lemongraph 0.0.1

data/ext/lemon-1.3.1/lemon/cost_scaling.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1607 @@
+/* -*- mode: C++; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
+ *
+ * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2003-2013
+ * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport
+ * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).
+ *
+ * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted
+ * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For
+ * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,
+ * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any
+ * purpose.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef LEMON_COST_SCALING_H
+#define LEMON_COST_SCALING_H
+
+/// \ingroup min_cost_flow_algs
+/// \file
+/// \brief Cost scaling algorithm for finding a minimum cost flow.
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <deque>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include <lemon/core.h>
+#include <lemon/maps.h>
+#include <lemon/math.h>
+#include <lemon/static_graph.h>
+#include <lemon/circulation.h>
+#include <lemon/bellman_ford.h>
+
+namespace lemon {
+
+  /// \brief Default traits class of CostScaling algorithm.
+  ///
+  /// Default traits class of CostScaling algorithm.
+  /// \tparam GR Digraph type.
+  /// \tparam V The number type used for flow amounts, capacity bounds
+  /// and supply values. By default it is \c int.
+  /// \tparam C The number type used for costs and potentials.
+  /// By default it is the same as \c V.
+#ifdef DOXYGEN
+  template <typename GR, typename V = int, typename C = V>
+#else
+  template < typename GR, typename V = int, typename C = V,
+             bool integer = std::numeric_limits<C>::is_integer >
+#endif
+  struct CostScalingDefaultTraits
+  {
+    /// The type of the digraph
+    typedef GR Digraph;
+    /// The type of the flow amounts, capacity bounds and supply values
+    typedef V Value;
+    /// The type of the arc costs
+    typedef C Cost;
+
+    /// \brief The large cost type used for internal computations
+    ///
+    /// The large cost type used for internal computations.
+    /// It is \c long \c long if the \c Cost type is integer,
+    /// otherwise it is \c double.
+    /// \c Cost must be convertible to \c LargeCost.
+    typedef double LargeCost;
+  };
+
+  // Default traits class for integer cost types
+  template <typename GR, typename V, typename C>
+  struct CostScalingDefaultTraits<GR, V, C, true>
+  {
+    typedef GR Digraph;
+    typedef V Value;
+    typedef C Cost;
+#ifdef LEMON_HAVE_LONG_LONG
+    typedef long long LargeCost;
+#else
+    typedef long LargeCost;
+#endif
+  };
+
+
+  /// \addtogroup min_cost_flow_algs
+  /// @{
+
+  /// \brief Implementation of the Cost Scaling algorithm for
+  /// finding a \ref min_cost_flow "minimum cost flow".
+  ///
+  /// \ref CostScaling implements a cost scaling algorithm that performs
+  /// push/augment and relabel operations for finding a \ref min_cost_flow
+  /// "minimum cost flow" \cite amo93networkflows,
+  /// \cite goldberg90approximation,
+  /// \cite goldberg97efficient, \cite bunnagel98efficient.
+  /// It is a highly efficient primal-dual solution method, which
+  /// can be viewed as the generalization of the \ref Preflow
+  /// "preflow push-relabel" algorithm for the maximum flow problem.
+  /// It is a polynomial algorithm, its running time complexity is
+  /// \f$O(n^2m\log(nK))\f$, where <i>K</i> denotes the maximum arc cost.
+  ///
+  /// In general, \ref NetworkSimplex and \ref CostScaling are the fastest
+  /// implementations available in LEMON for solving this problem.
+  /// (For more information, see \ref min_cost_flow_algs "the module page".)
+  ///
+  /// Most of the parameters of the problem (except for the digraph)
+  /// can be given using separate functions, and the algorithm can be
+  /// executed using the \ref run() function. If some parameters are not
+  /// specified, then default values will be used.
+  ///
+  /// \tparam GR The digraph type the algorithm runs on.
+  /// \tparam V The number type used for flow amounts, capacity bounds
+  /// and supply values in the algorithm. By default, it is \c int.
+  /// \tparam C The number type used for costs and potentials in the
+  /// algorithm. By default, it is the same as \c V.
+  /// \tparam TR The traits class that defines various types used by the
+  /// algorithm. By default, it is \ref CostScalingDefaultTraits
+  /// "CostScalingDefaultTraits<GR, V, C>".
+  /// In most cases, this parameter should not be set directly,
+  /// consider to use the named template parameters instead.
+  ///
+  /// \warning Both \c V and \c C must be signed number types.
+  /// \warning All input data (capacities, supply values, and costs) must
+  /// be integer.
+  /// \warning This algorithm does not support negative costs for
+  /// arcs having infinite upper bound.
+  ///
+  /// \note %CostScaling provides three different internal methods,
+  /// from which the most efficient one is used by default.
+  /// For more information, see \ref Method.
+#ifdef DOXYGEN
+  template <typename GR, typename V, typename C, typename TR>
+#else
+  template < typename GR, typename V = int, typename C = V,
+             typename TR = CostScalingDefaultTraits<GR, V, C> >
+#endif
+  class CostScaling
+  {
+  public:
+
+    /// The type of the digraph
+    typedef typename TR::Digraph Digraph;
+    /// The type of the flow amounts, capacity bounds and supply values
+    typedef typename TR::Value Value;
+    /// The type of the arc costs
+    typedef typename TR::Cost Cost;
+
+    /// \brief The large cost type
+    ///
+    /// The large cost type used for internal computations.
+    /// By default, it is \c long \c long if the \c Cost type is integer,
+    /// otherwise it is \c double.
+    typedef typename TR::LargeCost LargeCost;
+
+    /// \brief The \ref lemon::CostScalingDefaultTraits "traits class"
+    /// of the algorithm
+    typedef TR Traits;
+
+  public:
+
+    /// \brief Problem type constants for the \c run() function.
+    ///
+    /// Enum type containing the problem type constants that can be
+    /// returned by the \ref run() function of the algorithm.
+    enum ProblemType {
+      /// The problem has no feasible solution (flow).
+      INFEASIBLE,
+      /// The problem has optimal solution (i.e. it is feasible and
+      /// bounded), and the algorithm has found optimal flow and node
+      /// potentials (primal and dual solutions).
+      OPTIMAL,
+      /// The digraph contains an arc of negative cost and infinite
+      /// upper bound. It means that the objective function is unbounded
+      /// on that arc, however, note that it could actually be bounded
+      /// over the feasible flows, but this algroithm cannot handle
+      /// these cases.
