grpc 1.53.1 → 1.54.0

data/third_party/boringssl-with-bazel/src/crypto/x509/asn1_gen.c

@@ -56,771 +56,532 @@
 
 #include <openssl/x509.h>
 
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <limits.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include <openssl/asn1.h>
+#include <openssl/bytestring.h>
 #include <openssl/err.h>
-#include <openssl/mem.h>
 #include <openssl/obj.h>
 #include <openssl/x509v3.h>
 
+#include "../conf/internal.h"
 #include "../internal.h"
 #include "../x509v3/internal.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 
-/*
- * Although this file is in crypto/x509 for layering purposes, it emits
- * errors from the ASN.1 module for OpenSSL compatibility.
- */
-
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG           0x10000
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_IMP       (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|1)
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_EXP       (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|2)
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_TAG       (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|3)
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_BITWRAP   (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|4)
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_OCTWRAP   (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|5)
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_SEQWRAP   (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|6)
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_SETWRAP   (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|7)
-#define ASN1_GEN_FLAG_FORMAT    (ASN1_GEN_FLAG|8)
-
-#define ASN1_GEN_STR(str,val)   {str, sizeof(str) - 1, val}
-
-#define ASN1_FLAG_EXP_MAX       20
-/* Maximum number of nested sequences */
-#define ASN1_GEN_SEQ_MAX_DEPTH  50
-
-/* Input formats */
-
-/* ASCII: default */
-#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII   1
-/* UTF8 */
-#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_UTF8    2
-/* Hex */
-#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_HEX     3
-/* List of bits */
-#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_BITLIST 4
 
-struct tag_name_st {
-    const char *strnam;
-    int len;
-    int tag;
-};
-
-typedef struct {
-    int exp_tag;
-    int exp_class;
-    int exp_constructed;
-    int exp_pad;
-    long exp_len;
-} tag_exp_type;
-
-typedef struct {
-    int imp_tag;
-    int imp_class;
-    int utype;
-    int format;
-    const char *str;
-    tag_exp_type exp_list[ASN1_FLAG_EXP_MAX];
-    int exp_count;
-} tag_exp_arg;
-
-static ASN1_TYPE *generate_v3(const char *str, X509V3_CTX *cnf, int depth,
-                              int *perr);
-static int bitstr_cb(const char *elem, int len, void *bitstr);
-static int asn1_cb(const char *elem, int len, void *bitstr);
-static int append_exp(tag_exp_arg *arg, int exp_tag, int exp_class,
-                      int exp_constructed, int exp_pad, int imp_ok);
-static int parse_tagging(const char *vstart, int vlen, int *ptag,
-                         int *pclass);
-static ASN1_TYPE *asn1_multi(int utype, const char *section, X509V3_CTX *cnf,
-                             int depth, int *perr);
-static ASN1_TYPE *asn1_str2type(const char *str, int format, int utype);
-static int asn1_str2tag(const char *tagstr, int len);
-
-ASN1_TYPE *ASN1_generate_v3(const char *str, X509V3_CTX *cnf)
-{
-    int err = 0;
-    ASN1_TYPE *ret = generate_v3(str, cnf, 0, &err);
-    if (err)
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, err);
-    return ret;
-}
+// Although this file is in crypto/x509 for layering purposes, it emits
+// errors from the ASN.1 module for OpenSSL compatibility.
 
-static ASN1_TYPE *generate_v3(const char *str, X509V3_CTX *cnf, int depth,
-                              int *perr)
-{
-    ASN1_TYPE *ret;
-    tag_exp_arg asn1_tags;
-    tag_exp_type *etmp;
-
-    int i, len;
-
-    unsigned char *orig_der = NULL, *new_der = NULL;
-    const unsigned char *cpy_start;
-    unsigned char *p;
-    const unsigned char *cp;
-    int cpy_len;
-    long hdr_len = 0;
-    int hdr_constructed = 0, hdr_tag, hdr_class;
-    int r;
-
-    asn1_tags.imp_tag = -1;
-    asn1_tags.imp_class = -1;
-    asn1_tags.format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII;
-    asn1_tags.exp_count = 0;
-    if (CONF_parse_list(str, ',', 1, asn1_cb, &asn1_tags) != 0) {
-        *perr = ASN1_R_UNKNOWN_TAG;
-        return NULL;
-    }
+// ASN1_GEN_MAX_DEPTH is the maximum number of nested TLVs allowed.
+#define ASN1_GEN_MAX_DEPTH 50
 
