2915
+
2916
+ 584
2917
+ 00:33:55,34 --> 00:33:56,58
2918
+ like a thermos.
2919
+
2920
+
2921
+ 585
2922
+ 00:33:56,58 --> 00:33:59,8
2923
+ Anything that happens inside of
2924
+ the thermos is an adiabatic
2925
+
2926
+ 586
2927
+ 00:33:59,8 --> 00:34:03,22
2928
+ change because the thermos has
2929
+ no connection in terms of
2930
+
2931
+ 587
2932
+ 00:34:03,22 --> 00:34:04,56
2933
+ energy to the outside world.
2934
+
2935
+
2936
+ 588
2937
+ 00:34:04,56 --> 00:34:06,19
2938
+ There's no heat that can
2939
+ go through the walls
2940
+
2941
+ 589
2942
+ 00:34:06,19 --> 00:34:07,53
2943
+ of the thermos.
2944
+
2945
+
2946
+ 590
2947
+ 00:34:07,53 --> 00:34:10,76
2948
+ Whereas, like isobaric
2949
+ means constant pressure.
2950
+
2951
+ 591
2952
+ 00:34:10,76 --> 00:34:15,67
2953
+ So, this path right here
2954
+ from this top red path
2955
+
2956
+ 592
2957
+ 00:34:15,67 --> 00:34:18,38
2958
+ is an isobaric process.
2959
+
2960
+
2961
+ 593
2962
+ 00:34:18,38 --> 00:34:21,54
2963
+ Constant temperature means
2964
+ isothermal, so this part
2965
+
2966
+ 594
2967
+ 00:34:21,54 --> 00:34:23,25
2968
+ means an isothermal process.
2969
+
2970
+
2971
+ 595
2972
+ 00:34:23,25 --> 00:34:28,89
2973
+ So then, going from the initial
2974
+ to final states with a red
2975
+
2976
+ 596
2977
+ 00:34:28,89 --> 00:34:32,16
2978
+ path, you start with an
2979
+ isobaric process and then you
2980
+
2981
+ 597
2982
+ 00:34:32,16 --> 00:34:34,26
2983
+ end with an isothermal process.
2984
+
2985
+
2986
+ 598
2987
+ 00:34:34,26 --> 00:34:36,57
2988
+ And these are words that are
2989
+ very meaningful when you read
2990
+
2991
+ 599
2992
+ 00:34:36,57 --> 00:34:42,65
2993
+ the text of a problem
2994
+ or of a process.
2995
+
2996
+ 600
2997
+ 00:34:42,65 --> 00:34:44,75
2998
+ Any questions before we
2999
+ got to the zeroth law?
3000
+
3001
+ 601
3002
+ 00:34:44,75 --> 00:34:49,23
3003
+ We're pretty much done with
3004
+ our definitions here.
3005
+
3006
+ 602
3007
+ 00:34:49,23 --> 00:34:49,69
3008
+ Yes.
3009
+
3010
+
3011
+ 603
3012
+ 00:34:49,69 --> 00:34:53,04
3013
+ STUDENT: Was adiabatic
3014
+ reversible?
3015
+
3016
+ 604
3017
+ 00:34:53,04 --> 00:34:56,49
3018
+ PROFESSOR: Adiabatic can be
3019
+ either reversible or not, and
3020
+
3021
+ 605
3022
+ 00:34:56,49 --> 00:35:01,24
3023
+ we're going to do that probably
3024
+ next time or two times.
3025
+
3026
+ 606
3027
+ 00:35:01,24 --> 00:35:02,11
3028
+ Any other questions?
3029
+
3030
+
3031
+ 607
3032
+ 00:35:02,11 --> 00:35:06,44
3033
+ Yes.
3034
+
3035
+
3036
+ 608
3037
+ 00:35:06,44 --> 00:35:07,91
3038
+ STUDENT: Is there a boundary
3039
+ between reversible
3040
+
3041
+ 609
3042
+ 00:35:07,91 --> 00:35:08,78
3043
+ and irreversible?
3044
+
3045
+
3046
+ 610
3047
+ 00:35:08,78 --> 00:35:12,52
3048
+ PROFESSOR: A boundary between
3049
+ reversible and irreversible?
3050
+
3051
+ 611
3052
+ 00:35:12,52 --> 00:35:14,82
3053
+ Like something is
3054
+ almost reversible and
3055
+
3056
+ 612
3057
+ 00:35:14,82 --> 00:35:15,04
3058
+ almost irreversible.
3059
+
3060
+
3061
+ 613
3062
+ 00:35:15,04 --> 00:35:16,73
3063
+ No, pretty much things
3064
+ are either reversible
3065
+
3066
+ 614
3067
+ 00:35:16,73 --> 00:35:19,49
3068
+ or irreversible.
