grpc 1.45.0-x86_64-linux → 1.47.0-x86_64-linux

data/third_party/re2/re2/dfa.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,2118 @@
+// Copyright 2008 The RE2 Authors.  All Rights Reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+// A DFA (deterministic finite automaton)-based regular expression search.
+//
+// The DFA search has two main parts: the construction of the automaton,
+// which is represented by a graph of State structures, and the execution
+// of the automaton over a given input string.
+//
+// The basic idea is that the State graph is constructed so that the
+// execution can simply start with a state s, and then for each byte c in
+// the input string, execute "s = s->next[c]", checking at each point whether
+// the current s represents a matching state.
+//
+// The simple explanation just given does convey the essence of this code,
+// but it omits the details of how the State graph gets constructed as well
+// as some performance-driven optimizations to the execution of the automaton.
+// All these details are explained in the comments for the code following
+// the definition of class DFA.
+//
+// See http://swtch.com/~rsc/regexp/ for a very bare-bones equivalent.
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <deque>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <new>
+#include <string>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "util/logging.h"
+#include "util/mix.h"
+#include "util/mutex.h"
+#include "util/strutil.h"
+#include "re2/pod_array.h"
+#include "re2/prog.h"
+#include "re2/re2.h"
+#include "re2/sparse_set.h"
+#include "re2/stringpiece.h"
+
+// Silence "zero-sized array in struct/union" warning for DFA::State::next_.
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(disable: 4200)
+#endif
+
+namespace re2 {
+
+// Controls whether the DFA should bail out early if the NFA would be faster.
+static bool dfa_should_bail_when_slow = true;
+
+void Prog::TESTING_ONLY_set_dfa_should_bail_when_slow(bool b) {
+  dfa_should_bail_when_slow = b;
+}
+
+// Changing this to true compiles in prints that trace execution of the DFA.
+// Generates a lot of output -- only useful for debugging.
+static const bool ExtraDebug = false;
+
+// A DFA implementation of a regular expression program.
+// Since this is entirely a forward declaration mandated by C++,
+// some of the comments here are better understood after reading
+// the comments in the sections that follow the DFA definition.
+class DFA {
+ public:
+  DFA(Prog* prog, Prog::MatchKind kind, int64_t max_mem);
+  ~DFA();
+  bool ok() const { return !init_failed_; }
+  Prog::MatchKind kind() { return kind_; }
+
+  // Searches for the regular expression in text, which is considered
+  // as a subsection of context for the purposes of interpreting flags
+  // like ^ and $ and \A and \z.
+  // Returns whether a match was found.
+  // If a match is found, sets *ep to the end point of the best match in text.
+  // If "anchored", the match must begin at the start of text.
+  // If "want_earliest_match", the match that ends first is used, not
+  //   necessarily the best one.
+  // If "run_forward" is true, the DFA runs from text.begin() to text.end().
+  //   If it is false, the DFA runs from text.end() to text.begin(),
+  //   returning the leftmost end of the match instead of the rightmost one.
+  // If the DFA cannot complete the search (for example, if it is out of
+  //   memory), it sets *failed and returns false.
+  bool Search(const StringPiece& text, const StringPiece& context,
+              bool anchored, bool want_earliest_match, bool run_forward,
+              bool* failed, const char** ep, SparseSet* matches);
+
+  // Builds out all states for the entire DFA.
+  // If cb is not empty, it receives one callback per state built.
+  // Returns the number of states built.
+  // FOR TESTING OR EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES ONLY.
+  int BuildAllStates(const Prog::DFAStateCallback& cb);
+
+  // Computes min and max for matching strings.  Won't return strings
+  // bigger than maxlen.
+  bool PossibleMatchRange(std::string* min, std::string* max, int maxlen);
+
+  // These data structures are logically private, but C++ makes it too
+  // difficult to mark them as such.
+  class RWLocker;
+  class StateSaver;
+  class Workq;
+
+  // A single DFA state.  The DFA is represented as a graph of these
+  // States, linked by the next_ pointers.  If in state s and reading
+  // byte c, the next state should be s->next_[c].
+  struct State {
+    inline bool IsMatch() const { return (flag_ & kFlagMatch) != 0; }
+
+    int* inst_;         // Instruction pointers in the state.
+    int ninst_;         // # of inst_ pointers.
+    uint32_t flag_;     // Empty string bitfield flags in effect on the way
+                        // into this state, along with kFlagMatch if this
+                        // is a matching state.
+
+// Work around the bug affecting flexible array members in GCC 6.x (for x >= 1).
+// (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=70932)
+#if !defined(__clang__) && defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ == 6 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 1
+    std::atomic<State*> next_[0];   // Outgoing arrows from State,
+#else
+    std::atomic<State*> next_[];    // Outgoing arrows from State,
+#endif
+
+                        // one per input byte class
+  };
+
+  enum {
+    kByteEndText = 256,         // imaginary byte at end of text
+
+    kFlagEmptyMask = 0xFF,      // State.flag_: bits holding kEmptyXXX flags
+    kFlagMatch = 0x0100,        // State.flag_: this is a matching state
+    kFlagLastWord = 0x0200,     // State.flag_: last byte was a word char
+    kFlagNeedShift = 16,        // needed kEmpty bits are or'ed in shifted left
+  };
+
+  struct StateHash {
+    size_t operator()(const State* a) const {
+      DCHECK(a != NULL);
+      HashMix mix(a->flag_);
+      for (int i = 0; i < a->ninst_; i++)
+        mix.Mix(a->inst_[i]);
+      mix.Mix(0);
+      return mix.get();
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct StateEqual {
+    bool operator()(const State* a, const State* b) const {
+      DCHECK(a != NULL);
+      DCHECK(b != NULL);
+      if (a == b)
+        return true;
+      if (a->flag_ != b->flag_)
+        return false;
+      if (a->ninst_ != b->ninst_)
+        return false;
+      for (int i = 0; i < a->ninst_; i++)
+        if (a->inst_[i] != b->inst_[i])
+          return false;
+      return true;
+    }
+  };
+
+  typedef std::unordered_set<State*, StateHash, StateEqual> StateSet;
+
+ private:
+  // Make it easier to swap in a scalable reader-writer mutex.
+  using CacheMutex = Mutex;
+
+  enum {
+    // Indices into start_ for unanchored searches.
+    // Add kStartAnchored for anchored searches.
+    kStartBeginText = 0,          // text at beginning of context
+    kStartBeginLine = 2,          // text at beginning of line
+    kStartAfterWordChar = 4,      // text follows a word character
+    kStartAfterNonWordChar = 6,   // text follows non-word character
+    kMaxStart = 8,
+
+    kStartAnchored = 1,
+  };
+
+  // Resets the DFA State cache, flushing all saved State* information.
+  // Releases and reacquires cache_mutex_ via cache_lock, so any
+  // State* existing before the call are not valid after the call.
+  // Use a StateSaver to preserve important states across the call.
+  // cache_mutex_.r <= L < mutex_
+  // After: cache_mutex_.w <= L < mutex_
+  void ResetCache(RWLocker* cache_lock);
+
+  // Looks up and returns the State corresponding to a Workq.
+  // L >= mutex_
+  State* WorkqToCachedState(Workq* q, Workq* mq, uint32_t flag);
+
+  // Looks up and returns a State matching the inst, ninst, and flag.
+  // L >= mutex_
+  State* CachedState(int* inst, int ninst, uint32_t flag);
+
+  // Clear the cache entirely.
+  // Must hold cache_mutex_.w or be in destructor.
+  void ClearCache();
+
+  // Converts a State into a Workq: the opposite of WorkqToCachedState.
+  // L >= mutex_
+  void StateToWorkq(State* s, Workq* q);
+
+  // Runs a State on a given byte, returning the next state.
+  State* RunStateOnByteUnlocked(State*, int);  // cache_mutex_.r <= L < mutex_
+  State* RunStateOnByte(State*, int);          // L >= mutex_
+
+  // Runs a Workq on a given byte followed by a set of empty-string flags,
+  // producing a new Workq in nq.  If a match instruction is encountered,
+  // sets *ismatch to true.
+  // L >= mutex_
+  void RunWorkqOnByte(Workq* q, Workq* nq,
+                      int c, uint32_t flag, bool* ismatch);
+
+  // Runs a Workq on a set of empty-string flags, producing a new Workq in nq.
+  // L >= mutex_
+  void RunWorkqOnEmptyString(Workq* q, Workq* nq, uint32_t flag);
+
+  // Adds the instruction id to the Workq, following empty arrows
+  // according to flag.
+  // L >= mutex_
+  void AddToQueue(Workq* q, int id, uint32_t flag);
+
+  // For debugging, returns a text representation of State.
+  static std::string DumpState(State* state);
+
+  // For debugging, returns a text representation of a Workq.
+  static std::string DumpWorkq(Workq* q);
+
+  // Search parameters
+  struct SearchParams {
+    SearchParams(const StringPiece& text, const StringPiece& context,
+                 RWLocker* cache_lock)
+      : text(text),
+        context(context),
+        anchored(false),
+        can_prefix_accel(false),
+        want_earliest_match(false),
+        run_forward(false),
+        start(NULL),
+        cache_lock(cache_lock),
+        failed(false),
+        ep(NULL),
+        matches(NULL) {}
+
+    StringPiece text;
+    StringPiece context;
+    bool anchored;
+    bool can_prefix_accel;
+    bool want_earliest_match;
+    bool run_forward;
+    State* start;
+    RWLocker* cache_lock;
+    bool failed;     // "out" parameter: whether search gave up
+    const char* ep;  // "out" parameter: end pointer for match
+    SparseSet* matches;
+
+   private:
+    SearchParams(const SearchParams&) = delete;
+    SearchParams& operator=(const SearchParams&) = delete;
+  };
+
+  // Before each search, the parameters to Search are analyzed by
+  // AnalyzeSearch to determine the state in which to start.
