omg-activerecord 8.0.0.alpha1

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1883 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/access"
+require "openssl"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
+    module SchemaStatements
+      include ActiveRecord::Migration::JoinTable
+
+      # Returns a hash of mappings from the abstract data types to the native
+      # database types. See TableDefinition#column for details on the recognized
+      # abstract data types.
+      def native_database_types
+        {}
+      end
+
+      def table_options(table_name)
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Returns the table comment that's stored in database metadata.
+      def table_comment(table_name)
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Truncates a table alias according to the limits of the current adapter.
+      def table_alias_for(table_name)
+        table_name[0...table_alias_length].tr(".", "_")
+      end
+
+      # Returns the relation names usable to back Active Record models.
+      # For most adapters this means all #tables and #views.
+      def data_sources
+        query_values(data_source_sql, "SCHEMA")
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        tables | views
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if the data source +name+ exists on the database.
+      #
+      #   data_source_exists?(:ebooks)
+      #
+      def data_source_exists?(name)
+        query_values(data_source_sql(name), "SCHEMA").any? if name.present?
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        data_sources.include?(name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of table names defined in the database.
+      def tables
+        query_values(data_source_sql(type: "BASE TABLE"), "SCHEMA")
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if the table +table_name+ exists on the database.
+      #
+      #   table_exists?(:developers)
+      #
+      def table_exists?(table_name)
+        query_values(data_source_sql(table_name, type: "BASE TABLE"), "SCHEMA").any? if table_name.present?
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        tables.include?(table_name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of view names defined in the database.
+      def views
+        query_values(data_source_sql(type: "VIEW"), "SCHEMA")
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if the view +view_name+ exists on the database.
+      #
+      #   view_exists?(:ebooks)
+      #
+      def view_exists?(view_name)
+        query_values(data_source_sql(view_name, type: "VIEW"), "SCHEMA").any? if view_name.present?
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        views.include?(view_name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of indexes for the given table.
+      def indexes(table_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "#indexes is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if an index exists on a table for a given index definition.
+      #
+      #   # Check an index exists
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id)
+      #
+      #   # Check an index on multiple columns exists
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, [:company_id, :company_type])
+      #
+      #   # Check a unique index exists
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, unique: true)
+      #
+      #   # Check an index with a custom name exists
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id")
+      #
+      #   # Check a valid index exists (PostgreSQL only)
+      #   index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, valid: true)
+      #
+      def index_exists?(table_name, column_name, **options)
+        indexes(table_name).any? { |i| i.defined_for?(column_name, **options) }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of +Column+ objects for the table specified by +table_name+.
+      def columns(table_name)
+        table_name = table_name.to_s
+        definitions = column_definitions(table_name)
+        definitions.map do |field|
+          new_column_from_field(table_name, field, definitions)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if a column exists in a given table.
+      #
+      #   # Check a column exists
+      #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :name)
+      #
+      #   # Check a column exists of a particular type
+      #   #
+      #   # This works for standard non-casted types (eg. string) but is unreliable
+      #   # for types that may get cast to something else (eg. char, bigint).
+      #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string)
+      #
+      #   # Check a column exists with a specific definition
+      #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, limit: 100)
+      #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, default: 'default')
+      #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, null: false)
+      #   column_exists?(:suppliers, :tax, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
+      #
+      def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, **options)
+        column_name = column_name.to_s
+        checks = []
+        checks << lambda { |c| c.name == column_name }
+        checks << lambda { |c| c.type == type.to_sym rescue nil } if type
+        column_options_keys.each do |attr|
+          checks << lambda { |c| c.send(attr) == options[attr] } if options.key?(attr)
+        end
+
+        columns(table_name).any? { |c| checks.all? { |check| check[c] } }
+      end
+
+      # Returns just a table's primary key
+      def primary_key(table_name)
+        pk = primary_keys(table_name)
+        pk = pk.first unless pk.size > 1
+        pk
+      end
+
+      # Creates a new table with the name +table_name+. +table_name+ may either
+      # be a String or a Symbol.
+      #
+      # There are two ways to work with #create_table. You can use the block
+      # form or the regular form, like this:
+      #
+      # === Block form
+      #
+      #   # create_table() passes a TableDefinition object to the block.
+      #   # This form will not only create the table, but also columns for the
+      #   # table.
+      #
+      #   create_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.column :name, :string, limit: 60
+      #     # Other fields here
+      #   end
+      #
+      # === Block form, with shorthand
+      #
+      #   # You can also use the column types as method calls, rather than calling the column method.
+      #   create_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.string :name, limit: 60
+      #     # Other fields here
+      #   end
+      #
+      # === Regular form
+      #
+      #   # Creates a table called 'suppliers' with no columns.
+      #   create_table(:suppliers)
+      #   # Add a column to 'suppliers'.
+      #   add_column(:suppliers, :name, :string, {limit: 60})
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:id</tt>]
+      #   Whether to automatically add a primary key column. Defaults to true.
+      #   Join tables for {ActiveRecord::Base.has_and_belongs_to_many}[rdoc-ref:Associations::ClassMethods#has_and_belongs_to_many] should set it to false.
+      #
+      #   A Symbol can be used to specify the type of the generated primary key column.
+      # [<tt>:primary_key</tt>]
+      #   The name of the primary key, if one is to be added automatically.
+      #   Defaults to +id+. If <tt>:id</tt> is false, then this option is ignored.
+      #
+      #   If an array is passed, a composite primary key will be created.
+      #
+      #   Note that Active Record models will automatically detect their
+      #   primary key. This can be avoided by using
+      #   {self.primary_key=}[rdoc-ref:AttributeMethods::PrimaryKey::ClassMethods#primary_key=] on the model
+      #   to define the key explicitly.
+      #
+      # [<tt>:options</tt>]
+      #   Any extra options you want appended to the table definition.
+      # [<tt>:temporary</tt>]
+      #   Make a temporary table.
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:if_not_exists</tt>]
+      #   Set to true to avoid raising an error when the table already exists.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:as</tt>]
+      #   SQL to use to generate the table. When this option is used, the block is
+      #   ignored, as are the <tt>:id</tt> and <tt>:primary_key</tt> options.
+      #
+      # ====== Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
+      #
+      #   create_table(:suppliers, options: 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4')
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TABLE suppliers (
+      #     id bigint auto_increment PRIMARY KEY
+      #   ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4
+      #
+      # ====== Rename the primary key column
+      #
+      #   create_table(:objects, primary_key: 'guid') do |t|
+      #     t.column :name, :string, limit: 80
+      #   end
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TABLE objects (
+      #     guid bigint auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
+      #     name varchar(80)
+      #   )
+      #
+      # ====== Change the primary key column type
+      #
+      #   create_table(:tags, id: :string) do |t|
+      #     t.column :label, :string
+      #   end
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TABLE tags (
+      #     id varchar PRIMARY KEY,
+      #     label varchar
+      #   )
+      #
+      # ====== Create a composite primary key
+      #
+      #   create_table(:orders, primary_key: [:product_id, :client_id]) do |t|
+      #     t.belongs_to :product
+      #     t.belongs_to :client
+      #   end
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TABLE orders (
+      #       product_id bigint NOT NULL,
+      #       client_id bigint NOT NULL
+      #   );
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE ONLY "orders"
+      #     ADD CONSTRAINT orders_pkey PRIMARY KEY (product_id, client_id);
+      #
+      # ====== Do not add a primary key column
+      #
+      #   create_table(:categories_suppliers, id: false) do |t|
+      #     t.column :category_id, :bigint
+      #     t.column :supplier_id, :bigint
+      #   end
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TABLE categories_suppliers (
+      #     category_id bigint,
+      #     supplier_id bigint
+      #   )
+      #
+      # ====== Create a temporary table based on a query
+      #
+      #   create_table(:long_query, temporary: true,
+      #     as: "SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id")
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE long_query AS
+      #     SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id
+      #
+      # See also TableDefinition#column for details on how to create columns.