3069
+
3070
+
3071
+ 615
3072
+ 00:35:19,49 --> 00:35:28,95
3073
+ Now, in practice, it depends on
3074
+ how good your measurement is.
3075
+
3076
+ 616
3077
+ 00:35:28,95 --> 00:35:35,4
3078
+ And probably also in practice,
3079
+ nothing is truly reversible.
3080
+
3081
+ 617
3082
+ 00:35:35,4 --> 00:35:43,65
3083
+ So, it depends on your
3084
+ error bar in a sense.
3085
+
3086
+ 618
3087
+ 00:35:43,65 --> 00:35:45,24
3088
+ It depends on what what you
3089
+ define, exactly what you
3090
+
3091
+ 619
3092
+ 00:35:45,24 --> 00:35:46,47
3093
+ define in your system.
3094
+
3095
+
3096
+ 620
3097
+ 00:35:46,47 --> 00:35:50,15
3098
+ It becomes a gray area, but
3099
+ it should be pretty clear if
3100
+
3101
+ 621
3102
+ 00:35:50,15 --> 00:35:57,72
3103
+ you can treat something is
3104
+ reversible are irreversible.
3105
+
3106
+ 622
3107
+ 00:35:57,72 --> 00:36:03,97
3108
+ Other questions, It's
3109
+ a good question.
3110
+
3111
+ 623
3112
+ 00:36:03,97 --> 00:36:06,82
3113
+ So the zeroth law we're going
3114
+ to go through the laws now.
3115
+
3116
+ 624
3117
+ 00:36:06,82 --> 00:36:10,58
3118
+ The zeroth law talks about
3119
+ defining temperature and
3120
+
3121
+ 625
3122
+ 00:36:10,58 --> 00:36:12,44
3123
+ it's the common-sense law.
3124
+
3125
+
3126
+ 626
3127
+ 00:36:12,44 --> 00:36:14,03
3128
+ You all know how.
3129
+
3130
+
3131
+ 627
3132
+ 00:36:14,03 --> 00:36:16,55
3133
+ When something hot, it's got
3134
+ a higher temperature than
3135
+
3136
+ 628
3137
+ 00:36:16,55 --> 00:36:18,32
3138
+ when something is cold.
3139
+
3140
+
3141
+ 629
3142
+ 00:36:18,32 --> 00:36:21,86
3143
+ But it's important to define
3144
+ that, and define something
3145
+
3146
+ 630
3147
+ 00:36:21,86 --> 00:36:23,83
3148
+ that's a thermometer.
3149
+
3150
+
3151
+ 631
3152
+ 00:36:23,83 --> 00:36:26,82
3153
+ So what do you know?
3154
+
3155
+
3156
+ 632
3157
+ 00:36:26,82 --> 00:36:28,65
3158
+ What's the empirical
3159
+ information that
3160
+
3161
+ 633
3162
+ 00:36:28,65 --> 00:36:29,62
3163
+ everybody knows?
3164
+
3165
+
3166
+ 634
3167
+ 00:36:29,62 --> 00:36:34,9
3168
+ Everybody knows that if you
3169
+ take something which is hot and
3170
+
3171
+ 635
3172
+ 00:36:34,9 --> 00:36:40,32
3173
+ something which is cold, and
3174
+ you bring them together, make
3175
+
3176
+ 636
3177
+ 00:36:40,32 --> 00:36:48
3178
+ them touch, that heat is going
3179
+ to flow from the hot to the
3180
+
3181
+ 637
3182
+ 00:36:48 --> 00:36:56,31
3183
+ cold, and make them touch, and
3184
+ heat flows from hot to cold.
3185
+
3186
+ 638
3187
+ 00:36:56,31 --> 00:36:57,2
3188
+ That's common sense.
3189
+
3190
+
3191
+ 639
3192
+ 00:36:57,2 --> 00:37:03,15
3193
+ This is part of your DNA, And
3194
+ then their final product is an
3195
+
3196
+ 640
3197
+ 00:37:03,15 --> 00:37:11,04
3198
+ object, a b which ends up at a
3199
+ temperature or a warmness which
3200
+
3201
+ 641
3202
+ 00:37:11,04 --> 00:37:13,07
3203
+ is in between the
3204
+ hot and the cold.
3205
+
3206
+ 642
3207
+ 00:37:13,07 --> 00:37:16,27
3208
+ So, this turns out to be warm.
3209
+
3210
+
3211
+ 643
3212
+ 00:37:16,27 --> 00:37:19,28
3213
+ You get your new equilibrium
3214
+ state, which is in between
3215
+
3216
+ 644
3217
+ 00:37:19,28 --> 00:37:28,23
3218
+ what this was, and
3219
+ what a and b were.