+  struct StartInfo {
+    StartInfo() : start(NULL) {}
+    std::atomic<State*> start;
+  };
+
+  // Fills in params->start and params->can_prefix_accel using
+  // the other search parameters.  Returns true on success,
+  // false on failure.
+  // cache_mutex_.r <= L < mutex_
+  bool AnalyzeSearch(SearchParams* params);
+  bool AnalyzeSearchHelper(SearchParams* params, StartInfo* info,
+                           uint32_t flags);
+
+  // The generic search loop, inlined to create specialized versions.
+  // cache_mutex_.r <= L < mutex_
+  // Might unlock and relock cache_mutex_ via params->cache_lock.
+  template <bool can_prefix_accel,
+            bool want_earliest_match,
+            bool run_forward>
+  inline bool InlinedSearchLoop(SearchParams* params);
+
+  // The specialized versions of InlinedSearchLoop.  The three letters
+  // at the ends of the name denote the true/false values used as the
+  // last three parameters of InlinedSearchLoop.
+  // cache_mutex_.r <= L < mutex_
+  // Might unlock and relock cache_mutex_ via params->cache_lock.
+  bool SearchFFF(SearchParams* params);
+  bool SearchFFT(SearchParams* params);
+  bool SearchFTF(SearchParams* params);
+  bool SearchFTT(SearchParams* params);
+  bool SearchTFF(SearchParams* params);
+  bool SearchTFT(SearchParams* params);
+  bool SearchTTF(SearchParams* params);
+  bool SearchTTT(SearchParams* params);
+
+  // The main search loop: calls an appropriate specialized version of
+  // InlinedSearchLoop.
+  // cache_mutex_.r <= L < mutex_
+  // Might unlock and relock cache_mutex_ via params->cache_lock.
+  bool FastSearchLoop(SearchParams* params);
+
+
+  // Looks up bytes in bytemap_ but handles case c == kByteEndText too.
+  int ByteMap(int c) {
+    if (c == kByteEndText)
+      return prog_->bytemap_range();
+    return prog_->bytemap()[c];
+  }
+
+  // Constant after initialization.
+  Prog* prog_;              // The regular expression program to run.
+  Prog::MatchKind kind_;    // The kind of DFA.
+  bool init_failed_;        // initialization failed (out of memory)
+
+  Mutex mutex_;  // mutex_ >= cache_mutex_.r
+
+  // Scratch areas, protected by mutex_.
+  Workq* q0_;             // Two pre-allocated work queues.
+  Workq* q1_;
+  PODArray<int> stack_;   // Pre-allocated stack for AddToQueue
+
+  // State* cache.  Many threads use and add to the cache simultaneously,
+  // holding cache_mutex_ for reading and mutex_ (above) when adding.
+  // If the cache fills and needs to be discarded, the discarding is done
+  // while holding cache_mutex_ for writing, to avoid interrupting other
+  // readers.  Any State* pointers are only valid while cache_mutex_
+  // is held.
+  CacheMutex cache_mutex_;
+  int64_t mem_budget_;     // Total memory budget for all States.
+  int64_t state_budget_;   // Amount of memory remaining for new States.
+  StateSet state_cache_;   // All States computed so far.
+  StartInfo start_[kMaxStart];
+
+  DFA(const DFA&) = delete;
+  DFA& operator=(const DFA&) = delete;
+};
+
+// Shorthand for casting to uint8_t*.
+static inline const uint8_t* BytePtr(const void* v) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(v);
+}
+
+// Work queues
+
+// Marks separate thread groups of different priority
+// in the work queue when in leftmost-longest matching mode.
+#define Mark (-1)
+
+// Separates the match IDs from the instructions in inst_.
+// Used only for "many match" DFA states.
+#define MatchSep (-2)
+
+// Internally, the DFA uses a sparse array of
+// program instruction pointers as a work queue.
+// In leftmost longest mode, marks separate sections
+// of workq that started executing at different
+// locations in the string (earlier locations first).
+class DFA::Workq : public SparseSet {
+ public:
+  // Constructor: n is number of normal slots, maxmark number of mark slots.
+  Workq(int n, int maxmark) :
+    SparseSet(n+maxmark),
+    n_(n),
+    maxmark_(maxmark),
+    nextmark_(n),
+    last_was_mark_(true) {
+  }
+
+  bool is_mark(int i) { return i >= n_; }
+
+  int maxmark() { return maxmark_; }
+
+  void clear() {
+    SparseSet::clear();
+    nextmark_ = n_;
+  }
+
+  void mark() {
+    if (last_was_mark_)
+      return;
+    last_was_mark_ = false;
+    SparseSet::insert_new(nextmark_++);
+  }
+
+  int size() {
+    return n_ + maxmark_;
+  }
+
+  void insert(int id) {
+    if (contains(id))
+      return;
+    insert_new(id);
+  }
+
+  void insert_new(int id) {
+    last_was_mark_ = false;
+    SparseSet::insert_new(id);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  int n_;                // size excluding marks
+  int maxmark_;          // maximum number of marks
+  int nextmark_;         // id of next mark
+  bool last_was_mark_;   // last inserted was mark
+
+  Workq(const Workq&) = delete;
+  Workq& operator=(const Workq&) = delete;
+};
+
+DFA::DFA(Prog* prog, Prog::MatchKind kind, int64_t max_mem)
+  : prog_(prog),
+    kind_(kind),
+    init_failed_(false),
+    q0_(NULL),
+    q1_(NULL),
+    mem_budget_(max_mem) {
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, "\nkind %d\n%s\n", kind_, prog_->DumpUnanchored().c_str());
+  int nmark = 0;
+  if (kind_ == Prog::kLongestMatch)
+    nmark = prog_->size();
+  // See DFA::AddToQueue() for why this is so.
+  int nstack = prog_->inst_count(kInstCapture) +
+               prog_->inst_count(kInstEmptyWidth) +
+               prog_->inst_count(kInstNop) +
+               nmark + 1;  // + 1 for start inst
+
+  // Account for space needed for DFA, q0, q1, stack.
+  mem_budget_ -= sizeof(DFA);
+  mem_budget_ -= (prog_->size() + nmark) *
+                 (sizeof(int)+sizeof(int)) * 2;  // q0, q1
+  mem_budget_ -= nstack * sizeof(int);  // stack
+  if (mem_budget_ < 0) {
+    init_failed_ = true;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  state_budget_ = mem_budget_;
+
+  // Make sure there is a reasonable amount of working room left.
+  // At minimum, the search requires room for two states in order
+  // to limp along, restarting frequently.  We'll get better performance
+  // if there is room for a larger number of states, say 20.
+  // Note that a state stores list heads only, so we use the program
+  // list count for the upper bound, not the program size.
+  int nnext = prog_->bytemap_range() + 1;  // + 1 for kByteEndText slot
+  int64_t one_state = sizeof(State) + nnext*sizeof(std::atomic<State*>) +
+                      (prog_->list_count()+nmark)*sizeof(int);
+  if (state_budget_ < 20*one_state) {
+    init_failed_ = true;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  q0_ = new Workq(prog_->size(), nmark);
+  q1_ = new Workq(prog_->size(), nmark);
+  stack_ = PODArray<int>(nstack);
+}
+
+DFA::~DFA() {
+  delete q0_;
+  delete q1_;
+  ClearCache();
+}
+
+// In the DFA state graph, s->next[c] == NULL means that the
+// state has not yet been computed and needs to be.  We need
+// a different special value to signal that s->next[c] is a
+// state that can never lead to a match (and thus the search
+// can be called off).  Hence DeadState.
+#define DeadState reinterpret_cast<State*>(1)
+
+// Signals that the rest of the string matches no matter what it is.
+#define FullMatchState reinterpret_cast<State*>(2)
+
+#define SpecialStateMax FullMatchState
+
+// Debugging printouts
+
+// For debugging, returns a string representation of the work queue.
+std::string DFA::DumpWorkq(Workq* q) {
+  std::string s;
+  const char* sep = "";
+  for (Workq::iterator it = q->begin(); it != q->end(); ++it) {
+    if (q->is_mark(*it)) {
+      s += "|";
+      sep = "";
+    } else {
+      s += StringPrintf("%s%d", sep, *it);
+      sep = ",";
+    }
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+// For debugging, returns a string representation of the state.
+std::string DFA::DumpState(State* state) {
+  if (state == NULL)
+    return "_";
+  if (state == DeadState)
+    return "X";
+  if (state == FullMatchState)
+    return "*";
+  std::string s;
+  const char* sep = "";
+  s += StringPrintf("(%p)", state);
+  for (int i = 0; i < state->ninst_; i++) {
+    if (state->inst_[i] == Mark) {
+      s += "|";
+      sep = "";
+    } else if (state->inst_[i] == MatchSep) {
+      s += "||";
+      sep = "";
+    } else {
+      s += StringPrintf("%s%d", sep, state->inst_[i]);
+      sep = ",";
+    }
+  }
+  s += StringPrintf(" flag=%#x", state->flag_);
+  return s;
+}
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// DFA state graph construction.