-    if ((asn1_tags.utype == V_ASN1_SEQUENCE)
-        || (asn1_tags.utype == V_ASN1_SET)) {
-        if (!cnf) {
-            *perr = ASN1_R_SEQUENCE_OR_SET_NEEDS_CONFIG;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        if (depth >= ASN1_GEN_SEQ_MAX_DEPTH) {
-            *perr = ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_NESTED_TAGGING;
-            return NULL;
-        }
-        ret = asn1_multi(asn1_tags.utype, asn1_tags.str, cnf, depth, perr);
-    } else
-        ret = asn1_str2type(asn1_tags.str, asn1_tags.format, asn1_tags.utype);
-
-    if (!ret)
-        return NULL;
-
-    /* If no tagging return base type */
-    if ((asn1_tags.imp_tag == -1) && (asn1_tags.exp_count == 0))
-        return ret;
-
-    /* Generate the encoding */
-    cpy_len = i2d_ASN1_TYPE(ret, &orig_der);
-    ASN1_TYPE_free(ret);
-    ret = NULL;
-    /* Set point to start copying for modified encoding */
-    cpy_start = orig_der;
-
-    /* Do we need IMPLICIT tagging? */
-    if (asn1_tags.imp_tag != -1) {
-        /* If IMPLICIT we will replace the underlying tag */
-        /* Skip existing tag+len */
-        r = ASN1_get_object(&cpy_start, &hdr_len, &hdr_tag, &hdr_class,
-                            cpy_len);
-        if (r & 0x80)
-            goto err;
-        /* Update copy length */
-        cpy_len -= cpy_start - orig_der;
-        /*
-         * For IMPLICIT tagging the length should match the original length
-         * and constructed flag should be consistent.
-         */
-        hdr_constructed = r & V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED;
-        /*
-         * Work out new length with IMPLICIT tag: ignore constructed because
-         * it will mess up if indefinite length
-         */
-        len = ASN1_object_size(0, hdr_len, asn1_tags.imp_tag);
-    } else
-        len = cpy_len;
-
-    /* Work out length in any EXPLICIT, starting from end */
-
-    for (i = 0, etmp = asn1_tags.exp_list + asn1_tags.exp_count - 1;
-         i < asn1_tags.exp_count; i++, etmp--) {
-        /* Content length: number of content octets + any padding */
-        len += etmp->exp_pad;
-        etmp->exp_len = len;
-        /* Total object length: length including new header */
-        len = ASN1_object_size(0, len, etmp->exp_tag);
-    }
-
-    /* Allocate buffer for new encoding */
+// ASN1_GEN_MAX_OUTPUT is the maximum output, in bytes, allowed. This limit is
+// necessary because the SEQUENCE and SET section reference mechanism allows the
+// output length to grow super-linearly with the input length.
+#define ASN1_GEN_MAX_OUTPUT (64 * 1024)
 
-    new_der = OPENSSL_malloc(len);
-    if (!new_der)
-        goto err;
+// ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_* are the values for the format modifiers.
+#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII 1
+#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_UTF8 2
+#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_HEX 3
+#define ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_BITLIST 4
 
-    /* Generate tagged encoding */
+// generate_v3 converts |str| into an ASN.1 structure and writes the result to
+// |cbb|. It returns one on success and zero on error. |depth| bounds recursion,
+// and |format| specifies the current format modifier.
+//
+// If |tag| is non-zero, the structure is implicitly tagged with |tag|. |tag|
+// must not have the constructed bit set.
+static int generate_v3(CBB *cbb, const char *str, const X509V3_CTX *cnf,
+                       CBS_ASN1_TAG tag, int format, int depth);
+
+static int bitstr_cb(const char *elem, size_t len, void *bitstr);
+
+ASN1_TYPE *ASN1_generate_v3(const char *str, const X509V3_CTX *cnf) {
+  CBB cbb;
+  if (!CBB_init(&cbb, 0) ||  //
+      !generate_v3(&cbb, str, cnf, /*tag=*/0, ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII,
+                   /*depth=*/0)) {
+    CBB_cleanup(&cbb);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  // While not strictly necessary to avoid a DoS (we rely on any super-linear
+  // checks being performed internally), cap the overall output to
+  // |ASN1_GEN_MAX_OUTPUT| so the externally-visible behavior is consistent.
+  if (CBB_len(&cbb) > ASN1_GEN_MAX_OUTPUT) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_TOO_LONG);
+    CBB_cleanup(&cbb);
+    return NULL;
+  }
 
-    p = new_der;
+  const uint8_t *der = CBB_data(&cbb);
+  ASN1_TYPE *ret = d2i_ASN1_TYPE(NULL, &der, CBB_len(&cbb));
+  CBB_cleanup(&cbb);
+  return ret;
+}
 
-    /* Output explicit tags first */
+static int cbs_str_equal(const CBS *cbs, const char *str) {
+  return CBS_len(cbs) == strlen(str) &&
+         OPENSSL_memcmp(CBS_data(cbs), str, strlen(str)) == 0;
+}
 
-    for (i = 0, etmp = asn1_tags.exp_list; i < asn1_tags.exp_count;
-         i++, etmp++) {
-        ASN1_put_object(&p, etmp->exp_constructed, etmp->exp_len,
-                        etmp->exp_tag, etmp->exp_class);
-        if (etmp->exp_pad)
-            *p++ = 0;
+// parse_tag decodes a tag specifier in |cbs|. It returns the tag on success or
+// zero on error.
+static CBS_ASN1_TAG parse_tag(const CBS *cbs) {
+  CBS copy = *cbs;
+  uint64_t num;
+  if (!CBS_get_u64_decimal(&copy, &num) ||
+      num > CBS_ASN1_TAG_NUMBER_MASK) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_NUMBER);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  CBS_ASN1_TAG tag_class = CBS_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+  // The tag may be suffixed by a class.
+  uint8_t c;
+  if (CBS_get_u8(&copy, &c)) {
+    switch (c) {
+      case 'U':
+        tag_class = CBS_ASN1_UNIVERSAL;
+        break;
+      case 'A':
+        tag_class = CBS_ASN1_APPLICATION;
+        break;
+      case 'P':
+        tag_class = CBS_ASN1_PRIVATE;
+        break;
+      case 'C':
+        tag_class = CBS_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
+        break;
+      default: {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_MODIFIER);
+        return 0;
+      }
     }
-
-    /* If IMPLICIT, output tag */
-
-    if (asn1_tags.imp_tag != -1) {
-        if (asn1_tags.imp_class == V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL
-            && (asn1_tags.imp_tag == V_ASN1_SEQUENCE
-                || asn1_tags.imp_tag == V_ASN1_SET))
-            hdr_constructed = V_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED;
-        ASN1_put_object(&p, hdr_constructed, hdr_len,
-                        asn1_tags.imp_tag, asn1_tags.imp_class);
+    if (CBS_len(&copy) != 0) {
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_MODIFIER);
+      return 0;
     }
+  }
 