3220
+
3221
+ 645
3222
+ 00:37:28,23 --> 00:37:34,53
3223
+ Then how do you know that it's
3224
+ changed temperature, or that
3225
+
3226
+ 646
3227
+ 00:37:34,53 --> 00:37:37,71
3228
+ heat has flowed from a to b?
3229
+
3230
+
3231
+ 647
3232
+ 00:37:37,71 --> 00:37:41,07
3233
+ Practically speaking, you need
3234
+ some sort of property that's
3235
+
3236
+ 648
3237
+ 00:37:41,07 --> 00:37:43,03
3238
+ changing as heat is flowing.
3239
+
3240
+
3241
+ 649
3242
+ 00:37:43,03 --> 00:37:50,42
3243
+ For instance, if a were
3244
+ metallic, you could measure
3245
+
3246
+ 650
3247
+ 00:37:50,42 --> 00:37:54,77
3248
+ the connectivity of a or
3249
+ resistivity, and as heat
3250
+
3251
+ 651
3252
+ 00:37:54,77 --> 00:38:01,87
3253
+ flows out of a into b, the
3254
+ resistivity of a would change.
3255
+
3256
+ 652
3257
+ 00:38:01,87 --> 00:38:04,52
3258
+ Or you could have something
3259
+ that's color metric that
3260
+
3261
+ 653
3262
+ 00:38:04,52 --> 00:38:09,99
3263
+ changes color when it's colder,
3264
+ so you could see the heat
3265
+
3266
+ 654
3267
+ 00:38:09,99 --> 00:38:13,84
3268
+ flowing as a changes color or
3269
+ b changes color as
3270
+
3271
+ 655
3272
+ 00:38:13,84 --> 00:38:15,13
3273
+ heat flows into b.
3274
+
3275
+
3276
+ 656
3277
+ 00:38:15,13 --> 00:38:17,47
3278
+ So, you need some sort of
3279
+ property, something you can
3280
+
3281
+ 657
3282
+ 00:38:17,47 --> 00:38:20,87
3283
+ see, something you can
3284
+ measure, that tells you
3285
+
3286
+ 658
3287
+ 00:38:20,87 --> 00:38:21,88
3288
+ that heat has flowed.
3289
+
3290
+
3291
+ 659
3292
+ 00:38:21,88 --> 00:38:26,16
3293
+ Now, if you have three objects,
3294
+ if you have a, b, and c, and
3295
+
3296
+ 660
3297
+ 00:38:26,16 --> 00:38:37,46
3298
+ you bring them together, and a
3299
+ is the hottest, b is the medium
3300
+
3301
+ 661
3302
+ 00:38:37,46 --> 00:38:41,57
3303
+ one, and c is the coldest, so
3304
+ from hottest to coldest a,
3305
+
3306
+ 662
3307
+ 00:38:41,57 --> 00:38:49,21
3308
+ b, c, -- if you bring them
3309
+ together and make them touch,
3310
+
3311
+ 663
3312
+ 00:38:49,21 --> 00:38:57,9
3313
+ you know, intuitively, that
3314
+ heat will not flow like this.
3315
+
3316
+ 664
3317
+ 00:38:57,9 --> 00:38:59,65
3318
+ You know that's not
3319
+ going to happen.
3320
+
3321
+ 665
3322
+ 00:38:59,65 --> 00:39:03,73
3323
+ You know that what will happen
3324
+ is that heat will flow from a
3325
+
3326
+ 666
3327
+ 00:39:03,73 --> 00:39:07,53
3328
+ to b from b to c
3329
+ and from a to c.
3330
+
3331
+ 667
3332
+ 00:39:07,53 --> 00:39:08,34
3333
+ That's common-sense.
3334
+
3335
+
3336
+ 668
3337
+ 00:39:08,34 --> 00:39:11,09
3338
+ You know that.
3339
+
3340
+
3341
+ 669
3342
+ 00:39:11,09 --> 00:39:13,17
3343
+ And the other way in the
3344
+ circle will never happen.
3345
+
3346
+ 670
3347
+ 00:39:13,17 --> 00:39:17,15
3348
+ That would that would give rise
3349
+ to a perpetual motion machine,
3350
+
3351
+ 671
3352
+ 00:39:17,15 --> 00:39:18,03
3353
+ breaking of the second law.
3354
+
3355
+
3356
+ 672
3357
+ 00:39:18,03 --> 00:39:22,06
3358
+ It can't happen.
