lemongraph 0.0.1

data/ext/lemon-1.3.1/lemon/connectivity.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1688 @@
+/* -*- mode: C++; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
+ *
+ * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library.
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2003-2013
+ * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport
+ * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).
+ *
+ * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted
+ * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For
+ * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.
+ *
+ * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,
+ * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any
+ * purpose.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef LEMON_CONNECTIVITY_H
+#define LEMON_CONNECTIVITY_H
+
+#include <lemon/dfs.h>
+#include <lemon/bfs.h>
+#include <lemon/core.h>
+#include <lemon/maps.h>
+#include <lemon/adaptors.h>
+
+#include <lemon/concepts/digraph.h>
+#include <lemon/concepts/graph.h>
+#include <lemon/concept_check.h>
+
+#include <stack>
+#include <functional>
+
+/// \ingroup graph_properties
+/// \file
+/// \brief Connectivity algorithms
+///
+/// Connectivity algorithms
+
+namespace lemon {
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is connected.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is connected,
+  /// i.e. there is a path between any two nodes in the graph.
+  ///
+  /// \return \c true if the graph is connected.
+  /// \note By definition, the empty graph is connected.
+  ///
+  /// \see countConnectedComponents(), connectedComponents()
+  /// \see stronglyConnected()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool connected(const Graph& graph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    if (NodeIt(graph) == INVALID) return true;
+    Dfs<Graph> dfs(graph);
+    dfs.run(NodeIt(graph));
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Count the number of connected components of an undirected graph
+  ///
+  /// This function counts the number of connected components of the given
+  /// undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// The connected components are the classes of an equivalence relation
+  /// on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the same class
+  /// if they are connected with a path.
+  ///
+  /// \return The number of connected components.
+  /// \note By definition, the empty graph consists
+  /// of zero connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see connected(), connectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  int countConnectedComponents(const Graph &graph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
+
+    typedef NullMap<Node, Arc> PredMap;
+    typedef NullMap<Node, int> DistMap;
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+    typename Bfs<Graph>::
+      template SetPredMap<PredMap>::
+      template SetDistMap<DistMap>::
+      Create bfs(graph);
+
+    PredMap predMap;
+    bfs.predMap(predMap);
+
+    DistMap distMap;
+    bfs.distMap(distMap);
+
+    bfs.init();
+    for(typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+      if (!bfs.reached(n)) {
+        bfs.addSource(n);
+        bfs.start();
+        ++compNum;
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the connected components of an undirected graph
+  ///
+  /// This function finds the connected components of the given undirected
+  /// graph.
+  ///
+  /// The connected components are the classes of an equivalence relation
+  /// on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the same class
+  /// if they are connected with a path.
+  ///
+  /// \image html connected_components.png
+  /// \image latex connected_components.eps "Connected components" width=\textwidth
+  ///
+  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
+  /// \retval compMap A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
+  /// the number of the connected components minus one. Each value of the map
+  /// will be set exactly once, and the values of a certain component will be
+  /// set continuously.
+  /// \return The number of connected components.
