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grpc 1.30.0 → 1.46.3

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data/src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epollex_linux.cc DELETED Viewed

@@ -1,1656 +0,0 @@
-/*
- *
- * Copyright 2017 gRPC authors.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- *
- */
-#include <grpc/support/port_platform.h>
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/port.h"
-#include <grpc/support/log.h>
-/* This polling engine is only relevant on linux kernels supporting epoll() */
-#ifdef GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL_CREATE1
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epollex_linux.h"
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <poll.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/epoll.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/syscall.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <grpc/support/alloc.h>
-#include <grpc/support/string_util.h>
-#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/debug/stats.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gpr/spinlock.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gpr/tls.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gpr/useful.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/manual_constructor.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/ref_counted.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/gprpp/sync.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/block_annotate.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/iomgr_internal.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/is_epollexclusive_available.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/lockfree_event.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/sys_epoll_wrapper.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/timer.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/wakeup_fd_posix.h"
-#include "src/core/lib/profiling/timers.h"
-// debug aid: create workers on the heap (allows asan to spot
-// use-after-destruction)
-//#define GRPC_EPOLLEX_CREATE_WORKERS_ON_HEAP 1
-#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS 100
-// TODO(juanlishen): We use a greater-than-one value here as a workaround fix to
-// a keepalive ping timeout issue. We may want to revert https://github
-// .com/grpc/grpc/pull/14943 once we figure out the root cause.
-#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS_HANDLED_EACH_POLL_CALL 16
-#define MAX_FDS_IN_CACHE 32
-grpc_core::DebugOnlyTraceFlag grpc_trace_pollable_refcount(false,
-                                                           "pollable_refcount");
-/*******************************************************************************
- * pollable Declarations
- */
-typedef enum { PO_MULTI, PO_FD, PO_EMPTY } pollable_type;
-typedef struct pollable pollable;
-/// A pollable is something that can be polled: it has an epoll set to poll on,
-/// and a wakeup fd for kicks
-/// There are three broad types:
-///  - PO_EMPTY - the empty pollable, used before file descriptors are added to
-///               a pollset
-///  - PO_FD - a pollable containing only one FD - used to optimize single-fd
-///            pollsets (which are common with synchronous api usage)
-///  - PO_MULTI - a pollable containing many fds
-struct pollable {
-  pollable_type type;  // immutable
-  grpc_core::RefCount refs;
-  int epfd;
-  grpc_wakeup_fd wakeup;
-  // The following are relevant only for type PO_FD
-  grpc_fd* owner_fd;       // Set to the owner_fd if the type is PO_FD
-  gpr_mu owner_orphan_mu;  // Synchronizes access to owner_orphaned field
-  bool owner_orphaned;     // Is the owner fd orphaned
-  grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set;
-  pollable* next;
-  pollable* prev;
-  gpr_mu mu;
-  grpc_pollset_worker* root_worker;
-  int event_cursor;
-  int event_count;
-  struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS];
-};
-static const char* pollable_type_string(pollable_type t) {
-  switch (t) {
-    case PO_MULTI:
-      return "pollset";
-    case PO_FD:
-      return "fd";
-    case PO_EMPTY:
-      return "empty";
-  }
-  return "<invalid>";
-}
-static char* pollable_desc(pollable* p) {
-  char* out;
-  gpr_asprintf(&out, "type=%s epfd=%d wakeup=%d", pollable_type_string(p->type),
-               p->epfd, p->wakeup.read_fd);
-  return out;
-}
-/// Shared empty pollable - used by pollset to poll on until the first fd is
-/// added
-static pollable* g_empty_pollable;
-static grpc_error* pollable_create(pollable_type type, pollable** p);
-static pollable* pollable_ref(pollable* p,
-                              const grpc_core::DebugLocation& dbg_loc,
-                              const char* reason) {
-  p->refs.Ref(dbg_loc, reason);
-  return p;
-}
-static void pollable_unref(pollable* p, const grpc_core::DebugLocation& dbg_loc,
-                           const char* reason) {
-  if (p == nullptr) return;
-  if (GPR_UNLIKELY(p != nullptr && p->refs.Unref(dbg_loc, reason))) {
-    GRPC_FD_TRACE("pollable_unref: Closing epfd: %d", p->epfd);
-    close(p->epfd);
-    grpc_wakeup_fd_destroy(&p->wakeup);
-    gpr_mu_destroy(&p->owner_orphan_mu);
-    gpr_mu_destroy(&p->mu);
-    gpr_free(p);
-  }
-}
-#define POLLABLE_REF(p, r) pollable_ref((p), DEBUG_LOCATION, (r))
-#define POLLABLE_UNREF(p, r) pollable_unref((p), DEBUG_LOCATION, (r))
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Fd Declarations
- */
-struct grpc_fd {
-  grpc_fd(int fd, const char* name, bool track_err)
-      : fd(fd), track_err(track_err) {
-    gpr_mu_init(&orphan_mu);
-    gpr_mu_init(&pollable_mu);
-    read_closure.InitEvent();
-    write_closure.InitEvent();
-    error_closure.InitEvent();
-    char* fd_name;
-    gpr_asprintf(&fd_name, "%s fd=%d", name, fd);
-    grpc_iomgr_register_object(&iomgr_object, fd_name);
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_fd_refcount)) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG, "FD %d %p create %s", fd, this, fd_name);
-    }
-#endif
-    gpr_free(fd_name);
-  }
-  // This is really the dtor, but the poller threads waking up from
-  // epoll_wait() may access the (read|write|error)_closure after destruction.