+      UNBOUNDED
+    };
+
+    /// \brief Constants for selecting the internal method.
+    ///
+    /// Enum type containing constants for selecting the internal method
+    /// for the \ref run() function.
+    ///
+    /// \ref CostScaling provides three internal methods that differ mainly
+    /// in their base operations, which are used in conjunction with the
+    /// relabel operation.
+    /// By default, the so called \ref PARTIAL_AUGMENT
+    /// "Partial Augment-Relabel" method is used, which turned out to be
+    /// the most efficient and the most robust on various test inputs.
+    /// However, the other methods can be selected using the \ref run()
+    /// function with the proper parameter.
+    enum Method {
+      /// Local push operations are used, i.e. flow is moved only on one
+      /// admissible arc at once.
+      PUSH,
+      /// Augment operations are used, i.e. flow is moved on admissible
+      /// paths from a node with excess to a node with deficit.
+      AUGMENT,
+      /// Partial augment operations are used, i.e. flow is moved on
+      /// admissible paths started from a node with excess, but the
+      /// lengths of these paths are limited. This method can be viewed
+      /// as a combined version of the previous two operations.
+      PARTIAL_AUGMENT
+    };
+
+  private:
+
+    TEMPLATE_DIGRAPH_TYPEDEFS(GR);
+
+    typedef std::vector<int> IntVector;
+    typedef std::vector<Value> ValueVector;
+    typedef std::vector<Cost> CostVector;
+    typedef std::vector<LargeCost> LargeCostVector;
+    typedef std::vector<char> BoolVector;
+    // Note: vector<char> is used instead of vector<bool>
+    // for efficiency reasons
+
+  private:
+
+    template <typename KT, typename VT>
+    class StaticVectorMap {
+    public:
+      typedef KT Key;
+      typedef VT Value;
+
+      StaticVectorMap(std::vector<Value>& v) : _v(v) {}
+
+      const Value& operator[](const Key& key) const {
+        return _v[StaticDigraph::id(key)];
+      }
+
+      Value& operator[](const Key& key) {
+        return _v[StaticDigraph::id(key)];
+      }
+
+      void set(const Key& key, const Value& val) {
+        _v[StaticDigraph::id(key)] = val;
+      }
+
+    private:
+      std::vector<Value>& _v;
+    };
+
+    typedef StaticVectorMap<StaticDigraph::Arc, LargeCost> LargeCostArcMap;
+
+  private:
+
+    // Data related to the underlying digraph
+    const GR &_graph;
+    int _node_num;
+    int _arc_num;
+    int _res_node_num;
+    int _res_arc_num;
+    int _root;
+
+    // Parameters of the problem
+    bool _has_lower;
+    Value _sum_supply;
+    int _sup_node_num;
+
+    // Data structures for storing the digraph
+    IntNodeMap _node_id;
+    IntArcMap _arc_idf;
+    IntArcMap _arc_idb;
+    IntVector _first_out;
+    BoolVector _forward;
+    IntVector _source;
+    IntVector _target;
+    IntVector _reverse;
+
+    // Node and arc data
+    ValueVector _lower;
+    ValueVector _upper;
+    CostVector _scost;
+    ValueVector _supply;
+
+    ValueVector _res_cap;
+    LargeCostVector _cost;
+    LargeCostVector _pi;
+    ValueVector _excess;
+    IntVector _next_out;
+    std::deque<int> _active_nodes;
+
+    // Data for scaling
+    LargeCost _epsilon;
+    int _alpha;
+
+    IntVector _buckets;
+    IntVector _bucket_next;
+    IntVector _bucket_prev;
+    IntVector _rank;
+    int _max_rank;
+
+  public:
+
+    /// \brief Constant for infinite upper bounds (capacities).
+    ///
+    /// Constant for infinite upper bounds (capacities).
+    /// It is \c std::numeric_limits<Value>::infinity() if available,
+    /// \c std::numeric_limits<Value>::max() otherwise.
+    const Value INF;
+
+  public:
+
+    /// \name Named Template Parameters
+    /// @{
+
+    template <typename T>
+    struct SetLargeCostTraits : public Traits {
+      typedef T LargeCost;
+    };
+
+    /// \brief \ref named-templ-param "Named parameter" for setting
+    /// \c LargeCost type.
+    ///
+    /// \ref named-templ-param "Named parameter" for setting \c LargeCost
+    /// type, which is used for internal computations in the algorithm.
+    /// \c Cost must be convertible to \c LargeCost.
+    template <typename T>
+    struct SetLargeCost
+      : public CostScaling<GR, V, C, SetLargeCostTraits<T> > {
+      typedef  CostScaling<GR, V, C, SetLargeCostTraits<T> > Create;
+    };
+
+    /// @}
+
+  protected:
+
+    CostScaling() {}
+
+  public:
+
+    /// \brief Constructor.
+    ///
+    /// The constructor of the class.
+    ///
+    /// \param graph The digraph the algorithm runs on.
+    CostScaling(const GR& graph) :
+      _graph(graph), _node_id(graph), _arc_idf(graph), _arc_idb(graph),
+      INF(std::numeric_limits<Value>::has_infinity ?
+          std::numeric_limits<Value>::infinity() :
+          std::numeric_limits<Value>::max())
+    {
+      // Check the number types
+      LEMON_ASSERT(std::numeric_limits<Value>::is_signed,
+        "The flow type of CostScaling must be signed");
+      LEMON_ASSERT(std::numeric_limits<Cost>::is_signed,
+        "The cost type of CostScaling must be signed");
+
+      // Reset data structures
+      reset();
+    }
+
+    /// \name Parameters
+    /// The parameters of the algorithm can be specified using these
+    /// functions.
+
+    /// @{
+
+    /// \brief Set the lower bounds on the arcs.
+    ///
+    /// This function sets the lower bounds on the arcs.
+    /// If it is not used before calling \ref run(), the lower bounds
+    /// will be set to zero on all arcs.
+    ///
+    /// \param map An arc map storing the lower bounds.
+    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Value type
+    /// of the algorithm.
+    ///
+    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>
+    template <typename LowerMap>
+    CostScaling& lowerMap(const LowerMap& map) {
+      _has_lower = true;
+      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        _lower[_arc_idf[a]] = map[a];
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Set the upper bounds (capacities) on the arcs.
+    ///
+    /// This function sets the upper bounds (capacities) on the arcs.
+    /// If it is not used before calling \ref run(), the upper bounds
+    /// will be set to \ref INF on all arcs (i.e. the flow value will be
+    /// unbounded from above).