+//
+// The DFA state graph is a heavily-linked collection of State* structures.
+// The state_cache_ is a set of all the State structures ever allocated,
+// so that if the same state is reached by two different paths,
+// the same State structure can be used.  This reduces allocation
+// requirements and also avoids duplication of effort across the two
+// identical states.
+//
+// A State is defined by an ordered list of instruction ids and a flag word.
+//
+// The choice of an ordered list of instructions differs from a typical
+// textbook DFA implementation, which would use an unordered set.
+// Textbook descriptions, however, only care about whether
+// the DFA matches, not where it matches in the text.  To decide where the
+// DFA matches, we need to mimic the behavior of the dominant backtracking
+// implementations like PCRE, which try one possible regular expression
+// execution, then another, then another, stopping when one of them succeeds.
+// The DFA execution tries these many executions in parallel, representing
+// each by an instruction id.  These pointers are ordered in the State.inst_
+// list in the same order that the executions would happen in a backtracking
+// search: if a match is found during execution of inst_[2], inst_[i] for i>=3
+// can be discarded.
+//
+// Textbooks also typically do not consider context-aware empty string operators
+// like ^ or $.  These are handled by the flag word, which specifies the set
+// of empty-string operators that should be matched when executing at the
+// current text position.  These flag bits are defined in prog.h.
+// The flag word also contains two DFA-specific bits: kFlagMatch if the state
+// is a matching state (one that reached a kInstMatch in the program)
+// and kFlagLastWord if the last processed byte was a word character, for the
+// implementation of \B and \b.
+//
+// The flag word also contains, shifted up 16 bits, the bits looked for by
+// any kInstEmptyWidth instructions in the state.  These provide a useful
+// summary indicating when new flags might be useful.
+//
+// The permanent representation of a State's instruction ids is just an array,
+// but while a state is being analyzed, these instruction ids are represented
+// as a Workq, which is an array that allows iteration in insertion order.
+
+// NOTE(rsc): The choice of State construction determines whether the DFA
+// mimics backtracking implementations (so-called leftmost first matching) or
+// traditional DFA implementations (so-called leftmost longest matching as
+// prescribed by POSIX).  This implementation chooses to mimic the
+// backtracking implementations, because we want to replace PCRE.  To get
+// POSIX behavior, the states would need to be considered not as a simple
+// ordered list of instruction ids, but as a list of unordered sets of instruction
+// ids.  A match by a state in one set would inhibit the running of sets
+// farther down the list but not other instruction ids in the same set.  Each
+// set would correspond to matches beginning at a given point in the string.
+// This is implemented by separating different sets with Mark pointers.
+
+// Looks in the State cache for a State matching q, flag.
+// If one is found, returns it.  If one is not found, allocates one,
+// inserts it in the cache, and returns it.
+// If mq is not null, MatchSep and the match IDs in mq will be appended
+// to the State.
+DFA::State* DFA::WorkqToCachedState(Workq* q, Workq* mq, uint32_t flag) {
+  //mutex_.AssertHeld();
+
+  // Construct array of instruction ids for the new state.
+  // Only ByteRange, EmptyWidth, and Match instructions are useful to keep:
+  // those are the only operators with any effect in
+  // RunWorkqOnEmptyString or RunWorkqOnByte.
+  PODArray<int> inst(q->size());
+  int n = 0;
+  uint32_t needflags = 0;  // flags needed by kInstEmptyWidth instructions
+  bool sawmatch = false;   // whether queue contains guaranteed kInstMatch
+  bool sawmark = false;    // whether queue contains a Mark
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, "WorkqToCachedState %s [%#x]", DumpWorkq(q).c_str(), flag);
+  for (Workq::iterator it = q->begin(); it != q->end(); ++it) {
+    int id = *it;
+    if (sawmatch && (kind_ == Prog::kFirstMatch || q->is_mark(id)))
+      break;
+    if (q->is_mark(id)) {
+      if (n > 0 && inst[n-1] != Mark) {
+        sawmark = true;
+        inst[n++] = Mark;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+    Prog::Inst* ip = prog_->inst(id);
+    switch (ip->opcode()) {
+      case kInstAltMatch:
+        // This state will continue to a match no matter what
+        // the rest of the input is.  If it is the highest priority match
+        // being considered, return the special FullMatchState
+        // to indicate that it's all matches from here out.
+        if (kind_ != Prog::kManyMatch &&
+            (kind_ != Prog::kFirstMatch ||
+             (it == q->begin() && ip->greedy(prog_))) &&
+            (kind_ != Prog::kLongestMatch || !sawmark) &&
+            (flag & kFlagMatch)) {
+          if (ExtraDebug)
+            fprintf(stderr, " -> FullMatchState\n");
+          return FullMatchState;
+        }
+        FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+      default:
+        // Record iff id is the head of its list, which must
+        // be the case if id-1 is the last of *its* list. :)
+        if (prog_->inst(id-1)->last())
+          inst[n++] = *it;
+        if (ip->opcode() == kInstEmptyWidth)
+          needflags |= ip->empty();
+        if (ip->opcode() == kInstMatch && !prog_->anchor_end())
+          sawmatch = true;
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+  DCHECK_LE(n, q->size());
+  if (n > 0 && inst[n-1] == Mark)
+    n--;
+
+  // If there are no empty-width instructions waiting to execute,
+  // then the extra flag bits will not be used, so there is no
+  // point in saving them.  (Discarding them reduces the number
+  // of distinct states.)
+  if (needflags == 0)
+    flag &= kFlagMatch;
+
+  // NOTE(rsc): The code above cannot do flag &= needflags,
+  // because if the right flags were present to pass the current
+  // kInstEmptyWidth instructions, new kInstEmptyWidth instructions
+  // might be reached that in turn need different flags.
+  // The only sure thing is that if there are no kInstEmptyWidth
+  // instructions at all, no flags will be needed.
+  // We could do the extra work to figure out the full set of
+  // possibly needed flags by exploring past the kInstEmptyWidth
+  // instructions, but the check above -- are any flags needed
+  // at all? -- handles the most common case.  More fine-grained
+  // analysis can only be justified by measurements showing that
+  // too many redundant states are being allocated.
+
+  // If there are no Insts in the list, it's a dead state,
+  // which is useful to signal with a special pointer so that
+  // the execution loop can stop early.  This is only okay
+  // if the state is *not* a matching state.
+  if (n == 0 && flag == 0) {
+    if (ExtraDebug)
+      fprintf(stderr, " -> DeadState\n");
+    return DeadState;
+  }
+
+  // If we're in longest match mode, the state is a sequence of
+  // unordered state sets separated by Marks.  Sort each set
+  // to canonicalize, to reduce the number of distinct sets stored.
+  if (kind_ == Prog::kLongestMatch) {
+    int* ip = inst.data();
+    int* ep = ip + n;
+    while (ip < ep) {
+      int* markp = ip;
+      while (markp < ep && *markp != Mark)
+        markp++;
+      std::sort(ip, markp);
+      if (markp < ep)
+        markp++;
+      ip = markp;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // If we're in many match mode, canonicalize for similar reasons:
+  // we have an unordered set of states (i.e. we don't have Marks)
+  // and sorting will reduce the number of distinct sets stored.
+  if (kind_ == Prog::kManyMatch) {
+    int* ip = inst.data();
+    int* ep = ip + n;
+    std::sort(ip, ep);
+  }
+
+  // Append MatchSep and the match IDs in mq if necessary.
+  if (mq != NULL) {
+    inst[n++] = MatchSep;
+    for (Workq::iterator i = mq->begin(); i != mq->end(); ++i) {
+      int id = *i;
+      Prog::Inst* ip = prog_->inst(id);
+      if (ip->opcode() == kInstMatch)
+        inst[n++] = ip->match_id();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Save the needed empty-width flags in the top bits for use later.
+  flag |= needflags << kFlagNeedShift;
+
+  State* state = CachedState(inst.data(), n, flag);
+  return state;
+}
+
+// Looks in the State cache for a State matching inst, ninst, flag.
+// If one is found, returns it.  If one is not found, allocates one,
+// inserts it in the cache, and returns it.
+DFA::State* DFA::CachedState(int* inst, int ninst, uint32_t flag) {
+  //mutex_.AssertHeld();
+
+  // Look in the cache for a pre-existing state.
+  // We have to initialise the struct like this because otherwise
+  // MSVC will complain about the flexible array member. :(
+  State state;
+  state.inst_ = inst;
+  state.ninst_ = ninst;
+  state.flag_ = flag;
+  StateSet::iterator it = state_cache_.find(&state);
+  if (it != state_cache_.end()) {
+    if (ExtraDebug)
+      fprintf(stderr, " -cached-> %s\n", DumpState(*it).c_str());
+    return *it;
+  }
+
+  // Must have enough memory for new state.
+  // In addition to what we're going to allocate,
+  // the state cache hash table seems to incur about 40 bytes per
+  // State*, empirically.
+  const int kStateCacheOverhead = 40;
+  int nnext = prog_->bytemap_range() + 1;  // + 1 for kByteEndText slot
+  int mem = sizeof(State) + nnext*sizeof(std::atomic<State*>) +
+            ninst*sizeof(int);
+  if (mem_budget_ < mem + kStateCacheOverhead) {
+    mem_budget_ = -1;
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  mem_budget_ -= mem + kStateCacheOverhead;
+
+  // Allocate new state along with room for next_ and inst_.
