omg-activerecord 8.0.0.alpha1

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1182 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+gem "pg", "~> 1.1"
+require "pg"
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/explain_pretty_printer"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_creation"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_dumper"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/type_metadata"
+require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # = Active Record PostgreSQL Adapter
+    #
+    # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://github.com/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Defaults to a Unix-domain socket in /tmp. On machines without Unix-domain sockets,
+    #   the default is to connect to localhost.
+    # * <tt>:port</tt> - Defaults to 5432.
+    # * <tt>:username</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the operating system name of the user running the application.
+    # * <tt>:password</tt> - Password to be used if the server demands password authentication.
+    # * <tt>:database</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the username.
+    # * <tt>:schema_search_path</tt> - An optional schema search path for the connection given
+    #   as a string of comma-separated schema names. This is backward-compatible with the <tt>:schema_order</tt> option.
+    # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - An optional client encoding that is used in a <tt>SET client_encoding TO
+    #   <encoding></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:min_messages</tt> - An optional client min messages that is used in a
+    #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:variables</tt> - An optional hash of additional parameters that
+    #   will be used in <tt>SET SESSION key = val</tt> calls on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use of <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
+    #   defaults to true.
+    #
+    # Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See
+    # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-connect.html for the
+    # list of parameters.
+    #
+    # In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables.
+    # See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/libpq-envars.html .
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = "PostgreSQL"
+
+      class << self
+        def new_client(conn_params)
+          PG.connect(**conn_params)
+        rescue ::PG::Error => error
+          if conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] == "postgres"
+            raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:dbname] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:dbname])
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.db_error(conn_params[:dbname])
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:user] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:user])
+            raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.username_error(conn_params[:user])
+          elsif conn_params && conn_params[:host] && error.message.include?(conn_params[:host])
+            raise ActiveRecord::DatabaseConnectionError.hostname_error(conn_params[:host])
+          else
+            raise ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished, error.message
+          end
+        end
+
+        def dbconsole(config, options = {})
+          pg_config = config.configuration_hash
+
+          ENV["PGUSER"]         = pg_config[:username] if pg_config[:username]
+          ENV["PGHOST"]         = pg_config[:host] if pg_config[:host]
+          ENV["PGPORT"]         = pg_config[:port].to_s if pg_config[:port]
+          ENV["PGPASSWORD"]     = pg_config[:password].to_s if pg_config[:password] && options[:include_password]
+          ENV["PGSSLMODE"]      = pg_config[:sslmode].to_s if pg_config[:sslmode]
+          ENV["PGSSLCERT"]      = pg_config[:sslcert].to_s if pg_config[:sslcert]
+          ENV["PGSSLKEY"]       = pg_config[:sslkey].to_s if pg_config[:sslkey]
+          ENV["PGSSLROOTCERT"]  = pg_config[:sslrootcert].to_s if pg_config[:sslrootcert]
+          if pg_config[:variables]
+            ENV["PGOPTIONS"] = pg_config[:variables].filter_map do |name, value|
+              "-c #{name}=#{value.to_s.gsub(/[ \\]/, '\\\\\0')}" unless value == ":default" || value == :default
+            end.join(" ")
+          end
+          find_cmd_and_exec(ActiveRecord.database_cli[:postgresql], config.database)
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # PostgreSQL allows the creation of "unlogged" tables, which do not record
+      # data in the PostgreSQL Write-Ahead Log. This can make the tables faster,
+      # but significantly increases the risk of data loss if the database
+      # crashes. As a result, this should not be used in production
+      # environments. If you would like all created tables to be unlogged in
+      # the test environment you can add the following to your test.rb file:
+      #
+      #   ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record_postgresqladapter) do
+      #     self.create_unlogged_tables = true
+      #   end
+      class_attribute :create_unlogged_tables, default: false
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # PostgreSQL supports multiple types for DateTimes. By default, if you use +datetime+
+      # in migrations, \Rails will translate this to a PostgreSQL "timestamp without time zone".
+      # Change this in an initializer to use another NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES. For example, to
+      # store DateTimes as "timestamp with time zone":
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type = :timestamptz
+      #
+      # Or if you are adding a custom type:
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter::NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES[:my_custom_type] = { name: "my_custom_type_name" }
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type = :my_custom_type
+      #
+      # If you're using +:ruby+ as your +config.active_record.schema_format+ and you change this
+      # setting, you should immediately run <tt>bin/rails db:migrate</tt> to update the types in your schema.rb.