3359
+
3360
+
3361
+ 673
3362
+ 00:39:22,06 --> 00:39:24,21
3363
+ But that's an empirical
3364
+ observation, that heat
3365
+
3366
+ 674
3367
+ 00:39:24,21 --> 00:39:27,1
3368
+ flows in this direction.
3369
+
3370
+
3371
+ 675
3372
+ 00:39:27,1 --> 00:39:29,38
3373
+ And that's the zeroth
3374
+ law thermodynamic.
3375
+
3376
+ 676
3377
+ 00:39:29,38 --> 00:39:32,09
3378
+ It's pretty simple.
3379
+
3380
+
3381
+ 677
3382
+ 00:39:32,09 --> 00:39:39,46
3383
+ The zeroth law says that if a
3384
+ and b -- it doesn't exactly say
3385
+
3386
+ 678
3387
+ 00:39:39,46 --> 00:39:41,66
3388
+ that, but it implies this.
3389
+
3390
+
3391
+ 679
3392
+ 00:39:41,66 --> 00:39:45,23
3393
+ It says that if a and b are in
3394
+ thermal equilibrium, if these
3395
+
3396
+ 680
3397
+ 00:39:45,23 --> 00:39:48,74
3398
+ two are in thermal equilibrium,
3399
+ meaning that there's no heat
3400
+
3401
+ 681
3402
+ 00:39:48,74 --> 00:39:51,35
3403
+ flows between them, so that's
3404
+ the definition of thermal
3405
+
3406
+ 682
3407
+ 00:39:51,35 --> 00:39:54,11
3408
+ equilibrium, that no heat flows
3409
+ between them, and these two are
3410
+
3411
+ 683
3412
+ 00:39:54,11 --> 00:39:57,2
3413
+ in thermal equilibrium, and
3414
+ these two are in thermal
3415
+
3416
+ 684
3417
+ 00:39:57,2 --> 00:40:02,55
3418
+ equilibrium, then a and c will
3419
+ be also be in thermal
3420
+
3421
+ 685
3422
+ 00:40:02,55 --> 00:40:04,91
3423
+ equilibrium.
3424
+
3425
+
3426
+ 686
3427
+ 00:40:04,91 --> 00:40:07,03
3428
+ But if there's no heat flowing
3429
+ between these two, and no heat
3430
+
3431
+ 687
3432
+ 00:40:07,03 --> 00:40:09,61
3433
+ flowing between these two,
3434
+ then you can't have heat
3435
+
3436
+ 688
3437
+ 00:40:09,61 --> 00:40:13,01
3438
+ flowing between these two.
3439
+
3440
+
3441
+ 689
3442
+ 00:40:13,01 --> 00:40:16,19
3443
+ So if I get rid of these
3444
+ arrows, there's no heat flowing
3445
+
3446
+ 690
3447
+ 00:40:16,19 --> 00:40:18,79
3448
+ because they're in thermal
3449
+ equilibrium, then I can't
3450
+
3451
+ 691
3452
+ 00:40:18,79 --> 00:40:20,64
3453
+ have an arrow here.
3454
+
3455
+
3456
+ 692
3457
+ 00:40:20,64 --> 00:40:22,896
3458
+ That's what the
3459
+ zeroth law says.
3460
+
3461
+ 693
3462
+ 00:40:22,896 --> 00:40:24,61
3463
+ They're all the
3464
+ same temperature.
3465
+
3466
+ 694
3467
+ 00:40:24,61 --> 00:40:25,26
3468
+ That's what it says.
3469
+
3470
+
3471
+ 695
3472
+ 00:40:25,26 --> 00:40:28,53
3473
+ If two object are in the same
3474
+ temperature, and two other
3475
+
3476
+ 696
3477
+ 00:40:28,53 --> 00:40:30,61
3478
+ object are in the same
3479
+ temperature, then all three
3480
+
3481
+ 697
3482
+ 00:40:30,61 --> 00:40:34,61
3483
+ must have the same temperature.
3484
+
3485
+
3486
+ 698
3487
+ 00:40:34,61 --> 00:40:37,68
3488
+ It sounds pretty silly, but
3489
+ it's really important because
3490
+
3491
+ 699
3492
+ 00:40:37,68 --> 00:40:44,02
3493
+ it allows you to define a
3494
+ thermometer and temperature.
3495
+
3496
+ 700
3497
+ 00:40:44,02 --> 00:40:48,36
3498
+ Because now you can say,
3499
+ all right, well, now b
3500
+
3501
+ 701
3502
+ 00:40:48,36 --> 00:40:49,34
3503
+ can be my thermometer.