+  char* space = std::allocator<char>().allocate(mem);
+  State* s = new (space) State;
+  (void) new (s->next_) std::atomic<State*>[nnext];
+  // Work around a unfortunate bug in older versions of libstdc++.
+  // (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=64658)
+  for (int i = 0; i < nnext; i++)
+    (void) new (s->next_ + i) std::atomic<State*>(NULL);
+  s->inst_ = new (s->next_ + nnext) int[ninst];
+  memmove(s->inst_, inst, ninst*sizeof s->inst_[0]);
+  s->ninst_ = ninst;
+  s->flag_ = flag;
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, " -> %s\n", DumpState(s).c_str());
+
+  // Put state in cache and return it.
+  state_cache_.insert(s);
+  return s;
+}
+
+// Clear the cache.  Must hold cache_mutex_.w or be in destructor.
+void DFA::ClearCache() {
+  StateSet::iterator begin = state_cache_.begin();
+  StateSet::iterator end = state_cache_.end();
+  while (begin != end) {
+    StateSet::iterator tmp = begin;
+    ++begin;
+    // Deallocate the blob of memory that we allocated in DFA::CachedState().
+    // We recompute mem in order to benefit from sized delete where possible.
+    int ninst = (*tmp)->ninst_;
+    int nnext = prog_->bytemap_range() + 1;  // + 1 for kByteEndText slot
+    int mem = sizeof(State) + nnext*sizeof(std::atomic<State*>) +
+              ninst*sizeof(int);
+    std::allocator<char>().deallocate(reinterpret_cast<char*>(*tmp), mem);
+  }
+  state_cache_.clear();
+}
+
+// Copies insts in state s to the work queue q.
+void DFA::StateToWorkq(State* s, Workq* q) {
+  q->clear();
+  for (int i = 0; i < s->ninst_; i++) {
+    if (s->inst_[i] == Mark) {
+      q->mark();
+    } else if (s->inst_[i] == MatchSep) {
+      // Nothing after this is an instruction!
+      break;
+    } else {
+      // Explore from the head of the list.
+      AddToQueue(q, s->inst_[i], s->flag_ & kFlagEmptyMask);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Adds ip to the work queue, following empty arrows according to flag.
+void DFA::AddToQueue(Workq* q, int id, uint32_t flag) {
+
+  // Use stack_ to hold our stack of instructions yet to process.
+  // It was preallocated as follows:
+  //   one entry per Capture;
+  //   one entry per EmptyWidth; and
+  //   one entry per Nop.
+  // This reflects the maximum number of stack pushes that each can
+  // perform. (Each instruction can be processed at most once.)
+  // When using marks, we also added nmark == prog_->size().
+  // (Otherwise, nmark == 0.)
+  int* stk = stack_.data();
+  int nstk = 0;
+
+  stk[nstk++] = id;
+  while (nstk > 0) {
+    DCHECK_LE(nstk, stack_.size());
+    id = stk[--nstk];
+
+  Loop:
+    if (id == Mark) {
+      q->mark();
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (id == 0)
+      continue;
+
+    // If ip is already on the queue, nothing to do.
+    // Otherwise add it.  We don't actually keep all the
+    // ones that get added, but adding all of them here
+    // increases the likelihood of q->contains(id),
+    // reducing the amount of duplicated work.
+    if (q->contains(id))
+      continue;
+    q->insert_new(id);
+
+    // Process instruction.
+    Prog::Inst* ip = prog_->inst(id);
+    switch (ip->opcode()) {
+      default:
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "unhandled opcode: " << ip->opcode();
+        break;
+
+      case kInstByteRange:  // just save these on the queue
+      case kInstMatch:
+        if (ip->last())
+          break;
+        id = id+1;
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstCapture:    // DFA treats captures as no-ops.
+      case kInstNop:
+        if (!ip->last())
+          stk[nstk++] = id+1;
+
+        // If this instruction is the [00-FF]* loop at the beginning of
+        // a leftmost-longest unanchored search, separate with a Mark so
+        // that future threads (which will start farther to the right in
+        // the input string) are lower priority than current threads.
+        if (ip->opcode() == kInstNop && q->maxmark() > 0 &&
+            id == prog_->start_unanchored() && id != prog_->start())
+          stk[nstk++] = Mark;
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstAltMatch:
+        DCHECK(!ip->last());
+        id = id+1;
+        goto Loop;
+
+      case kInstEmptyWidth:
+        if (!ip->last())
+          stk[nstk++] = id+1;
+
+        // Continue on if we have all the right flag bits.
+        if (ip->empty() & ~flag)
+          break;
+        id = ip->out();
+        goto Loop;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Running of work queues.  In the work queue, order matters:
+// the queue is sorted in priority order.  If instruction i comes before j,
+// then the instructions that i produces during the run must come before
+// the ones that j produces.  In order to keep this invariant, all the
+// work queue runners have to take an old queue to process and then
+// also a new queue to fill in.  It's not acceptable to add to the end of
+// an existing queue, because new instructions will not end up in the
+// correct position.
+
+// Runs the work queue, processing the empty strings indicated by flag.
+// For example, flag == kEmptyBeginLine|kEmptyEndLine means to match
+// both ^ and $.  It is important that callers pass all flags at once:
+// processing both ^ and $ is not the same as first processing only ^
+// and then processing only $.  Doing the two-step sequence won't match
+// ^$^$^$ but processing ^ and $ simultaneously will (and is the behavior
+// exhibited by existing implementations).
+void DFA::RunWorkqOnEmptyString(Workq* oldq, Workq* newq, uint32_t flag) {
+  newq->clear();
+  for (Workq::iterator i = oldq->begin(); i != oldq->end(); ++i) {
+    if (oldq->is_mark(*i))
+      AddToQueue(newq, Mark, flag);
+    else
+      AddToQueue(newq, *i, flag);
+  }
+}
+
+// Runs the work queue, processing the single byte c followed by any empty
+// strings indicated by flag.  For example, c == 'a' and flag == kEmptyEndLine,
+// means to match c$.  Sets the bool *ismatch to true if the end of the
+// regular expression program has been reached (the regexp has matched).
+void DFA::RunWorkqOnByte(Workq* oldq, Workq* newq,
+                         int c, uint32_t flag, bool* ismatch) {
+  //mutex_.AssertHeld();
+
+  newq->clear();
+  for (Workq::iterator i = oldq->begin(); i != oldq->end(); ++i) {
+    if (oldq->is_mark(*i)) {
+      if (*ismatch)
+        return;
+      newq->mark();
+      continue;
+    }
+    int id = *i;
+    Prog::Inst* ip = prog_->inst(id);
+    switch (ip->opcode()) {
+      default:
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "unhandled opcode: " << ip->opcode();
+        break;
+
+      case kInstFail:        // never succeeds
+      case kInstCapture:     // already followed
+      case kInstNop:         // already followed
+      case kInstAltMatch:    // already followed
+      case kInstEmptyWidth:  // already followed
+        break;
+
+      case kInstByteRange:   // can follow if c is in range
+        if (!ip->Matches(c))
+          break;
+        AddToQueue(newq, ip->out(), flag);
+        if (ip->hint() != 0) {
+          // We have a hint, but we must cancel out the
+          // increment that will occur after the break.
+          i += ip->hint() - 1;
+        } else {
+          // We have no hint, so we must find the end
+          // of the current list and then skip to it.
+          Prog::Inst* ip0 = ip;
+          while (!ip->last())
+            ++ip;
+          i += ip - ip0;
+        }
+        break;
+
+      case kInstMatch:
+        if (prog_->anchor_end() && c != kByteEndText &&
+            kind_ != Prog::kManyMatch)
+          break;
+        *ismatch = true;
+        if (kind_ == Prog::kFirstMatch) {
+          // Can stop processing work queue since we found a match.
+          return;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s on %d[%#x] -> %s [%d]\n",
+            DumpWorkq(oldq).c_str(), c, flag, DumpWorkq(newq).c_str(), *ismatch);
+}
+
+// Processes input byte c in state, returning new state.
+// Caller does not hold mutex.
+DFA::State* DFA::RunStateOnByteUnlocked(State* state, int c) {
+  // Keep only one RunStateOnByte going
+  // even if the DFA is being run by multiple threads.
+  MutexLock l(&mutex_);
+  return RunStateOnByte(state, c);
+}
+
+// Processes input byte c in state, returning new state.
+DFA::State* DFA::RunStateOnByte(State* state, int c) {
+  //mutex_.AssertHeld();
+
+  if (state <= SpecialStateMax) {
+    if (state == FullMatchState) {
+      // It is convenient for routines like PossibleMatchRange
+      // if we implement RunStateOnByte for FullMatchState:
+      // once you get into this state you never get out,
+      // so it's pretty easy.
+      return FullMatchState;
+    }
+    if (state == DeadState) {
+      LOG(DFATAL) << "DeadState in RunStateOnByte";
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    if (state == NULL) {
+      LOG(DFATAL) << "NULL state in RunStateOnByte";
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    LOG(DFATAL) << "Unexpected special state in RunStateOnByte";
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  // If someone else already computed this, return it.
+  State* ns = state->next_[ByteMap(c)].load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (ns != NULL)
+    return ns;
+
+  // Convert state into Workq.