+      class_attribute :datetime_type, default: :timestamp
+
+      ##
+      # :singleton-method:
+      # Toggles automatic decoding of date columns.
+      #
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.select_value("select '2024-01-01'::date").class #=> String
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.decode_dates = true
+      #   ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.select_value("select '2024-01-01'::date").class #=> Date
+      class_attribute :decode_dates, default: false
+
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        primary_key: "bigserial primary key",
+        string:      { name: "character varying" },
+        text:        { name: "text" },
+        integer:     { name: "integer", limit: 4 },
+        bigint:      { name: "bigint" },
+        float:       { name: "float" },
+        decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
+        datetime:    {}, # set dynamically based on datetime_type
+        timestamp:   { name: "timestamp" },
+        timestamptz: { name: "timestamptz" },
+        time:        { name: "time" },
+        date:        { name: "date" },
+        daterange:   { name: "daterange" },
+        numrange:    { name: "numrange" },
+        tsrange:     { name: "tsrange" },
+        tstzrange:   { name: "tstzrange" },
+        int4range:   { name: "int4range" },
+        int8range:   { name: "int8range" },
+        binary:      { name: "bytea" },
+        boolean:     { name: "boolean" },
+        xml:         { name: "xml" },
+        tsvector:    { name: "tsvector" },
+        hstore:      { name: "hstore" },
+        inet:        { name: "inet" },
+        cidr:        { name: "cidr" },
+        macaddr:     { name: "macaddr" },
+        uuid:        { name: "uuid" },
+        json:        { name: "json" },
+        jsonb:       { name: "jsonb" },
+        ltree:       { name: "ltree" },
+        citext:      { name: "citext" },
+        point:       { name: "point" },
+        line:        { name: "line" },
+        lseg:        { name: "lseg" },
+        box:         { name: "box" },
+        path:        { name: "path" },
+        polygon:     { name: "polygon" },
+        circle:      { name: "circle" },
+        bit:         { name: "bit" },
+        bit_varying: { name: "bit varying" },
+        money:       { name: "money" },
+        interval:    { name: "interval" },
+        oid:         { name: "oid" },
+        enum:        {} # special type https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-enum.html
+      }
+
+      OID = PostgreSQL::OID # :nodoc:
+
+      include PostgreSQL::Quoting
+      include PostgreSQL::ReferentialIntegrity
+      include PostgreSQL::SchemaStatements
+      include PostgreSQL::DatabaseStatements
+
+      def supports_bulk_alter?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_partitioned_indexes?
+        database_version >= 11_00_00 # >= 11.0
+      end
+
+      def supports_partial_index?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_index_include?
+        database_version >= 11_00_00 # >= 11.0
+      end
+
+      def supports_expression_index?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_transaction_isolation?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_check_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_exclusion_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_unique_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_validate_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_deferrable_constraints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_datetime_with_precision?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_json?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_comments?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_restart_db_transaction?
+        database_version >= 12_00_00 # >= 12.0
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_returning?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_insert_on_conflict?
+        database_version >= 9_05_00 # >= 9.5
+      end
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_skip? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_on_duplicate_update? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+      alias supports_insert_conflict_target? supports_insert_on_conflict?
+
+      def supports_virtual_columns?
+        database_version >= 12_00_00 # >= 12.0
+      end
+
+      def supports_identity_columns? # :nodoc:
+        database_version >= 10_00_00 # >= 10.0
+      end
+
+      def supports_nulls_not_distinct?
+        database_version >= 15_00_00 # >= 15.0
+      end
+
+      def supports_native_partitioning? # :nodoc:
+        database_version >= 10_00_00 # >= 10.0
+      end
+
+      def index_algorithms
+        { concurrently: "CONCURRENTLY" }
+      end
+
+      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(connection, max)
+          super(max)
+          @connection = connection
+          @counter = 0
+        end
+
+        def next_key
+          "a#{@counter += 1}"
+        end
+
+        private
+          def dealloc(key)
+            # This is ugly, but safe: the statement pool is only
+            # accessed while holding the connection's lock. (And we
+            # don't need the complication of with_raw_connection because
+            # a reconnect would invalidate the entire statement pool.)
+            if conn = @connection.instance_variable_get(:@raw_connection)
+              conn.query "DEALLOCATE #{key}" if conn.status == PG::CONNECTION_OK
+            end
+          rescue PG::Error
+          end
+      end
+
+      # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
+      def initialize(...)