-    /* Copy across original encoding */
-    OPENSSL_memcpy(p, cpy_start, cpy_len);
-
-    cp = new_der;
-
-    /* Obtain new ASN1_TYPE structure */
-    ret = d2i_ASN1_TYPE(NULL, &cp, len);
+  // Tag [UNIVERSAL 0] is reserved for indefinite-length end-of-contents. We
+  // also use zero in this file to indicator no explicit tagging.
+  if (tag_class == CBS_ASN1_UNIVERSAL && num == 0) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_NUMBER);
+    return 0;
+  }
 
- err:
-    if (orig_der)
-        OPENSSL_free(orig_der);
-    if (new_der)
-        OPENSSL_free(new_der);
-
-    return ret;
+  return tag_class | (CBS_ASN1_TAG)num;
+}
 
+static int generate_wrapped(CBB *cbb, const char *str, const X509V3_CTX *cnf,
+                            CBS_ASN1_TAG tag, int padding, int format,
+                            int depth) {
+  CBB child;
+  return CBB_add_asn1(cbb, &child, tag) &&
+         (!padding || CBB_add_u8(&child, 0)) &&
+         generate_v3(&child, str, cnf, /*tag=*/0, format, depth + 1) &&
+         CBB_flush(cbb);
 }
 
-static int asn1_cb(const char *elem, int len, void *bitstr)
-{
-    tag_exp_arg *arg = bitstr;
-    int i;
-    int utype;
-    int vlen = 0;
-    const char *p, *vstart = NULL;
-
-    int tmp_tag, tmp_class;
-
-    if (elem == NULL)
-        return -1;
-
-    for (i = 0, p = elem; i < len; p++, i++) {
-        /* Look for the ':' in name value pairs */
-        if (*p == ':') {
-            vstart = p + 1;
-            vlen = len - (vstart - elem);
-            len = p - elem;
-            break;
-        }
+static int generate_v3(CBB *cbb, const char *str, const X509V3_CTX *cnf,
+                       CBS_ASN1_TAG tag, int format, int depth) {
+  assert((tag & CBS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED) == 0);
+  if (depth > ASN1_GEN_MAX_DEPTH) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_NESTED_TAGGING);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Process modifiers. This function uses a mix of NUL-terminated strings and
+  // |CBS|. Several functions only work with NUL-terminated strings, so we need
+  // to keep track of when a slice spans the whole buffer.
+  for (;;) {
+    // Skip whitespace.
+    while (*str != '\0' && OPENSSL_isspace((unsigned char)*str)) {
+      str++;
     }
 
-    utype = asn1_str2tag(elem, len);
-
-    if (utype == -1) {
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_UNKNOWN_TAG);
-        ERR_add_error_data(2, "tag=", elem);
-        return -1;
+    // Modifiers end at commas.
+    const char *comma = strchr(str, ',');
+    if (comma == NULL) {
+      break;
     }
 
-    /* If this is not a modifier mark end of string and exit */
-    if (!(utype & ASN1_GEN_FLAG)) {
-        arg->utype = utype;
-        arg->str = vstart;
-        /* If no value and not end of string, error */
-        if (!vstart && elem[len]) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_MISSING_VALUE);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    switch (utype) {
-
-    case ASN1_GEN_FLAG_IMP:
-        /* Check for illegal multiple IMPLICIT tagging */
-        if (arg->imp_tag != -1) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_NESTED_TAGGING);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (!parse_tagging(vstart, vlen, &arg->imp_tag, &arg->imp_class))
-            return -1;
-        break;
-
-    case ASN1_GEN_FLAG_EXP:
-
-        if (!parse_tagging(vstart, vlen, &tmp_tag, &tmp_class))
-            return -1;
-        if (!append_exp(arg, tmp_tag, tmp_class, 1, 0, 0))
-            return -1;
-        break;
-
-    case ASN1_GEN_FLAG_SEQWRAP:
-        if (!append_exp(arg, V_ASN1_SEQUENCE, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 1, 0, 1))
-            return -1;
-        break;
-
-    case ASN1_GEN_FLAG_SETWRAP:
-        if (!append_exp(arg, V_ASN1_SET, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 1, 0, 1))
-            return -1;
-        break;
-
-    case ASN1_GEN_FLAG_BITWRAP:
-        if (!append_exp(arg, V_ASN1_BIT_STRING, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 0, 1, 1))
-            return -1;
-        break;
-
-    case ASN1_GEN_FLAG_OCTWRAP:
-        if (!append_exp(arg, V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 0, 0, 1))
-            return -1;
-        break;
-
-    case ASN1_GEN_FLAG_FORMAT:
-        if (!vstart) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_UNKNOWN_FORMAT);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        if (!strncmp(vstart, "ASCII", 5))
-            arg->format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII;
-        else if (!strncmp(vstart, "UTF8", 4))
-            arg->format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_UTF8;
-        else if (!strncmp(vstart, "HEX", 3))
-            arg->format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_HEX;
-        else if (!strncmp(vstart, "BITLIST", 7))
-            arg->format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_BITLIST;
-        else {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_UNKNOWN_FORMAT);
-            return -1;
-        }
+    // Remove trailing whitespace.
+    CBS modifier;
+    CBS_init(&modifier, (const uint8_t *)str, comma - str);
+    for (;;) {
+      uint8_t v;
+      CBS copy = modifier;
+      if (!CBS_get_last_u8(&copy, &v) || !OPENSSL_isspace(v)) {
         break;
-
+      }
+      modifier = copy;
     }
 