-  // Since the object will be added to the free pool, this behavior is
-  // not going to cause issues, except spurious events if the FD is reused
-  // while the race happens.
-  void destroy() {
-    grpc_iomgr_unregister_object(&iomgr_object);
-    POLLABLE_UNREF(pollable_obj, "fd_pollable");
-    // To clear out the allocations of pollset_fds, we need to swap its
-    // contents with a newly-constructed (and soon to be destructed) local
-    // variable of its same type. This is because InlinedVector::clear is _not_
-    // guaranteed to actually free up allocations and this is important since
-    // this object doesn't have a conventional destructor.
-    absl::InlinedVector<int, 1> pollset_fds_tmp;
-    pollset_fds_tmp.swap(pollset_fds);
-    gpr_mu_destroy(&pollable_mu);
-    gpr_mu_destroy(&orphan_mu);
-    read_closure.DestroyEvent();
-    write_closure.DestroyEvent();
-    error_closure.DestroyEvent();
-    invalidate();
-  }
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  /* Since an fd is never really destroyed (i.e gpr_free() is not called), it is
-   * hard-to-debug cases where fd fields are accessed even after calling
-   * fd_destroy(). The following invalidates fd fields to make catching such
-   * errors easier */
-  void invalidate() {
-    fd = -1;
-    gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&refst, -1);
-    memset(&orphan_mu, -1, sizeof(orphan_mu));
-    memset(&pollable_mu, -1, sizeof(pollable_mu));
-    pollable_obj = nullptr;
-    on_done_closure = nullptr;
-    memset(&iomgr_object, -1, sizeof(iomgr_object));
-    track_err = false;
-  }
-#else
-  void invalidate() {}
-#endif
-  int fd;
-  // refst format:
-  //     bit 0    : 1=Active / 0=Orphaned
-  //     bits 1-n : refcount
-  //  Ref/Unref by two to avoid altering the orphaned bit
-  gpr_atm refst = 1;
-  gpr_mu orphan_mu;
-  // Protects pollable_obj and pollset_fds.
-  gpr_mu pollable_mu;
-  absl::InlinedVector<int, 1> pollset_fds;  // Used in PO_MULTI.
-  pollable* pollable_obj = nullptr;         // Used in PO_FD.
-  grpc_core::LockfreeEvent read_closure;
-  grpc_core::LockfreeEvent write_closure;
-  grpc_core::LockfreeEvent error_closure;
-  struct grpc_fd* freelist_next = nullptr;
-  grpc_closure* on_done_closure = nullptr;
-  grpc_iomgr_object iomgr_object;
-  // Do we need to track EPOLLERR events separately?
-  bool track_err;
-};
-static void fd_global_init(void);
-static void fd_global_shutdown(void);
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Pollset Declarations
- */
-struct pwlink {
-  grpc_pollset_worker* next;
-  grpc_pollset_worker* prev;
-};
-typedef enum { PWLINK_POLLABLE = 0, PWLINK_POLLSET, PWLINK_COUNT } pwlinks;
-struct grpc_pollset_worker {
-  bool kicked;
-  bool initialized_cv;
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  // debug aid: which thread started this worker
-  pid_t originator;
-#endif
-  gpr_cv cv;
-  grpc_pollset* pollset;
-  pollable* pollable_obj;
-  pwlink links[PWLINK_COUNT];
-};
-struct grpc_pollset {
-  gpr_mu mu;
-  gpr_atm worker_count;
-  gpr_atm active_pollable_type;
-  pollable* active_pollable;
-  bool kicked_without_poller;
-  grpc_closure* shutdown_closure;
-  bool already_shutdown;
-  grpc_pollset_worker* root_worker;
-  int containing_pollset_set_count;
-};
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Pollset-set Declarations
- */
-struct grpc_pollset_set {
-  grpc_core::RefCount refs;
-  gpr_mu mu;
-  grpc_pollset_set* parent;
-  size_t pollset_count;
-  size_t pollset_capacity;
-  grpc_pollset** pollsets;
-  size_t fd_count;
-  size_t fd_capacity;
-  grpc_fd** fds;
-};
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Common helpers
- */
-static bool append_error(grpc_error** composite, grpc_error* error,
-                         const char* desc) {
-  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) return true;
-  if (*composite == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    *composite = GRPC_ERROR_CREATE_FROM_COPIED_STRING(desc);
-  }
-  *composite = grpc_error_add_child(*composite, error);
-  return false;
-}
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Fd Definitions
- */
-/* We need to keep a freelist not because of any concerns of malloc performance
- * but instead so that implementations with multiple threads in (for example)
- * epoll_wait deal with the race between pollset removal and incoming poll
- * notifications.