+    ///
+    /// \param map An arc map storing the upper bounds.
+    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Value type
+    /// of the algorithm.
+    ///
+    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>
+    template<typename UpperMap>
+    CostScaling& upperMap(const UpperMap& map) {
+      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        _upper[_arc_idf[a]] = map[a];
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Set the costs of the arcs.
+    ///
+    /// This function sets the costs of the arcs.
+    /// If it is not used before calling \ref run(), the costs
+    /// will be set to \c 1 on all arcs.
+    ///
+    /// \param map An arc map storing the costs.
+    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Cost type
+    /// of the algorithm.
+    ///
+    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>
+    template<typename CostMap>
+    CostScaling& costMap(const CostMap& map) {
+      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        _scost[_arc_idf[a]] =  map[a];
+        _scost[_arc_idb[a]] = -map[a];
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Set the supply values of the nodes.
+    ///
+    /// This function sets the supply values of the nodes.
+    /// If neither this function nor \ref stSupply() is used before
+    /// calling \ref run(), the supply of each node will be set to zero.
+    ///
+    /// \param map A node map storing the supply values.
+    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Value type
+    /// of the algorithm.
+    ///
+    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>
+    template<typename SupplyMap>
+    CostScaling& supplyMap(const SupplyMap& map) {
+      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+        _supply[_node_id[n]] = map[n];
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Set single source and target nodes and a supply value.
+    ///
+    /// This function sets a single source node and a single target node
+    /// and the required flow value.
+    /// If neither this function nor \ref supplyMap() is used before
+    /// calling \ref run(), the supply of each node will be set to zero.
+    ///
+    /// Using this function has the same effect as using \ref supplyMap()
+    /// with a map in which \c k is assigned to \c s, \c -k is
+    /// assigned to \c t and all other nodes have zero supply value.
+    ///
+    /// \param s The source node.
+    /// \param t The target node.
+    /// \param k The required amount of flow from node \c s to node \c t
+    /// (i.e. the supply of \c s and the demand of \c t).
+    ///
+    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>
+    CostScaling& stSupply(const Node& s, const Node& t, Value k) {
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        _supply[i] = 0;
+      }
+      _supply[_node_id[s]] =  k;
+      _supply[_node_id[t]] = -k;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// @}
+
+    /// \name Execution control
+    /// The algorithm can be executed using \ref run().
+
+    /// @{
+
+    /// \brief Run the algorithm.
+    ///
+    /// This function runs the algorithm.
+    /// The paramters can be specified using functions \ref lowerMap(),
+    /// \ref upperMap(), \ref costMap(), \ref supplyMap(), \ref stSupply().
+    /// For example,
+    /// \code
+    ///   CostScaling<ListDigraph> cs(graph);
+    ///   cs.lowerMap(lower).upperMap(upper).costMap(cost)
+    ///     .supplyMap(sup).run();
+    /// \endcode
+    ///
+    /// This function can be called more than once. All the given parameters
+    /// are kept for the next call, unless \ref resetParams() or \ref reset()
+    /// is used, thus only the modified parameters have to be set again.
+    /// If the underlying digraph was also modified after the construction
+    /// of the class (or the last \ref reset() call), then the \ref reset()
+    /// function must be called.
+    ///
+    /// \param method The internal method that will be used in the
+    /// algorithm. For more information, see \ref Method.
+    /// \param factor The cost scaling factor. It must be at least two.
+    ///
+    /// \return \c INFEASIBLE if no feasible flow exists,
+    /// \n \c OPTIMAL if the problem has optimal solution
+    /// (i.e. it is feasible and bounded), and the algorithm has found
+    /// optimal flow and node potentials (primal and dual solutions),
+    /// \n \c UNBOUNDED if the digraph contains an arc of negative cost
+    /// and infinite upper bound. It means that the objective function
+    /// is unbounded on that arc, however, note that it could actually be
+    /// bounded over the feasible flows, but this algroithm cannot handle
+    /// these cases.
+    ///
+    /// \see ProblemType, Method
+    /// \see resetParams(), reset()
+    ProblemType run(Method method = PARTIAL_AUGMENT, int factor = 16) {
+      LEMON_ASSERT(factor >= 2, "The scaling factor must be at least 2");
+      _alpha = factor;
+      ProblemType pt = init();
+      if (pt != OPTIMAL) return pt;
+      start(method);
+      return OPTIMAL;
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Reset all the parameters that have been given before.
+    ///
+    /// This function resets all the paramaters that have been given
+    /// before using functions \ref lowerMap(), \ref upperMap(),
+    /// \ref costMap(), \ref supplyMap(), \ref stSupply().
+    ///
+    /// It is useful for multiple \ref run() calls. Basically, all the given
+    /// parameters are kept for the next \ref run() call, unless
+    /// \ref resetParams() or \ref reset() is used.
+    /// If the underlying digraph was also modified after the construction
+    /// of the class or the last \ref reset() call, then the \ref reset()
+    /// function must be used, otherwise \ref resetParams() is sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// For example,
+    /// \code
+    ///   CostScaling<ListDigraph> cs(graph);
+    ///
+    ///   // First run
+    ///   cs.lowerMap(lower).upperMap(upper).costMap(cost)
+    ///     .supplyMap(sup).run();
+    ///
+    ///   // Run again with modified cost map (resetParams() is not called,
+    ///   // so only the cost map have to be set again)
+    ///   cost[e] += 100;
+    ///   cs.costMap(cost).run();
+    ///
+    ///   // Run again from scratch using resetParams()
+    ///   // (the lower bounds will be set to zero on all arcs)
+    ///   cs.resetParams();
+    ///   cs.upperMap(capacity).costMap(cost)
+    ///     .supplyMap(sup).run();
+    /// \endcode
+    ///
+    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>
+    ///
+    /// \see reset(), run()
+    CostScaling& resetParams() {
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        _supply[i] = 0;
+      }
+      int limit = _first_out[_root];
+      for (int j = 0; j != limit; ++j) {
+        _lower[j] = 0;
+        _upper[j] = INF;
+        _scost[j] = _forward[j] ? 1 : -1;
+      }
+      for (int j = limit; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {
+        _lower[j] = 0;
+        _upper[j] = INF;
+        _scost[j] = 0;
+        _scost[_reverse[j]] = 0;
+      }
+      _has_lower = false;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Reset the internal data structures and all the parameters
+    /// that have been given before.