+        super
+
+        conn_params = @config.compact
+
+        # Map ActiveRecords param names to PGs.
+        conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
+        conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]
+
+        # Forward only valid config params to PG::Connection.connect.
+        valid_conn_param_keys = PG::Connection.conndefaults_hash.keys + [:requiressl]
+        conn_params.slice!(*valid_conn_param_keys)
+
+        @connection_parameters = conn_params
+
+        @max_identifier_length = nil
+        @type_map = nil
+        @raw_connection = nil
+        @notice_receiver_sql_warnings = []
+
+        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
+      end
+
+      def connected?
+        !(@raw_connection.nil? || @raw_connection.finished?)
+      end
+
+      # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
+      def active?
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          return false unless @raw_connection
+          @raw_connection.query ";"
+        end
+        true
+      rescue PG::Error
+        false
+      end
+
+      def reload_type_map # :nodoc:
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          if @type_map
+            type_map.clear
+          else
+            @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
+          end
+
+          initialize_type_map
+        end
+      end
+
+      def reset!
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          return connect! unless @raw_connection
+
+          unless @raw_connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+            @raw_connection.query "ROLLBACK"
+          end
+          @raw_connection.query "DISCARD ALL"
+
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
+      # method does nothing.
+      def disconnect!
+        @lock.synchronize do
+          super
+          @raw_connection&.close rescue nil
+          @raw_connection = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def discard! # :nodoc:
+        super
+        @raw_connection&.socket_io&.reopen(IO::NULL) rescue nil
+        @raw_connection = nil
+      end
+
+      def native_database_types # :nodoc:
+        self.class.native_database_types
+      end
+
+      def self.native_database_types # :nodoc:
+        @native_database_types ||= begin
+          types = NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES.dup
+          types[:datetime] = types[datetime_type]
+          types
+        end
+      end
+
+      def set_standard_conforming_strings
+        internal_execute("SET standard_conforming_strings = on", "SCHEMA")
+      end
+
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_advisory_locks?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_explain?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_extensions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_materialized_views?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_tables?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_pgcrypto_uuid?
+        database_version >= 9_04_00 # >= 9.4
+      end
+
+      def supports_optimizer_hints?
+        unless defined?(@has_pg_hint_plan)
+          @has_pg_hint_plan = extension_available?("pg_hint_plan")
+        end
+        @has_pg_hint_plan
+      end
+
+      def supports_common_table_expressions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_lazy_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def get_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+        unless lock_id.is_a?(Integer) && lock_id.bit_length <= 63
+          raise(ArgumentError, "PostgreSQL requires advisory lock ids to be a signed 64 bit integer")
+        end
+        query_value("SELECT pg_try_advisory_lock(#{lock_id})")
+      end
+
+      def release_advisory_lock(lock_id) # :nodoc:
+        unless lock_id.is_a?(Integer) && lock_id.bit_length <= 63
+          raise(ArgumentError, "PostgreSQL requires advisory lock ids to be a signed 64 bit integer")
+        end
+        query_value("SELECT pg_advisory_unlock(#{lock_id})")
+      end
+
+      def enable_extension(name, **)
+        schema, name = name.to_s.split(".").values_at(-2, -1)
+        sql = +"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\""
+        sql << " SCHEMA #{schema}" if schema
+
+        internal_exec_query(sql).tap { reload_type_map }
+      end
+
+      # Removes an extension from the database.
+      #
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      def disable_extension(name, force: false)
+        _schema, name = name.to_s.split(".").values_at(-2, -1)
+        internal_exec_query("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS \"#{name}\"#{' CASCADE' if force == :cascade}").tap {
+          reload_type_map
+        }
+      end
+
+      def extension_available?(name)
+        query_value("SELECT true FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
+      end
+
+      def extension_enabled?(name)
+        query_value("SELECT installed_version IS NOT NULL FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = #{quote(name)}", "SCHEMA")
+      end
+
+      def extensions
+        query = <<~SQL
+          SELECT
+            pg_extension.extname,
+            n.nspname AS schema
+          FROM pg_extension
+          JOIN pg_namespace n ON pg_extension.extnamespace = n.oid
+        SQL
+
+        internal_exec_query(query, "SCHEMA", allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false).cast_values.map do |row|
+          name, schema = row[0], row[1]
+          schema = nil if schema == current_schema
+          [schema, name].compact.join(".")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a list of defined enum types, and their values.