- *
- * The problem is that the poller ultimately holds a reference to this
- * object, so it is very difficult to know when is safe to free it, at least
- * without some expensive synchronization.
- *
- * If we keep the object freelisted, in the worst case losing this race just
- * becomes a spurious read notification on a reused fd.
- */
-static grpc_fd* fd_freelist = nullptr;
-static gpr_mu fd_freelist_mu;
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-#define REF_BY(fd, n, reason) ref_by(fd, n, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-#define UNREF_BY(fd, n, reason) unref_by(fd, n, reason, __FILE__, __LINE__)
-static void ref_by(grpc_fd* fd, int n, const char* reason, const char* file,
-                   int line) {
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_fd_refcount)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
-            "FD %d %p   ref %d %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s; %s:%d]",
-            fd->fd, fd, n, gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst),
-            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst) + n, reason, file, line);
-  }
-#else
-#define REF_BY(fd, n, reason) \
-  do {                        \
-    ref_by(fd, n);            \
-    (void)(reason);           \
-  } while (0)
-#define UNREF_BY(fd, n, reason) \
-  do {                          \
-    unref_by(fd, n);            \
-    (void)(reason);             \
-  } while (0)
-static void ref_by(grpc_fd* fd, int n) {
-#endif
-  GPR_ASSERT(gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&fd->refst, n) > 0);
-}
-/* Uninitialize and add to the freelist */
-static void fd_destroy(void* arg, grpc_error* /*error*/) {
-  grpc_fd* fd = static_cast<grpc_fd*>(arg);
-  fd->destroy();
-  /* Add the fd to the freelist */
-  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
-  fd->freelist_next = fd_freelist;
-  fd_freelist = fd;
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
-}
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-static void unref_by(grpc_fd* fd, int n, const char* reason, const char* file,
-                     int line) {
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_trace_fd_refcount)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_DEBUG,
-            "FD %d %p unref %d %" PRIdPTR " -> %" PRIdPTR " [%s; %s:%d]",
-            fd->fd, fd, n, gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst),
-            gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fd->refst) - n, reason, file, line);
-  }
-#else
-static void unref_by(grpc_fd* fd, int n) {
-#endif
-  gpr_atm old = gpr_atm_full_fetch_add(&fd->refst, -n);
-  if (old == n) {
-    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(
-        DEBUG_LOCATION,
-        GRPC_CLOSURE_CREATE(fd_destroy, fd, grpc_schedule_on_exec_ctx),
-        GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-  } else {
-    GPR_ASSERT(old > n);
-  }
-}
-static void fd_global_init(void) { gpr_mu_init(&fd_freelist_mu); }
-static void fd_global_shutdown(void) {
-  // TODO(guantaol): We don't have a reasonable explanation about this
-  // lock()/unlock() pattern. It can be a valid barrier if there is at most one
-  // pending lock() at this point. Otherwise, there is still a possibility of
-  // use-after-free race. Need to reason about the code and/or clean it up.
-  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
-  while (fd_freelist != nullptr) {
-    grpc_fd* fd = fd_freelist;
-    fd_freelist = fd_freelist->freelist_next;
-    gpr_free(fd);
-  }
-  gpr_mu_destroy(&fd_freelist_mu);
-}
-static grpc_fd* fd_create(int fd, const char* name, bool track_err) {
-  grpc_fd* new_fd = nullptr;
-  gpr_mu_lock(&fd_freelist_mu);
-  if (fd_freelist != nullptr) {
-    new_fd = fd_freelist;
-    fd_freelist = fd_freelist->freelist_next;
-  }
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd_freelist_mu);
-  if (new_fd == nullptr) {
-    new_fd = static_cast<grpc_fd*>(gpr_malloc(sizeof(grpc_fd)));
-  }
-  return new (new_fd) grpc_fd(fd, name, track_err);
-}
-static int fd_wrapped_fd(grpc_fd* fd) {
-  int ret_fd = fd->fd;
-  return (gpr_atm_acq_load(&fd->refst) & 1) ? ret_fd : -1;
-}
-static void fd_orphan(grpc_fd* fd, grpc_closure* on_done, int* release_fd,
-                      const char* reason) {
-  bool is_fd_closed = false;
-  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->orphan_mu);
-  // Get the fd->pollable_obj and set the owner_orphaned on that pollable to
-  // true so that the pollable will no longer access its owner_fd field.
-  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->pollable_mu);
-  pollable* pollable_obj = fd->pollable_obj;
-  if (pollable_obj) {
-    gpr_mu_lock(&pollable_obj->owner_orphan_mu);
-    pollable_obj->owner_orphaned = true;
-  }
-  fd->on_done_closure = on_done;
-  /* If release_fd is not NULL, we should be relinquishing control of the file
-     descriptor fd->fd (but we still own the grpc_fd structure). */
-  if (release_fd != nullptr) {
-    // Remove the FD from all epolls sets, before releasing it.