+  StateToWorkq(state, q0_);
+
+  // Flags marking the kinds of empty-width things (^ $ etc)
+  // around this byte.  Before the byte we have the flags recorded
+  // in the State structure itself.  After the byte we have
+  // nothing yet (but that will change: read on).
+  uint32_t needflag = state->flag_ >> kFlagNeedShift;
+  uint32_t beforeflag = state->flag_ & kFlagEmptyMask;
+  uint32_t oldbeforeflag = beforeflag;
+  uint32_t afterflag = 0;
+
+  if (c == '\n') {
+    // Insert implicit $ and ^ around \n
+    beforeflag |= kEmptyEndLine;
+    afterflag |= kEmptyBeginLine;
+  }
+
+  if (c == kByteEndText) {
+    // Insert implicit $ and \z before the fake "end text" byte.
+    beforeflag |= kEmptyEndLine | kEmptyEndText;
+  }
+
+  // The state flag kFlagLastWord says whether the last
+  // byte processed was a word character.  Use that info to
+  // insert empty-width (non-)word boundaries.
+  bool islastword = (state->flag_ & kFlagLastWord) != 0;
+  bool isword = c != kByteEndText && Prog::IsWordChar(static_cast<uint8_t>(c));
+  if (isword == islastword)
+    beforeflag |= kEmptyNonWordBoundary;
+  else
+    beforeflag |= kEmptyWordBoundary;
+
+  // Okay, finally ready to run.
+  // Only useful to rerun on empty string if there are new, useful flags.
+  if (beforeflag & ~oldbeforeflag & needflag) {
+    RunWorkqOnEmptyString(q0_, q1_, beforeflag);
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(q0_, q1_);
+  }
+  bool ismatch = false;
+  RunWorkqOnByte(q0_, q1_, c, afterflag, &ismatch);
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(q0_, q1_);
+
+  // Save afterflag along with ismatch and isword in new state.
+  uint32_t flag = afterflag;
+  if (ismatch)
+    flag |= kFlagMatch;
+  if (isword)
+    flag |= kFlagLastWord;
+
+  if (ismatch && kind_ == Prog::kManyMatch)
+    ns = WorkqToCachedState(q0_, q1_, flag);
+  else
+    ns = WorkqToCachedState(q0_, NULL, flag);
+
+  // Flush ns before linking to it.
+  // Write barrier before updating state->next_ so that the
+  // main search loop can proceed without any locking, for speed.
+  // (Otherwise it would need one mutex operation per input byte.)
+  state->next_[ByteMap(c)].store(ns, std::memory_order_release);
+  return ns;
+}
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// DFA cache reset.
+
+// Reader-writer lock helper.
+//
+// The DFA uses a reader-writer mutex to protect the state graph itself.
+// Traversing the state graph requires holding the mutex for reading,
+// and discarding the state graph and starting over requires holding the
+// lock for writing.  If a search needs to expand the graph but is out
+// of memory, it will need to drop its read lock and then acquire the
+// write lock.  Since it cannot then atomically downgrade from write lock
+// to read lock, it runs the rest of the search holding the write lock.
+// (This probably helps avoid repeated contention, but really the decision
+// is forced by the Mutex interface.)  It's a bit complicated to keep
+// track of whether the lock is held for reading or writing and thread
+// that through the search, so instead we encapsulate it in the RWLocker
+// and pass that around.
+
+class DFA::RWLocker {
+ public:
+  explicit RWLocker(CacheMutex* mu);
+  ~RWLocker();
+
+  // If the lock is only held for reading right now,
+  // drop the read lock and re-acquire for writing.
+  // Subsequent calls to LockForWriting are no-ops.
+  // Notice that the lock is *released* temporarily.
+  void LockForWriting();
+
+ private:
+  CacheMutex* mu_;
+  bool writing_;
+
+  RWLocker(const RWLocker&) = delete;
+  RWLocker& operator=(const RWLocker&) = delete;
+};
+
+DFA::RWLocker::RWLocker(CacheMutex* mu) : mu_(mu), writing_(false) {
+  mu_->ReaderLock();
+}
+
+// This function is marked as NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS because
+// the annotations don't support lock upgrade.
+void DFA::RWLocker::LockForWriting() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+  if (!writing_) {
+    mu_->ReaderUnlock();
+    mu_->WriterLock();
+    writing_ = true;
+  }
+}
+
+DFA::RWLocker::~RWLocker() {
+  if (!writing_)
+    mu_->ReaderUnlock();
+  else
+    mu_->WriterUnlock();
+}
+
+
+// When the DFA's State cache fills, we discard all the states in the
+// cache and start over.  Many threads can be using and adding to the
+// cache at the same time, so we synchronize using the cache_mutex_
+// to keep from stepping on other threads.  Specifically, all the
+// threads using the current cache hold cache_mutex_ for reading.
+// When a thread decides to flush the cache, it drops cache_mutex_
+// and then re-acquires it for writing.  That ensures there are no
+// other threads accessing the cache anymore.  The rest of the search
+// runs holding cache_mutex_ for writing, avoiding any contention
+// with or cache pollution caused by other threads.
+
+void DFA::ResetCache(RWLocker* cache_lock) {
+  // Re-acquire the cache_mutex_ for writing (exclusive use).
+  cache_lock->LockForWriting();
+
+  hooks::GetDFAStateCacheResetHook()({
+      state_budget_,
+      state_cache_.size(),
+  });
+
+  // Clear the cache, reset the memory budget.
+  for (int i = 0; i < kMaxStart; i++)
+    start_[i].start.store(NULL, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  ClearCache();
+  mem_budget_ = state_budget_;
+}
+
+// Typically, a couple States do need to be preserved across a cache
+// reset, like the State at the current point in the search.
+// The StateSaver class helps keep States across cache resets.
+// It makes a copy of the state's guts outside the cache (before the reset)
+// and then can be asked, after the reset, to recreate the State
+// in the new cache.  For example, in a DFA method ("this" is a DFA):
+//
+//   StateSaver saver(this, s);
+//   ResetCache(cache_lock);
+//   s = saver.Restore();
+//
+// The saver should always have room in the cache to re-create the state,
+// because resetting the cache locks out all other threads, and the cache
+// is known to have room for at least a couple states (otherwise the DFA
+// constructor fails).
+
+class DFA::StateSaver {
+ public:
+  explicit StateSaver(DFA* dfa, State* state);
+  ~StateSaver();
+
+  // Recreates and returns a state equivalent to the
+  // original state passed to the constructor.
+  // Returns NULL if the cache has filled, but
+  // since the DFA guarantees to have room in the cache
+  // for a couple states, should never return NULL
+  // if used right after ResetCache.
+  State* Restore();
+
+ private:
+  DFA* dfa_;         // the DFA to use
+  int* inst_;        // saved info from State
+  int ninst_;
+  uint32_t flag_;
+  bool is_special_;  // whether original state was special
+  State* special_;   // if is_special_, the original state
+
+  StateSaver(const StateSaver&) = delete;
+  StateSaver& operator=(const StateSaver&) = delete;
+};
+
+DFA::StateSaver::StateSaver(DFA* dfa, State* state) {
+  dfa_ = dfa;
+  if (state <= SpecialStateMax) {
+    inst_ = NULL;
+    ninst_ = 0;
+    flag_ = 0;
+    is_special_ = true;
+    special_ = state;
+    return;
+  }
+  is_special_ = false;
+  special_ = NULL;
+  flag_ = state->flag_;
+  ninst_ = state->ninst_;
+  inst_ = new int[ninst_];
+  memmove(inst_, state->inst_, ninst_*sizeof inst_[0]);
+}
+
+DFA::StateSaver::~StateSaver() {
+  if (!is_special_)
+    delete[] inst_;
+}
+
+DFA::State* DFA::StateSaver::Restore() {
+  if (is_special_)
+    return special_;
+  MutexLock l(&dfa_->mutex_);
+  State* s = dfa_->CachedState(inst_, ninst_, flag_);
+  if (s == NULL)
+    LOG(DFATAL) << "StateSaver failed to restore state.";
+  return s;
+}
+
+
+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+//
+// DFA execution.
+//
+// The basic search loop is easy: start in a state s and then for each
+// byte c in the input, s = s->next[c].
+//
+// This simple description omits a few efficiency-driven complications.
+//
+// First, the State graph is constructed incrementally: it is possible
+// that s->next[c] is null, indicating that that state has not been
+// fully explored.  In this case, RunStateOnByte must be invoked to
+// determine the next state, which is cached in s->next[c] to save
+// future effort.  An alternative reason for s->next[c] to be null is
+// that the DFA has reached a so-called "dead state", in which any match
+// is no longer possible.  In this case RunStateOnByte will return NULL
+// and the processing of the string can stop early.
+//
+// Second, a 256-element pointer array for s->next_ makes each State
+// quite large (2kB on 64-bit machines).  Instead, dfa->bytemap_[]
+// maps from bytes to "byte classes" and then next_ only needs to have
+// as many pointers as there are byte classes.  A byte class is simply a
+// range of bytes that the regexp never distinguishes between.
+// A regexp looking for a[abc] would have four byte ranges -- 0 to 'a'-1,
+// 'a', 'b' to 'c', and 'c' to 0xFF.  The bytemap slows us a little bit
+// but in exchange we typically cut the size of a State (and thus our
+// memory footprint) by about 5-10x.  The comments still refer to
+// s->next[c] for simplicity, but code should refer to s->next_[bytemap_[c]].