+      def enum_types
+        query = <<~SQL
+          SELECT
+            type.typname AS name,
+            type.OID AS oid,
+            n.nspname AS schema,
+            string_agg(enum.enumlabel, ',' ORDER BY enum.enumsortorder) AS value
+          FROM pg_enum AS enum
+          JOIN pg_type AS type ON (type.oid = enum.enumtypid)
+          JOIN pg_namespace n ON type.typnamespace = n.oid
+          WHERE n.nspname = ANY (current_schemas(false))
+          GROUP BY type.OID, n.nspname, type.typname;
+        SQL
+
+        internal_exec_query(query, "SCHEMA", allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false).cast_values.each_with_object({}) do |row, memo|
+          name, schema = row[0], row[2]
+          schema = nil if schema == current_schema
+          full_name = [schema, name].compact.join(".")
+          memo[full_name] = row.last
+        end.to_a
+      end
+
+      # Given a name and an array of values, creates an enum type.
+      def create_enum(name, values, **options)
+        sql_values = values.map { |s| quote(s) }.join(", ")
+        scope = quoted_scope(name)
+        query = <<~SQL
+          DO $$
+          BEGIN
+              IF NOT EXISTS (
+                SELECT 1
+                FROM pg_type t
+                JOIN pg_namespace n ON t.typnamespace = n.oid
+                WHERE t.typname = #{scope[:name]}
+                  AND n.nspname = #{scope[:schema]}
+              ) THEN
+                  CREATE TYPE #{quote_table_name(name)} AS ENUM (#{sql_values});
+              END IF;
+          END
+          $$;
+        SQL
+        internal_exec_query(query).tap { reload_type_map }
+      end
+
+      # Drops an enum type.
+      #
+      # If the <tt>if_exists: true</tt> option is provided, the enum is dropped
+      # only if it exists. Otherwise, if the enum doesn't exist, an error is
+      # raised.
+      #
+      # The +values+ parameter will be ignored if present. It can be helpful
+      # to provide this in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +values+ will be used by #create_enum.
+      def drop_enum(name, values = nil, **options)
+        query = <<~SQL
+          DROP TYPE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(name)};
+        SQL
+        internal_exec_query(query).tap { reload_type_map }
+      end
+
+      # Rename an existing enum type to something else.
+      def rename_enum(name, **options)
+        to = options.fetch(:to) { raise ArgumentError, ":to is required" }
+
+        exec_query("ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(name)} RENAME TO #{to}").tap { reload_type_map }
+      end
+
+      # Add enum value to an existing enum type.
+      def add_enum_value(type_name, value, **options)
+        before, after = options.values_at(:before, :after)
+        sql = +"ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(type_name)} ADD VALUE"
+        sql << " IF NOT EXISTS" if options[:if_not_exists]
+        sql << " '#{value}'"
+
+        if before && after
+          raise ArgumentError, "Cannot have both :before and :after at the same time"
+        elsif before
+          sql << " BEFORE '#{before}'"
+        elsif after
+          sql << " AFTER '#{after}'"
+        end
+
+        execute(sql).tap { reload_type_map }
+      end
+
+      # Rename enum value on an existing enum type.
+      def rename_enum_value(type_name, **options)
+        unless database_version >= 10_00_00 # >= 10.0
+          raise ArgumentError, "Renaming enum values is only supported in PostgreSQL 10 or later"
+        end
+
+        from = options.fetch(:from) { raise ArgumentError, ":from is required" }
+        to = options.fetch(:to) { raise ArgumentError, ":to is required" }
+
+        execute("ALTER TYPE #{quote_table_name(type_name)} RENAME VALUE '#{from}' TO '#{to}'").tap {
+          reload_type_map
+        }
+      end
+
+      # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL
+      def max_identifier_length
+        @max_identifier_length ||= query_value("SHOW max_identifier_length", "SCHEMA").to_i
+      end
+
+      # Set the authorized user for this session
+      def session_auth=(user)
+        clear_cache!
+        internal_execute("SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}", nil, materialize_transactions: true)
+      end
+
+      def use_insert_returning?
+        @use_insert_returning
+      end
+
+      # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
+      def get_database_version # :nodoc:
+        with_raw_connection do |conn|
+          conn.server_version
+        end
+      end
+      alias :postgresql_version :database_version
+
+      def default_index_type?(index) # :nodoc:
+        index.using == :btree || super
+      end
+
+      def build_insert_sql(insert) # :nodoc:
+        sql = +"INSERT #{insert.into} #{insert.values_list}"
+
+        if insert.skip_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO NOTHING"
+        elsif insert.update_duplicates?