+  /// \note By definition, the empty graph consists
+  /// of zero connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see connected(), countConnectedComponents()
+  template <class Graph, class NodeMap>
+  int connectedComponents(const Graph &graph, NodeMap &compMap) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, int>, NodeMap>();
+
+    typedef NullMap<Node, Arc> PredMap;
+    typedef NullMap<Node, int> DistMap;
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+    typename Bfs<Graph>::
+      template SetPredMap<PredMap>::
+      template SetDistMap<DistMap>::
+      Create bfs(graph);
+
+    PredMap predMap;
+    bfs.predMap(predMap);
+
+    DistMap distMap;
+    bfs.distMap(distMap);
+
+    bfs.init();
+    for(typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+      if(!bfs.reached(n)) {
+        bfs.addSource(n);
+        while (!bfs.emptyQueue()) {
+          compMap.set(bfs.nextNode(), compNum);
+          bfs.processNextNode();
+        }
+        ++compNum;
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  namespace _connectivity_bits {
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename Iterator >
+    struct LeaveOrderVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      LeaveOrderVisitor(Iterator it) : _it(it) {}
+
+      void leave(const Node& node) {
+        *(_it++) = node;
+      }
+
+    private:
+      Iterator _it;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename Map>
+    struct FillMapVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Map::Value Value;
+
+      FillMapVisitor(Map& map, Value& value)
+        : _map(map), _value(value) {}
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _map.set(node, _value);
+      }
+    private:
+      Map& _map;
+      Value& _value;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
+    struct StronglyConnectedCutArcsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+
+      StronglyConnectedCutArcsVisitor(const Digraph& digraph,
+                                      ArcMap& cutMap,
+                                      int& cutNum)
+        : _digraph(digraph), _cutMap(cutMap), _cutNum(cutNum),
+          _compMap(digraph, -1), _num(-1) {
+      }
+
+      void start(const Node&) {
+        ++_num;
+      }
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _compMap.set(node, _num);
+      }
+
+      void examine(const Arc& arc) {
+         if (_compMap[_digraph.source(arc)] !=
+             _compMap[_digraph.target(arc)]) {
+           _cutMap.set(arc, true);
+           ++_cutNum;
+         }
+      }
+    private:
+      const Digraph& _digraph;
+      ArcMap& _cutMap;
+      int& _cutNum;
+
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _compMap;
+      int _num;
+    };
+
+  }
+
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether a directed graph is strongly connected.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given directed graph is strongly
+  /// connected, i.e. any two nodes of the digraph are
+  /// connected with directed paths in both direction.
+  ///
+  /// \return \c true if the digraph is strongly connected.
+  /// \note By definition, the empty digraph is strongly connected.
+  ///
+  /// \see countStronglyConnectedComponents(), stronglyConnectedComponents()
+  /// \see connected()
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  bool stronglyConnected(const Digraph& digraph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
+
+    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+
+    typename Digraph::Node source = NodeIt(digraph);
+    if (source == INVALID) return true;
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef DfsVisitor<Digraph> Visitor;
+    Visitor visitor;
+
+    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+    dfs.addSource(source);
+    dfs.start();
+
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
+    typedef typename RDigraph::NodeIt RNodeIt;
+    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
+
+    typedef DfsVisitor<RDigraph> RVisitor;
+    RVisitor rvisitor;
+
+    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
+    rdfs.init();
+    rdfs.addSource(source);
+    rdfs.start();
+
+    for (RNodeIt it(rdigraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!rdfs.reached(it)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Count the number of strongly connected components of a
+  /// directed graph
+  ///
+  /// This function counts the number of strongly connected components of
+  /// the given directed graph.
+  ///
+  /// The strongly connected components are the classes of an
+  /// equivalence relation on the nodes of a digraph. Two nodes are in
+  /// the same class if they are connected with directed paths in both
+  /// direction.
+  ///
+  /// \return The number of strongly connected components.
+  /// \note By definition, the empty digraph has zero
+  /// strongly connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see stronglyConnected(), stronglyConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  int countStronglyConnectedComponents(const Digraph& digraph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Digraph::ArcIt ArcIt;
+
+    typedef std::vector<Node> Container;
+    typedef typename Container::iterator Iterator;
+
+    Container nodes(countNodes(digraph));
+    typedef LeaveOrderVisitor<Digraph, Iterator> Visitor;
+    Visitor visitor(nodes.begin());
+
+    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+
+    typedef typename Container::reverse_iterator RIterator;
+    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
+
+    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
+
+    typedef DfsVisitor<Digraph> RVisitor;
+    RVisitor rvisitor;
+
+    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+
+    rdfs.init();
+    for (RIterator it = nodes.rbegin(); it != nodes.rend(); ++it) {
+      if (!rdfs.reached(*it)) {
+        rdfs.addSource(*it);
+        rdfs.start();
+        ++compNum;
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the strongly connected components of a directed graph
+  ///
+  /// This function finds the strongly connected components of the given
+  /// directed graph. In addition, the numbering of the components will
+  /// satisfy that there is no arc going from a higher numbered component
+  /// to a lower one (i.e. it provides a topological order of the components).
+  ///
+  /// The strongly connected components are the classes of an
+  /// equivalence relation on the nodes of a digraph. Two nodes are in
+  /// the same class if they are connected with directed paths in both
+  /// direction.