+//
+// Third, it is common for a DFA for an unanchored match to begin in a
+// state in which only one particular byte value can take the DFA to a
+// different state.  That is, s->next[c] != s for only one c.  In this
+// situation, the DFA can do better than executing the simple loop.
+// Instead, it can call memchr to search very quickly for the byte c.
+// Whether the start state has this property is determined during a
+// pre-compilation pass and the "can_prefix_accel" argument is set.
+//
+// Fourth, the desired behavior is to search for the leftmost-best match
+// (approximately, the same one that Perl would find), which is not
+// necessarily the match ending earliest in the string.  Each time a
+// match is found, it must be noted, but the DFA must continue on in
+// hope of finding a higher-priority match.  In some cases, the caller only
+// cares whether there is any match at all, not which one is found.
+// The "want_earliest_match" flag causes the search to stop at the first
+// match found.
+//
+// Fifth, one algorithm that uses the DFA needs it to run over the
+// input string backward, beginning at the end and ending at the beginning.
+// Passing false for the "run_forward" flag causes the DFA to run backward.
+//
+// The checks for these last three cases, which in a naive implementation
+// would be performed once per input byte, slow the general loop enough
+// to merit specialized versions of the search loop for each of the
+// eight possible settings of the three booleans.  Rather than write
+// eight different functions, we write one general implementation and then
+// inline it to create the specialized ones.
+//
+// Note that matches are delayed by one byte, to make it easier to
+// accomodate match conditions depending on the next input byte (like $ and \b).
+// When s->next[c]->IsMatch(), it means that there is a match ending just
+// *before* byte c.
+
+// The generic search loop.  Searches text for a match, returning
+// the pointer to the end of the chosen match, or NULL if no match.
+// The bools are equal to the same-named variables in params, but
+// making them function arguments lets the inliner specialize
+// this function to each combination (see two paragraphs above).
+template <bool can_prefix_accel,
+          bool want_earliest_match,
+          bool run_forward>
+inline bool DFA::InlinedSearchLoop(SearchParams* params) {
+  State* start = params->start;
+  const uint8_t* bp = BytePtr(params->text.data());  // start of text
+  const uint8_t* p = bp;                             // text scanning point
+  const uint8_t* ep = BytePtr(params->text.data() +
+                              params->text.size());  // end of text
+  const uint8_t* resetp = NULL;                      // p at last cache reset
+  if (!run_forward) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(p, ep);
+  }
+
+  const uint8_t* bytemap = prog_->bytemap();
+  const uint8_t* lastmatch = NULL;   // most recent matching position in text
+  bool matched = false;
+
+  State* s = start;
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, "@stx: %s\n", DumpState(s).c_str());
+
+  if (s->IsMatch()) {
+    matched = true;
+    lastmatch = p;
+    if (ExtraDebug)
+      fprintf(stderr, "match @stx! [%s]\n", DumpState(s).c_str());
+    if (params->matches != NULL && kind_ == Prog::kManyMatch) {
+      for (int i = s->ninst_ - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        int id = s->inst_[i];
+        if (id == MatchSep)
+          break;
+        params->matches->insert(id);
+      }
+    }
+    if (want_earliest_match) {
+      params->ep = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(lastmatch);
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  while (p != ep) {
+    if (ExtraDebug)
+      fprintf(stderr, "@%td: %s\n", p - bp, DumpState(s).c_str());
+
+    if (can_prefix_accel && s == start) {
+      // In start state, only way out is to find the prefix,
+      // so we use prefix accel (e.g. memchr) to skip ahead.
+      // If not found, we can skip to the end of the string.
+      p = BytePtr(prog_->PrefixAccel(p, ep - p));
+      if (p == NULL) {
+        p = ep;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    int c;
+    if (run_forward)
+      c = *p++;
+    else
+      c = *--p;
+
+    // Note that multiple threads might be consulting
+    // s->next_[bytemap[c]] simultaneously.
+    // RunStateOnByte takes care of the appropriate locking,
+    // including a memory barrier so that the unlocked access
+    // (sometimes known as "double-checked locking") is safe.
+    // The alternative would be either one DFA per thread
+    // or one mutex operation per input byte.
+    //
+    // ns == DeadState means the state is known to be dead
+    // (no more matches are possible).
+    // ns == NULL means the state has not yet been computed
+    // (need to call RunStateOnByteUnlocked).
+    // RunStateOnByte returns ns == NULL if it is out of memory.
+    // ns == FullMatchState means the rest of the string matches.
+    //
+    // Okay to use bytemap[] not ByteMap() here, because
+    // c is known to be an actual byte and not kByteEndText.
+
+    State* ns = s->next_[bytemap[c]].load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    if (ns == NULL) {
+      ns = RunStateOnByteUnlocked(s, c);
+      if (ns == NULL) {
+        // After we reset the cache, we hold cache_mutex exclusively,
+        // so if resetp != NULL, it means we filled the DFA state
+        // cache with this search alone (without any other threads).
+        // Benchmarks show that doing a state computation on every
+        // byte runs at about 0.2 MB/s, while the NFA (nfa.cc) can do the
+        // same at about 2 MB/s.  Unless we're processing an average
+        // of 10 bytes per state computation, fail so that RE2 can
+        // fall back to the NFA.  However, RE2::Set cannot fall back,
+        // so we just have to keep on keeping on in that case.
+        if (dfa_should_bail_when_slow && resetp != NULL &&
+            static_cast<size_t>(p - resetp) < 10*state_cache_.size() &&
+            kind_ != Prog::kManyMatch) {
+          params->failed = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+        resetp = p;
+
+        // Prepare to save start and s across the reset.
+        StateSaver save_start(this, start);
+        StateSaver save_s(this, s);
+
+        // Discard all the States in the cache.
+        ResetCache(params->cache_lock);
+
+        // Restore start and s so we can continue.
+        if ((start = save_start.Restore()) == NULL ||
+            (s = save_s.Restore()) == NULL) {
+          // Restore already did LOG(DFATAL).
+          params->failed = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+        ns = RunStateOnByteUnlocked(s, c);
+        if (ns == NULL) {
+          LOG(DFATAL) << "RunStateOnByteUnlocked failed after ResetCache";
+          params->failed = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (ns <= SpecialStateMax) {
+      if (ns == DeadState) {
+        params->ep = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(lastmatch);
+        return matched;
+      }
+      // FullMatchState
+      params->ep = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ep);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    s = ns;
+    if (s->IsMatch()) {
+      matched = true;
+      // The DFA notices the match one byte late,
+      // so adjust p before using it in the match.
+      if (run_forward)
+        lastmatch = p - 1;
+      else
+        lastmatch = p + 1;
+      if (ExtraDebug)
+        fprintf(stderr, "match @%td! [%s]\n", lastmatch - bp, DumpState(s).c_str());
+      if (params->matches != NULL && kind_ == Prog::kManyMatch) {
+        for (int i = s->ninst_ - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          int id = s->inst_[i];
+          if (id == MatchSep)
+            break;
+          params->matches->insert(id);
+        }
+      }
+      if (want_earliest_match) {
+        params->ep = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(lastmatch);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Process one more byte to see if it triggers a match.
+  // (Remember, matches are delayed one byte.)
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, "@etx: %s\n", DumpState(s).c_str());
+
+  int lastbyte;
+  if (run_forward) {
+    if (params->text.end() == params->context.end())
+      lastbyte = kByteEndText;
+    else
+      lastbyte = params->text.end()[0] & 0xFF;
+  } else {
+    if (params->text.begin() == params->context.begin())
+      lastbyte = kByteEndText;
+    else
+      lastbyte = params->text.begin()[-1] & 0xFF;
+  }
+
+  State* ns = s->next_[ByteMap(lastbyte)].load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  if (ns == NULL) {
+    ns = RunStateOnByteUnlocked(s, lastbyte);
+    if (ns == NULL) {
+      StateSaver save_s(this, s);
+      ResetCache(params->cache_lock);
+      if ((s = save_s.Restore()) == NULL) {
+        params->failed = true;
+        return false;
+      }
+      ns = RunStateOnByteUnlocked(s, lastbyte);
+      if (ns == NULL) {
+        LOG(DFATAL) << "RunStateOnByteUnlocked failed after Reset";
+        params->failed = true;
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (ns <= SpecialStateMax) {
+    if (ns == DeadState) {
+      params->ep = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(lastmatch);
+      return matched;
+    }
+    // FullMatchState
+    params->ep = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(ep);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  s = ns;
+  if (s->IsMatch()) {
+    matched = true;
+    lastmatch = p;
+    if (ExtraDebug)
+      fprintf(stderr, "match @etx! [%s]\n", DumpState(s).c_str());
+    if (params->matches != NULL && kind_ == Prog::kManyMatch) {
+      for (int i = s->ninst_ - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        int id = s->inst_[i];
+        if (id == MatchSep)
+          break;
+        params->matches->insert(id);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  params->ep = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(lastmatch);
+  return matched;
+}
+
+// Inline specializations of the general loop.
+bool DFA::SearchFFF(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<false, false, false>(params);
+}
+bool DFA::SearchFFT(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<false, false, true>(params);
+}
+bool DFA::SearchFTF(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<false, true, false>(params);
+}
+bool DFA::SearchFTT(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<false, true, true>(params);
+}
+bool DFA::SearchTFF(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<true, false, false>(params);
+}
+bool DFA::SearchTFT(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<true, false, true>(params);
+}
+bool DFA::SearchTTF(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<true, true, false>(params);
+}
+bool DFA::SearchTTT(SearchParams* params) {
+  return InlinedSearchLoop<true, true, true>(params);
+}
+
+// For performance, calls the appropriate specialized version
+// of InlinedSearchLoop.