3504
+
3505
+
3506
+ 702
3507
+ 00:40:49,34 --> 00:40:54,29
3508
+ I have two objects, I have an
3509
+ object which is in Madagascar
3510
+
3511
+ 703
3512
+ 00:40:54,29 --> 00:40:59,35
3513
+ and an object which is in
3514
+ Boston, and I want to know, are
3515
+
3516
+ 704
3517
+ 00:40:59,35 --> 00:41:01,92
3518
+ they the same temperature?
3519
+
3520
+
3521
+ 705
3522
+ 00:41:01,92 --> 00:41:05,04
3523
+ So I come out with a third
3524
+ object, b, I go to Madagascar,
3525
+
3526
+ 706
3527
+ 00:41:05,04 --> 00:41:06,57
3528
+ and put b in contact with a.
3529
+
3530
+
3531
+ 707
3532
+ 00:41:06,57 --> 00:41:11,24
3533
+ Then I insulate everything, you
3534
+ know, take it away and see
3535
+
3536
+ 708
3537
+ 00:41:11,24 --> 00:41:12,64
3538
+ if there's any heat flow.
3539
+
3540
+
3541
+ 709
3542
+ 00:41:12,64 --> 00:41:15,37
3543
+ Let's say there's no heat flow.
3544
+
3545
+
3546
+ 710
3547
+ 00:41:15,37 --> 00:41:18,515
3548
+ Then I insulate it, get back on
3549
+ the plane to Boston, and go
3550
+
3551
+ 711
3552
+ 00:41:18,515 --> 00:41:20,01
3553
+ back and touch b with c.
3554
+
3555
+
3556
+ 712
3557
+ 00:41:20,01 --> 00:41:23,42
3558
+ If there's no heat flow between
3559
+ the b and c, then I can say
3560
+
3561
+ 713
3562
+ 00:41:23,42 --> 00:41:27,28
3563
+ all right, a and c were
3564
+ the same temperature.
3565
+
3566
+ 714
3567
+ 00:41:27,28 --> 00:41:29,38
3568
+ B is my thermometer that
3569
+ tells me that a and c are
3570
+
3571
+ 715
3572
+ 00:41:29,38 --> 00:41:30,18
3573
+ in the same temperature.
3574
+
3575
+
3576
+ 716
3577
+ 00:41:30,18 --> 00:41:33,165
3578
+ And there's a certain property
3579
+ associated with heat flow with
3580
+
3581
+ 717
3582
+ 00:41:33,165 --> 00:41:35,86
3583
+ b, and it didn't change.
3584
+
3585
+
3586
+ 718
3587
+ 00:41:35,86 --> 00:41:37,49
3588
+ And that property
3589
+ could be color.
3590
+
3591
+ 719
3592
+ 00:41:37,49 --> 00:41:38,3
3593
+ It could be resistivity.
3594
+
3595
+
3596
+ 720
3597
+ 00:41:38,3 --> 00:41:39,39
3598
+ It could be a lot of
3599
+ different things.
3600
+
3601
+ 721
3602
+ 00:41:39,39 --> 00:41:41,32
3603
+ It could be volume.
3604
+
3605
+
3606
+ 722
3607
+ 00:41:41,32 --> 00:41:44,95
3608
+ And the temperature then is
3609
+ associated with that property.
3610
+
3611
+ 723
3612
+ 00:41:44,95 --> 00:41:47,47
3613
+ And if it had changed, then the
3614
+ temperature between those two
3615
+
3616
+ 724
3617
+ 00:41:47,47 --> 00:41:50,83
3618
+ would have changed in a
3619
+ very particular way.
3620
+
3621
+ 725
3622
+ 00:41:50,83 --> 00:41:57,7
3623
+ So, zeroth law, then, allows
3624
+ you to define the concept of
3625
+
3626
+ 726
3627
+ 00:41:57,7 --> 00:42:05,7
3628
+ temperature and the measurement
3629
+ of temperature through
3630
+
3631
+ 727
3632
+ 00:42:05,7 --> 00:42:09
3633
+ a thermometer.
3634
+
3635
+
3636
+ 728
3637
+ 00:42:09 --> 00:42:12,01
3638
+ Let's very briefly go
3639
+ through stuff that
3640
+
3641
+ 729
3642
+ 00:42:12,01 --> 00:42:13,21
3643
+ you've learned before.
3644
+
3645
+
3646
+ 730
3647
+ 00:42:13,21 --> 00:42:16,18
3648
+ So, now you have this object
3649
+ which is going to tell you
3650
+
3651
+ 731
3652
+ 00:42:16,18 --> 00:42:19,54
3653
+ whether other things are in
3654
+ thermal equilibrium now.
3655
+
3656
+ 732
3657
+ 00:42:19,54 --> 00:42:21,98
3658
+ What do you need
3659
+ for that object?