+      def create_table(table_name, id: :primary_key, primary_key: nil, force: nil, **options, &block)
+        validate_create_table_options!(options)
+        validate_table_length!(table_name) unless options[:_uses_legacy_table_name]
+
+        if force && options.key?(:if_not_exists)
+          raise ArgumentError, "Options `:force` and `:if_not_exists` cannot be used simultaneously."
+        end
+
+        td = build_create_table_definition(table_name, id: id, primary_key: primary_key, force: force, **options, &block)
+
+        if force
+          drop_table(table_name, force: force, if_exists: true)
+        else
+          schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
+        end
+
+        result = execute schema_creation.accept(td)
+
+        unless supports_indexes_in_create?
+          td.indexes.each do |column_name, index_options|
+            add_index(table_name, column_name, **index_options, if_not_exists: td.if_not_exists)
+          end
+        end
+
+        if supports_comments? && !supports_comments_in_create?
+          if table_comment = td.comment.presence
+            change_table_comment(table_name, table_comment)
+          end
+
+          td.columns.each do |column|
+            change_column_comment(table_name, column.name, column.comment) if column.comment.present?
+          end
+        end
+
+        result
+      end
+
+      # Returns a TableDefinition object containing information about the table that would be created
+      # if the same arguments were passed to #create_table. See #create_table for information about
+      # passing a +table_name+, and other additional options that can be passed.
+      def build_create_table_definition(table_name, id: :primary_key, primary_key: nil, force: nil, **options)
+        table_definition = create_table_definition(table_name, **options.extract!(*valid_table_definition_options, :_skip_validate_options))
+        table_definition.set_primary_key(table_name, id, primary_key, **options.extract!(*valid_primary_key_options, :_skip_validate_options))
+
+        yield table_definition if block_given?
+
+        table_definition
+      end
+
+      # Creates a new join table with the name created using the lexical order of the first two
+      # arguments. These arguments can be a String or a Symbol.
+      #
+      #   # Creates a table called 'assemblies_parts' with no id.
+      #   create_join_table(:assemblies, :parts)
+      #
+      #   # Creates a table called 'paper_boxes_papers' with no id.
+      #   create_join_table('papers', 'paper_boxes')
+      #
+      # A duplicate prefix is combined into a single prefix. This is useful for
+      # namespaced models like Music::Artist and Music::Record:
+      #
+      #   # Creates a table called 'music_artists_records' with no id.
+      #   create_join_table('music_artists', 'music_records')
+      #
+      # You can pass an +options+ hash which can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:table_name</tt>]
+      #   Sets the table name, overriding the default.
+      # [<tt>:column_options</tt>]
+      #   Any extra options you want appended to the columns definition.
+      # [<tt>:options</tt>]
+      #   Any extra options you want appended to the table definition.
+      # [<tt>:temporary</tt>]
+      #   Make a temporary table.
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to true to drop the table before creating it.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      #
+      # Note that #create_join_table does not create any indices by default; you can use
+      # its block form to do so yourself:
+      #
+      #   create_join_table :products, :categories do |t|
+      #     t.index :product_id
+      #     t.index :category_id
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ====== Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
+      #
+      #   create_join_table(:assemblies, :parts, options: 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8')
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE TABLE assemblies_parts (
+      #     assembly_id bigint NOT NULL,
+      #     part_id bigint NOT NULL,
+      #   ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
+      #
+      def create_join_table(table_1, table_2, column_options: {}, **options)
+        join_table_name = find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options)
+
+        column_options.reverse_merge!(null: false, index: false)
+
+        t1_ref, t2_ref = [table_1, table_2].map { |t| reference_name_for_table(t) }
+
+        create_table(join_table_name, **options.merge!(id: false)) do |td|
+          td.references t1_ref, **column_options
+          td.references t2_ref, **column_options
+          yield td if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Builds a TableDefinition object for a join table.
+      #
+      # This definition object contains information about the table that would be created
+      # if the same arguments were passed to #create_join_table. See #create_join_table for
+      # information about what arguments should be passed.
+      def build_create_join_table_definition(table_1, table_2, column_options: {}, **options) # :nodoc:
+        join_table_name = find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options)
+        column_options.reverse_merge!(null: false, index: false)
+
+        t1_ref, t2_ref = [table_1, table_2].map { |t| reference_name_for_table(t) }
+
+        build_create_table_definition(join_table_name, **options.merge!(id: false)) do |td|
+          td.references t1_ref, **column_options
+          td.references t2_ref, **column_options
+          yield td if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Drops the join table specified by the given arguments.
+      # See #create_join_table and #drop_table for details.
+      #
+      # Although this command ignores the block if one is given, it can be helpful
+      # to provide one in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, the block will be used by #create_join_table.
+      def drop_join_table(table_1, table_2, **options)
+        join_table_name = find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options)
+        drop_table(join_table_name, **options)
+      end
+
+      # A block for changing columns in +table+.
+      #
+      #   # change_table() yields a Table instance
+      #   change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.column :name, :string, limit: 60
+      #     # Other column alterations here
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:bulk</tt>]
+      #   Set this to true to make this a bulk alter query, such as
+      #
+      #     ALTER TABLE `users` ADD COLUMN age INT, ADD COLUMN birthdate DATETIME ...
+      #
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      #
+      #   Only supported on the MySQL and PostgreSQL adapter, ignored elsewhere.
+      #
+      # ====== Add a column
+      #
+      #   change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.column :name, :string, limit: 60
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ====== Change type of a column
+      #
+      #   change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.change :metadata, :json
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ====== Add 2 integer columns
+      #
+      #   change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.integer :width, :height, null: false, default: 0
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ====== Add created_at/updated_at columns
+      #
+      #   change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.timestamps
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ====== Add a foreign key column
+      #
+      #   change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #     t.references :company
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Creates a <tt>company_id(bigint)</tt> column.
+      #
+      # ====== Add a polymorphic foreign key column
+      #
+      #  change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #    t.belongs_to :company, polymorphic: true
+      #  end
+      #
+      # Creates <tt>company_type(varchar)</tt> and <tt>company_id(bigint)</tt> columns.
+      #
+      # ====== Remove a column
+      #
+      #  change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #    t.remove :company
+      #  end
+      #
+      # ====== Remove several columns
+      #
+      #  change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #    t.remove :company_id
+      #    t.remove :width, :height
+      #  end
+      #
+      # ====== Remove an index
+      #
+      #  change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
+      #    t.remove_index :company_id
+      #  end
+      #
+      # See also Table for details on all of the various column transformations.