+bool DFA::FastSearchLoop(SearchParams* params) {
+  // Because the methods are private, the Searches array
+  // cannot be declared at top level.
+  static bool (DFA::*Searches[])(SearchParams*) = {
+    &DFA::SearchFFF,
+    &DFA::SearchFFT,
+    &DFA::SearchFTF,
+    &DFA::SearchFTT,
+    &DFA::SearchTFF,
+    &DFA::SearchTFT,
+    &DFA::SearchTTF,
+    &DFA::SearchTTT,
+  };
+
+  int index = 4 * params->can_prefix_accel +
+              2 * params->want_earliest_match +
+              1 * params->run_forward;
+  return (this->*Searches[index])(params);
+}
+
+
+// The discussion of DFA execution above ignored the question of how
+// to determine the initial state for the search loop.  There are two
+// factors that influence the choice of start state.
+//
+// The first factor is whether the search is anchored or not.
+// The regexp program (Prog*) itself has
+// two different entry points: one for anchored searches and one for
+// unanchored searches.  (The unanchored version starts with a leading ".*?"
+// and then jumps to the anchored one.)
+//
+// The second factor is where text appears in the larger context, which
+// determines which empty-string operators can be matched at the beginning
+// of execution.  If text is at the very beginning of context, \A and ^ match.
+// Otherwise if text is at the beginning of a line, then ^ matches.
+// Otherwise it matters whether the character before text is a word character
+// or a non-word character.
+//
+// The two cases (unanchored vs not) and four cases (empty-string flags)
+// combine to make the eight cases recorded in the DFA's begin_text_[2],
+// begin_line_[2], after_wordchar_[2], and after_nonwordchar_[2] cached
+// StartInfos.  The start state for each is filled in the first time it
+// is used for an actual search.
+
+// Examines text, context, and anchored to determine the right start
+// state for the DFA search loop.  Fills in params and returns true on success.
+// Returns false on failure.
+bool DFA::AnalyzeSearch(SearchParams* params) {
+  const StringPiece& text = params->text;
+  const StringPiece& context = params->context;
+
+  // Sanity check: make sure that text lies within context.
+  if (text.begin() < context.begin() || text.end() > context.end()) {
+    LOG(DFATAL) << "context does not contain text";
+    params->start = DeadState;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Determine correct search type.
+  int start;
+  uint32_t flags;
+  if (params->run_forward) {
+    if (text.begin() == context.begin()) {
+      start = kStartBeginText;
+      flags = kEmptyBeginText|kEmptyBeginLine;
+    } else if (text.begin()[-1] == '\n') {
+      start = kStartBeginLine;
+      flags = kEmptyBeginLine;
+    } else if (Prog::IsWordChar(text.begin()[-1] & 0xFF)) {
+      start = kStartAfterWordChar;
+      flags = kFlagLastWord;
+    } else {
+      start = kStartAfterNonWordChar;
+      flags = 0;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (text.end() == context.end()) {
+      start = kStartBeginText;
+      flags = kEmptyBeginText|kEmptyBeginLine;
+    } else if (text.end()[0] == '\n') {
+      start = kStartBeginLine;
+      flags = kEmptyBeginLine;
+    } else if (Prog::IsWordChar(text.end()[0] & 0xFF)) {
+      start = kStartAfterWordChar;
+      flags = kFlagLastWord;
+    } else {
+      start = kStartAfterNonWordChar;
+      flags = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if (params->anchored)
+    start |= kStartAnchored;
+  StartInfo* info = &start_[start];
+
+  // Try once without cache_lock for writing.
+  // Try again after resetting the cache
+  // (ResetCache will relock cache_lock for writing).
+  if (!AnalyzeSearchHelper(params, info, flags)) {
+    ResetCache(params->cache_lock);
+    if (!AnalyzeSearchHelper(params, info, flags)) {
+      LOG(DFATAL) << "Failed to analyze start state.";
+      params->failed = true;
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  params->start = info->start.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+
+  // Even if we could prefix accel, we cannot do so when anchored and,
+  // less obviously, we cannot do so when we are going to need flags.
+  // This trick works only when there is a single byte that leads to a
+  // different state!
+  if (prog_->can_prefix_accel() &&
+      !params->anchored &&
+      params->start > SpecialStateMax &&
+      params->start->flag_ >> kFlagNeedShift == 0)
+    params->can_prefix_accel = true;
+
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, "anchored=%d fwd=%d flags=%#x state=%s can_prefix_accel=%d\n",
+            params->anchored, params->run_forward, flags,
+            DumpState(params->start).c_str(), params->can_prefix_accel);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Fills in info if needed.  Returns true on success, false on failure.
+bool DFA::AnalyzeSearchHelper(SearchParams* params, StartInfo* info,
+                              uint32_t flags) {
+  // Quick check.
+  State* start = info->start.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  if (start != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  MutexLock l(&mutex_);
+  start = info->start.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (start != NULL)
+    return true;
+
+  q0_->clear();
+  AddToQueue(q0_,
+             params->anchored ? prog_->start() : prog_->start_unanchored(),
+             flags);
+  start = WorkqToCachedState(q0_, NULL, flags);
+  if (start == NULL)
+    return false;
+
+  // Synchronize with "quick check" above.
+  info->start.store(start, std::memory_order_release);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// The actual DFA search: calls AnalyzeSearch and then FastSearchLoop.
+bool DFA::Search(const StringPiece& text,
+                 const StringPiece& context,
+                 bool anchored,
+                 bool want_earliest_match,
+                 bool run_forward,
+                 bool* failed,
+                 const char** epp,
+                 SparseSet* matches) {
+  *epp = NULL;
+  if (!ok()) {
+    *failed = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+  *failed = false;
+
+  if (ExtraDebug) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "\nprogram:\n%s\n", prog_->DumpUnanchored().c_str());
+    fprintf(stderr, "text %s anchored=%d earliest=%d fwd=%d kind %d\n",
+            std::string(text).c_str(), anchored, want_earliest_match, run_forward, kind_);
+  }
+
+  RWLocker l(&cache_mutex_);
+  SearchParams params(text, context, &l);
+  params.anchored = anchored;
+  params.want_earliest_match = want_earliest_match;
+  params.run_forward = run_forward;
+  params.matches = matches;
+
+  if (!AnalyzeSearch(&params)) {
+    *failed = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (params.start == DeadState)
+    return false;
+  if (params.start == FullMatchState) {
+    if (run_forward == want_earliest_match)
+      *epp = text.data();
+    else
+      *epp = text.data() + text.size();
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (ExtraDebug)
+    fprintf(stderr, "start %s\n", DumpState(params.start).c_str());
+  bool ret = FastSearchLoop(&params);
+  if (params.failed) {
+    *failed = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+  *epp = params.ep;
+  return ret;
+}
+
+DFA* Prog::GetDFA(MatchKind kind) {
+  // For a forward DFA, half the memory goes to each DFA.
+  // However, if it is a "many match" DFA, then there is
+  // no counterpart with which the memory must be shared.
+  //
+  // For a reverse DFA, all the memory goes to the
+  // "longest match" DFA, because RE2 never does reverse
+  // "first match" searches.
+  if (kind == kFirstMatch) {
+    std::call_once(dfa_first_once_, [](Prog* prog) {
+      prog->dfa_first_ = new DFA(prog, kFirstMatch, prog->dfa_mem_ / 2);
+    }, this);
+    return dfa_first_;
+  } else if (kind == kManyMatch) {
+    std::call_once(dfa_first_once_, [](Prog* prog) {
+      prog->dfa_first_ = new DFA(prog, kManyMatch, prog->dfa_mem_);
+    }, this);
+    return dfa_first_;
+  } else {
+    std::call_once(dfa_longest_once_, [](Prog* prog) {
+      if (!prog->reversed_)
+        prog->dfa_longest_ = new DFA(prog, kLongestMatch, prog->dfa_mem_ / 2);
+      else
+        prog->dfa_longest_ = new DFA(prog, kLongestMatch, prog->dfa_mem_);
+    }, this);
+    return dfa_longest_;
+  }
+}
+
+void Prog::DeleteDFA(DFA* dfa) {
+  delete dfa;
+}
+
+// Executes the regexp program to search in text,
+// which itself is inside the larger context.  (As a convenience,
+// passing a NULL context is equivalent to passing text.)
+// Returns true if a match is found, false if not.
+// If a match is found, fills in match0->end() to point at the end of the match
+// and sets match0->begin() to text.begin(), since the DFA can't track
+// where the match actually began.
+//
+// This is the only external interface (class DFA only exists in this file).
+//
+bool Prog::SearchDFA(const StringPiece& text, const StringPiece& const_context,
+                     Anchor anchor, MatchKind kind, StringPiece* match0,
+                     bool* failed, SparseSet* matches) {
+  *failed = false;
+
+  StringPiece context = const_context;
+  if (context.data() == NULL)
+    context = text;
+  bool caret = anchor_start();
+  bool dollar = anchor_end();
+  if (reversed_) {
+    using std::swap;
+    swap(caret, dollar);
+  }
+  if (caret && context.begin() != text.begin())
+    return false;
+  if (dollar && context.end() != text.end())
+    return false;
+
+  // Handle full match by running an anchored longest match
+  // and then checking if it covers all of text.