3660
+
3661
+ 733
3662
+ 00:42:21,98 --> 00:42:27,84
3663
+ You need that object to be a
3664
+ substance, to be something.
3665
+
3666
+ 734
3667
+ 00:42:27,84 --> 00:42:31,63
3668
+ So, the active part of the
3669
+ thermometer could be water.
3670
+
3671
+ 735
3672
+ 00:42:31,63 --> 00:42:35,9
3673
+ It could be alcohol, mercury,
3674
+ it could be a piece of metal.
3675
+
3676
+ 736
3677
+ 00:42:35,9 --> 00:42:39,21
3678
+ You need a substance, and then
3679
+ that substance has to have a
3680
+
3681
+ 737
3682
+ 00:42:39,21 --> 00:42:41,93
3683
+ property that changes depending
3684
+ on the heat flow, i.e.,
3685
+
3686
+ 738
3687
+ 00:42:41,93 --> 00:42:45,06
3688
+ depending on whether it's
3689
+ sensing that it's the same
3690
+
3691
+ 739
3692
+ 00:42:45,06 --> 00:42:46,4
3693
+ temperature or different
3694
+ temperature than
3695
+
3696
+ 740
3697
+ 00:42:46,4 --> 00:42:46,93
3698
+ something else.
3699
+
3700
+
3701
+ 741
3702
+ 00:42:46,93 --> 00:42:51,79
3703
+ And that property could be the
3704
+ volume, like if you have a
3705
+
3706
+ 742
3707
+ 00:42:51,79 --> 00:42:54,16
3708
+ mercury thermometer, the
3709
+ volume of the mercury.
3710
+
3711
+ 743
3712
+ 00:42:54,16 --> 00:42:55,09
3713
+ It could be temperature.
3714
+
3715
+
3716
+ 744
3717
+ 00:42:55,09 --> 00:42:58,67
3718
+ It could be resistivity, if
3719
+ you have a thermocouple.
3720
+
3721
+ 745
3722
+ 00:42:58,67 --> 00:43:02,98
3723
+ It could be the pressure.
3724
+
3725
+
3726
+ 746
3727
+ 00:43:02,98 --> 00:43:04,11
3728
+ All right, so now
3729
+ you have an object.
3730
+
3731
+ 747
3732
+ 00:43:04,11 --> 00:43:06,37
3733
+ You've got a property
3734
+ that changes, depending
3735
+
3736
+ 748
3737
+ 00:43:06,37 --> 00:43:07,18
3738
+ on the heat flow.
3739
+
3740
+
3741
+ 749
3742
+ 00:43:07,18 --> 00:43:09,28
3743
+ It's going to tell you
3744
+ about the temperature.
3745
+
3746
+ 750
3747
+ 00:43:09,28 --> 00:43:11,22
3748
+ Now you need to define
3749
+ the temperature scales.
3750
+
3751
+ 751
3752
+ 00:43:11,22 --> 00:43:16,19
3753
+ So, you need some reference
3754
+ points to be able to tell you,
3755
+
3756
+ 752
3757
+ 00:43:16,19 --> 00:43:22,86
3758
+ OK, this temperature is 550
3759
+ degrees Smith, whatever.
3760
+
3761
+ 753
3762
+ 00:43:22,86 --> 00:43:27,38
3763
+ So, you assign values to very
3764
+ specific states of matter and
3765
+
3766
+ 754
3767
+ 00:43:27,38 --> 00:43:29,61
3768
+ call those the reference
3769
+ points for your temperature.
3770
+
3771
+ 755
3772
+ 00:43:29,61 --> 00:43:32,15
3773
+ For instance, freezing
3774
+ of water or boiling of
3775
+
3776
+ 756
3777
+ 00:43:32,15 --> 00:43:34,61
3778
+ water, the standard ones.
3779
+
3780
+
3781
+ 757
3782
+ 00:43:34,61 --> 00:43:36,15
3783
+ And then an
3784
+ interpolation scheme.
3785
+
3786
+ 758
3787
+ 00:43:36,15 --> 00:43:41,4
3788
+ You need a functional form that
3789
+ connects the value at one state
3790
+
3791
+ 759
3792
+ 00:43:41,4 --> 00:43:45,51
3793
+ of matter, the freezing point
3794
+ of water, to another phase
3795
+
3796
+ 760
3797
+ 00:43:45,51 --> 00:43:47,44
3798
+ change, the boiling
3799
+ point of water.
3800
+
3801
+ 761
3802
+ 00:43:47,44 --> 00:43:51,42
3803
+ You can choose a linear
3804
+ interpolation or quadratic,
3805
+
3806
+ 762
3807
+ 00:43:51,42 --> 00:43:54,61
3808
+ but you've got to choose it.