+      def change_table(table_name, base = self, **options)
+        if supports_bulk_alter? && options[:bulk]
+          recorder = ActiveRecord::Migration::CommandRecorder.new(self)
+          yield update_table_definition(table_name, recorder)
+          bulk_change_table(table_name, recorder.commands)
+        else
+          yield update_table_definition(table_name, base)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Renames a table.
+      #
+      #   rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
+      #
+      def rename_table(table_name, new_name, **)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "rename_table is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Drops a table or tables from the database.
+      #
+      # [<tt>:force</tt>]
+      #   Set to +:cascade+ to drop dependent objects as well.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:if_exists</tt>]
+      #   Set to +true+ to only drop the table if it exists.
+      #   Defaults to false.
+      #
+      # Although this command ignores most +options+ and the block if one is given,
+      # it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +options+ and the block will be used by #create_table except if you provide more than one table which is not supported.
+      def drop_table(*table_names, **options)
+        table_names.each do |table_name|
+          schema_cache.clear_data_source_cache!(table_name.to_s)
+          execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Add a new +type+ column named +column_name+ to +table_name+.
+      #
+      # See {ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition.column}[rdoc-ref:ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition#column].
+      #
+      # The +type+ parameter is normally one of the migrations native types,
+      # which is one of the following:
+      # <tt>:primary_key</tt>, <tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>,
+      # <tt>:integer</tt>, <tt>:bigint</tt>, <tt>:float</tt>, <tt>:decimal</tt>, <tt>:numeric</tt>,
+      # <tt>:datetime</tt>, <tt>:time</tt>, <tt>:date</tt>,
+      # <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:blob</tt>, <tt>:boolean</tt>.
+      #
+      # You may use a type not in this list as long as it is supported by your
+      # database (for example, "polygon" in MySQL), but this will not be database
+      # agnostic and should usually be avoided.
+      #
+      # Available options are (none of these exists by default):
+      # * <tt>:comment</tt> -
+      #   Specifies the comment for the column. This option is ignored by some backends.
+      # * <tt>:collation</tt> -
+      #   Specifies the collation for a <tt>:string</tt> or <tt>:text</tt> column.
+      #   If not specified, the column will have the same collation as the table.
+      # * <tt>:default</tt> -
+      #   The column's default value. Use +nil+ for +NULL+.
+      # * <tt>:limit</tt> -
+      #   Requests a maximum column length. This is the number of characters for a <tt>:string</tt> column
+      #   and number of bytes for <tt>:text</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:blob</tt>, and <tt>:integer</tt> columns.
+      #   This option is ignored by some backends.
+      # * <tt>:null</tt> -
+      #   Allows or disallows +NULL+ values in the column.
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> -
+      #   Specifies the precision for the <tt>:decimal</tt>, <tt>:numeric</tt>,
+      #   <tt>:datetime</tt>, and <tt>:time</tt> columns.
+      # * <tt>:scale</tt> -
+      #   Specifies the scale for the <tt>:decimal</tt> and <tt>:numeric</tt> columns.
+      # * <tt>:if_not_exists</tt> -
+      #   Specifies if the column already exists to not try to re-add it. This will avoid
+      #   duplicate column errors.
+      #
+      # Note: The precision is the total number of significant digits,
+      # and the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following
+      # the decimal point. For example, the number 123.45 has a precision of 5
+      # and a scale of 2. A decimal with a precision of 5 and a scale of 2 can
+      # range from -999.99 to 999.99.
+      #
+      # Please be aware of different RDBMS implementations behavior with
+      # <tt>:decimal</tt> columns:
+      # * The SQL standard says the default scale should be 0, <tt>:scale</tt> <=
+      #   <tt>:precision</tt>, and makes no comments about the requirements of
+      #   <tt>:precision</tt>.
+      # * MySQL: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..65], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..30].
+      #   Default is (10,0).
+      # * PostgreSQL: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..infinity],
+      #   <tt>:scale</tt> [0..infinity]. No default.
+      # * SQLite3: No restrictions on <tt>:precision</tt> and <tt>:scale</tt>,
+      #   but the maximum supported <tt>:precision</tt> is 16. No default.
+      # * Oracle: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [-84..127].
+      #   Default is (38,0).
+      # * SqlServer: <tt>:precision</tt> [1..38], <tt>:scale</tt> [0..38].
+      #   Default (38,0).
+      #
+      # == Examples
+      #
+      #  add_column(:users, :picture, :binary, limit: 2.megabytes)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "users" ADD "picture" blob(2097152)
+      #
+      #  add_column(:articles, :status, :string, limit: 20, default: 'draft', null: false)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD "status" varchar(20) DEFAULT 'draft' NOT NULL
+      #
+      #  add_column(:answers, :bill_gates_money, :decimal, precision: 15, scale: 2)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "answers" ADD "bill_gates_money" decimal(15,2)
+      #
+      #  add_column(:measurements, :sensor_reading, :decimal, precision: 30, scale: 20)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "measurements" ADD "sensor_reading" decimal(30,20)
+      #
+      #  # While :scale defaults to zero on most databases, it
+      #  # probably wouldn't hurt to include it.
+      #  add_column(:measurements, :huge_integer, :decimal, precision: 30)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "measurements" ADD "huge_integer" decimal(30)
+      #
+      #  # Defines a column that stores an array of a type.
+      #  add_column(:users, :skills, :text, array: true)
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "users" ADD "skills" text[]
+      #
+      #  # Defines a column with a database-specific type.
+      #  add_column(:shapes, :triangle, 'polygon')
+      #  # ALTER TABLE "shapes" ADD "triangle" polygon
+      #
+      #  # Ignores the method call if the column exists
+      #  add_column(:shapes, :triangle, 'polygon', if_not_exists: true)
+      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, **options)
+        add_column_def = build_add_column_definition(table_name, column_name, type, **options)
+        return unless add_column_def
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(add_column_def)
+      end
+
+      def add_columns(table_name, *column_names, type:, **options) # :nodoc:
+        column_names.each do |column_name|
+          add_column(table_name, column_name, type, **options)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Builds an AlterTable object for adding a column to a table.
+      #
+      # This definition object contains information about the column that would be created
+      # if the same arguments were passed to #add_column. See #add_column for information about
+      # passing a +table_name+, +column_name+, +type+ and other options that can be passed.
+      def build_add_column_definition(table_name, column_name, type, **options) # :nodoc:
+        return if options[:if_not_exists] == true && column_exists?(table_name, column_name)
+
+        if supports_datetime_with_precision?
+          if type == :datetime && !options.key?(:precision)
+            options[:precision] = 6
+          end
+        end
+
+        alter_table = create_alter_table(table_name)
+        alter_table.add_column(column_name, type, **options)
+        alter_table
+      end
+
+      # Removes the given columns from the table definition.
+      #
+      #   remove_columns(:suppliers, :qualification, :experience)
+      #
+      # +type+ and other column options can be passed to make migration reversible.
+      #
+      #    remove_columns(:suppliers, :qualification, :experience, type: :string, null: false)
+      def remove_columns(table_name, *column_names, type: nil, **options)
+        if column_names.empty?