+          sql << " ON CONFLICT #{insert.conflict_target} DO UPDATE SET "
+          if insert.raw_update_sql?
+            sql << insert.raw_update_sql
+          else
+            sql << insert.touch_model_timestamps_unless { |column| "#{insert.model.quoted_table_name}.#{column} IS NOT DISTINCT FROM excluded.#{column}" }
+            sql << insert.updatable_columns.map { |column| "#{column}=excluded.#{column}" }.join(",")
+          end
+        end
+
+        sql << " RETURNING #{insert.returning}" if insert.returning
+        sql
+      end
+
+      def check_version # :nodoc:
+        if database_version < 9_03_00 # < 9.3
+          raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{database_version}) is too old. Active Record supports PostgreSQL >= 9.3."
+        end
+      end
+
+      class << self
+        def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+          m.register_type "int2", Type::Integer.new(limit: 2)
+          m.register_type "int4", Type::Integer.new(limit: 4)
+          m.register_type "int8", Type::Integer.new(limit: 8)
+          m.register_type "oid", OID::Oid.new
+          m.register_type "float4", Type::Float.new
+          m.alias_type "float8", "float4"
+          m.register_type "text", Type::Text.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, "varchar", Type::String
+          m.alias_type "char", "varchar"
+          m.alias_type "name", "varchar"
+          m.alias_type "bpchar", "varchar"
+          m.register_type "bool", Type::Boolean.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, "bit", OID::Bit
+          register_class_with_limit m, "varbit", OID::BitVarying
+          m.register_type "date", OID::Date.new
+
+          m.register_type "money", OID::Money.new
+          m.register_type "bytea", OID::Bytea.new
+          m.register_type "point", OID::Point.new
+          m.register_type "hstore", OID::Hstore.new
+          m.register_type "json", Type::Json.new
+          m.register_type "jsonb", OID::Jsonb.new
+          m.register_type "cidr", OID::Cidr.new
+          m.register_type "inet", OID::Inet.new
+          m.register_type "uuid", OID::Uuid.new
+          m.register_type "xml", OID::Xml.new
+          m.register_type "tsvector", OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
+          m.register_type "macaddr", OID::Macaddr.new
+          m.register_type "citext", OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
+          m.register_type "ltree", OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
+          m.register_type "line", OID::SpecializedString.new(:line)
+          m.register_type "lseg", OID::SpecializedString.new(:lseg)
+          m.register_type "box", OID::SpecializedString.new(:box)
+          m.register_type "path", OID::SpecializedString.new(:path)
+          m.register_type "polygon", OID::SpecializedString.new(:polygon)
+          m.register_type "circle", OID::SpecializedString.new(:circle)
+
+          m.register_type "numeric" do |_, fmod, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+
+            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
+            # so we'll do something special here.
+            #
+            # When dealing with decimal columns:
+            #
+            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
+            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
+            if fmod && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
+              # FIXME: Remove this class, and the second argument to
+              # lookups on PG
+              Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+            else
+              OID::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+            end
+          end
+
+          m.register_type "interval" do |*args, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            OID::Interval.new(precision: precision)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        attr_reader :type_map
+
+        def initialize_type_map(m = type_map)
+          self.class.initialize_type_map(m)
+
+          self.class.register_class_with_precision m, "time", Type::Time, timezone: @default_timezone
+          self.class.register_class_with_precision m, "timestamp", OID::Timestamp, timezone: @default_timezone
+          self.class.register_class_with_precision m, "timestamptz", OID::TimestampWithTimeZone
+
+          load_additional_types
+        end
+
+        # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+        def extract_value_from_default(default)
+          case default
+            # Quoted types
+          when /\A[(B]?'(.*)'.*::"?([\w. ]+)"?(?:\[\])?\z/m
+            # The default 'now'::date is CURRENT_DATE
+            if $1 == "now" && $2 == "date"
+              nil
+            else
+              $1.gsub("''", "'")
+            end
+            # Boolean types
+          when "true", "false"
+            default
+            # Numeric types
+          when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?)\)?(::bigint)?\z/
+            $1
+            # Object identifier types
+          when /\A-?\d+\z/
+            $1
+          else
+            # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+            # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+            nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_default_function(default_value, default)
+          default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+        end
+
+        def has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+          !default_value && %r{\w+\(.*\)|\(.*\)::\w+|CURRENT_DATE|CURRENT_TIMESTAMP}.match?(default)
+        end
+
+        # See https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+        VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION = "22001"
+        NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE = "22003"
+        NOT_NULL_VIOLATION    = "23502"
+        FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION = "23503"
+        UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
+        SERIALIZATION_FAILURE = "40001"
+        DEADLOCK_DETECTED     = "40P01"
+        DUPLICATE_DATABASE    = "42P04"
+        LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE    = "55P03"
+        QUERY_CANCELED        = "57014"
+
+        def translate_exception(exception, message:, sql:, binds:)
+          return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
+
+          case exception.result.try(:error_field, PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          when nil
+            if exception.message.match?(/connection is closed/i)
+              ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
+            elsif exception.is_a?(PG::ConnectionBad)
+              # libpq message style always ends with a newline; the pg gem's internal
+              # errors do not. We separate these cases because a pg-internal
+              # ConnectionBad means it failed before it managed to send the query,
+              # whereas a libpq failure could have occurred at any time (meaning the
+              # server may have already executed part or all of the query).