-    // Otherwise, we will receive epoll events after we release the FD.
-    epoll_event ev_fd;
-    memset(&ev_fd, 0, sizeof(ev_fd));
-    if (pollable_obj != nullptr) {  // For PO_FD.
-      epoll_ctl(pollable_obj->epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd->fd, &ev_fd);
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < fd->pollset_fds.size(); ++i) {  // For PO_MULTI.
-      const int epfd = fd->pollset_fds[i];
-      epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, fd->fd, &ev_fd);
-    }
-    *release_fd = fd->fd;
-  } else {
-    close(fd->fd);
-    is_fd_closed = true;
-  }
-  // TODO(sreek): handle fd removal (where is_fd_closed=false)
-  if (!is_fd_closed) {
-    GRPC_FD_TRACE("epoll_fd %p (%d) was orphaned but not closed.", fd, fd->fd);
-  }
-  /* Remove the active status but keep referenced. We want this grpc_fd struct
-     to be alive (and not added to freelist) until the end of this function */
-  REF_BY(fd, 1, reason);
-  grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, fd->on_done_closure, GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-  if (pollable_obj) {
-    gpr_mu_unlock(&pollable_obj->owner_orphan_mu);
-  }
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->pollable_mu);
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->orphan_mu);
-  UNREF_BY(fd, 2, reason); /* Drop the reference */
-}
-static bool fd_is_shutdown(grpc_fd* fd) {
-  return fd->read_closure.IsShutdown();
-}
-/* Might be called multiple times */
-static void fd_shutdown(grpc_fd* fd, grpc_error* why) {
-  if (fd->read_closure.SetShutdown(GRPC_ERROR_REF(why))) {
-    if (shutdown(fd->fd, SHUT_RDWR)) {
-      if (errno != ENOTCONN) {
-        gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Error shutting down fd %d. errno: %d",
-                grpc_fd_wrapped_fd(fd), errno);
-      }
-    }
-    fd->write_closure.SetShutdown(GRPC_ERROR_REF(why));
-    fd->error_closure.SetShutdown(GRPC_ERROR_REF(why));
-  }
-  GRPC_ERROR_UNREF(why);
-}
-static void fd_notify_on_read(grpc_fd* fd, grpc_closure* closure) {
-  fd->read_closure.NotifyOn(closure);
-}
-static void fd_notify_on_write(grpc_fd* fd, grpc_closure* closure) {
-  fd->write_closure.NotifyOn(closure);
-}
-static void fd_notify_on_error(grpc_fd* fd, grpc_closure* closure) {
-  fd->error_closure.NotifyOn(closure);
-}
-static bool fd_has_pollset(grpc_fd* fd, grpc_pollset* pollset) {
-  const int epfd = pollset->active_pollable->epfd;
-  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&fd->pollable_mu);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < fd->pollset_fds.size(); ++i) {
-    if (fd->pollset_fds[i] == epfd) {
-      return true;
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-static void fd_add_pollset(grpc_fd* fd, grpc_pollset* pollset) {
-  const int epfd = pollset->active_pollable->epfd;
-  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&fd->pollable_mu);
-  fd->pollset_fds.push_back(epfd);
-}
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Pollable Definitions
- */
-static grpc_error* pollable_create(pollable_type type, pollable** p) {
-  *p = nullptr;
-  int epfd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
-  if (epfd == -1) {
-    return GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_create1");
-  }
-  GRPC_FD_TRACE("Pollable_create: created epfd: %d (type: %d)", epfd, type);
-  *p = static_cast<pollable*>(gpr_malloc(sizeof(**p)));
-  grpc_error* err = grpc_wakeup_fd_init(&(*p)->wakeup);
-  if (err != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    GRPC_FD_TRACE(
-        "Pollable_create: closed epfd: %d (type: %d). wakeupfd_init error",
-        epfd, type);
-    close(epfd);
-    gpr_free(*p);
-    *p = nullptr;
-    return err;
-  }
-  struct epoll_event ev;
-  ev.events = static_cast<uint32_t>(EPOLLIN | EPOLLET);
-  ev.data.ptr = (void*)(1 | (intptr_t) & (*p)->wakeup);
-  if (epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, (*p)->wakeup.read_fd, &ev) != 0) {
-    err = GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_ctl");
-    GRPC_FD_TRACE(
-        "Pollable_create: closed epfd: %d (type: %d). epoll_ctl error", epfd,
-        type);
-    close(epfd);
-    grpc_wakeup_fd_destroy(&(*p)->wakeup);
-    gpr_free(*p);
-    *p = nullptr;
-    return err;
-  }
-  (*p)->type = type;
-  new (&(*p)->refs) grpc_core::RefCount(1, &grpc_trace_pollable_refcount);
-  gpr_mu_init(&(*p)->mu);
-  (*p)->epfd = epfd;
-  (*p)->owner_fd = nullptr;
-  gpr_mu_init(&(*p)->owner_orphan_mu);
-  (*p)->owner_orphaned = false;
-  (*p)->pollset_set = nullptr;
-  (*p)->next = (*p)->prev = *p;
-  (*p)->root_worker = nullptr;
-  (*p)->event_cursor = 0;
-  (*p)->event_count = 0;
-  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-}
-static grpc_error* pollable_add_fd(pollable* p, grpc_fd* fd) {
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollable_add_fd";
-  const int epfd = p->epfd;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "add fd %p (%d) to pollable %p", fd, fd->fd, p);
-  }
-  struct epoll_event ev_fd;
-  ev_fd.events =
-      static_cast<uint32_t>(EPOLLET | EPOLLIN | EPOLLOUT | EPOLLEXCLUSIVE);
-  /* Use the second least significant bit of ev_fd.data.ptr to store track_err
-   * to avoid synchronization issues when accessing it after receiving an event.