+          raise ArgumentError.new("You must specify at least one column name. Example: remove_columns(:people, :first_name)")
+        end
+
+        remove_column_fragments = remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names, type: type, **options)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{remove_column_fragments.join(', ')}"
+      end
+
+      # Removes the column from the table definition.
+      #
+      #   remove_column(:suppliers, :qualification)
+      #
+      # The +type+ and +options+ parameters will be ignored if present. It can be helpful
+      # to provide these in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +type+ and +options+ will be used by #add_column.
+      # Depending on the database you're using, indexes using this column may be
+      # automatically removed or modified to remove this column from the index.
+      #
+      # If the options provided include an +if_exists+ key, it will be used to check if the
+      # column does not exist. This will silently ignore the migration rather than raising
+      # if the column was already used.
+      #
+      #   remove_column(:suppliers, :qualification, if_exists: true)
+      def remove_column(table_name, column_name, type = nil, **options)
+        return if options[:if_exists] == true && !column_exists?(table_name, column_name)
+
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, **options)}"
+      end
+
+      # Changes the column's definition according to the new options.
+      # See TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.
+      #
+      #   change_column(:suppliers, :name, :string, limit: 80)
+      #   change_column(:accounts, :description, :text)
+      #
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, **options)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "change_column is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Sets a new default value for a column:
+      #
+      #   change_column_default(:suppliers, :qualification, 'new')
+      #   change_column_default(:accounts, :authorized, 1)
+      #
+      # Setting the default to +nil+ effectively drops the default:
+      #
+      #   change_column_default(:users, :email, nil)
+      #
+      # Passing a hash containing +:from+ and +:to+ will make this change
+      # reversible in migration:
+      #
+      #   change_column_default(:posts, :state, from: nil, to: "draft")
+      #
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "change_column_default is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Builds a ChangeColumnDefaultDefinition object.
+      #
+      # This definition object contains information about the column change that would occur
+      # if the same arguments were passed to #change_column_default. See #change_column_default for
+      # information about passing a +table_name+, +column_name+, +type+ and other options that can be passed.
+      def build_change_column_default_definition(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes) # :nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError, "build_change_column_default_definition is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Sets or removes a <tt>NOT NULL</tt> constraint on a column. The +null+ flag
+      # indicates whether the value can be +NULL+. For example
+      #
+      #   change_column_null(:users, :nickname, false)
+      #
+      # says nicknames cannot be +NULL+ (adds the constraint), whereas
+      #
+      #   change_column_null(:users, :nickname, true)
+      #
+      # allows them to be +NULL+ (drops the constraint).
+      #
+      # The method accepts an optional fourth argument to replace existing
+      # <tt>NULL</tt>s with some other value. Use that one when enabling the
+      # constraint if needed, since otherwise those rows would not be valid.
+      #
+      # Please note the fourth argument does not set a column's default.
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "change_column_null is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Renames a column.
+      #
+      #   rename_column(:suppliers, :description, :name)
+      #
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "rename_column is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Adds a new index to the table. +column_name+ can be a single Symbol, or
+      # an Array of Symbols.
+      #
+      # The index will be named after the table and the column name(s), unless
+      # you pass <tt>:name</tt> as an option.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a simple index
+      #
+      #   add_index(:suppliers, :name)
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE INDEX index_suppliers_on_name ON suppliers(name)
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a index which already exists
+      #
+      #   add_index(:suppliers, :name, if_not_exists: true)
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS index_suppliers_on_name ON suppliers(name)
+      #
+      # Note: Not supported by MySQL.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a unique index
+      #
+      #   add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true)
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_accounts_on_branch_id_and_party_id ON accounts(branch_id, party_id)
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a named index
+      #
+      #   add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true, name: 'by_branch_party')
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #  CREATE UNIQUE INDEX by_branch_party ON accounts(branch_id, party_id)
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with specific key length
+      #
+      #   add_index(:accounts, :name, name: 'by_name', length: 10)
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE INDEX by_name ON accounts(name(10))
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with specific key lengths for multiple keys
+      #
+      #   add_index(:accounts, [:name, :surname], name: 'by_name_surname', length: {name: 10, surname: 15})
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE INDEX by_name_surname ON accounts(name(10), surname(15))
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by MySQL
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with a sort order (desc or asc, asc is the default)
+      #
+      #   add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id, :surname], name: 'by_branch_desc_party', order: {branch_id: :desc, party_id: :asc})
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE INDEX by_branch_desc_party ON accounts(branch_id DESC, party_id ASC, surname)
+      #
+      # Note: MySQL only supports index order from 8.0.1 onwards (earlier versions accepted the syntax but ignored it).
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a partial index
+      #
+      #   add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true, where: "active")
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_accounts_on_branch_id_and_party_id ON accounts(branch_id, party_id) WHERE active
+      #
+      # Note: Partial indexes are only supported for PostgreSQL and SQLite.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index that includes additional columns
+      #
+      #   add_index(:accounts, :branch_id,  include: :party_id)
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE INDEX index_accounts_on_branch_id ON accounts USING btree(branch_id) INCLUDE (party_id)
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by PostgreSQL.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with a specific method
+      #
+      #   add_index(:developers, :name, using: 'btree')
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE INDEX index_developers_on_name ON developers USING btree (name) -- PostgreSQL
+      #   CREATE INDEX index_developers_on_name USING btree ON developers (name) -- MySQL
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by PostgreSQL and MySQL
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with a specific operator class
+      #
+      #   add_index(:developers, :name, using: 'gist', opclass: :gist_trgm_ops)
+      #   # CREATE INDEX developers_on_name ON developers USING gist (name gist_trgm_ops) -- PostgreSQL
+      #
+      #   add_index(:developers, [:name, :city], using: 'gist', opclass: { city: :gist_trgm_ops })
+      #   # CREATE INDEX developers_on_name_and_city ON developers USING gist (name, city gist_trgm_ops) -- PostgreSQL
+      #
+      #   add_index(:developers, [:name, :city], using: 'gist', opclass: :gist_trgm_ops)
+      #   # CREATE INDEX developers_on_name_and_city ON developers USING gist (name gist_trgm_ops, city gist_trgm_ops) -- PostgreSQL
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by PostgreSQL
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with a specific type
+      #
+      #   add_index(:developers, :name, type: :fulltext)
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX index_developers_on_name ON developers (name) -- MySQL
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by MySQL.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating an index with a specific algorithm
+      #
+      #  add_index(:developers, :name, algorithm: :concurrently)
+      #  # CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY developers_on_name on developers (name) -- PostgreSQL
+      #
+      #  add_index(:developers, :name, algorithm: :inplace)
+      #  # CREATE INDEX `index_developers_on_name` ON `developers` (`name`) ALGORITHM = INPLACE -- MySQL
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by PostgreSQL and MySQL.
+      #
+      # Concurrently adding an index is not supported in a transaction.
+      #
+      # For more information see the {"Transactional Migrations" section}[rdoc-ref:Migration].
+      def add_index(table_name, column_name, **options)
+        create_index = build_create_index_definition(table_name, column_name, **options)
+        execute schema_creation.accept(create_index)
+      end
+
+      # Builds a CreateIndexDefinition object.