+    ///
+    /// This function resets the internal data structures and all the
+    /// paramaters that have been given before using functions \ref lowerMap(),
+    /// \ref upperMap(), \ref costMap(), \ref supplyMap(), \ref stSupply().
+    ///
+    /// It is useful for multiple \ref run() calls. By default, all the given
+    /// parameters are kept for the next \ref run() call, unless
+    /// \ref resetParams() or \ref reset() is used.
+    /// If the underlying digraph was also modified after the construction
+    /// of the class or the last \ref reset() call, then the \ref reset()
+    /// function must be used, otherwise \ref resetParams() is sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// See \ref resetParams() for examples.
+    ///
+    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>
+    ///
+    /// \see resetParams(), run()
+    CostScaling& reset() {
+      // Resize vectors
+      _node_num = countNodes(_graph);
+      _arc_num = countArcs(_graph);
+      _res_node_num = _node_num + 1;
+      _res_arc_num = 2 * (_arc_num + _node_num);
+      _root = _node_num;
+
+      _first_out.resize(_res_node_num + 1);
+      _forward.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _source.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _target.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _reverse.resize(_res_arc_num);
+
+      _lower.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _upper.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _scost.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _supply.resize(_res_node_num);
+
+      _res_cap.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _cost.resize(_res_arc_num);
+      _pi.resize(_res_node_num);
+      _excess.resize(_res_node_num);
+      _next_out.resize(_res_node_num);
+
+      // Copy the graph
+      int i = 0, j = 0, k = 2 * _arc_num + _node_num;
+      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n, ++i) {
+        _node_id[n] = i;
+      }
+      i = 0;
+      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n, ++i) {
+        _first_out[i] = j;
+        for (OutArcIt a(_graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a, ++j) {
+          _arc_idf[a] = j;
+          _forward[j] = true;
+          _source[j] = i;
+          _target[j] = _node_id[_graph.runningNode(a)];
+        }
+        for (InArcIt a(_graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a, ++j) {
+          _arc_idb[a] = j;
+          _forward[j] = false;
+          _source[j] = i;
+          _target[j] = _node_id[_graph.runningNode(a)];
+        }
+        _forward[j] = false;
+        _source[j] = i;
+        _target[j] = _root;
+        _reverse[j] = k;
+        _forward[k] = true;
+        _source[k] = _root;
+        _target[k] = i;
+        _reverse[k] = j;
+        ++j; ++k;
+      }
+      _first_out[i] = j;
+      _first_out[_res_node_num] = k;
+      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        int fi = _arc_idf[a];
+        int bi = _arc_idb[a];
+        _reverse[fi] = bi;
+        _reverse[bi] = fi;
+      }
+
+      // Reset parameters
+      resetParams();
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /// @}
+
+    /// \name Query Functions
+    /// The results of the algorithm can be obtained using these
+    /// functions.\n
+    /// The \ref run() function must be called before using them.
+
+    /// @{
+
+    /// \brief Return the total cost of the found flow.
+    ///
+    /// This function returns the total cost of the found flow.
+    /// Its complexity is O(m).
+    ///
+    /// \note The return type of the function can be specified as a
+    /// template parameter. For example,
+    /// \code
+    ///   cs.totalCost<double>();
+    /// \endcode
+    /// It is useful if the total cost cannot be stored in the \c Cost
+    /// type of the algorithm, which is the default return type of the
+    /// function.
+    ///
+    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.
+    template <typename Number>
+    Number totalCost() const {
+      Number c = 0;
+      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        int i = _arc_idb[a];
+        c += static_cast<Number>(_res_cap[i]) *
+             (-static_cast<Number>(_scost[i]));
+      }
+      return c;
+    }
+
+#ifndef DOXYGEN
+    Cost totalCost() const {
+      return totalCost<Cost>();
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /// \brief Return the flow on the given arc.
+    ///
+    /// This function returns the flow on the given arc.
+    ///
+    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.
+    Value flow(const Arc& a) const {
+      return _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]];
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Copy the flow values (the primal solution) into the
+    /// given map.
+    ///
+    /// This function copies the flow value on each arc into the given
+    /// map. The \c Value type of the algorithm must be convertible to
+    /// the \c Value type of the map.
+    ///
+    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.
+    template <typename FlowMap>
+    void flowMap(FlowMap &map) const {
+      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        map.set(a, _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Return the potential (dual value) of the given node.
+    ///
+    /// This function returns the potential (dual value) of the
+    /// given node.
+    ///
+    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.
+    Cost potential(const Node& n) const {
+      return static_cast<Cost>(_pi[_node_id[n]]);
+    }
+
+    /// \brief Copy the potential values (the dual solution) into the
+    /// given map.
+    ///
+    /// This function copies the potential (dual value) of each node
+    /// into the given map.
+    /// The \c Cost type of the algorithm must be convertible to the
+    /// \c Value type of the map.
+    ///
+    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.