-    return 1;
+    // Advance the string past the modifier, but save the original value. We
+    // will need to rewind if this is not a recognized modifier.
+    const char *str_old = str;
+    str = comma + 1;
 
-}
+    // Each modifier is either NAME:VALUE or NAME.
+    CBS name;
+    int has_value = CBS_get_until_first(&modifier, &name, ':');
+    if (has_value) {
+      CBS_skip(&modifier, 1);  // Skip the colon.
+    } else {
+      name = modifier;
+      CBS_init(&modifier, NULL, 0);
+    }
 
-static int parse_tagging(const char *vstart, int vlen, int *ptag, int *pclass)
-{
-    char erch[2];
-    long tag_num;
-    char *eptr;
-    if (!vstart)
+    if (cbs_str_equal(&name, "FORMAT") || cbs_str_equal(&name, "FORM")) {
+      if (cbs_str_equal(&modifier, "ASCII")) {
+        format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII;
+      } else if (cbs_str_equal(&modifier, "UTF8")) {
+        format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_UTF8;
+      } else if (cbs_str_equal(&modifier, "HEX")) {
+        format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_HEX;
+      } else if (cbs_str_equal(&modifier, "BITLIST")) {
+        format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_BITLIST;
+      } else {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_UNKNOWN_FORMAT);
+        return 0;
+      }
+    } else if (cbs_str_equal(&name, "IMP") ||
+               cbs_str_equal(&name, "IMPLICIT")) {
+      if (tag != 0) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_NESTED_TAGGING);
         return 0;
-    tag_num = strtoul(vstart, &eptr, 10);
-    /* Check we haven't gone past max length: should be impossible */
-    if (eptr && *eptr && (eptr > vstart + vlen))
+      }
+      tag = parse_tag(&modifier);
+      if (tag == 0) {
         return 0;
-    if (tag_num < 0) {
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_NUMBER);
+      }
+    } else if (cbs_str_equal(&name, "EXP") ||
+               cbs_str_equal(&name, "EXPLICIT")) {
+      // It would actually be supportable, but OpenSSL does not allow wrapping
+      // an explicit tag in an implicit tag.
+      if (tag != 0) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_NESTED_TAGGING);
         return 0;
+      }
+      tag = parse_tag(&modifier);
+      return tag != 0 &&
+             generate_wrapped(cbb, str, cnf, tag | CBS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED,
+                              /*padding=*/0, format, depth);
+    } else if (cbs_str_equal(&name, "OCTWRAP")) {
+      tag = tag == 0 ? CBS_ASN1_OCTETSTRING : tag;
+      return generate_wrapped(cbb, str, cnf, tag, /*padding=*/0, format, depth);
+    } else if (cbs_str_equal(&name, "BITWRAP")) {
+      tag = tag == 0 ? CBS_ASN1_BITSTRING : tag;
+      return generate_wrapped(cbb, str, cnf, tag, /*padding=*/1, format, depth);
+    } else if (cbs_str_equal(&name, "SEQWRAP")) {
+      tag = tag == 0 ? CBS_ASN1_SEQUENCE : (tag | CBS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED);
+      tag |= CBS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED;
+      return generate_wrapped(cbb, str, cnf, tag, /*padding=*/0, format, depth);
+    } else if (cbs_str_equal(&name, "SETWRAP")) {
+      tag = tag == 0 ? CBS_ASN1_SET : (tag | CBS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED);
+      return generate_wrapped(cbb, str, cnf, tag, /*padding=*/0, format, depth);
+    } else {
+      // If this was not a recognized modifier, rewind |str| to before splitting
+      // on the comma. The type itself consumes all remaining input.
+      str = str_old;
+      break;
     }
-    *ptag = tag_num;
-    /* If we have non numeric characters, parse them */
-    if (eptr)
-        vlen -= eptr - vstart;
-    else
-        vlen = 0;
-    if (vlen) {
-        switch (*eptr) {
-
-        case 'U':
-            *pclass = V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL;
-            break;
-
-        case 'A':
-            *pclass = V_ASN1_APPLICATION;
-            break;
-
-        case 'P':
-            *pclass = V_ASN1_PRIVATE;
-            break;
-
-        case 'C':
-            *pclass = V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
-            break;
-
-        default:
-            erch[0] = *eptr;
-            erch[1] = 0;
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_MODIFIER);
-            ERR_add_error_data(2, "Char=", erch);
-            return 0;
-            break;
-
-        }
-    } else
-        *pclass = V_ASN1_CONTEXT_SPECIFIC;
-
-    return 1;
-
-}
-
-/* Handle multiple types: SET and SEQUENCE */
-
-static ASN1_TYPE *asn1_multi(int utype, const char *section, X509V3_CTX *cnf,
-                             int depth, int *perr)
-{
-    ASN1_TYPE *ret = NULL;
-    STACK_OF(ASN1_TYPE) *sk = NULL;
-    STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *sect = NULL;
-    unsigned char *der = NULL;
-    int derlen;
-    size_t i;
-    sk = sk_ASN1_TYPE_new_null();
-    if (!sk)
-        goto bad;
-    if (section) {
-        if (!cnf)
-            goto bad;
-        sect = X509V3_get_section(cnf, (char *)section);
-        if (!sect)
-            goto bad;
-        for (i = 0; i < sk_CONF_VALUE_num(sect); i++) {
-            ASN1_TYPE *typ =
-                generate_v3(sk_CONF_VALUE_value(sect, i)->value, cnf,
-                            depth + 1, perr);
-            if (!typ)
-                goto bad;
-            if (!sk_ASN1_TYPE_push(sk, typ))
-                goto bad;
-        }
+  }
+
+  // The final element is, like modifiers, NAME:VALUE or NAME, but VALUE spans
+  // the length of the string, including any commas.
+  const char *colon = strchr(str, ':');
+  CBS name;
+  const char *value;
+  int has_value = colon != NULL;
+  if (has_value) {
+    CBS_init(&name, (const uint8_t *)str, colon - str);
+    value = colon + 1;
+  } else {
+    CBS_init(&name, (const uint8_t *)str, strlen(str));
+    value = "";  // Most types treat missing and empty value equivalently.
+  }
+
+  static const struct {
+    const char *name;
+    CBS_ASN1_TAG type;
+  } kTypes[] = {
+      {"BOOL", CBS_ASN1_BOOLEAN},
+      {"BOOLEAN", CBS_ASN1_BOOLEAN},
+      {"NULL", CBS_ASN1_NULL},
+      {"INT", CBS_ASN1_INTEGER},
+      {"INTEGER", CBS_ASN1_INTEGER},
+      {"ENUM", CBS_ASN1_ENUMERATED},
+      {"ENUMERATED", CBS_ASN1_ENUMERATED},
+      {"OID", CBS_ASN1_OBJECT},
+      {"OBJECT", CBS_ASN1_OBJECT},
+      {"UTCTIME", CBS_ASN1_UTCTIME},
+      {"UTC", CBS_ASN1_UTCTIME},
+      {"GENERALIZEDTIME", CBS_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME},
+      {"GENTIME", CBS_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME},
+      {"OCT", CBS_ASN1_OCTETSTRING},
+      {"OCTETSTRING", CBS_ASN1_OCTETSTRING},
+      {"BITSTR", CBS_ASN1_BITSTRING},
+      {"BITSTRING", CBS_ASN1_BITSTRING},
+      {"UNIVERSALSTRING", CBS_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING},
+      {"UNIV", CBS_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING},
+      {"IA5", CBS_ASN1_IA5STRING},
+      {"IA5STRING", CBS_ASN1_IA5STRING},
+      {"UTF8", CBS_ASN1_UTF8STRING},
+      {"UTF8String", CBS_ASN1_UTF8STRING},
+      {"BMP", CBS_ASN1_BMPSTRING},
+      {"BMPSTRING", CBS_ASN1_BMPSTRING},
+      {"PRINTABLESTRING", CBS_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING},
+      {"PRINTABLE", CBS_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING},
+      {"T61", CBS_ASN1_T61STRING},
+      {"T61STRING", CBS_ASN1_T61STRING},
+      {"TELETEXSTRING", CBS_ASN1_T61STRING},
+      {"SEQUENCE", CBS_ASN1_SEQUENCE},
+      {"SEQ", CBS_ASN1_SEQUENCE},
+      {"SET", CBS_ASN1_SET},
+  };
+  CBS_ASN1_TAG type = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < OPENSSL_ARRAY_SIZE(kTypes); i++) {
+    if (cbs_str_equal(&name, kTypes[i].name)) {
+      type = kTypes[i].type;
+      break;
     }
+  }
+  if (type == 0) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_UNKNOWN_TAG);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // If there is an implicit tag, use the constructed bit from the base type.
+  tag = tag == 0 ? type : (tag | (type & CBS_ASN1_CONSTRUCTED));
+  CBB child;
+  if (!CBB_add_asn1(cbb, &child, tag)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  switch (type) {
+    case CBS_ASN1_NULL:
+      if (*value != '\0') {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_NULL_VALUE);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      return CBB_flush(cbb);
 