3809
+
3810
+
3811
+ 763
3812
+ 00:43:54,61 --> 00:43:56,14
3813
+ And it turns out
3814
+ not to be so easy.
3815
+
3816
+ 764
3817
+ 00:43:56,14 --> 00:43:58,63
3818
+ And if you go back into the
3819
+ 1800's when thermodynamics was
3820
+
3821
+ 765
3822
+ 00:43:58,63 --> 00:44:02,68
3823
+ starting, there were a zillion
3824
+ different temperatures scales.
3825
+
3826
+ 766
3827
+ 00:44:02,68 --> 00:44:06,62
3828
+ Everybody had their own
3829
+ favorite temperature scales.
3830
+
3831
+ 767
3832
+ 00:44:06,62 --> 00:44:09,02
3833
+ The one that we're most
3834
+ familiar with is the centigrade
3835
+
3836
+ 768
3837
+ 00:44:09,02 --> 00:44:12,195
3838
+ or Celsius scale where mercury
3839
+ was the substance, and the
3840
+
3841
+ 769
3842
+ 00:44:12,195 --> 00:44:13,97
3843
+ volume of mercury
3844
+ is the property.
3845
+
3846
+ 770
3847
+ 00:44:13,97 --> 00:44:16,64
3848
+ The reference points are water,
3849
+ freezing or boiling, and the
3850
+
3851
+ 771
3852
+ 00:44:16,64 --> 00:44:19,52
3853
+ interpolation is linear, and
3854
+ then that morphed into the
3855
+
3856
+ 772
3857
+ 00:44:19,52 --> 00:44:21,94
3858
+ Kelvin scale, as we're
3859
+ going to see later.
3860
+
3861
+ 773
3862
+ 00:44:21,94 --> 00:44:24,07
3863
+ The Fahrenheit scale is
3864
+ an interesting scale.
3865
+
3866
+ 774
3867
+ 00:44:24,07 --> 00:44:26,13
3868
+ It turns out the U.S. and
3869
+ Jamaica are the only two
3870
+
3871
+ 775
3872
+ 00:44:26,13 --> 00:44:28,67
3873
+ places on Earth now that
3874
+ use the Fahrenheit scale.
3875
+
3876
+ 776
3877
+ 00:44:28,67 --> 00:44:33,8
3878
+ Mr. Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel
3879
+ Fahrenheit was a German
3880
+
3881
+ 777
3882
+ 00:44:33,8 --> 00:44:37,89
3883
+ instrument maker.
3884
+
3885
+
3886
+ 778
3887
+ 00:44:37,89 --> 00:44:41,6
3888
+ The way he came up with his
3889
+ scale was actually he borrowed
3890
+
3891
+ 779
3892
+ 00:44:41,6 --> 00:44:43,81
3893
+ the Romer scale, which
3894
+ came beforehand.
3895
+
3896
+ 780
3897
+ 00:44:43,81 --> 00:44:48,34
3898
+ The Romer scale was, Romer was
3899
+ a Dane, and he defined freezing
3900
+
3901
+ 781
3902
+ 00:44:48,34 --> 00:44:54,27
3903
+ of water at 7.5 degrees
3904
+ Roemer, and 22.5 degrees
3905
+
3906
+ 782
3907
+ 00:44:54,27 --> 00:44:56,48
3908
+ Romer as blood-warm.
3909
+
3910
+
3911
+ 783
3912
+ 00:44:56,48 --> 00:45:00,18
3913
+ That was his definition.
3914
+
3915
+
3916
+ 784
3917
+ 00:45:00,18 --> 00:45:03,51
3918
+ Two substances,
3919
+ blood and water.
3920
+
3921
+ 785
3922
+ 00:45:03,51 --> 00:45:05,46
3923
+ Two reference points,
3924
+ freezing and blood-warm,
3925
+
3926
+ 786
3927
+ 00:45:05,46 --> 00:45:07,19
3928
+ you know, the human body.
3929
+
3930
+
3931
+ 787
3932
+ 00:45:07,19 --> 00:45:09,76
3933
+ A linear interpolation between
3934
+ the two, and then some numbers
3935
+
3936
+ 788
3937
+ 00:45:09,76 --> 00:45:12,66
3938
+ associated with them,
3939
+ 7-1/2 and 22-1/2.
3940
+
3941
+ 789
3942
+ 00:45:12,66 --> 00:45:15,96
3943
+ Why does he choose 7-1/2 as
3944
+ the freezing point of water?
3945
+
3946
+ 790
3947
+ 00:45:15,96 --> 00:45:18,53
3948
+ Because he thought that
3949
+ would be big enough that in
3950
+
3951
+ 791
3952
+ 00:45:18,53 --> 00:45:22,56
3953
+ Denmark, the temperature
3954
+ wouldn't go below zero.