+  bool anchored = anchor == kAnchored || anchor_start() || kind == kFullMatch;
+  bool endmatch = false;
+  if (kind == kManyMatch) {
+    // This is split out in order to avoid clobbering kind.
+  } else if (kind == kFullMatch || anchor_end()) {
+    endmatch = true;
+    kind = kLongestMatch;
+  }
+
+  // If the caller doesn't care where the match is (just whether one exists),
+  // then we can stop at the very first match we find, the so-called
+  // "earliest match".
+  bool want_earliest_match = false;
+  if (kind == kManyMatch) {
+    // This is split out in order to avoid clobbering kind.
+    if (matches == NULL) {
+      want_earliest_match = true;
+    }
+  } else if (match0 == NULL && !endmatch) {
+    want_earliest_match = true;
+    kind = kLongestMatch;
+  }
+
+  DFA* dfa = GetDFA(kind);
+  const char* ep;
+  bool matched = dfa->Search(text, context, anchored,
+                             want_earliest_match, !reversed_,
+                             failed, &ep, matches);
+  if (*failed) {
+    hooks::GetDFASearchFailureHook()({
+        // Nothing yet...
+    });
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (!matched)
+    return false;
+  if (endmatch && ep != (reversed_ ? text.data() : text.data() + text.size()))
+    return false;
+
+  // If caller cares, record the boundary of the match.
+  // We only know where it ends, so use the boundary of text
+  // as the beginning.
+  if (match0) {
+    if (reversed_)
+      *match0 =
+          StringPiece(ep, static_cast<size_t>(text.data() + text.size() - ep));
+    else
+      *match0 =
+          StringPiece(text.data(), static_cast<size_t>(ep - text.data()));
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Build out all states in DFA.  Returns number of states.
+int DFA::BuildAllStates(const Prog::DFAStateCallback& cb) {
+  if (!ok())
+    return 0;
+
+  // Pick out start state for unanchored search
+  // at beginning of text.
+  RWLocker l(&cache_mutex_);
+  SearchParams params(StringPiece(), StringPiece(), &l);
+  params.anchored = false;
+  if (!AnalyzeSearch(&params) ||
+      params.start == NULL ||
+      params.start == DeadState)
+    return 0;
+
+  // Add start state to work queue.
+  // Note that any State* that we handle here must point into the cache,
+  // so we can simply depend on pointer-as-a-number hashing and equality.
+  std::unordered_map<State*, int> m;
+  std::deque<State*> q;
+  m.emplace(params.start, static_cast<int>(m.size()));
+  q.push_back(params.start);
+
+  // Compute the input bytes needed to cover all of the next pointers.
+  int nnext = prog_->bytemap_range() + 1;  // + 1 for kByteEndText slot
+  std::vector<int> input(nnext);
+  for (int c = 0; c < 256; c++) {
+    int b = prog_->bytemap()[c];
+    while (c < 256-1 && prog_->bytemap()[c+1] == b)
+      c++;
+    input[b] = c;
+  }
+  input[prog_->bytemap_range()] = kByteEndText;
+
+  // Scratch space for the output.
+  std::vector<int> output(nnext);
+
+  // Flood to expand every state.
+  bool oom = false;
+  while (!q.empty()) {
+    State* s = q.front();
+    q.pop_front();
+    for (int c : input) {
+      State* ns = RunStateOnByteUnlocked(s, c);
+      if (ns == NULL) {
+        oom = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      if (ns == DeadState) {
+        output[ByteMap(c)] = -1;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (m.find(ns) == m.end()) {
+        m.emplace(ns, static_cast<int>(m.size()));
+        q.push_back(ns);
+      }
+      output[ByteMap(c)] = m[ns];
+    }
+    if (cb)
+      cb(oom ? NULL : output.data(),
+         s == FullMatchState || s->IsMatch());
+    if (oom)
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return static_cast<int>(m.size());
+}
+
+// Build out all states in DFA for kind.  Returns number of states.
+int Prog::BuildEntireDFA(MatchKind kind, const DFAStateCallback& cb) {
+  return GetDFA(kind)->BuildAllStates(cb);
+}
+
+// Computes min and max for matching string.
+// Won't return strings bigger than maxlen.
+bool DFA::PossibleMatchRange(std::string* min, std::string* max, int maxlen) {
+  if (!ok())
+    return false;
+
+  // NOTE: if future users of PossibleMatchRange want more precision when
+  // presented with infinitely repeated elements, consider making this a
+  // parameter to PossibleMatchRange.
+  static int kMaxEltRepetitions = 0;
+
+  // Keep track of the number of times we've visited states previously. We only
+  // revisit a given state if it's part of a repeated group, so if the value
+  // portion of the map tuple exceeds kMaxEltRepetitions we bail out and set
+  // |*max| to |PrefixSuccessor(*max)|.
+  //
+  // Also note that previously_visited_states[UnseenStatePtr] will, in the STL
+  // tradition, implicitly insert a '0' value at first use. We take advantage
+  // of that property below.
+  std::unordered_map<State*, int> previously_visited_states;
+
+  // Pick out start state for anchored search at beginning of text.
+  RWLocker l(&cache_mutex_);
+  SearchParams params(StringPiece(), StringPiece(), &l);
+  params.anchored = true;
+  if (!AnalyzeSearch(&params))
+    return false;
+  if (params.start == DeadState) {  // No matching strings
+    *min = "";
+    *max = "";
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (params.start == FullMatchState)  // Every string matches: no max
+    return false;
+
+  // The DFA is essentially a big graph rooted at params.start,
+  // and paths in the graph correspond to accepted strings.
+  // Each node in the graph has potentially 256+1 arrows
+  // coming out, one for each byte plus the magic end of
+  // text character kByteEndText.
+
+  // To find the smallest possible prefix of an accepted
+  // string, we just walk the graph preferring to follow
+  // arrows with the lowest bytes possible.  To find the
+  // largest possible prefix, we follow the largest bytes
+  // possible.
+
+  // The test for whether there is an arrow from s on byte j is
+  //    ns = RunStateOnByteUnlocked(s, j);
+  //    if (ns == NULL)
+  //      return false;
+  //    if (ns != DeadState && ns->ninst > 0)
+  // The RunStateOnByteUnlocked call asks the DFA to build out the graph.
+  // It returns NULL only if the DFA has run out of memory,
+  // in which case we can't be sure of anything.
+  // The second check sees whether there was graph built
+  // and whether it is interesting graph.  Nodes might have
+  // ns->ninst == 0 if they exist only to represent the fact
+  // that a match was found on the previous byte.
+
+  // Build minimum prefix.
+  State* s = params.start;
+  min->clear();
+  MutexLock lock(&mutex_);
+  for (int i = 0; i < maxlen; i++) {
+    if (previously_visited_states[s] > kMaxEltRepetitions)
+      break;
+    previously_visited_states[s]++;
+
+    // Stop if min is a match.
+    State* ns = RunStateOnByte(s, kByteEndText);
+    if (ns == NULL)  // DFA out of memory
+      return false;
+    if (ns != DeadState && (ns == FullMatchState || ns->IsMatch()))
+      break;
+
+    // Try to extend the string with low bytes.
+    bool extended = false;
+    for (int j = 0; j < 256; j++) {
+      ns = RunStateOnByte(s, j);
+      if (ns == NULL)  // DFA out of memory
+        return false;
+      if (ns == FullMatchState ||
+          (ns > SpecialStateMax && ns->ninst_ > 0)) {
+        extended = true;
+        min->append(1, static_cast<char>(j));
+        s = ns;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!extended)
+      break;
+  }
+
+  // Build maximum prefix.
+  previously_visited_states.clear();
+  s = params.start;
+  max->clear();
+  for (int i = 0; i < maxlen; i++) {
+    if (previously_visited_states[s] > kMaxEltRepetitions)
+      break;
+    previously_visited_states[s] += 1;
+
+    // Try to extend the string with high bytes.
+    bool extended = false;
+    for (int j = 255; j >= 0; j--) {
+      State* ns = RunStateOnByte(s, j);
+      if (ns == NULL)
+        return false;
+      if (ns == FullMatchState ||
+          (ns > SpecialStateMax && ns->ninst_ > 0)) {
+        extended = true;
+        max->append(1, static_cast<char>(j));
+        s = ns;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!extended) {
+      // Done, no need for PrefixSuccessor.
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Stopped while still adding to *max - round aaaaaaaaaa... to aaaa...b
+  PrefixSuccessor(max);
+
+  // If there are no bytes left, we have no way to say "there is no maximum
+  // string".  We could make the interface more complicated and be able to
+  // return "there is no maximum but here is a minimum", but that seems like
+  // overkill -- the most common no-max case is all possible strings, so not
+  // telling the caller that the empty string is the minimum match isn't a
+  // great loss.
+  if (max->empty())
+    return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// PossibleMatchRange for a Prog.
+bool Prog::PossibleMatchRange(std::string* min, std::string* max, int maxlen) {
+  // Have to use dfa_longest_ to get all strings for full matches.
+  // For example, (a|aa) never matches aa in first-match mode.
+  return GetDFA(kLongestMatch)->PossibleMatchRange(min, max, maxlen);
+}
+
+}  // namespace re2