-    /*
-     * Now we has a STACK of the components, convert to the correct form
-     */
-
-    if (utype == V_ASN1_SET)
-        derlen = i2d_ASN1_SET_ANY(sk, &der);
-    else
-        derlen = i2d_ASN1_SEQUENCE_ANY(sk, &der);
-
-    if (derlen < 0)
-        goto bad;
-
-    if (!(ret = ASN1_TYPE_new()))
-        goto bad;
-
-    if (!(ret->value.asn1_string = ASN1_STRING_type_new(utype)))
-        goto bad;
-
-    ret->type = utype;
-
-    ret->value.asn1_string->data = der;
-    ret->value.asn1_string->length = derlen;
-
-    der = NULL;
-
- bad:
-
-    if (der)
-        OPENSSL_free(der);
-
-    if (sk)
-        sk_ASN1_TYPE_pop_free(sk, ASN1_TYPE_free);
-    if (sect)
-        X509V3_section_free(cnf, sect);
-
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static int append_exp(tag_exp_arg *arg, int exp_tag, int exp_class,
-                      int exp_constructed, int exp_pad, int imp_ok)
-{
-    tag_exp_type *exp_tmp;
-    /* Can only have IMPLICIT if permitted */
-    if ((arg->imp_tag != -1) && !imp_ok) {
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_IMPLICIT_TAG);
+    case CBS_ASN1_BOOLEAN: {
+      if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      ASN1_BOOLEAN boolean;
+      if (!X509V3_bool_from_string(value, &boolean)) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_BOOLEAN);
         return 0;
+      }
+      return CBB_add_u8(&child, boolean ? 0xff : 0x00) && CBB_flush(cbb);
     }
 