3955
+
3956
+ 792
3957
+ 00:45:22,56 --> 00:45:24,14
3958
+ That's how he picked 7-1/2.
3959
+
3960
+
3961
+ 793
3962
+ 00:45:24,14 --> 00:45:25,9
3963
+ Why not?
3964
+
3965
+
3966
+ 794
3967
+ 00:45:25,9 --> 00:45:28,48
3968
+ He didn't want to use negative
3969
+ numbers to measure temperature
3970
+
3971
+ 795
3972
+ 00:45:28,48 --> 00:45:31,13
3973
+ in Denmark outside.
3974
+
3975
+
3976
+ 796
3977
+ 00:45:31,13 --> 00:45:33,33
3978
+ Well, Fahrenheit came along and
3979
+ thought, well, you know, 7-1/2,
3980
+
3981
+ 797
3982
+ 00:45:33,33 --> 00:45:36,34
3983
+ that's kind of silly; 22-1/2
3984
+ that's, kind of silly.
3985
+
3986
+ 798
3987
+ 00:45:36,34 --> 00:45:40,16
3988
+ So let's multiply
3989
+ everything by four.
3990
+
3991
+ 799
3992
+ 00:45:40,16 --> 00:45:46,39
3993
+ I think it becomes 30 degrees
3994
+ for the freezing of water and
3995
+
3996
+ 800
3997
+ 00:45:46,39 --> 00:45:49,86
3998
+ 22.5 x 4, which I don't know
3999
+ what it is, 100 or something
4000
+
4001
+ 801
4002
+ 00:45:49,86 --> 00:45:55,48
4003
+ -- no, it's 90 I think.
4004
+
4005
+
4006
+ 802
4007
+ 00:45:55,48 --> 00:45:58,04
4008
+ And then for some reason, that
4009
+ nobody understands, he decided
4010
+
4011
+ 803
4012
+ 00:45:58,04 --> 00:46:04,2
4013
+ to multiply again by 16/15, and
4014
+ that's how we get 32 for
4015
+
4016
+ 804
4017
+ 00:46:04,2 --> 00:46:08,47
4018
+ freezing of water and 96 in his
4019
+ words for the temperature in
4020
+
4021
+ 805
4022
+ 00:46:08,47 --> 00:46:10,47
4023
+ the mouth or underneath
4024
+ the armpit of a living
4025
+
4026
+ 806
4027
+ 00:46:10,47 --> 00:46:12,39
4028
+ man in good health.
4029
+
4030
+
4031
+ 807
4032
+ 00:46:12,39 --> 00:46:14,17
4033
+ What a great temperature scale.
4034
+
4035
+
4036
+ 808
4037
+ 00:46:14,17 --> 00:46:16,63
4038
+ It turns out that 96
4039
+ wasn't quite right.
4040
+
4041
+ 809
4042
+ 00:46:16,63 --> 00:46:21,11
4043
+ Then he interpolated and found
4044
+ out water boils at 212.
4045
+
4046
+ 810
4047
+ 00:46:21,11 --> 00:46:24,03
4048
+ But, you know, his experiment
4049
+ wasn't so great, and, you know,
4050
+
4051
+ 811
4052
+ 00:46:24,03 --> 00:46:26,79
4053
+ maybe had a fever when he did
4054
+ the reference point
4055
+
4056
+ 812
4057
+ 00:46:26,79 --> 00:46:28,72
4058
+ with 96, whatever.
4059
+
4060
+
4061
+ 813
4062
+ 00:46:28,72 --> 00:46:31,07
4063
+ It turns out that it's not
4064
+ 96 to be in good health,
4065
+
4066
+ 814
4067
+ 00:46:31,07 --> 00:46:34,12
4068
+ it's 98.6 -- whatever.
4069
+
4070
+
4071
+ 815
4072
+ 00:46:34,12 --> 00:46:37,76
4073
+ That's how we got to
4074
+ the Fahrenheit scale.
4075
+
4076
+ 816
4077
+ 00:46:37,76 --> 00:46:40,09
4078
+ All right, next time we're
4079
+ going to talk about a much
4080
+
4081
+ 817
4082
+ 00:46:40,09 --> 00:46:43,33
4083
+ better scale, which is the
4084
+ ideal gas thermometer and how
4085
+
4086
+ 818
4087
+ 00:46:43,33 --> 00:46:45,43
4088
+ we get to the Kelvin scale.
4089
+
4090
+
4091
+ 819
4092
+ 00:46:45,43 --> 00:46:45,94
4093
+
4094
+
4095
+