+    template <typename PotentialMap>
+    void potentialMap(PotentialMap &map) const {
+      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+        map.set(n, static_cast<Cost>(_pi[_node_id[n]]));
+      }
+    }
+
+    /// @}
+
+  private:
+
+    // Initialize the algorithm
+    ProblemType init() {
+      if (_res_node_num <= 1) return INFEASIBLE;
+
+      // Check the sum of supply values
+      _sum_supply = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {
+        _sum_supply += _supply[i];
+      }
+      if (_sum_supply > 0) return INFEASIBLE;
+
+      // Check lower and upper bounds
+      LEMON_DEBUG(checkBoundMaps(),
+          "Upper bounds must be greater or equal to the lower bounds");
+
+
+      // Initialize vectors
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        _pi[i] = 0;
+        _excess[i] = _supply[i];
+      }
+
+      // Remove infinite upper bounds and check negative arcs
+      const Value MAX = std::numeric_limits<Value>::max();
+      int last_out;
+      if (_has_lower) {
+        for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {
+          last_out = _first_out[i+1];
+          for (int j = _first_out[i]; j != last_out; ++j) {
+            if (_forward[j]) {
+              Value c = _scost[j] < 0 ? _upper[j] : _lower[j];
+              if (c >= MAX) return UNBOUNDED;
+              _excess[i] -= c;
+              _excess[_target[j]] += c;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {
+          last_out = _first_out[i+1];
+          for (int j = _first_out[i]; j != last_out; ++j) {
+            if (_forward[j] && _scost[j] < 0) {
+              Value c = _upper[j];
+              if (c >= MAX) return UNBOUNDED;
+              _excess[i] -= c;
+              _excess[_target[j]] += c;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      Value ex, max_cap = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        ex = _excess[i];
+        _excess[i] = 0;
+        if (ex < 0) max_cap -= ex;
+      }
+      for (int j = 0; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {
+        if (_upper[j] >= MAX) _upper[j] = max_cap;
+      }
+
+      // Initialize the large cost vector and the epsilon parameter
+      _epsilon = 0;
+      LargeCost lc;
+      for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {
+        last_out = _first_out[i+1];
+        for (int j = _first_out[i]; j != last_out; ++j) {
+          lc = static_cast<LargeCost>(_scost[j]) * _res_node_num * _alpha;
+          _cost[j] = lc;
+          if (lc > _epsilon) _epsilon = lc;
+        }
+      }
+      _epsilon /= _alpha;
+
+      // Initialize maps for Circulation and remove non-zero lower bounds
+      ConstMap<Arc, Value> low(0);
+      typedef typename Digraph::template ArcMap<Value> ValueArcMap;
+      typedef typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Value> ValueNodeMap;
+      ValueArcMap cap(_graph), flow(_graph);
+      ValueNodeMap sup(_graph);
+      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+        sup[n] = _supply[_node_id[n]];
+      }
+      if (_has_lower) {
+        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+          int j = _arc_idf[a];
+          Value c = _lower[j];
+          cap[a] = _upper[j] - c;
+          sup[_graph.source(a)] -= c;
+          sup[_graph.target(a)] += c;
+        }
+      } else {
+        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+          cap[a] = _upper[_arc_idf[a]];
+        }
+      }
+
+      _sup_node_num = 0;
+      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+        if (sup[n] > 0) ++_sup_node_num;
+      }
+
+      // Find a feasible flow using Circulation
+      Circulation<Digraph, ConstMap<Arc, Value>, ValueArcMap, ValueNodeMap>
+        circ(_graph, low, cap, sup);
+      if (!circ.flowMap(flow).run()) return INFEASIBLE;
+
+      // Set residual capacities and handle GEQ supply type
+      if (_sum_supply < 0) {
+        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+          Value fa = flow[a];
+          _res_cap[_arc_idf[a]] = cap[a] - fa;
+          _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]] = fa;
+          sup[_graph.source(a)] -= fa;
+          sup[_graph.target(a)] += fa;
+        }
+        for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+          _excess[_node_id[n]] = sup[n];
+        }
+        for (int a = _first_out[_root]; a != _res_arc_num; ++a) {
+          int u = _target[a];
+          int ra = _reverse[a];
+          _res_cap[a] = -_sum_supply + 1;
+          _res_cap[ra] = -_excess[u];
+          _cost[a] = 0;
+          _cost[ra] = 0;
+          _excess[u] = 0;
+        }
+      } else {
+        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+          Value fa = flow[a];
+          _res_cap[_arc_idf[a]] = cap[a] - fa;
+          _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]] = fa;
+        }
+        for (int a = _first_out[_root]; a != _res_arc_num; ++a) {
+          int ra = _reverse[a];
+          _res_cap[a] = 0;
+          _res_cap[ra] = 0;
+          _cost[a] = 0;
+          _cost[ra] = 0;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Initialize data structures for buckets
+      _max_rank = _alpha * _res_node_num;
+      _buckets.resize(_max_rank);
+      _bucket_next.resize(_res_node_num + 1);
+      _bucket_prev.resize(_res_node_num + 1);
+      _rank.resize(_res_node_num + 1);
+
+      return OPTIMAL;
+    }
+
+    // Check if the upper bound is greater than or equal to the lower bound
+    // on each forward arc.
+    bool checkBoundMaps() {
+      for (int j = 0; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {
+        if (_forward[j] && _upper[j] < _lower[j]) return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    // Execute the algorithm and transform the results
+    void start(Method method) {
+      const int MAX_PARTIAL_PATH_LENGTH = 4;
+
+      switch (method) {
+        case PUSH:
+          startPush();
+          break;
+        case AUGMENT:
+          startAugment(_res_node_num - 1);
+          break;
+        case PARTIAL_AUGMENT:
+          startAugment(MAX_PARTIAL_PATH_LENGTH);
+          break;
+      }
+
+      // Compute node potentials (dual solution)
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        _pi[i] = static_cast<Cost>(_pi[i] / (_res_node_num * _alpha));
+      }
+      bool optimal = true;
+      for (int i = 0; optimal && i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        LargeCost pi_i = _pi[i];
+        int last_out = _first_out[i+1];
+        for (int j = _first_out[i]; j != last_out; ++j) {
+          if (_res_cap[j] > 0 && _scost[j] + pi_i - _pi[_target[j]] < 0) {
+            optimal = false;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!optimal) {
+        // Compute node potentials for the original costs with BellmanFord
+        // (if it is necessary)
+        typedef std::pair<int, int> IntPair;