+      #
+      # This definition object contains information about the index that would be created
+      # if the same arguments were passed to #add_index. See #add_index for information about
+      # passing a +table_name+, +column_name+, and other additional options that can be passed.
+      def build_create_index_definition(table_name, column_name, **options) # :nodoc:
+        index, algorithm, if_not_exists = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, **options)
+        CreateIndexDefinition.new(index, algorithm, if_not_exists)
+      end
+
+      # Removes the given index from the table.
+      #
+      # Removes the index on +branch_id+ in the +accounts+ table if exactly one such index exists.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, :branch_id
+      #
+      # Removes the index on +branch_id+ in the +accounts+ table if exactly one such index exists.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, column: :branch_id
+      #
+      # Removes the index on +branch_id+ and +party_id+ in the +accounts+ table if exactly one such index exists.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, column: [:branch_id, :party_id]
+      #
+      # Removes the index named +by_branch_party+ in the +accounts+ table.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, name: :by_branch_party
+      #
+      # Removes the index on +branch_id+ named +by_branch_party+ in the +accounts+ table.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, :branch_id, name: :by_branch_party
+      #
+      # Checks if the index exists before trying to remove it. Will silently ignore indexes that
+      # don't exist.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, if_exists: true
+      #
+      # Removes the index named +by_branch_party+ in the +accounts+ table +concurrently+.
+      #
+      #   remove_index :accounts, name: :by_branch_party, algorithm: :concurrently
+      #
+      # Note: only supported by PostgreSQL.
+      #
+      # Concurrently removing an index is not supported in a transaction.
+      #
+      # For more information see the {"Transactional Migrations" section}[rdoc-ref:Migration].
+      def remove_index(table_name, column_name = nil, **options)
+        return if options[:if_exists] && !index_exists?(table_name, column_name, **options)
+
+        index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, column_name, options)
+
+        execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
+      end
+
+      # Renames an index.
+      #
+      # Rename the +index_people_on_last_name+ index to +index_users_on_last_name+:
+      #
+      #   rename_index :people, 'index_people_on_last_name', 'index_users_on_last_name'
+      #
+      def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
+        old_name = old_name.to_s
+        new_name = new_name.to_s
+        validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)
+
+        # this is a naive implementation; some DBs may support this more efficiently (PostgreSQL, for instance)
+        old_index_def = indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == old_name }
+        return unless old_index_def
+        add_index(table_name, old_index_def.columns, name: new_name, unique: old_index_def.unique)
+        remove_index(table_name, name: old_name)
+      end
+
+      def index_name(table_name, options) # :nodoc:
+        if Hash === options
+          if options[:column]
+            if options[:_uses_legacy_index_name]
+              "index_#{table_name}_on_#{Array(options[:column]) * '_and_'}"
+            else
+              generate_index_name(table_name, options[:column])
+            end
+          elsif options[:name]
+            options[:name]
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "You must specify the index name"
+          end
+        else
+          index_name(table_name, index_name_options(options))
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Verifies the existence of an index with a given name.
+      def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
+        index_name = index_name.to_s
+        indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == index_name }
+      end
+
+      # Adds a reference. The reference column is a bigint by default,
+      # the <tt>:type</tt> option can be used to specify a different type.
+      # Optionally adds a +_type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:type</tt>]
+      #   The reference column type. Defaults to +:bigint+.
+      # [<tt>:index</tt>]
+      #   Add an appropriate index. Defaults to true.
+      #   See #add_index for usage of this option.
+      # [<tt>:foreign_key</tt>]
+      #   Add an appropriate foreign key constraint. Defaults to false, pass true
+      #   to add. In case the join table can't be inferred from the association
+      #   pass <tt>:to_table</tt> with the appropriate table name.
+      # [<tt>:polymorphic</tt>]
+      #   Whether an additional +_type+ column should be added. Defaults to false.
+      # [<tt>:null</tt>]
+      #   Whether the column allows nulls. Defaults to true.
+      #
+      # ====== Create a user_id bigint column without an index
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :user, index: false)
+      #
+      # ====== Create a user_id string column
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :user, type: :string)
+      #
+      # ====== Create supplier_id, supplier_type columns
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id column with a unique index
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, index: { unique: true })
+      #
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id column with a named index
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, index: { name: "my_supplier_index" })
+      #
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id column and appropriate foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: true)
+      #
+      # ====== Create a supplier_id column and a foreign key to the firms table
+      #
+      #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: { to_table: :firms })
+      #
+      def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, **options)
+        ReferenceDefinition.new(ref_name, **options).add(table_name, self)
+      end
+      alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference
+
+      # Removes the reference(s). Also removes a +type+ column if one exists.
+      #
+      # ====== Remove the reference
+      #
+      #   remove_reference(:products, :user, index: false)
+      #
+      # ====== Remove polymorphic reference
+      #
+      #   remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
+      #
+      # ====== Remove the reference with a foreign key
+      #
+      #   remove_reference(:products, :user, foreign_key: true)
+      #
+      def remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, foreign_key: false, polymorphic: false, **options)
+        conditional_options = options.slice(:if_exists, :if_not_exists)
+
+        if foreign_key
+          reference_name = Base.pluralize_table_names ? ref_name.to_s.pluralize : ref_name
+          if foreign_key.is_a?(Hash)
+            foreign_key_options = foreign_key.merge(conditional_options)
+          else
+            foreign_key_options = { to_table: reference_name, **conditional_options }
+          end
+          foreign_key_options[:column] ||= "#{ref_name}_id"
+          remove_foreign_key(table_name, **foreign_key_options)
+        end
+
+        remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id", **conditional_options)
+        remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type", **conditional_options) if polymorphic
+      end
+      alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference
+
+      # Returns an array of foreign keys for the given table.
+      # The foreign keys are represented as ForeignKeyDefinition objects.
+      def foreign_keys(table_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "foreign_keys is not implemented"
+      end
+
+      # Adds a new foreign key. +from_table+ is the table with the key column,
+      # +to_table+ contains the referenced primary key.
+      #
+      # The foreign key will be named after the following pattern: <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # +identifier+ is a 10 character long string which is deterministically generated from the
+      # +from_table+ and +column+. A custom name can be specified with the <tt>:name</tt> option.
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a simple foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_e74ce85cbc FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a foreign key, ignoring method call if the foreign key exists
+      #
+      #  add_foreign_key(:articles, :authors, if_not_exists: true)
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a foreign key on a specific column
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_58ca3d3a82 FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "users" ("lng_id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a composite foreign key
+      #
+      #   Assuming "carts" table has "(shop_id, user_id)" as a primary key.
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :orders, :carts, primary_key: [:shop_id, :user_id]
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "orders" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_6f5e4cb3a4 FOREIGN KEY ("cart_shop_id", "cart_user_id") REFERENCES "carts" ("shop_id", "user_id")
+      #
+      # ====== Creating a cascading foreign key
+      #
+      #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, on_delete: :cascade
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_e74ce85cbc FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:column</tt>]
+      #   The foreign key column name on +from_table+. Defaults to <tt>to_table.singularize + "_id"</tt>.
+      #   Pass an array to create a composite foreign key.
+      # [<tt>:primary_key</tt>]
+      #   The primary key column name on +to_table+. Defaults to +id+.