+  ///
+  /// \image html strongly_connected_components.png
+  /// \image latex strongly_connected_components.eps "Strongly connected components" width=\textwidth
+  ///
+  /// \param digraph The digraph.
+  /// \retval compMap A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
+  /// the number of the strongly connected components minus one. Each value
+  /// of the map will be set exactly once, and the values of a certain
+  /// component will be set continuously.
+  /// \return The number of strongly connected components.
+  /// \note By definition, the empty digraph has zero
+  /// strongly connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see stronglyConnected(), countStronglyConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
+  int stronglyConnectedComponents(const Digraph& digraph, NodeMap& compMap) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
+    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, int>, NodeMap>();
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef std::vector<Node> Container;
+    typedef typename Container::iterator Iterator;
+
+    Container nodes(countNodes(digraph));
+    typedef LeaveOrderVisitor<Digraph, Iterator> Visitor;
+    Visitor visitor(nodes.begin());
+
+    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+
+    typedef typename Container::reverse_iterator RIterator;
+    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
+
+    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+
+    typedef FillMapVisitor<RDigraph, NodeMap> RVisitor;
+    RVisitor rvisitor(compMap, compNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
+
+    rdfs.init();
+    for (RIterator it = nodes.rbegin(); it != nodes.rend(); ++it) {
+      if (!rdfs.reached(*it)) {
+        rdfs.addSource(*it);
+        rdfs.start();
+        ++compNum;
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the cut arcs of the strongly connected components.
+  ///
+  /// This function finds the cut arcs of the strongly connected components
+  /// of the given digraph.
+  ///
+  /// The strongly connected components are the classes of an
+  /// equivalence relation on the nodes of a digraph. Two nodes are in
+  /// the same class if they are connected with directed paths in both
+  /// direction.
+  /// The strongly connected components are separated by the cut arcs.
+  ///
+  /// \param digraph The digraph.
+  /// \retval cutMap A writable arc map. The values will be set to \c true
+  /// for the cut arcs (exactly once for each cut arc), and will not be
+  /// changed for other arcs.
+  /// \return The number of cut arcs.
+  ///
+  /// \see stronglyConnected(), stronglyConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
+  int stronglyConnectedCutArcs(const Digraph& digraph, ArcMap& cutMap) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
+    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Arc, bool>, ArcMap>();
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef std::vector<Node> Container;
+    typedef typename Container::iterator Iterator;
+
+    Container nodes(countNodes(digraph));
+    typedef LeaveOrderVisitor<Digraph, Iterator> Visitor;
+    Visitor visitor(nodes.begin());
+
+    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+
+    typedef typename Container::reverse_iterator RIterator;
+    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
+
+    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
+
+    int cutNum = 0;
+
+    typedef StronglyConnectedCutArcsVisitor<RDigraph, ArcMap> RVisitor;
+    RVisitor rvisitor(rdigraph, cutMap, cutNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
+
+    rdfs.init();
+    for (RIterator it = nodes.rbegin(); it != nodes.rend(); ++it) {
+      if (!rdfs.reached(*it)) {
+        rdfs.addSource(*it);
+        rdfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+    return cutNum;
+  }
+
+  namespace _connectivity_bits {
+
+    template <typename Digraph>
+    class CountBiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
+
+      CountBiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph, int &compNum)
+        : _graph(graph), _compNum(compNum),
+          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
+      }
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _numMap.set(node, _num);
+        _retMap.set(node, _num);
+        ++_num;
+      }
+
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), _graph.source(edge));
+      }
+
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_graph.source(edge) == _graph.target(edge) &&
+            _graph.direction(edge)) {
+          ++_compNum;
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.target(edge)) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+        if (_numMap[_graph.source(edge)] <= _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          ++_compNum;
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      int& _compNum;
+
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Node> _predMap;
+      int _num;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
+    class BiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
+
+      BiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
+                                       ArcMap& compMap, int &compNum)
+        : _graph(graph), _compMap(compMap), _compNum(compNum),
+          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
+      }
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _numMap.set(node, _num);
+        _retMap.set(node, _num);
+        ++_num;
+      }
+
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        Node target = _graph.target(edge);
+        _predMap.set(target, edge);
+        _edgeStack.push(edge);
+      }
+
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        Node source = _graph.source(edge);
+        Node target = _graph.target(edge);