+              if exception.message.end_with?("\n")
+                ConnectionFailed.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
+              else
+                ConnectionNotEstablished.new(exception, connection_pool: @pool)
+              end
+            else
+              super
+            end
+          when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when VALUE_LIMIT_VIOLATION
+            ValueTooLong.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when NUMERIC_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE
+            RangeError.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when NOT_NULL_VIOLATION
+            NotNullViolation.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when SERIALIZATION_FAILURE
+            SerializationFailure.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when DEADLOCK_DETECTED
+            Deadlocked.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when DUPLICATE_DATABASE
+            DatabaseAlreadyExists.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when LOCK_NOT_AVAILABLE
+            LockWaitTimeout.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          when QUERY_CANCELED
+            QueryCanceled.new(message, sql: sql, binds: binds, connection_pool: @pool)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def retryable_query_error?(exception)
+          # We cannot retry anything if we're inside a broken transaction; we need to at
+          # least raise until the innermost savepoint is rolled back
+          @raw_connection&.transaction_status != ::PG::PQTRANS_INERROR &&
+            super
+        end
+
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = "")
+          if !type_map.key?(oid)
+            load_additional_types([oid])
+          end
+
+          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
+            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+            Type.default_value.tap do |cast_type|
+              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
+        def load_additional_types(oids = nil)
+          initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+          load_types_queries(initializer, oids) do |query|
+            records = internal_execute(query, "SCHEMA", [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false)
+            initializer.run(records)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def load_types_queries(initializer, oids)
+          query = <<~SQL
+            SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+            FROM pg_type as t
+            LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
+          SQL
+          if oids
+            yield query + "WHERE t.oid IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
+          else
+            yield query + initializer.query_conditions_for_known_type_names
+            yield query + initializer.query_conditions_for_known_type_types
+            yield query + initializer.query_conditions_for_array_types
+          end
+        end
+
+        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" # :nodoc:
+
+        # Annoyingly, the code for prepared statements whose return value may
+        # have changed is FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED.
+        #
+        # This covers various different error types so we need to do additional
+        # work to classify the exception definitively as a
+        # ActiveRecord::PreparedStatementCacheExpired
+        #
+        # Check here for more details:
+        # https://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
+        def is_cached_plan_failure?(pgerror)
+          pgerror.result.result_error_field(PG::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE) == FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED &&
+            pgerror.result.result_error_field(PG::PG_DIAG_SOURCE_FUNCTION) == "RevalidateCachedQuery"
+        rescue
+          false
+        end
+
+        def in_transaction?
+          open_transactions > 0
+        end
+
+        # Returns the statement identifier for the client side cache
+        # of statements
+        def sql_key(sql)
+          "#{schema_search_path}-#{sql}"
+        end
+
+        # Prepare the statement if it hasn't been prepared, return
+        # the statement key.
+        def prepare_statement(sql, binds, conn)
+          sql_key = sql_key(sql)
+          unless @statements.key? sql_key
+            nextkey = @statements.next_key
+            begin
+              conn.prepare nextkey, sql
+            rescue => e
+              raise translate_exception_class(e, sql, binds)
+            end
+            # Clear the queue
+            conn.get_last_result
+            @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
+          end
+          @statements[sql_key]
+        end
+
+        # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
+        # connected server's characteristics.