+        StaticDigraph sgr;
+        std::vector<IntPair> arc_vec;
+        std::vector<LargeCost> cost_vec;
+        LargeCostArcMap cost_map(cost_vec);
+
+        arc_vec.clear();
+        cost_vec.clear();
+        for (int j = 0; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {
+          if (_res_cap[j] > 0) {
+            int u = _source[j], v = _target[j];
+            arc_vec.push_back(IntPair(u, v));
+            cost_vec.push_back(_scost[j] + _pi[u] - _pi[v]);
+          }
+        }
+        sgr.build(_res_node_num, arc_vec.begin(), arc_vec.end());
+
+        typename BellmanFord<StaticDigraph, LargeCostArcMap>::Create
+          bf(sgr, cost_map);
+        bf.init(0);
+        bf.start();
+
+        for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+          _pi[i] += bf.dist(sgr.node(i));
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Shift potentials to meet the requirements of the GEQ type
+      // optimality conditions
+      LargeCost max_pot = _pi[_root];
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        if (_pi[i] > max_pot) max_pot = _pi[i];
+      }
+      if (max_pot != 0) {
+        for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+          _pi[i] -= max_pot;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Handle non-zero lower bounds
+      if (_has_lower) {
+        int limit = _first_out[_root];
+        for (int j = 0; j != limit; ++j) {
+          if (_forward[j]) _res_cap[_reverse[j]] += _lower[j];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Initialize a cost scaling phase
+    void initPhase() {
+      // Saturate arcs not satisfying the optimality condition
+      for (int u = 0; u != _res_node_num; ++u) {
+        int last_out = _first_out[u+1];
+        LargeCost pi_u = _pi[u];
+        for (int a = _first_out[u]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+          Value delta = _res_cap[a];
+          if (delta > 0) {
+            int v = _target[a];
+            if (_cost[a] + pi_u - _pi[v] < 0) {
+              _excess[u] -= delta;
+              _excess[v] += delta;
+              _res_cap[a] = 0;
+              _res_cap[_reverse[a]] += delta;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Find active nodes (i.e. nodes with positive excess)
+      for (int u = 0; u != _res_node_num; ++u) {
+        if (_excess[u] > 0) _active_nodes.push_back(u);
+      }
+
+      // Initialize the next arcs
+      for (int u = 0; u != _res_node_num; ++u) {
+        _next_out[u] = _first_out[u];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Price (potential) refinement heuristic
+    bool priceRefinement() {
+
+      // Stack for stroing the topological order
+      IntVector stack(_res_node_num);
+      int stack_top;
+
+      // Perform phases
+      while (topologicalSort(stack, stack_top)) {
+
+        // Compute node ranks in the acyclic admissible network and
+        // store the nodes in buckets
+        for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+          _rank[i] = 0;
+        }
+        const int bucket_end = _root + 1;
+        for (int r = 0; r != _max_rank; ++r) {
+          _buckets[r] = bucket_end;
+        }
+        int top_rank = 0;
+        for ( ; stack_top >= 0; --stack_top) {
+          int u = stack[stack_top], v;
+          int rank_u = _rank[u];
+
+          LargeCost rc, pi_u = _pi[u];
+          int last_out = _first_out[u+1];
+          for (int a = _first_out[u]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+            if (_res_cap[a] > 0) {
+              v = _target[a];
+              rc = _cost[a] + pi_u - _pi[v];
+              if (rc < 0) {
+                LargeCost nrc = static_cast<LargeCost>((-rc - 0.5) / _epsilon);
+                if (nrc < LargeCost(_max_rank)) {
+                  int new_rank_v = rank_u + static_cast<int>(nrc);
+                  if (new_rank_v > _rank[v]) {
+                    _rank[v] = new_rank_v;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (rank_u > 0) {
+            top_rank = std::max(top_rank, rank_u);
+            int bfirst = _buckets[rank_u];
+            _bucket_next[u] = bfirst;
+            _bucket_prev[bfirst] = u;
+            _buckets[rank_u] = u;
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Check if the current flow is epsilon-optimal
+        if (top_rank == 0) {
+          return true;
+        }
+
+        // Process buckets in top-down order
+        for (int rank = top_rank; rank > 0; --rank) {
+          while (_buckets[rank] != bucket_end) {
+            // Remove the first node from the current bucket
+            int u = _buckets[rank];
+            _buckets[rank] = _bucket_next[u];
+
+            // Search the outgoing arcs of u
+            LargeCost rc, pi_u = _pi[u];
+            int last_out = _first_out[u+1];
+            int v, old_rank_v, new_rank_v;
+            for (int a = _first_out[u]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+              if (_res_cap[a] > 0) {
+                v = _target[a];
+                old_rank_v = _rank[v];
+
+                if (old_rank_v < rank) {
+
+                  // Compute the new rank of node v
+                  rc = _cost[a] + pi_u - _pi[v];
+                  if (rc < 0) {
+                    new_rank_v = rank;
+                  } else {
+                    LargeCost nrc = rc / _epsilon;
+                    new_rank_v = 0;
+                    if (nrc < LargeCost(_max_rank)) {
+                      new_rank_v = rank - 1 - static_cast<int>(nrc);
+                    }
+                  }
+
+                  // Change the rank of node v
+                  if (new_rank_v > old_rank_v) {
+                    _rank[v] = new_rank_v;
+
+                    // Remove v from its old bucket
+                    if (old_rank_v > 0) {
+                      if (_buckets[old_rank_v] == v) {
+                        _buckets[old_rank_v] = _bucket_next[v];
+                      } else {
+                        int pv = _bucket_prev[v], nv = _bucket_next[v];
+                        _bucket_next[pv] = nv;
+                        _bucket_prev[nv] = pv;
+                      }
+                    }
+
+                    // Insert v into its new bucket
+                    int nv = _buckets[new_rank_v];
+                    _bucket_next[v] = nv;
+                    _bucket_prev[nv] = v;
+                    _buckets[new_rank_v] = v;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Refine potential of node u
+            _pi[u] -= rank * _epsilon;
+          }
+        }
+
+      }
+
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // Find and cancel cycles in the admissible network and
+    // determine topological order using DFS
+    bool topologicalSort(IntVector &stack, int &stack_top) {
+      const int MAX_CYCLE_CANCEL = 1;
+
+      BoolVector reached(_res_node_num, false);
+      BoolVector processed(_res_node_num, false);