+        if (source == target && _graph.direction(edge)) {
+          _compMap.set(edge, _compNum);
+          ++_compNum;
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_numMap[target] < _numMap[source]) {
+          if (_predMap[source] != _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
+            _edgeStack.push(edge);
+          }
+        }
+        if (_predMap[source] != INVALID &&
+            target == _graph.source(_predMap[source])) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_retMap[source] > _numMap[target]) {
+          _retMap.set(source, _numMap[target]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
+        Node source = _graph.source(edge);
+        Node target = _graph.target(edge);
+        if (_retMap[source] > _retMap[target]) {
+          _retMap.set(source, _retMap[target]);
+        }
+        if (_numMap[source] <= _retMap[target]) {
+          while (_edgeStack.top() != edge) {
+            _compMap.set(_edgeStack.top(), _compNum);
+            _edgeStack.pop();
+          }
+          _compMap.set(edge, _compNum);
+          _edgeStack.pop();
+          ++_compNum;
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      ArcMap& _compMap;
+      int& _compNum;
+
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
+      std::stack<Edge> _edgeStack;
+      int _num;
+    };
+
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
+    class BiNodeConnectedCutNodesVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
+
+      BiNodeConnectedCutNodesVisitor(const Digraph& graph, NodeMap& cutMap,
+                                     int& cutNum)
+        : _graph(graph), _cutMap(cutMap), _cutNum(cutNum),
+          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
+        rootCut = false;
+      }
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _numMap.set(node, _num);
+        _retMap.set(node, _num);
+        ++_num;
+      }
+
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), _graph.source(edge));
+      }
+
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_graph.source(edge) == _graph.target(edge) &&
+            _graph.direction(edge)) {
+          if (!_cutMap[_graph.source(edge)]) {
+            _cutMap.set(_graph.source(edge), true);
+            ++_cutNum;
+          }
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.target(edge)) return;
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+        if (_numMap[_graph.source(edge)] <= _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] != INVALID) {
+            if (!_cutMap[_graph.source(edge)]) {
+              _cutMap.set(_graph.source(edge), true);
+              ++_cutNum;
+            }
+          } else if (rootCut) {
+            if (!_cutMap[_graph.source(edge)]) {
+              _cutMap.set(_graph.source(edge), true);
+              ++_cutNum;
+            }
+          } else {
+            rootCut = true;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      NodeMap& _cutMap;
+      int& _cutNum;
+
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Node> _predMap;
+      std::stack<Edge> _edgeStack;
+      int _num;
+      bool rootCut;
+    };
+
+  }
+
+  template <typename Graph>
+  int countBiNodeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph);
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is bi-node-connected.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is
+  /// bi-node-connected, i.e. a connected graph without articulation
+  /// node.
+  ///
+  /// \return \c true if the graph bi-node-connected.
+  ///
+  /// \note By definition,
+  /// \li a graph consisting of zero or one node is bi-node-connected,
+  /// \li a graph consisting of two isolated nodes
+  /// is \e not bi-node-connected and
+  /// \li a graph consisting of two nodes connected by an edge
+  /// is bi-node-connected.
+  ///
+  /// \see countBiNodeConnectedComponents(), biNodeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool biNodeConnected(const Graph& graph) {
+    bool hasNonIsolated = false, hasIsolated = false;
+    for (typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+      if (typename Graph::OutArcIt(graph, n) == INVALID) {
+        if (hasIsolated || hasNonIsolated) {
+          return false;
+        } else {
+          hasIsolated = true;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (hasIsolated) {
+          return false;
+        } else {
+          hasNonIsolated = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return countBiNodeConnectedComponents(graph) <= 1;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Count the number of bi-node-connected components of an
+  /// undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// This function counts the number of bi-node-connected components of
+  /// the given undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// The bi-node-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
+  /// relation on the edges of a undirected graph. Two edges are in the
+  /// same class if they are on same circle.
+  ///
+  /// \return The number of bi-node-connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see biNodeConnected(), biNodeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  int countBiNodeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef CountBiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph> Visitor;
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+    Visitor visitor(graph, compNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the bi-node-connected components of an undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// This function finds the bi-node-connected components of the given
+  /// undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// The bi-node-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
+  /// relation on the edges of a undirected graph. Two edges are in the
+  /// same class if they are on same circle.