-    if (arg->exp_count == ASN1_FLAG_EXP_MAX) {
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_DEPTH_EXCEEDED);
+    case CBS_ASN1_INTEGER:
+    case CBS_ASN1_ENUMERATED: {
+      if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INTEGER_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
         return 0;
+      }
+      ASN1_INTEGER *obj = s2i_ASN1_INTEGER(NULL, value);
+      if (obj == NULL) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_INTEGER);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      int len = i2c_ASN1_INTEGER(obj, NULL);
+      uint8_t *out;
+      int ok = len > 0 &&  //
+               CBB_add_space(&child, &out, len) &&
+               i2c_ASN1_INTEGER(obj, &out) == len &&
+               CBB_flush(cbb);
+      ASN1_INTEGER_free(obj);
+      return ok;
     }
 
-    exp_tmp = &arg->exp_list[arg->exp_count++];
-
-    /*
-     * If IMPLICIT set tag to implicit value then reset implicit tag since it
-     * has been used.
-     */
-    if (arg->imp_tag != -1) {
-        exp_tmp->exp_tag = arg->imp_tag;
-        exp_tmp->exp_class = arg->imp_class;
-        arg->imp_tag = -1;
-        arg->imp_class = -1;
-    } else {
-        exp_tmp->exp_tag = exp_tag;
-        exp_tmp->exp_class = exp_class;
+    case CBS_ASN1_OBJECT: {
+      if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_OBJECT_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      ASN1_OBJECT *obj = OBJ_txt2obj(value, /*dont_search_names=*/0);
+      if (obj == NULL || obj->length == 0) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_OBJECT);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      int ok = CBB_add_bytes(&child, obj->data, obj->length) && CBB_flush(cbb);
+      ASN1_OBJECT_free(obj);
+      return ok;
     }
-    exp_tmp->exp_constructed = exp_constructed;
-    exp_tmp->exp_pad = exp_pad;
 
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static int asn1_str2tag(const char *tagstr, int len)
-{
-    unsigned int i;
-    static const struct tag_name_st *tntmp, tnst[] = {
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("BOOL", V_ASN1_BOOLEAN),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("BOOLEAN", V_ASN1_BOOLEAN),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("NULL", V_ASN1_NULL),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("INT", V_ASN1_INTEGER),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("INTEGER", V_ASN1_INTEGER),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("ENUM", V_ASN1_ENUMERATED),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("ENUMERATED", V_ASN1_ENUMERATED),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("OID", V_ASN1_OBJECT),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("OBJECT", V_ASN1_OBJECT),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("UTCTIME", V_ASN1_UTCTIME),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("UTC", V_ASN1_UTCTIME),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("GENERALIZEDTIME", V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("GENTIME", V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("OCT", V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("OCTETSTRING", V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("BITSTR", V_ASN1_BIT_STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("BITSTRING", V_ASN1_BIT_STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("UNIVERSALSTRING", V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("UNIV", V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("IA5", V_ASN1_IA5STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("IA5STRING", V_ASN1_IA5STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("UTF8", V_ASN1_UTF8STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("UTF8String", V_ASN1_UTF8STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("BMP", V_ASN1_BMPSTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("BMPSTRING", V_ASN1_BMPSTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("VISIBLESTRING", V_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("VISIBLE", V_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("PRINTABLESTRING", V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("PRINTABLE", V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("T61", V_ASN1_T61STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("T61STRING", V_ASN1_T61STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("TELETEXSTRING", V_ASN1_T61STRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("GeneralString", V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("GENSTR", V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("NUMERIC", V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("NUMERICSTRING", V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING),
-
-        /* Special cases */
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("SEQUENCE", V_ASN1_SEQUENCE),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("SEQ", V_ASN1_SEQUENCE),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("SET", V_ASN1_SET),
-        /* type modifiers */
-        /* Explicit tag */
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("EXP", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_EXP),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("EXPLICIT", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_EXP),
-        /* Implicit tag */
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("IMP", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_IMP),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("IMPLICIT", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_IMP),
-        /* OCTET STRING wrapper */
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("OCTWRAP", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_OCTWRAP),
-        /* SEQUENCE wrapper */
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("SEQWRAP", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_SEQWRAP),
-        /* SET wrapper */
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("SETWRAP", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_SETWRAP),
-        /* BIT STRING wrapper */
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("BITWRAP", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_BITWRAP),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("FORM", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_FORMAT),
-        ASN1_GEN_STR("FORMAT", ASN1_GEN_FLAG_FORMAT),
-    };
-
-    if (len == -1)
-        len = strlen(tagstr);
-
-    tntmp = tnst;
-    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(tnst) / sizeof(struct tag_name_st); i++, tntmp++) {
-        if ((len == tntmp->len) && !strncmp(tntmp->strnam, tagstr, len))
-            return tntmp->tag;
+    case CBS_ASN1_UTCTIME:
+    case CBS_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME: {
+      if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_TIME_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      CBS value_cbs;
+      CBS_init(&value_cbs, (const uint8_t*)value, strlen(value));
+      int ok = type == CBS_ASN1_UTCTIME
+                   ? CBS_parse_utc_time(&value_cbs, NULL,
+                                        /*allow_timezone_offset=*/0)
+                   : CBS_parse_generalized_time(&value_cbs, NULL,
+                                                /*allow_timezone_offset=*/0);
+      if (!ok) {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_TIME_VALUE);
+        return 0;
+      }
+      return CBB_add_bytes(&child, (const uint8_t *)value, strlen(value)) &&
+             CBB_flush(cbb);
     }
 