+        def connect
+          @raw_connection = self.class.new_client(@connection_parameters)
+        rescue ConnectionNotEstablished => ex
+          raise ex.set_pool(@pool)
+        end
+
+        def reconnect
+          begin
+            @raw_connection&.reset
+          rescue PG::ConnectionBad
+            @raw_connection = nil
+          end
+
+          connect unless @raw_connection
+        end
+
+        # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
+        # This is called by #connect and should not be called manually.
+        def configure_connection
+          super
+
+          if @config[:encoding]
+            @raw_connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
+          end
+          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] || "warning"
+          self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
+
+          unless ActiveRecord.db_warnings_action.nil?
+            @raw_connection.set_notice_receiver do |result|
+              message = result.error_field(PG::Result::PG_DIAG_MESSAGE_PRIMARY)
+              code = result.error_field(PG::Result::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+              level = result.error_field(PG::Result::PG_DIAG_SEVERITY)
+              @notice_receiver_sql_warnings << SQLWarning.new(message, code, level, nil, @pool)
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Use standard-conforming strings so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
+          set_standard_conforming_strings
+
+          variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
+
+          # Set interval output format to ISO 8601 for ease of parsing by ActiveSupport::Duration.parse
+          internal_execute("SET intervalstyle = iso_8601", "SCHEMA")
+
+          # SET statements from :variables config hash
+          # https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-set.html
+          variables.map do |k, v|
+            if v == ":default" || v == :default
+              # Sets the value to the global or compile default
+              internal_execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT", "SCHEMA")
+            elsif !v.nil?
+              internal_execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", "SCHEMA")
+            end
+          end
+
+          add_pg_encoders
+          add_pg_decoders
+
+          reload_type_map
+        end
+
+        def reconfigure_connection_timezone
+          variables = @config.fetch(:variables, {}).stringify_keys
+
+          # If it's been directly configured as a connection variable, we don't
+          # need to do anything here; it will be set up by configure_connection
+          # and then never changed.
+          return if variables["timezone"]
+
+          # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection
+          # to return TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
+          if default_timezone == :utc
+            raw_execute("SET SESSION timezone TO 'UTC'", "SCHEMA")
+          else
+            raw_execute("SET SESSION timezone TO DEFAULT", "SCHEMA")
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
+        #
+        # The underlying query is roughly:
+        #  SELECT column.name, column.type, default.value, column.comment
+        #    FROM column LEFT JOIN default
+        #      ON column.table_id = default.table_id
+        #     AND column.num = default.column_num
+        #   WHERE column.table_id = get_table_id('table_name')
+        #     AND column.num > 0
+        #     AND NOT column.is_dropped
+        #   ORDER BY column.num
+        #
+        # If the table name is not prefixed with a schema, the database will
+        # take the first match from the schema search path.
+        #
+        # Query implementation notes:
+        #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
+        #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
+        def column_definitions(table_name)
+          query(<<~SQL, "SCHEMA")
+              SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
+                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod,
+                     c.collname, col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) AS comment,
+                     #{supports_identity_columns? ? 'attidentity' : quote('')} AS identity,
+                     #{supports_virtual_columns? ? 'attgenerated' : quote('')} as attgenerated
+                FROM pg_attribute a
+                LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
+                LEFT JOIN pg_type t ON a.atttypid = t.oid
+                LEFT JOIN pg_collation c ON a.attcollation = c.oid AND a.attcollation <> t.typcollation
+               WHERE a.attrelid = #{quote(quote_table_name(table_name))}::regclass
+                 AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
+               ORDER BY a.attnum
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        def arel_visitor
+          Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new(self)
+        end
+
+        def build_statement_pool
+          StatementPool.new(self, self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(@config[:statement_limit]))
+        end
+
+        def can_perform_case_insensitive_comparison_for?(column)
+          # NOTE: citext is an exception. It is possible to perform a
+          #       case-insensitive comparison using `LOWER()`, but it is
+          #       unnecessary, as `citext` is case-insensitive by definition.