+  ///
+  /// \image html node_biconnected_components.png
+  /// \image latex node_biconnected_components.eps "bi-node-connected components" width=\textwidth
+  ///
+  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
+  /// \retval compMap A writable edge map. The values will be set from 0
+  /// to the number of the bi-node-connected components minus one. Each
+  /// value of the map will be set exactly once, and the values of a
+  /// certain component will be set continuously.
+  /// \return The number of bi-node-connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see biNodeConnected(), countBiNodeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph, typename EdgeMap>
+  int biNodeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph,
+                                EdgeMap& compMap) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Graph::Edge Edge;
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Edge, int>, EdgeMap>();
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef BiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph, EdgeMap> Visitor;
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+    Visitor visitor(graph, compMap, compNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the bi-node-connected cut nodes in an undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// This function finds the bi-node-connected cut nodes in the given
+  /// undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// The bi-node-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
+  /// relation on the edges of a undirected graph. Two edges are in the
+  /// same class if they are on same circle.
+  /// The bi-node-connected components are separted by the cut nodes of
+  /// the components.
+  ///
+  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
+  /// \retval cutMap A writable node map. The values will be set to
+  /// \c true for the nodes that separate two or more components
+  /// (exactly once for each cut node), and will not be changed for
+  /// other nodes.
+  /// \return The number of the cut nodes.
+  ///
+  /// \see biNodeConnected(), biNodeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph, typename NodeMap>
+  int biNodeConnectedCutNodes(const Graph& graph, NodeMap& cutMap) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, bool>, NodeMap>();
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef BiNodeConnectedCutNodesVisitor<Graph, NodeMap> Visitor;
+
+    int cutNum = 0;
+    Visitor visitor(graph, cutMap, cutNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+    return cutNum;
+  }
+
+  namespace _connectivity_bits {
+
+    template <typename Digraph>
+    class CountBiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
+
+      CountBiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph, int &compNum)
+        : _graph(graph), _compNum(compNum),
+          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
+      }
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _numMap.set(node, _num);
+        _retMap.set(node, _num);
+        ++_num;
+      }
+
+      void leave(const Node& node) {
+        if (_numMap[node] <= _retMap[node]) {
+          ++_compNum;
+        }
+      }
+
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), edge);
+      }
+
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      int& _compNum;
+
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
+      int _num;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
+    class BiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
+
+      BiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
+                                       NodeMap& compMap, int &compNum)
+        : _graph(graph), _compMap(compMap), _compNum(compNum),
+          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
+      }
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _numMap.set(node, _num);
+        _retMap.set(node, _num);
+        _nodeStack.push(node);
+        ++_num;
+      }
+
+      void leave(const Node& node) {
+        if (_numMap[node] <= _retMap[node]) {
+          while (_nodeStack.top() != node) {
+            _compMap.set(_nodeStack.top(), _compNum);
+            _nodeStack.pop();
+          }
+          _compMap.set(node, _compNum);
+          _nodeStack.pop();
+          ++_compNum;
+        }
+      }
+
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), edge);
+      }
+
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      NodeMap& _compMap;
+      int& _compNum;
+
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
+      std::stack<Node> _nodeStack;
+      int _num;
+    };
+
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
+    class BiEdgeConnectedCutEdgesVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
+
+      BiEdgeConnectedCutEdgesVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
+                                     ArcMap& cutMap, int &cutNum)
+        : _graph(graph), _cutMap(cutMap), _cutNum(cutNum),
+          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _predMap[node] = INVALID;
+      }
+
+      void reach(const Node& node) {
+        _numMap.set(node, _num);
+        _retMap.set(node, _num);
+        ++_num;
+      }
+
+      void leave(const Node& node) {
+        if (_numMap[node] <= _retMap[node]) {
+          if (_predMap[node] != INVALID) {
+            _cutMap.set(_predMap[node], true);
+            ++_cutNum;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), edge);
+      }
+
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
+          return;
+        }
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
+        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
+          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      ArcMap& _cutMap;
+      int& _cutNum;
+
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
+      int _num;
+    };
+  }
+
+  template <typename Graph>
+  int countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph);
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is bi-edge-connected.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is
+  /// bi-edge-connected, i.e. any two nodes are connected with at least
+  /// two edge-disjoint paths.