+      IntVector pred(_res_node_num);
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        _next_out[i] = _first_out[i];
+      }
+      stack_top = -1;
+
+      int cycle_cnt = 0;
+      for (int start = 0; start != _res_node_num; ++start) {
+        if (reached[start]) continue;
+
+        // Start DFS search from this start node
+        pred[start] = -1;
+        int tip = start, v;
+        while (true) {
+          // Check the outgoing arcs of the current tip node
+          reached[tip] = true;
+          LargeCost pi_tip = _pi[tip];
+          int a, last_out = _first_out[tip+1];
+          for (a = _next_out[tip]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+            if (_res_cap[a] > 0) {
+              v = _target[a];
+              if (_cost[a] + pi_tip - _pi[v] < 0) {
+                if (!reached[v]) {
+                  // A new node is reached
+                  reached[v] = true;
+                  pred[v] = tip;
+                  _next_out[tip] = a;
+                  tip = v;
+                  a = _next_out[tip];
+                  last_out = _first_out[tip+1];
+                  break;
+                }
+                else if (!processed[v]) {
+                  // A cycle is found
+                  ++cycle_cnt;
+                  _next_out[tip] = a;
+
+                  // Find the minimum residual capacity along the cycle
+                  Value d, delta = _res_cap[a];
+                  int u, delta_node = tip;
+                  for (u = tip; u != v; ) {
+                    u = pred[u];
+                    d = _res_cap[_next_out[u]];
+                    if (d <= delta) {
+                      delta = d;
+                      delta_node = u;
+                    }
+                  }
+
+                  // Augment along the cycle
+                  _res_cap[a] -= delta;
+                  _res_cap[_reverse[a]] += delta;
+                  for (u = tip; u != v; ) {
+                    u = pred[u];
+                    int ca = _next_out[u];
+                    _res_cap[ca] -= delta;
+                    _res_cap[_reverse[ca]] += delta;
+                  }
+
+                  // Check the maximum number of cycle canceling
+                  if (cycle_cnt >= MAX_CYCLE_CANCEL) {
+                    return false;
+                  }
+
+                  // Roll back search to delta_node
+                  if (delta_node != tip) {
+                    for (u = tip; u != delta_node; u = pred[u]) {
+                      reached[u] = false;
+                    }
+                    tip = delta_node;
+                    a = _next_out[tip] + 1;
+                    last_out = _first_out[tip+1];
+                    break;
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Step back to the previous node
+          if (a == last_out) {
+            processed[tip] = true;
+            stack[++stack_top] = tip;
+            tip = pred[tip];
+            if (tip < 0) {
+              // Finish DFS from the current start node
+              break;
+            }
+            ++_next_out[tip];
+          }
+        }
+
+      }
+
+      return (cycle_cnt == 0);
+    }
+
+    // Global potential update heuristic
+    void globalUpdate() {
+      const int bucket_end = _root + 1;
+
+      // Initialize buckets
+      for (int r = 0; r != _max_rank; ++r) {
+        _buckets[r] = bucket_end;
+      }
+      Value total_excess = 0;
+      int b0 = bucket_end;
+      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {
+        if (_excess[i] < 0) {
+          _rank[i] = 0;
+          _bucket_next[i] = b0;
+          _bucket_prev[b0] = i;
+          b0 = i;
+        } else {
+          total_excess += _excess[i];
+          _rank[i] = _max_rank;
+        }
+      }
+      if (total_excess == 0) return;
+      _buckets[0] = b0;
+
+      // Search the buckets
+      int r = 0;
+      for ( ; r != _max_rank; ++r) {
+        while (_buckets[r] != bucket_end) {
+          // Remove the first node from the current bucket
+          int u = _buckets[r];
+          _buckets[r] = _bucket_next[u];
+
+          // Search the incoming arcs of u
+          LargeCost pi_u = _pi[u];
+          int last_out = _first_out[u+1];
+          for (int a = _first_out[u]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+            int ra = _reverse[a];
+            if (_res_cap[ra] > 0) {
+              int v = _source[ra];
+              int old_rank_v = _rank[v];
+              if (r < old_rank_v) {
+                // Compute the new rank of v
+                LargeCost nrc = (_cost[ra] + _pi[v] - pi_u) / _epsilon;
+                int new_rank_v = old_rank_v;
+                if (nrc < LargeCost(_max_rank)) {
+                  new_rank_v = r + 1 + static_cast<int>(nrc);
+                }
+
+                // Change the rank of v
+                if (new_rank_v < old_rank_v) {
+                  _rank[v] = new_rank_v;
+                  _next_out[v] = _first_out[v];
+
+                  // Remove v from its old bucket
+                  if (old_rank_v < _max_rank) {
+                    if (_buckets[old_rank_v] == v) {
+                      _buckets[old_rank_v] = _bucket_next[v];
+                    } else {
+                      int pv = _bucket_prev[v], nv = _bucket_next[v];
+                      _bucket_next[pv] = nv;
+                      _bucket_prev[nv] = pv;
+                    }
+                  }
+
+                  // Insert v into its new bucket
+                  int nv = _buckets[new_rank_v];
+                  _bucket_next[v] = nv;
+                  _bucket_prev[nv] = v;
+                  _buckets[new_rank_v] = v;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Finish search if there are no more active nodes
+          if (_excess[u] > 0) {
+            total_excess -= _excess[u];
+            if (total_excess <= 0) break;
+          }
+        }
+        if (total_excess <= 0) break;
+      }
+
+      // Relabel nodes
+      for (int u = 0; u != _res_node_num; ++u) {
+        int k = std::min(_rank[u], r);
+        if (k > 0) {
+          _pi[u] -= _epsilon * k;
+          _next_out[u] = _first_out[u];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /// Execute the algorithm performing augment and relabel operations
+    void startAugment(int max_length) {
+      // Paramters for heuristics
+      const int PRICE_REFINEMENT_LIMIT = 2;
+      const double GLOBAL_UPDATE_FACTOR = 1.0;
+      const int global_update_skip = static_cast<int>(GLOBAL_UPDATE_FACTOR *
+        (_res_node_num + _sup_node_num * _sup_node_num));
+      int next_global_update_limit = global_update_skip;
+
+      // Perform cost scaling phases
+      IntVector path;
+      BoolVector path_arc(_res_arc_num, false);
+      int relabel_cnt = 0;
+      int eps_phase_cnt = 0;
+      for ( ; _epsilon >= 1; _epsilon = _epsilon < _alpha && _epsilon > 1 ?