-    return -1;
-}
-
-static ASN1_TYPE *asn1_str2type(const char *str, int format, int utype)
-{
-    ASN1_TYPE *atmp = NULL;
-
-    CONF_VALUE vtmp;
-
-    unsigned char *rdata;
-    long rdlen;
-
-    int no_unused = 1;
-
-    if (!(atmp = ASN1_TYPE_new())) {
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
-        return NULL;
+    case CBS_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING:
+    case CBS_ASN1_IA5STRING:
+    case CBS_ASN1_UTF8STRING:
+    case CBS_ASN1_BMPSTRING:
+    case CBS_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING:
+    case CBS_ASN1_T61STRING: {
+      int encoding;
+      if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
+        encoding = MBSTRING_ASC;
+      } else if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_UTF8) {
+        encoding = MBSTRING_UTF8;
+      } else {
+        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_FORMAT);
+        return 0;
+      }
+
+      // |maxsize| is measured in code points, rather than bytes, but pass it in
+      // as a loose cap so fuzzers can exit from excessively long inputs
+      // earlier. This limit is not load-bearing because |ASN1_mbstring_ncopy|'s
+      // output is already linear in the input.
+      ASN1_STRING *obj = NULL;
+      if (ASN1_mbstring_ncopy(&obj, (const uint8_t *)value, -1, encoding,
+                              ASN1_tag2bit(type), /*minsize=*/0,
+                              /*maxsize=*/ASN1_GEN_MAX_OUTPUT) <= 0) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      int ok = CBB_add_bytes(&child, obj->data, obj->length) && CBB_flush(cbb);
+      ASN1_STRING_free(obj);
+      return ok;
     }
 