+  ///
+  /// \return \c true if the graph is bi-edge-connected.
+  /// \note By definition, the empty graph is bi-edge-connected.
+  ///
+  /// \see countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(), biEdgeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool biEdgeConnected(const Graph& graph) {
+    return countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(graph) <= 1;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Count the number of bi-edge-connected components of an
+  /// undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// This function counts the number of bi-edge-connected components of
+  /// the given undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// The bi-edge-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
+  /// relation on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the
+  /// same class if they are connected with at least two edge-disjoint
+  /// paths.
+  ///
+  /// \return The number of bi-edge-connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see biEdgeConnected(), biEdgeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  int countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef CountBiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph> Visitor;
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+    Visitor visitor(graph, compNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the bi-edge-connected components of an undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// This function finds the bi-edge-connected components of the given
+  /// undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// The bi-edge-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
+  /// relation on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the
+  /// same class if they are connected with at least two edge-disjoint
+  /// paths.
+  ///
+  /// \image html edge_biconnected_components.png
+  /// \image latex edge_biconnected_components.eps "bi-edge-connected components" width=\textwidth
+  ///
+  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
+  /// \retval compMap A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
+  /// the number of the bi-edge-connected components minus one. Each value
+  /// of the map will be set exactly once, and the values of a certain
+  /// component will be set continuously.
+  /// \return The number of bi-edge-connected components.
+  ///
+  /// \see biEdgeConnected(), countBiEdgeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph, typename NodeMap>
+  int biEdgeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph, NodeMap& compMap) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, int>, NodeMap>();
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef BiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph, NodeMap> Visitor;
+
+    int compNum = 0;
+    Visitor visitor(graph, compMap, compNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+    return compNum;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the bi-edge-connected cut edges in an undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// This function finds the bi-edge-connected cut edges in the given
+  /// undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// The bi-edge-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
+  /// relation on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the
+  /// same class if they are connected with at least two edge-disjoint
+  /// paths.
+  /// The bi-edge-connected components are separted by the cut edges of
+  /// the components.
+  ///
+  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
+  /// \retval cutMap A writable edge map. The values will be set to \c true
+  /// for the cut edges (exactly once for each cut edge), and will not be
+  /// changed for other edges.
+  /// \return The number of cut edges.
+  ///
+  /// \see biEdgeConnected(), biEdgeConnectedComponents()
+  template <typename Graph, typename EdgeMap>
+  int biEdgeConnectedCutEdges(const Graph& graph, EdgeMap& cutMap) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Graph::Edge Edge;
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Edge, bool>, EdgeMap>();
+
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    typedef BiEdgeConnectedCutEdgesVisitor<Graph, EdgeMap> Visitor;
+
+    int cutNum = 0;
+    Visitor visitor(graph, cutMap, cutNum);
+
+    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
+    dfs.init();
+
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+    return cutNum;
+  }
+
+
+  namespace _connectivity_bits {
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename IntNodeMap>
+    class TopologicalSortVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc edge;
+
+      TopologicalSortVisitor(IntNodeMap& order, int num)
+        : _order(order), _num(num) {}
+
+      void leave(const Node& node) {
+        _order.set(node, --_num);
+      }
+
+    private:
+      IntNodeMap& _order;
+      int _num;
+    };
+
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether a digraph is DAG.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given digraph is DAG, i.e.
+  /// \e Directed \e Acyclic \e Graph.
+  /// \return \c true if there is no directed cycle in the digraph.
+  /// \see acyclic()
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  bool dag(const Digraph& digraph) {
+
+    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
+
+    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+
+    typedef typename Digraph::template NodeMap<bool> ProcessedMap;
+
+    typename Dfs<Digraph>::template SetProcessedMap<ProcessedMap>::
+      Create dfs(digraph);
+
+    ProcessedMap processed(digraph);
+    dfs.processedMap(processed);
+
+    dfs.init();
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
+          Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
+          Node target = digraph.target(arc);
+          if (dfs.reached(target) && !processed[target]) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          dfs.processNextArc();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Sort the nodes of a DAG into topolgical order.