+                                        1 : _epsilon / _alpha )
+      {
+        ++eps_phase_cnt;
+
+        // Price refinement heuristic
+        if (eps_phase_cnt >= PRICE_REFINEMENT_LIMIT) {
+          if (priceRefinement()) continue;
+        }
+
+        // Initialize current phase
+        initPhase();
+
+        // Perform partial augment and relabel operations
+        while (true) {
+          // Select an active node (FIFO selection)
+          while (_active_nodes.size() > 0 &&
+                 _excess[_active_nodes.front()] <= 0) {
+            _active_nodes.pop_front();
+          }
+          if (_active_nodes.size() == 0) break;
+          int start = _active_nodes.front();
+
+          // Find an augmenting path from the start node
+          int tip = start;
+          while (int(path.size()) < max_length && _excess[tip] >= 0) {
+            int u;
+            LargeCost rc, min_red_cost = std::numeric_limits<LargeCost>::max();
+            LargeCost pi_tip = _pi[tip];
+            int last_out = _first_out[tip+1];
+            for (int a = _next_out[tip]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+              if (_res_cap[a] > 0) {
+                u = _target[a];
+                rc = _cost[a] + pi_tip - _pi[u];
+                if (rc < 0) {
+                  path.push_back(a);
+                  _next_out[tip] = a;
+                  if (path_arc[a]) {
+                    goto augment;   // a cycle is found, stop path search
+                  }
+                  tip = u;
+                  path_arc[a] = true;
+                  goto next_step;
+                }
+                else if (rc < min_red_cost) {
+                  min_red_cost = rc;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Relabel tip node
+            if (tip != start) {
+              int ra = _reverse[path.back()];
+              min_red_cost =
+                std::min(min_red_cost, _cost[ra] + pi_tip - _pi[_target[ra]]);
+            }
+            last_out = _next_out[tip];
+            for (int a = _first_out[tip]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+              if (_res_cap[a] > 0) {
+                rc = _cost[a] + pi_tip - _pi[_target[a]];
+                if (rc < min_red_cost) {
+                  min_red_cost = rc;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            _pi[tip] -= min_red_cost + _epsilon;
+            _next_out[tip] = _first_out[tip];
+            ++relabel_cnt;
+
+            // Step back
+            if (tip != start) {
+              int pa = path.back();
+              path_arc[pa] = false;
+              tip = _source[pa];
+              path.pop_back();
+            }
+
+          next_step: ;
+          }
+
+          // Augment along the found path (as much flow as possible)
+        augment:
+          Value delta;
+          int pa, u, v = start;
+          for (int i = 0; i != int(path.size()); ++i) {
+            pa = path[i];
+            u = v;
+            v = _target[pa];
+            path_arc[pa] = false;
+            delta = std::min(_res_cap[pa], _excess[u]);
+            _res_cap[pa] -= delta;
+            _res_cap[_reverse[pa]] += delta;
+            _excess[u] -= delta;
+            _excess[v] += delta;
+            if (_excess[v] > 0 && _excess[v] <= delta) {
+              _active_nodes.push_back(v);
+            }
+          }
+          path.clear();
+
+          // Global update heuristic
+          if (relabel_cnt >= next_global_update_limit) {
+            globalUpdate();
+            next_global_update_limit += global_update_skip;
+          }
+        }
+
+      }
+
+    }
+
+    /// Execute the algorithm performing push and relabel operations
+    void startPush() {
+      // Paramters for heuristics
+      const int PRICE_REFINEMENT_LIMIT = 2;
+      const double GLOBAL_UPDATE_FACTOR = 2.0;
+
+      const int global_update_skip = static_cast<int>(GLOBAL_UPDATE_FACTOR *
+        (_res_node_num + _sup_node_num * _sup_node_num));
+      int next_global_update_limit = global_update_skip;
+
+      // Perform cost scaling phases
+      BoolVector hyper(_res_node_num, false);
+      LargeCostVector hyper_cost(_res_node_num);
+      int relabel_cnt = 0;
+      int eps_phase_cnt = 0;
+      for ( ; _epsilon >= 1; _epsilon = _epsilon < _alpha && _epsilon > 1 ?
+                                        1 : _epsilon / _alpha )
+      {
+        ++eps_phase_cnt;
+
+        // Price refinement heuristic
+        if (eps_phase_cnt >= PRICE_REFINEMENT_LIMIT) {
+          if (priceRefinement()) continue;
+        }
+
+        // Initialize current phase
+        initPhase();
+
+        // Perform push and relabel operations
+        while (_active_nodes.size() > 0) {
+          LargeCost min_red_cost, rc, pi_n;
+          Value delta;
+          int n, t, a, last_out = _res_arc_num;
+
+        next_node:
+          // Select an active node (FIFO selection)
+          n = _active_nodes.front();
+          last_out = _first_out[n+1];
+          pi_n = _pi[n];
+
+          // Perform push operations if there are admissible arcs
+          if (_excess[n] > 0) {
+            for (a = _next_out[n]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+              if (_res_cap[a] > 0 &&
+                  _cost[a] + pi_n - _pi[_target[a]] < 0) {
+                delta = std::min(_res_cap[a], _excess[n]);
+                t = _target[a];
+
+                // Push-look-ahead heuristic
+                Value ahead = -_excess[t];
+                int last_out_t = _first_out[t+1];
+                LargeCost pi_t = _pi[t];
+                for (int ta = _next_out[t]; ta != last_out_t; ++ta) {
+                  if (_res_cap[ta] > 0 &&
+                      _cost[ta] + pi_t - _pi[_target[ta]] < 0)
+                    ahead += _res_cap[ta];
+                  if (ahead >= delta) break;
+                }
+                if (ahead < 0) ahead = 0;
+
+                // Push flow along the arc
+                if (ahead < delta && !hyper[t]) {
+                  _res_cap[a] -= ahead;
+                  _res_cap[_reverse[a]] += ahead;
+                  _excess[n] -= ahead;
+                  _excess[t] += ahead;
+                  _active_nodes.push_front(t);
+                  hyper[t] = true;
+                  hyper_cost[t] = _cost[a] + pi_n - pi_t;
+                  _next_out[n] = a;
+                  goto next_node;
+                } else {
+                  _res_cap[a] -= delta;
+                  _res_cap[_reverse[a]] += delta;
+                  _excess[n] -= delta;
+                  _excess[t] += delta;
+                  if (_excess[t] > 0 && _excess[t] <= delta)
+                    _active_nodes.push_back(t);
+                }
+
+                if (_excess[n] == 0) {
+                  _next_out[n] = a;
+                  goto remove_nodes;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            _next_out[n] = a;
+          }
+
+          // Relabel the node if it is still active (or hyper)
+          if (_excess[n] > 0 || hyper[n]) {
+             min_red_cost = hyper[n] ? -hyper_cost[n] :
+               std::numeric_limits<LargeCost>::max();
+            for (int a = _first_out[n]; a != last_out; ++a) {
+              if (_res_cap[a] > 0) {
+                rc = _cost[a] + pi_n - _pi[_target[a]];
+                if (rc < min_red_cost) {
+                  min_red_cost = rc;
+                }
+              }
+            }
+            _pi[n] -= min_red_cost + _epsilon;
+            _next_out[n] = _first_out[n];
+            hyper[n] = false;
+            ++relabel_cnt;
+          }
+
+          // Remove nodes that are not active nor hyper
+        remove_nodes:
+          while ( _active_nodes.size() > 0 &&
+                  _excess[_active_nodes.front()] <= 0 &&
+                  !hyper[_active_nodes.front()] ) {
+            _active_nodes.pop_front();
+          }
+
+          // Global update heuristic
+          if (relabel_cnt >= next_global_update_limit) {
+            globalUpdate();
+            for (int u = 0; u != _res_node_num; ++u)
+              hyper[u] = false;
+            next_global_update_limit += global_update_skip;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+  }; //class CostScaling
+
+  ///@}
+
+} //namespace lemon
+
+#endif //LEMON_COST_SCALING_H