+      #   Pass an array to create a composite foreign key.
+      # [<tt>:name</tt>]
+      #   The constraint name. Defaults to <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # [<tt>:on_delete</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON DELETE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade+, and +:restrict+
+      # [<tt>:on_update</tt>]
+      #   Action that happens <tt>ON UPDATE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade+, and +:restrict+
+      # [<tt>:if_not_exists</tt>]
+      #   Specifies if the foreign key already exists to not try to re-add it. This will avoid
+      #   duplicate column errors.
+      # [<tt>:validate</tt>]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) Specify whether or not the constraint should be validated. Defaults to +true+.
+      # [<tt>:deferrable</tt>]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) Specify whether or not the foreign key should be deferrable. Valid values are booleans or
+      #   +:deferred+ or +:immediate+ to specify the default behavior. Defaults to +false+.
+      def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, **options)
+        return unless use_foreign_keys?
+        return if options[:if_not_exists] == true && foreign_key_exists?(from_table, to_table, **options.slice(:column))
+
+        options = foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options)
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.add_foreign_key to_table, options
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      # Removes the given foreign key from the table. Any option parameters provided
+      # will be used to re-add the foreign key in case of a migration rollback.
+      # It is recommended that you provide any options used when creating the foreign
+      # key so that the migration can be reverted properly.
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.branch_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, to_table: :owners
+      #
+      # Removes the foreign key named +special_fk_name+ on the +accounts+ table.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
+      #
+      # Checks if the foreign key exists before trying to remove it. Will silently ignore indexes that
+      # don't exist.
+      #
+      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches, if_exists: true
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash accepts the same keys as SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key
+      # with an addition of
+      # [<tt>:to_table</tt>]
+      #   The name of the table that contains the referenced primary key.
+      def remove_foreign_key(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)
+        return unless use_foreign_keys?
+        return if options.delete(:if_exists) == true && !foreign_key_exists?(from_table, to_table)
+
+        fk_name_to_delete = foreign_key_for!(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options).name
+
+        at = create_alter_table from_table
+        at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      # Checks to see if a foreign key exists on a table for a given foreign key definition.
+      #
+      #   # Checks to see if a foreign key exists.
+      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, :branches)
+      #
+      #   # Checks to see if a foreign key on a specified column exists.
+      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, column: :owner_id)
+      #
+      #   # Checks to see if a foreign key with a custom name exists.
+      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, name: "special_fk_name")
+      #
+      def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, to_table = nil, **options)
+        foreign_key_for(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options).present?
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_column_for(table_name, column_name) # :nodoc:
+        name = strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(table_name)
+        "#{name.singularize}_#{column_name}"
+      end
+
+      def foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options) # :nodoc:
+        options = options.dup
+
+        if options[:primary_key].is_a?(Array)
+          options[:column] ||= options[:primary_key].map do |pk_column|
+            foreign_key_column_for(to_table, pk_column)
+          end
+        else
+          options[:column] ||= foreign_key_column_for(to_table, "id")
+        end
+
+        options[:name]   ||= foreign_key_name(from_table, options)
+
+        if options[:column].is_a?(Array) || options[:primary_key].is_a?(Array)
+          if Array(options[:primary_key]).size != Array(options[:column]).size
+            raise ArgumentError, <<~MSG.squish
+              For composite primary keys, specify :column and :primary_key, where
+              :column must reference all the :primary_key columns from #{to_table.inspect}
+            MSG
+          end
+        end
+
+        options
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of check constraints for the given table.
+      # The check constraints are represented as CheckConstraintDefinition objects.
+      def check_constraints(table_name)
+        raise NotImplementedError
+      end
+
+      # Adds a new check constraint to the table. +expression+ is a String
+      # representation of verifiable boolean condition.
+      #
+      #   add_check_constraint :products, "price > 0", name: "price_check"
+      #
+      # generates:
+      #
+      #   ALTER TABLE "products" ADD CONSTRAINT price_check CHECK (price > 0)
+      #
+      # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
+      # [<tt>:name</tt>]
+      #   The constraint name. Defaults to <tt>chk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
+      # [<tt>:if_not_exists</tt>]
+      #   Silently ignore if the constraint already exists, rather than raise an error.
+      # [<tt>:validate</tt>]
+      #   (PostgreSQL only) Specify whether or not the constraint should be validated. Defaults to +true+.
+      def add_check_constraint(table_name, expression, if_not_exists: false, **options)
+        return unless supports_check_constraints?
+
+        options = check_constraint_options(table_name, expression, options)
+        return if if_not_exists && check_constraint_exists?(table_name, **options)
+
+        at = create_alter_table(table_name)
+        at.add_check_constraint(expression, options)
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+      def check_constraint_options(table_name, expression, options) # :nodoc:
+        options = options.dup
+        options[:name] ||= check_constraint_name(table_name, expression: expression, **options)
+        options
+      end
+
+      # Removes the given check constraint from the table. Removing a check constraint
+      # that does not exist will raise an error.
+      #
+      #   remove_check_constraint :products, name: "price_check"
+      #
+      # To silently ignore a non-existent check constraint rather than raise an error,
+      # use the +if_exists+ option.
+      #
+      #   remove_check_constraint :products, name: "price_check", if_exists: true
+      #
+      # The +expression+ parameter will be ignored if present. It can be helpful
+      # to provide this in a migration's +change+ method so it can be reverted.
+      # In that case, +expression+ will be used by #add_check_constraint.
+      def remove_check_constraint(table_name, expression = nil, if_exists: false, **options)
+        return unless supports_check_constraints?
+
+        return if if_exists && !check_constraint_exists?(table_name, **options)
+
+        chk_name_to_delete = check_constraint_for!(table_name, expression: expression, **options).name
+
+        at = create_alter_table(table_name)
+        at.drop_check_constraint(chk_name_to_delete)
+
+        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
+      end
+
+
+      # Checks to see if a check constraint exists on a table for a given check constraint definition.
+      #
+      #   check_constraint_exists?(:products, name: "price_check")
+      #
+      def check_constraint_exists?(table_name, **options)
+        if !options.key?(:name) && !options.key?(:expression)
+          raise ArgumentError, "At least one of :name or :expression must be supplied"
+        end
+        check_constraint_for(table_name, **options).present?
+      end
+
+      def dump_schema_information # :nodoc:
+        versions = pool.schema_migration.versions
+        insert_versions_sql(versions) if versions.any?
+      end
+
+      def internal_string_options_for_primary_key # :nodoc:
+        { primary_key: true }
+      end
+
+      def assume_migrated_upto_version(version)
+        version = version.to_i
+        sm_table = quote_table_name(pool.schema_migration.table_name)
+
+        migration_context = pool.migration_context
+        migrated = migration_context.get_all_versions
+        versions = migration_context.migrations.map(&:version)
+
+        unless migrated.include?(version)
+          execute "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(version)})"
+        end
+
+        inserting = (versions - migrated).select { |v| v < version }
+        if inserting.any?
+          if (duplicate = inserting.detect { |v| inserting.count(v) > 1 })
+            raise "Duplicate migration #{duplicate}. Please renumber your migrations to resolve the conflict."