+  ///
+  /// This function sorts the nodes of the given acyclic digraph (DAG)
+  /// into topolgical order.
+  ///
+  /// \param digraph The digraph, which must be DAG.
+  /// \retval order A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
+  /// the number of the nodes in the digraph minus one. Each value of the
+  /// map will be set exactly once, and the values will be set descending
+  /// order.
+  ///
+  /// \see dag(), checkedTopologicalSort()
+  template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
+  void topologicalSort(const Digraph& digraph, NodeMap& order) {
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<typename Digraph::Node, int>, NodeMap>();
+
+    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+
+    TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap>
+      visitor(order, countNodes(digraph));
+
+    DfsVisit<Digraph, TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap> >
+      dfs(digraph, visitor);
+
+    dfs.init();
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        dfs.start();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Sort the nodes of a DAG into topolgical order.
+  ///
+  /// This function sorts the nodes of the given acyclic digraph (DAG)
+  /// into topolgical order and also checks whether the given digraph
+  /// is DAG.
+  ///
+  /// \param digraph The digraph.
+  /// \retval order A readable and writable node map. The values will be
+  /// set from 0 to the number of the nodes in the digraph minus one.
+  /// Each value of the map will be set exactly once, and the values will
+  /// be set descending order.
+  /// \return \c false if the digraph is not DAG.
+  ///
+  /// \see dag(), topologicalSort()
+  template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
+  bool checkedTopologicalSort(const Digraph& digraph, NodeMap& order) {
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
+    checkConcept<concepts::ReadWriteMap<typename Digraph::Node, int>,
+      NodeMap>();
+
+    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      order.set(it, -1);
+    }
+
+    TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap>
+      visitor(order, countNodes(digraph));
+
+    DfsVisit<Digraph, TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap> >
+      dfs(digraph, visitor);
+
+    dfs.init();
+    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
+           Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
+           Node target = digraph.target(arc);
+           if (dfs.reached(target) && order[target] == -1) {
+             return false;
+           }
+           dfs.processNextArc();
+         }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is acyclic.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is acyclic.
+  /// \return \c true if there is no cycle in the graph.
+  /// \see dag()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool acyclic(const Graph& graph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
+    Dfs<Graph> dfs(graph);
+    dfs.init();
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        dfs.addSource(it);
+        while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
+          Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
+          Node source = graph.source(arc);
+          Node target = graph.target(arc);
+          if (dfs.reached(target) &&
+              dfs.predArc(source) != graph.oppositeArc(arc)) {
+            return false;
+          }
+          dfs.processNextArc();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is tree.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is tree.
+  /// \return \c true if the graph is acyclic and connected.
+  /// \see acyclic(), connected()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool tree(const Graph& graph) {
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
+    if (NodeIt(graph) == INVALID) return true;
+    Dfs<Graph> dfs(graph);
+    dfs.init();
+    dfs.addSource(NodeIt(graph));
+    while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
+      Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
+      Node source = graph.source(arc);
+      Node target = graph.target(arc);
+      if (dfs.reached(target) &&
+          dfs.predArc(source) != graph.oppositeArc(arc)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      dfs.processNextArc();
+    }
+    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  namespace _connectivity_bits {
+
+    template <typename Digraph>
+    class BipartiteVisitor : public BfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+
+      BipartiteVisitor(const Digraph& graph, bool& bipartite)
+        : _graph(graph), _part(graph), _bipartite(bipartite) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _part[node] = true;
+      }
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        _part.set(_graph.target(edge), !_part[_graph.source(edge)]);
+      }
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        _bipartite = _bipartite &&
+          _part[_graph.target(edge)] != _part[_graph.source(edge)];
+      }
+
+    private:
+
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<bool> _part;
+      bool& _bipartite;
+    };
+
+    template <typename Digraph, typename PartMap>
+    class BipartitePartitionsVisitor : public BfsVisitor<Digraph> {
+    public:
+      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
+      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
+
+      BipartitePartitionsVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
+                                 PartMap& part, bool& bipartite)
+        : _graph(graph), _part(part), _bipartite(bipartite) {}
+
+      void start(const Node& node) {
+        _part.set(node, true);
+      }
+      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
+        _part.set(_graph.target(edge), !_part[_graph.source(edge)]);
+      }
+      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
+        _bipartite = _bipartite &&
+          _part[_graph.target(edge)] != _part[_graph.source(edge)];
+      }
+
+    private:
+
+      const Digraph& _graph;
+      PartMap& _part;
+      bool& _bipartite;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is bipartite.