+          @case_insensitive_cache ||= { "citext" => false }
+          @case_insensitive_cache.fetch(column.sql_type) do
+            @case_insensitive_cache[column.sql_type] = begin
+              sql = <<~SQL
+                SELECT exists(
+                  SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                  WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                    AND proargtypes = ARRAY[#{quote column.sql_type}::regtype]::oidvector
+                ) OR exists(
+                  SELECT * FROM pg_proc
+                  INNER JOIN pg_cast
+                    ON ARRAY[casttarget]::oidvector = proargtypes
+                  WHERE proname = 'lower'
+                    AND castsource = #{quote column.sql_type}::regtype
+                )
+              SQL
+              result = internal_execute(sql, "SCHEMA", [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false)
+              result.getvalue(0, 0)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_pg_encoders
+          map = PG::TypeMapByClass.new
+          map[Integer] = PG::TextEncoder::Integer.new
+          map[TrueClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+          map[FalseClass] = PG::TextEncoder::Boolean.new
+          @raw_connection.type_map_for_queries = map
+        end
+
+        def update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+          if @raw_connection && @mapped_default_timezone != default_timezone && @timestamp_decoder
+            decoder_class = default_timezone == :utc ?
+              PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc :
+              PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithoutTimeZone
+
+            @timestamp_decoder = decoder_class.new(**@timestamp_decoder.to_h)
+            @raw_connection.type_map_for_results.add_coder(@timestamp_decoder)
+
+            @mapped_default_timezone = default_timezone
+
+            # if default timezone has changed, we need to reconfigure the connection
+            # (specifically, the session time zone)
+            reconfigure_connection_timezone
+
+            true
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_pg_decoders
+          @mapped_default_timezone = nil
+          @timestamp_decoder = nil
+
+          coders_by_name = {
+            "int2" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "int4" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "int8" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "oid" => PG::TextDecoder::Integer,
+            "float4" => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            "float8" => PG::TextDecoder::Float,
+            "numeric" => PG::TextDecoder::Numeric,
+            "bool" => PG::TextDecoder::Boolean,
+            "timestamp" => PG::TextDecoder::TimestampUtc,
+            "timestamptz" => PG::TextDecoder::TimestampWithTimeZone,
+          }
+          coders_by_name["date"] = PG::TextDecoder::Date if decode_dates
+
+          known_coder_types = coders_by_name.keys.map { |n| quote(n) }
+          query = <<~SQL % known_coder_types.join(", ")
+            SELECT t.oid, t.typname
+            FROM pg_type as t
+            WHERE t.typname IN (%s)
+          SQL
+          result = internal_execute(query, "SCHEMA", [], allow_retry: true, materialize_transactions: false)
+          coders = result.filter_map { |row| construct_coder(row, coders_by_name[row["typname"]]) }
+
+          map = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+          coders.each { |coder| map.add_coder(coder) }
+          @raw_connection.type_map_for_results = map
+
+          @type_map_for_results = PG::TypeMapByOid.new
+          @type_map_for_results.default_type_map = map
+          @type_map_for_results.add_coder(PG::TextDecoder::Bytea.new(oid: 17, name: "bytea"))
+          @type_map_for_results.add_coder(MoneyDecoder.new(oid: 790, name: "money"))
+
+          # extract timestamp decoder for use in update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+          @timestamp_decoder = coders.find { |coder| coder.name == "timestamp" }
+          update_typemap_for_default_timezone
+        end
+
+        def construct_coder(row, coder_class)
+          return unless coder_class
+          coder_class.new(oid: row["oid"].to_i, name: row["typname"])
+        end
+
+        class MoneyDecoder < PG::SimpleDecoder # :nodoc:
+          TYPE = OID::Money.new
+
+          def decode(value, tuple = nil, field = nil)
+            TYPE.deserialize(value)
+          end
+        end
+
+        ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ array: true }, OID::Array, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.add_modifier({ range: true }, OID::Range, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:bit, OID::Bit, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:bit_varying, OID::BitVarying, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:binary, OID::Bytea, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:cidr, OID::Cidr, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:date, OID::Date, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:datetime, OID::DateTime, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:decimal, OID::Decimal, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:enum, OID::Enum, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:hstore, OID::Hstore, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:inet, OID::Inet, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:interval, OID::Interval, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:jsonb, OID::Jsonb, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, OID::Money, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:point, OID::Point, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:legacy_point, OID::LegacyPoint, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:uuid, OID::Uuid, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:vector, OID::Vector, adapter: :postgresql)
+        ActiveRecord::Type.register(:xml, OID::Xml, adapter: :postgresql)
+    end
+    ActiveSupport.run_load_hooks(:active_record_postgresqladapter, PostgreSQLAdapter)
+  end
+end