-   * Accessing fd would be a data race there because the fd might have been
-   * returned to the free list at that point. */
-  ev_fd.data.ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(fd) |
-                                           (fd->track_err ? 2 : 0));
-  GRPC_STATS_INC_SYSCALL_EPOLL_CTL();
-  if (epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd->fd, &ev_fd) != 0) {
-    switch (errno) {
-      case EEXIST:
-        break;
-      default:
-        append_error(&error, GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_ctl"), err_desc);
-    }
-  }
-  return error;
-}
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Pollset Definitions
- */
-GPR_TLS_DECL(g_current_thread_pollset);
-GPR_TLS_DECL(g_current_thread_worker);
-/* Global state management */
-static grpc_error* pollset_global_init(void) {
-  gpr_tls_init(&g_current_thread_pollset);
-  gpr_tls_init(&g_current_thread_worker);
-  return pollable_create(PO_EMPTY, &g_empty_pollable);
-}
-static void pollset_global_shutdown(void) {
-  POLLABLE_UNREF(g_empty_pollable, "g_empty_pollable");
-  gpr_tls_destroy(&g_current_thread_pollset);
-  gpr_tls_destroy(&g_current_thread_worker);
-}
-/* pollset->mu must be held while calling this function */
-static void pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(grpc_pollset* pollset) {
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-            "PS:%p (pollable:%p) maybe_finish_shutdown sc=%p (target:!NULL) "
-            "rw=%p (target:NULL) cpsc=%d (target:0)",
-            pollset, pollset->active_pollable, pollset->shutdown_closure,
-            pollset->root_worker, pollset->containing_pollset_set_count);
-  }
-  if (pollset->shutdown_closure != nullptr && pollset->root_worker == nullptr &&
-      pollset->containing_pollset_set_count == 0) {
-    GPR_TIMER_MARK("pollset_finish_shutdown", 0);
-    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Run(DEBUG_LOCATION, pollset->shutdown_closure,
-                            GRPC_ERROR_NONE);
-    pollset->shutdown_closure = nullptr;
-    pollset->already_shutdown = true;
-  }
-}
-/* pollset->mu must be held before calling this function,
- * pollset->active_pollable->mu & specific_worker->pollable_obj->mu must not be
- * held */
-static grpc_error* kick_one_worker(grpc_pollset_worker* specific_worker) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("kick_one_worker", 0);
-  pollable* p = specific_worker->pollable_obj;
-  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&p->mu);
-  GPR_ASSERT(specific_worker != nullptr);
-  if (specific_worker->kicked) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p kicked_specific_but_already_kicked", p);
-    }
-    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICKED_AGAIN();
-    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  }
-  if (gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_worker) == (intptr_t)specific_worker) {
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p kicked_specific_but_awake", p);
-    }
-    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_OWN_THREAD();
-    specific_worker->kicked = true;
-    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  }
-  if (specific_worker == p->root_worker) {
-    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_WAKEUP_FD();
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p kicked_specific_via_wakeup_fd", p);
-    }
-    specific_worker->kicked = true;
-    grpc_error* error = grpc_wakeup_fd_wakeup(&p->wakeup);
-    return error;
-  }
-  if (specific_worker->initialized_cv) {
-    GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_WAKEUP_CV();
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p kicked_specific_via_cv", p);
-    }
-    specific_worker->kicked = true;
-    gpr_cv_signal(&specific_worker->cv);
-    return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  }
-  // we can get here during end_worker after removing specific_worker from the
-  // pollable list but before removing it from the pollset list
-  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-}
-static grpc_error* pollset_kick(grpc_pollset* pollset,
-                                grpc_pollset_worker* specific_worker) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_kick", 0);
-  GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK();
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-            "PS:%p kick %p tls_pollset=%p tls_worker=%p pollset.root_worker=%p",
-            pollset, specific_worker,
-            (void*)gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_pollset),
-            (void*)gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_worker), pollset->root_worker);
-  }
-  if (specific_worker == nullptr) {
-    if (gpr_tls_get(&g_current_thread_pollset) != (intptr_t)pollset) {
-      if (pollset->root_worker == nullptr) {
-        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-          gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p kicked_any_without_poller", pollset);
-        }
-        GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICKED_WITHOUT_POLLER();
-        pollset->kicked_without_poller = true;
-        return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-      } else {
-        // We've been asked to kick a poller, but we haven't been told which one
-        // ... any will do
-        // We look at the pollset worker list because:
-        // 1. the pollable list may include workers from other pollers, so we'd