+  ///
+  /// The function checks whether the given undirected graph is bipartite.
+  /// \return \c true if the graph is bipartite.
+  ///
+  /// \see bipartitePartitions()
+  template<typename Graph>
+  bool bipartite(const Graph &graph){
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Graph::ArcIt ArcIt;
+
+    bool bipartite = true;
+
+    BipartiteVisitor<Graph>
+      visitor(graph, bipartite);
+    BfsVisit<Graph, BipartiteVisitor<Graph> >
+      bfs(graph, visitor);
+    bfs.init();
+    for(NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if(!bfs.reached(it)){
+        bfs.addSource(it);
+        while (!bfs.emptyQueue()) {
+          bfs.processNextNode();
+          if (!bipartite) return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Find the bipartite partitions of an undirected graph.
+  ///
+  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is bipartite
+  /// and gives back the bipartite partitions.
+  ///
+  /// \image html bipartite_partitions.png
+  /// \image latex bipartite_partitions.eps "Bipartite partititions" width=\textwidth
+  ///
+  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
+  /// \retval partMap A writable node map of \c bool (or convertible) value
+  /// type. The values will be set to \c true for one component and
+  /// \c false for the other one.
+  /// \return \c true if the graph is bipartite, \c false otherwise.
+  ///
+  /// \see bipartite()
+  template<typename Graph, typename NodeMap>
+  bool bipartitePartitions(const Graph &graph, NodeMap &partMap){
+    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
+
+    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
+    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<typename Graph::Node, bool>, NodeMap>();
+
+    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
+    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
+    typedef typename Graph::ArcIt ArcIt;
+
+    bool bipartite = true;
+
+    BipartitePartitionsVisitor<Graph, NodeMap>
+      visitor(graph, partMap, bipartite);
+    BfsVisit<Graph, BipartitePartitionsVisitor<Graph, NodeMap> >
+      bfs(graph, visitor);
+    bfs.init();
+    for(NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if(!bfs.reached(it)){
+        bfs.addSource(it);
+        while (!bfs.emptyQueue()) {
+          bfs.processNextNode();
+          if (!bipartite) return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether the given graph contains no loop arcs/edges.
+  ///
+  /// This function returns \c true if there are no loop arcs/edges in
+  /// the given graph. It works for both directed and undirected graphs.
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool loopFree(const Graph& graph) {
+    for (typename Graph::ArcIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
+      if (graph.source(it) == graph.target(it)) return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether the given graph contains no parallel arcs/edges.
+  ///
+  /// This function returns \c true if there are no parallel arcs/edges in
+  /// the given graph. It works for both directed and undirected graphs.
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool parallelFree(const Graph& graph) {
+    typename Graph::template NodeMap<int> reached(graph, 0);
+    int cnt = 1;
+    for (typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+      for (typename Graph::OutArcIt a(graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        if (reached[graph.target(a)] == cnt) return false;
+        reached[graph.target(a)] = cnt;
+      }
+      ++cnt;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /// \ingroup graph_properties
+  ///
+  /// \brief Check whether the given graph is simple.
+  ///
+  /// This function returns \c true if the given graph is simple, i.e.
+  /// it contains no loop arcs/edges and no parallel arcs/edges.
+  /// The function works for both directed and undirected graphs.
+  /// \see loopFree(), parallelFree()
+  template <typename Graph>
+  bool simpleGraph(const Graph& graph) {
+    typename Graph::template NodeMap<int> reached(graph, 0);
+    int cnt = 1;
+    for (typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
+      reached[n] = cnt;
+      for (typename Graph::OutArcIt a(graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a) {
+        if (reached[graph.target(a)] == cnt) return false;
+        reached[graph.target(a)] = cnt;
+      }
+      ++cnt;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+} //namespace lemon
+
+#endif //LEMON_CONNECTIVITY_H