+          end
+          execute insert_versions_sql(inserting)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def type_to_sql(type, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil, **) # :nodoc:
+        type = type.to_sym if type
+        if native = native_database_types[type]
+          column_type_sql = (native.is_a?(Hash) ? native[:name] : native).dup
+
+          if type == :decimal # ignore limit, use precision and scale
+            scale ||= native[:scale]
+
+            if precision ||= native[:precision]
+              if scale
+                column_type_sql << "(#{precision},#{scale})"
+              else
+                column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
+              end
+            elsif scale
+              raise ArgumentError, "Error adding decimal column: precision cannot be empty if scale is specified"
+            end
+
+          elsif [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :interval].include?(type) && precision ||= native[:precision]
+            if (0..6) === precision
+              column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6"
+            end
+          elsif (type != :primary_key) && (limit ||= native.is_a?(Hash) && native[:limit])
+            column_type_sql << "(#{limit})"
+          end
+
+          column_type_sql
+        else
+          type.to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Given a set of columns and an ORDER BY clause, returns the columns for a SELECT DISTINCT.
+      # PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Oracle override this for custom DISTINCT syntax - they
+      # require the order columns appear in the SELECT.
+      #
+      #   columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
+      #
+      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
+        columns
+      end
+
+      def distinct_relation_for_primary_key(relation) # :nodoc:
+        primary_key_columns = Array(relation.primary_key).map do |column|
+          visitor.compile(relation.table[column])
+        end
+
+        values = columns_for_distinct(
+          primary_key_columns,
+          relation.order_values
+        )
+
+        limited = relation.reselect(values).distinct!
+        limited_ids = select_rows(limited.arel, "SQL").map do |results|
+          results.last(Array(relation.primary_key).length) # ignores order values for MySQL and PostgreSQL
+        end
+
+        if limited_ids.empty?
+          relation.none!
+        else
+          relation.where!(**Array(relation.primary_key).zip(limited_ids.transpose).to_h)
+        end
+
+        relation.limit_value = relation.offset_value = nil
+        relation
+      end
+
+      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
+      # Additional options (like +:null+) are forwarded to #add_column.
+      #
+      #   add_timestamps(:suppliers, null: true)
+      #
+      def add_timestamps(table_name, **options)
+        fragments = add_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, **options)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{fragments.join(', ')}"
+      end
+
+      # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
+      #
+      #  remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
+      #
+      def remove_timestamps(table_name, **options)
+        remove_columns table_name, :updated_at, :created_at
+      end
+
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) # :nodoc:
+        Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
+      def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, name: nil, if_not_exists: false, internal: false, **options) # :nodoc:
+        options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :length, :order, :opclass, :where, :type, :using, :comment, :algorithm, :include, :nulls_not_distinct)
+
+        column_names = index_column_names(column_name)
+
+        index_name = name&.to_s
+        index_name ||= index_name(table_name, column_names)
+
+        validate_index_length!(table_name, index_name, internal)
+
+        index = IndexDefinition.new(
+          table_name, index_name,
+          options[:unique],
+          column_names,
+          lengths: options[:length] || {},
+          orders: options[:order] || {},
+          opclasses: options[:opclass] || {},
+          where: options[:where],
+          type: options[:type],
+          using: options[:using],
+          include: options[:include],
+          nulls_not_distinct: options[:nulls_not_distinct],
+          comment: options[:comment]
+        )
+
+        [index, index_algorithm(options[:algorithm]), if_not_exists]
+      end
+
+      def index_algorithm(algorithm) # :nodoc:
+        index_algorithms.fetch(algorithm) do
+          raise ArgumentError, "Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}"
+        end if algorithm
+      end
+
+      def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options) # :nodoc:
+        quoted_columns = column_names.each_with_object({}) do |name, result|
+          result[name.to_sym] = quote_column_name(name).dup
+        end
+        add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options).values.join(", ")
+      end
+
+      def options_include_default?(options)
+        options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
+      end
+
+      # Changes the comment for a table or removes it if +nil+.
+      #
+      # Passing a hash containing +:from+ and +:to+ will make this change
+      # reversible in migration:
+      #
+      #   change_table_comment(:posts, from: "old_comment", to: "new_comment")
+      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment_or_changes)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing table comments"
+      end
+
+      # Changes the comment for a column or removes it if +nil+.
+      #
+      # Passing a hash containing +:from+ and +:to+ will make this change
+      # reversible in migration:
+      #
+      #   change_column_comment(:posts, :state, from: "old_comment", to: "new_comment")
+      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment_or_changes)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing column comments"
+      end
+
+      def create_schema_dumper(options) # :nodoc:
+        SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
+      end
+
+      def use_foreign_keys?
+        supports_foreign_keys? && foreign_keys_enabled?
+      end
+
+      # Returns an instance of SchemaCreation, which can be used to visit a schema definition
+      # object and return DDL.
+      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
+        SchemaCreation.new(self)
+      end
+
+      def bulk_change_table(table_name, operations) # :nodoc:
+        sql_fragments = []
+        non_combinable_operations = []
+
+        operations.each do |command, args|
+          table, arguments = args.shift, args
+          method = :"#{command}_for_alter"
+
+          if respond_to?(method, true)
+            sqls, procs = Array(send(method, table, *arguments)).partition { |v| v.is_a?(String) }
+            sql_fragments.concat(sqls)
+            non_combinable_operations.concat(procs)
+          else
+            execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sql_fragments.join(", ")}" unless sql_fragments.empty?
+            non_combinable_operations.each(&:call)
+            sql_fragments = []
+            non_combinable_operations = []
+            send(command, table, *arguments)
+          end
+        end
+
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{sql_fragments.join(", ")}" unless sql_fragments.empty?
+        non_combinable_operations.each(&:call)
+      end
+
+      def valid_table_definition_options # :nodoc:
+        [:temporary, :if_not_exists, :options, :as, :comment, :charset, :collation]
+      end
+
+      def valid_column_definition_options # :nodoc:
+        ColumnDefinition::OPTION_NAMES
+      end
+
+      def valid_primary_key_options # :nodoc:
+        [:limit, :default, :precision]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the maximum length of an index name in bytes.
+      def max_index_name_size
+        62
+      end
+
+      private
+        def generate_index_name(table_name, column)
+          name = "index_#{table_name}_on_#{Array(column) * '_and_'}"
+          return name if name.bytesize <= max_index_name_size
+
+          # Fallback to short version, add hash to ensure uniqueness
+          hashed_identifier = "_" + OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(name).first(10)
+          name = "idx_on_#{Array(column) * '_'}"
+
+          short_limit = max_index_name_size - hashed_identifier.bytesize
+          short_name = name.mb_chars.limit(short_limit).to_s
+
+          "#{short_name}#{hashed_identifier}"
+        end
+
+        def validate_change_column_null_argument!(value)
+          unless value == true || value == false
+            raise ArgumentError, "change_column_null expects a boolean value (true for NULL, false for NOT NULL). Got: #{value.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def column_options_keys
+          [:limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :collation, :comment]
+        end
+
+        def add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, **options)
+          orders = options_for_index_columns(options[:order])
+          quoted_columns.each do |name, column|
+            column << " #{orders[name].upcase}" if orders[name].present?