-        //    need to do an O(N) search
-        // 2. we'd additionally need to take the pollable lock, which we've so
-        //    far avoided
-        // Now, we would prefer to wake a poller in cv_wait, and not in
-        // epoll_wait (since the latter would imply the need to do an additional
-        // wakeup)
-        // We know that if a worker is at the root of a pollable, it's (likely)
-        // also the root of a pollset, and we know that if a worker is NOT at
-        // the root of a pollset, it's (likely) not at the root of a pollable,
-        // so we take our chances and choose the SECOND worker enqueued against
-        // the pollset as a worker that's likely to be in cv_wait
-        return kick_one_worker(
-            pollset->root_worker->links[PWLINK_POLLSET].next);
-      }
-    } else {
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-        gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p kicked_any_but_awake", pollset);
-      }
-      GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK_OWN_THREAD();
-      return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-    }
-  } else {
-    return kick_one_worker(specific_worker);
-  }
-}
-static grpc_error* pollset_kick_all(grpc_pollset* pollset) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_kick_all", 0);
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  const char* err_desc = "pollset_kick_all";
-  grpc_pollset_worker* w = pollset->root_worker;
-  if (w != nullptr) {
-    do {
-      GRPC_STATS_INC_POLLSET_KICK();
-      append_error(&error, kick_one_worker(w), err_desc);
-      w = w->links[PWLINK_POLLSET].next;
-    } while (w != pollset->root_worker);
-  }
-  return error;
-}
-static void pollset_init(grpc_pollset* pollset, gpr_mu** mu) {
-  gpr_mu_init(&pollset->mu);
-  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&pollset->worker_count, 0);
-  gpr_atm_no_barrier_store(&pollset->active_pollable_type, PO_EMPTY);
-  pollset->active_pollable = POLLABLE_REF(g_empty_pollable, "pollset");
-  pollset->kicked_without_poller = false;
-  pollset->shutdown_closure = nullptr;
-  pollset->already_shutdown = false;
-  pollset->root_worker = nullptr;
-  pollset->containing_pollset_set_count = 0;
-  *mu = &pollset->mu;
-}
-static int poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(grpc_millis millis) {
-  if (millis == GRPC_MILLIS_INF_FUTURE) return -1;
-  grpc_millis delta = millis - grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now();
-  if (delta > INT_MAX)
-    return INT_MAX;
-  else if (delta < 0)
-    return 0;
-  else
-    return static_cast<int>(delta);
-}
-static void fd_become_readable(grpc_fd* fd) { fd->read_closure.SetReady(); }
-static void fd_become_writable(grpc_fd* fd) { fd->write_closure.SetReady(); }
-static void fd_has_errors(grpc_fd* fd) { fd->error_closure.SetReady(); }
-/* Get the pollable_obj attached to this fd. If none is attached, create a new
- * pollable object (of type PO_FD), attach it to the fd and return it
- *
- * Note that if a pollable object is already attached to the fd, it may be of
- * either PO_FD or PO_MULTI type */
-static grpc_error* get_fd_pollable(grpc_fd* fd, pollable** p) {
-  gpr_mu_lock(&fd->pollable_mu);
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  static const char* err_desc = "get_fd_pollable";
-  if (fd->pollable_obj == nullptr) {
-    if (append_error(&error, pollable_create(PO_FD, &fd->pollable_obj),
-                     err_desc)) {
-      fd->pollable_obj->owner_fd = fd;
-      if (!append_error(&error, pollable_add_fd(fd->pollable_obj, fd),
-                        err_desc)) {
-        POLLABLE_UNREF(fd->pollable_obj, "fd_pollable");
-        fd->pollable_obj = nullptr;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  if (error == GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    GPR_ASSERT(fd->pollable_obj != nullptr);
-    *p = POLLABLE_REF(fd->pollable_obj, "pollset");
-  } else {
-    GPR_ASSERT(fd->pollable_obj == nullptr);
-    *p = nullptr;
-  }
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&fd->pollable_mu);
-  return error;
-}
-/* pollset->po.mu lock must be held by the caller before calling this */
-static void pollset_shutdown(grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_closure* closure) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_shutdown", 0);
-  GPR_ASSERT(pollset->shutdown_closure == nullptr);
-  pollset->shutdown_closure = closure;
-  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_shutdown", pollset_kick_all(pollset));
-  pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(pollset);
-}
-static grpc_error* pollable_process_events(grpc_pollset* pollset,
-                                           pollable* pollable_obj, bool drain) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollable_process_events", 0);
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_process_events";
-  // Use a simple heuristic to determine how many fd events to process
-  // per loop iteration.  (events/workers)
-  int handle_count = 1;
-  int worker_count = gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pollset->worker_count);
-  GPR_ASSERT(worker_count > 0);
-  handle_count =
-      (pollable_obj->event_count - pollable_obj->event_cursor) / worker_count;
-  if (handle_count == 0) {
-    handle_count = 1;
-  } else if (handle_count > MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS_HANDLED_EACH_POLL_CALL) {
-    handle_count = MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS_HANDLED_EACH_POLL_CALL;