-    if (!str)
-        str = "";
-
-    switch (utype) {
-
-    case V_ASN1_NULL:
-        if (str && *str) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_NULL_VALUE);
-            goto bad_form;
-        }
-        break;
-
-    case V_ASN1_BOOLEAN:
-        if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
-            goto bad_form;
-        }
-        vtmp.name = NULL;
-        vtmp.section = NULL;
-        vtmp.value = (char *)str;
-        if (!X509V3_get_value_bool(&vtmp, &atmp->value.boolean)) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_BOOLEAN);
-            goto bad_str;
-        }
-        break;
-
-    case V_ASN1_INTEGER:
-    case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
-        if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INTEGER_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
-            goto bad_form;
-        }
-        if (!(atmp->value.integer = s2i_ASN1_INTEGER(NULL, (char *)str))) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_INTEGER);
-            goto bad_str;
-        }
-        break;
-
-    case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
-        if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_OBJECT_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
-            goto bad_form;
-        }
-        if (!(atmp->value.object = OBJ_txt2obj(str, 0))) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_OBJECT);
-            goto bad_str;
-        }
-        break;
-
-    case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:
-    case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
-        if (format != ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_TIME_NOT_ASCII_FORMAT);
-            goto bad_form;
-        }
-        if (!(atmp->value.asn1_string = ASN1_STRING_new())) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
-            goto bad_str;
-        }
-        if (!ASN1_STRING_set(atmp->value.asn1_string, str, -1)) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
-            goto bad_str;
+    case CBS_ASN1_BITSTRING:
+      if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_BITLIST) {
+        ASN1_BIT_STRING *obj = ASN1_BIT_STRING_new();
+        if (obj == NULL) {
+          return 0;
         }
-        atmp->value.asn1_string->type = utype;
-        if (!ASN1_TIME_check(atmp->value.asn1_string)) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_TIME_VALUE);
-            goto bad_str;
-        }
-
-        break;
-
-    case V_ASN1_BMPSTRING:
-    case V_ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING:
-    case V_ASN1_IA5STRING:
-    case V_ASN1_T61STRING:
-    case V_ASN1_UTF8STRING:
-    case V_ASN1_VISIBLESTRING:
-    case V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING:
-    case V_ASN1_GENERALSTRING:
-    case V_ASN1_NUMERICSTRING:
-
-        if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII)
-            format = MBSTRING_ASC;
-        else if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_UTF8)
-            format = MBSTRING_UTF8;
-        else {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_FORMAT);
-            goto bad_form;
+        if (!CONF_parse_list(value, ',', 1, bitstr_cb, obj)) {
+          OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_LIST_ERROR);
+          ASN1_BIT_STRING_free(obj);
+          return 0;
         }
-
-        if (ASN1_mbstring_copy(&atmp->value.asn1_string, (unsigned char *)str,
-                               -1, format, ASN1_tag2bit(utype)) <= 0) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
-            goto bad_str;
+        int len = i2c_ASN1_BIT_STRING(obj, NULL);
+        uint8_t *out;
+        int ok = len > 0 &&  //
+                 CBB_add_space(&child, &out, len) &&
+                 i2c_ASN1_BIT_STRING(obj, &out) == len &&  //
+                 CBB_flush(cbb);
+        ASN1_BIT_STRING_free(obj);
+        return ok;
+      }
+
+      // The other formats are the same as OCTET STRING, but with the leading
+      // zero bytes.
+      if (!CBB_add_u8(&child, 0)) {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      OPENSSL_FALLTHROUGH;
+
+    case CBS_ASN1_OCTETSTRING:
+      if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII) {
+        return CBB_add_bytes(&child, (const uint8_t *)value, strlen(value)) &&
+               CBB_flush(cbb);
+      }
+      if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_HEX) {
+        long len;
+        uint8_t *data = x509v3_hex_to_bytes(value, &len);
+        if (data == NULL) {
+          OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_HEX);
+          return 0;
         }
-
-        break;
-
-    case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
-
-    case V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING:
-
-        if (!(atmp->value.asn1_string = ASN1_STRING_new())) {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
-            goto bad_form;
+        int ok = CBB_add_bytes(&child, data, len) && CBB_flush(cbb);
+        OPENSSL_free(data);
+        return ok;
+      }
+
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_BITSTRING_FORMAT);
+      return 0;
+
+    case CBS_ASN1_SEQUENCE:
+    case CBS_ASN1_SET:
+      if (has_value) {
+        if (cnf == NULL) {
+          OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_SEQUENCE_OR_SET_NEEDS_CONFIG);
+          return 0;
         }
-
-        if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_HEX) {
-
-            if (!(rdata = x509v3_hex_to_bytes((char *)str, &rdlen))) {
-                OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_HEX);
-                goto bad_str;
-            }
-
-            atmp->value.asn1_string->data = rdata;
-            atmp->value.asn1_string->length = rdlen;
-            atmp->value.asn1_string->type = utype;
-
-        } else if (format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII)
-            ASN1_STRING_set(atmp->value.asn1_string, str, -1);
-        else if ((format == ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_BITLIST)
-                 && (utype == V_ASN1_BIT_STRING)) {
-            if (!CONF_parse_list
-                (str, ',', 1, bitstr_cb, atmp->value.bit_string)) {
-                OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_LIST_ERROR);
-                goto bad_str;
-            }
-            no_unused = 0;
-
-        } else {
-            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_ILLEGAL_BITSTRING_FORMAT);
-            goto bad_form;
+        const STACK_OF(CONF_VALUE) *section = X509V3_get_section(cnf, value);
+        if (section == NULL) {
+          OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_SEQUENCE_OR_SET_NEEDS_CONFIG);
+          return 0;
         }
-
-        if ((utype == V_ASN1_BIT_STRING) && no_unused) {
-            atmp->value.asn1_string->flags
-                &= ~(ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT | 0x07);
-            atmp->value.asn1_string->flags |= ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < sk_CONF_VALUE_num(section); i++) {
+          const CONF_VALUE *conf = sk_CONF_VALUE_value(section, i);
+          if (!generate_v3(&child, conf->value, cnf, /*tag=*/0,
+                           ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII, depth + 1)) {
+            return 0;
+          }
+          // This recursive call, by referencing |section|, is the one place
+          // where |generate_v3|'s output can be super-linear in the input.
+          // Check bounds here.
+          if (CBB_len(&child) > ASN1_GEN_MAX_OUTPUT) {
+            OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_TOO_LONG);
+            return 0;
+          }
         }
-
-        break;
+      }
+      if (type == CBS_ASN1_SET) {
+        // The SET type here is a SET OF and must be sorted.
+        return CBB_flush_asn1_set_of(&child) && CBB_flush(cbb);
+      }
+      return CBB_flush(cbb);
 
     default:
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_UNSUPPORTED_TYPE);
-        goto bad_str;
-        break;
-    }
-
-    atmp->type = utype;
-    return atmp;
-
- bad_str:
-    ERR_add_error_data(2, "string=", str);
- bad_form:
-
-    ASN1_TYPE_free(atmp);
-    return NULL;
-
+      OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ERR_R_INTERNAL_ERROR);
+      return 0;
+  }
 }
 
-static int bitstr_cb(const char *elem, int len, void *bitstr)
-{
-    long bitnum;
-    char *eptr;
-    if (!elem)
-        return 0;
-    bitnum = strtoul(elem, &eptr, 10);
-    if (eptr && *eptr && (eptr != elem + len))
-        return 0;
-    if (bitnum < 0) {
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_NUMBER);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    if (!ASN1_BIT_STRING_set_bit(bitstr, bitnum, 1)) {
-        OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ERR_R_MALLOC_FAILURE);
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return 1;
+static int bitstr_cb(const char *elem, size_t len, void *bitstr) {
+  CBS cbs;
+  CBS_init(&cbs, (const uint8_t *)elem, len);
+  uint64_t bitnum;
+  if (!CBS_get_u64_decimal(&cbs, &bitnum) || CBS_len(&cbs) != 0 ||
+      // Cap the highest allowed bit so this mechanism cannot be used to create
+      // extremely large allocations with short inputs. The highest named bit in
+      // RFC 5280 is 8, so 256 should give comfortable margin but still only
+      // allow a 32-byte allocation.
+      //
+      // We do not consider this function to be safe with untrusted inputs (even
+      // without bugs, it is prone to string injection vulnerabilities), so DoS
+      // is not truly a concern, but the limit is necessary to keep fuzzing
+      // effective.
+      bitnum > 256) {
+    OPENSSL_PUT_ERROR(ASN1, ASN1_R_INVALID_NUMBER);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if (!ASN1_BIT_STRING_set_bit(bitstr, (int)bitnum, 1)) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
 }