+          end
+        end
+
+        def options_for_index_columns(options)
+          if options.is_a?(Hash)
+            options.symbolize_keys
+          else
+            Hash.new { |hash, column| hash[column] = options }
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths and by
+        # the PostgreSQL adapter for supporting operator classes.
+        def add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options)
+          if supports_index_sort_order?
+            quoted_columns = add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, **options)
+          end
+
+          quoted_columns
+        end
+
+        def index_name_for_remove(table_name, column_name, options)
+          return options[:name] if can_remove_index_by_name?(column_name, options)
+
+          checks = []
+
+          if !options.key?(:name) && expression_column_name?(column_name)
+            options[:name] = index_name(table_name, column_name)
+            column_names = []
+          else
+            column_names = index_column_names(column_name || options[:column])
+          end
+
+          checks << lambda { |i| i.name == options[:name].to_s } if options.key?(:name)
+
+          if column_names.present? && !(options.key?(:name) && expression_column_name?(column_names))
+            checks << lambda { |i| index_name(table_name, i.columns) == index_name(table_name, column_names) }
+          end
+
+          raise ArgumentError, "No name or columns specified" if checks.none?
+
+          matching_indexes = indexes(table_name).select { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }
+
+          if matching_indexes.count > 1
+            raise ArgumentError, "Multiple indexes found on #{table_name} columns #{column_names}. " \
+              "Specify an index name from #{matching_indexes.map(&:name).join(', ')}"
+          elsif matching_indexes.none?
+            raise ArgumentError, "No indexes found on #{table_name} with the options provided."
+          else
+            matching_indexes.first.name
+          end
+        end
+
+        def rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name, **options)
+          indexes(new_name).each do |index|
+            generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: index.columns, **options)
+            if generated_index_name == index.name
+              rename_index new_name, generated_index_name, index_name(new_name, column: index.columns, **options)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+          column_name, new_column_name = column_name.to_s, new_column_name.to_s
+          indexes(table_name).each do |index|
+            next unless index.columns.include?(new_column_name)
+            old_columns = index.columns.dup
+            old_columns[old_columns.index(new_column_name)] = column_name
+            generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: old_columns)
+            if generated_index_name == index.name
+              rename_index table_name, generated_index_name, index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def create_table_definition(name, **options)
+          TableDefinition.new(self, name, **options)
+        end
+
+        def create_alter_table(name)
+          AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
+        end
+
+        def validate_create_table_options!(options)
+          unless options[:_skip_validate_options]
+            options
+              .except(:_uses_legacy_table_name, :_skip_validate_options)
+              .assert_valid_keys(valid_table_definition_options, valid_primary_key_options)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
+          cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
+          SqlTypeMetadata.new(
+            sql_type: sql_type,
+            type: cast_type.type,
+            limit: cast_type.limit,
+            precision: cast_type.precision,
+            scale: cast_type.scale,
+          )
+        end
+
+        def index_column_names(column_names)
+          if expression_column_name?(column_names)
+            column_names
+          else
+            Array(column_names)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def index_name_options(column_names)
+          if expression_column_name?(column_names)
+            column_names = column_names.scan(/\w+/).join("_")
+          end
+
+          { column: column_names }
+        end
+
+        # Try to identify whether the given column name is an expression
+        def expression_column_name?(column_name)
+          column_name.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_name)
+        end
+
+        def strip_table_name_prefix_and_suffix(table_name)
+          prefix = Base.table_name_prefix
+          suffix = Base.table_name_suffix
+          table_name.to_s =~ /#{prefix}(.+)#{suffix}/ ? $1 : table_name.to_s
+        end
+
+        def foreign_key_name(table_name, options)
+          options.fetch(:name) do
+            columns = Array(options.fetch(:column)).map(&:to_s)
+            identifier = "#{table_name}_#{columns * '_and_'}_fk"
+            hashed_identifier = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)
+
+            "fk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def foreign_key_for(from_table, **options)
+          return unless use_foreign_keys?
+          foreign_keys(from_table).detect { |fk| fk.defined_for?(**options) }
+        end
+
+        def foreign_key_for!(from_table, to_table: nil, **options)
+          foreign_key_for(from_table, to_table: to_table, **options) ||
+            raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{to_table || options}")
+        end
+
+        def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
+          case specifier
+          when "CASCADE"; :cascade
+          when "SET NULL"; :nullify
+          when "RESTRICT"; :restrict
+          end
+        end
+
+        def foreign_keys_enabled?
+          @config.fetch(:foreign_keys, true)
+        end
+
+        def check_constraint_name(table_name, **options)
+          options.fetch(:name) do
+            expression = options.fetch(:expression)
+            identifier = "#{table_name}_#{expression}_chk"
+            hashed_identifier = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)
+
+            "chk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def check_constraint_for(table_name, **options)
+          return unless supports_check_constraints?
+          chk_name = check_constraint_name(table_name, **options)
+          check_constraints(table_name).detect { |chk| chk.defined_for?(name: chk_name, **options) }
+        end
+
+        def check_constraint_for!(table_name, expression: nil, **options)
+          check_constraint_for(table_name, expression: expression, **options) ||
+            raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{table_name}' has no check constraint for #{expression || options}")
+        end
+
+        def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name, internal = false)
+          if new_name.length > index_name_length
+            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{index_name_length} characters"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def validate_table_length!(table_name)
+          if table_name.length > table_name_length
+            raise ArgumentError, "Table name '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{table_name_length} characters"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
+          if default_or_changes.is_a?(Hash) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:from) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:to)
+            default_or_changes[:to]
+          else
+            default_or_changes
+          end
+        end
+        alias :extract_new_comment_value :extract_new_default_value
+
+        def can_remove_index_by_name?(column_name, options)
+          column_name.nil? && options.key?(:name) && options.except(:name, :algorithm).empty?
+        end
+
+        def reference_name_for_table(table_name)
+          table_name.to_s.singularize
+        end
+
+        def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, **options)
+          td = create_table_definition(table_name)
+          cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, **options)
+          schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
+        end
+
+        def change_column_default_for_alter(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
+          cd = build_change_column_default_definition(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
+          schema_creation.accept(cd)
+        end
+
+        def rename_column_sql(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+          "RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
+        end
+
+        def remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type = nil, **options)
+          "DROP COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
+        end
+
+        def remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names, **options)
+          column_names.map { |column_name| remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name) }
+        end
+
+        def add_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, **options)
+          options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?
+
+          if !options.key?(:precision) && supports_datetime_with_precision?
+            options[:precision] = 6
+          end
+
+          [
+            add_column_for_alter(table_name, :created_at, :datetime, **options),
+            add_column_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, **options)
+          ]
+        end
+
+        def remove_timestamps_for_alter(table_name, **options)
+          remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, :updated_at, :created_at)
+        end
+
+        def insert_versions_sql(versions)
+          sm_table = quote_table_name(pool.schema_migration.table_name)
+
+          if versions.is_a?(Array)
+            sql = +"INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES\n"
+            sql << versions.reverse.map { |v| "(#{quote(v)})" }.join(",\n")
+            sql << ";"
+            sql
+          else
+            "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(versions)});"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+
+        def quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
+          raise NotImplementedError
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end