-  }
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  for (int i = 0; (drain || i < handle_count) &&
-                  pollable_obj->event_cursor != pollable_obj->event_count;
-       i++) {
-    int n = pollable_obj->event_cursor++;
-    struct epoll_event* ev = &pollable_obj->events[n];
-    void* data_ptr = ev->data.ptr;
-    if (1 & (intptr_t)data_ptr) {
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-        gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p got pollset_wakeup %p", pollset, data_ptr);
-      }
-      append_error(&error,
-                   grpc_wakeup_fd_consume_wakeup(
-                       (grpc_wakeup_fd*)((~static_cast<intptr_t>(1)) &
-                                         (intptr_t)data_ptr)),
-                   err_desc);
-    } else {
-      grpc_fd* fd =
-          reinterpret_cast<grpc_fd*>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(data_ptr) & ~2);
-      bool track_err = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(data_ptr) & 2;
-      bool cancel = (ev->events & EPOLLHUP) != 0;
-      bool error = (ev->events & EPOLLERR) != 0;
-      bool read_ev = (ev->events & (EPOLLIN | EPOLLPRI)) != 0;
-      bool write_ev = (ev->events & EPOLLOUT) != 0;
-      bool err_fallback = error && !track_err;
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-                "PS:%p got fd %p: cancel=%d read=%d "
-                "write=%d",
-                pollset, fd, cancel, read_ev, write_ev);
-      }
-      if (error && !err_fallback) {
-        fd_has_errors(fd);
-      }
-      if (read_ev || cancel || err_fallback) {
-        fd_become_readable(fd);
-      }
-      if (write_ev || cancel || err_fallback) {
-        fd_become_writable(fd);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return error;
-}
-/* pollset_shutdown is guaranteed to be called before pollset_destroy. */
-static void pollset_destroy(grpc_pollset* pollset) {
-  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
-  pollset->active_pollable = nullptr;
-  gpr_mu_destroy(&pollset->mu);
-}
-static grpc_error* pollable_epoll(pollable* p, grpc_millis deadline) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollable_epoll", 0);
-  int timeout = poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(deadline);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    char* desc = pollable_desc(p);
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "POLLABLE:%p[%s] poll for %dms", p, desc, timeout);
-    gpr_free(desc);
-  }
-  if (timeout != 0) {
-    GRPC_SCHEDULING_START_BLOCKING_REGION;
-  }
-  int r;
-  do {
-    GRPC_STATS_INC_SYSCALL_POLL();
-    r = epoll_wait(p->epfd, p->events, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS, timeout);
-  } while (r < 0 && errno == EINTR);
-  if (timeout != 0) {
-    GRPC_SCHEDULING_END_BLOCKING_REGION;
-  }
-  if (r < 0) return GRPC_OS_ERROR(errno, "epoll_wait");
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "POLLABLE:%p got %d events", p, r);
-  }
-  p->event_cursor = 0;
-  p->event_count = r;
-  return GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-}
-/* Return true if first in list */
-static bool worker_insert(grpc_pollset_worker** root_worker,
-                          grpc_pollset_worker* worker, pwlinks link) {
-  if (*root_worker == nullptr) {
-    *root_worker = worker;
-    worker->links[link].next = worker->links[link].prev = worker;
-    return true;
-  } else {
-    worker->links[link].next = *root_worker;
-    worker->links[link].prev = worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev;
-    worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev = worker;
-    worker->links[link].prev->links[link].next = worker;
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-/* returns the new root IFF the root changed */
-typedef enum { WRR_NEW_ROOT, WRR_EMPTIED, WRR_REMOVED } worker_remove_result;
-static worker_remove_result worker_remove(grpc_pollset_worker** root_worker,
-                                          grpc_pollset_worker* worker,
-                                          pwlinks link) {
-  if (worker == *root_worker) {
-    if (worker == worker->links[link].next) {
-      *root_worker = nullptr;
-      return WRR_EMPTIED;
-    } else {
-      *root_worker = worker->links[link].next;
-      worker->links[link].prev->links[link].next = worker->links[link].next;
-      worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev = worker->links[link].prev;
-      return WRR_NEW_ROOT;
-    }
-  } else {
-    worker->links[link].prev->links[link].next = worker->links[link].next;
-    worker->links[link].next->links[link].prev = worker->links[link].prev;
-    return WRR_REMOVED;
-  }
-}
-/* Return true if this thread should poll */
-static bool begin_worker(grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_pollset_worker* worker,
-                         grpc_pollset_worker** worker_hdl,
-                         grpc_millis deadline) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("begin_worker", 0);
-  bool do_poll =
-      (pollset->shutdown_closure == nullptr && !pollset->already_shutdown);
-  gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&pollset->worker_count, 1);
-  if (worker_hdl != nullptr) *worker_hdl = worker;
-  worker->initialized_cv = false;
-  worker->kicked = false;
-  worker->pollset = pollset;
-  worker->pollable_obj =
-      POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_worker");
-  worker_insert(&pollset->root_worker, worker, PWLINK_POLLSET);
-  gpr_mu_lock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
-  if (!worker_insert(&worker->pollable_obj->root_worker, worker,
-                     PWLINK_POLLABLE)) {
-    worker->initialized_cv = true;
-    gpr_cv_init(&worker->cv);
-    gpr_mu_unlock(&pollset->mu);
-    if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace) &&
-        worker->pollable_obj->root_worker != worker) {
-      gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p wait %p w=%p for %dms", pollset,
-              worker->pollable_obj, worker,
-              poll_deadline_to_millis_timeout(deadline));
-    }
-    while (do_poll && worker->pollable_obj->root_worker != worker) {
-      if (gpr_cv_wait(&worker->cv, &worker->pollable_obj->mu,
-                      grpc_millis_to_timespec(deadline, GPR_CLOCK_REALTIME))) {
-        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-          gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p timeout_wait %p w=%p", pollset,
-                  worker->pollable_obj, worker);
-        }
-        do_poll = false;
-      } else if (worker->kicked) {
-        if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-          gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p wakeup %p w=%p", pollset,
-                  worker->pollable_obj, worker);
-        }
-        do_poll = false;
-      } else if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace) &&
-                 worker->pollable_obj->root_worker != worker) {
-        gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PS:%p spurious_wakeup %p w=%p", pollset,
-                worker->pollable_obj, worker);
-      }
-    }
-    grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->InvalidateNow();
-  } else {
-    gpr_mu_unlock(&pollset->mu);
-  }
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
-  return do_poll;
-}
-static void end_worker(grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_pollset_worker* worker,
-                       grpc_pollset_worker** /*worker_hdl*/) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("end_worker", 0);
-  gpr_mu_lock(&pollset->mu);
-  gpr_mu_lock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
-  switch (worker_remove(&worker->pollable_obj->root_worker, worker,
-                        PWLINK_POLLABLE)) {
-    case WRR_NEW_ROOT: {
-      // wakeup new poller
-      grpc_pollset_worker* new_root = worker->pollable_obj->root_worker;
-      GPR_ASSERT(new_root->initialized_cv);
-      gpr_cv_signal(&new_root->cv);
-      break;
-    }
-    case WRR_EMPTIED:
-      if (pollset->active_pollable != worker->pollable_obj) {
-        // pollable no longer being polled: flush events
-        pollable_process_events(pollset, worker->pollable_obj, true);
-      }
-      break;
-    case WRR_REMOVED:
-      break;
-  }
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&worker->pollable_obj->mu);
-  POLLABLE_UNREF(worker->pollable_obj, "pollset_worker");
-  if (worker_remove(&pollset->root_worker, worker, PWLINK_POLLSET) ==
-      WRR_EMPTIED) {
-    pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(pollset);
-  }
-  if (worker->initialized_cv) {
-    gpr_cv_destroy(&worker->cv);
-  }
-  gpr_atm_no_barrier_fetch_add(&pollset->worker_count, -1);
-}
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-static long sys_gettid(void) { return syscall(__NR_gettid); }
-#endif
-/* pollset->mu lock must be held by the caller before calling this.
-   The function pollset_work() may temporarily release the lock (pollset->po.mu)
-   during the course of its execution but it will always re-acquire the lock and
-   ensure that it is held by the time the function returns */
-static grpc_error* pollset_work(grpc_pollset* pollset,
-                                grpc_pollset_worker** worker_hdl,
-                                grpc_millis deadline) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_work", 0);
-#ifdef GRPC_EPOLLEX_CREATE_WORKERS_ON_HEAP
-  grpc_pollset_worker* worker =
-      (grpc_pollset_worker*)gpr_malloc(sizeof(*worker));
-#define WORKER_PTR (worker)
-#else
-  grpc_pollset_worker worker;
-#define WORKER_PTR (&worker)
-#endif
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  WORKER_PTR->originator = sys_gettid();
-#endif
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-            "PS:%p work hdl=%p worker=%p now=%" PRId64 " deadline=%" PRId64
-            " kwp=%d pollable=%p",
-            pollset, worker_hdl, WORKER_PTR, grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Now(),
-            deadline, pollset->kicked_without_poller, pollset->active_pollable);
-  }
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_work";
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  if (pollset->kicked_without_poller) {
-    pollset->kicked_without_poller = false;
-  } else {
-    if (begin_worker(pollset, WORKER_PTR, worker_hdl, deadline)) {
-      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_pollset, (intptr_t)pollset);
-      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_worker, (intptr_t)WORKER_PTR);
-      if (WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj->event_cursor ==
-          WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj->event_count) {
-        append_error(&error, pollable_epoll(WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj, deadline),
-                     err_desc);
-      }
-      append_error(
-          &error,
-          pollable_process_events(pollset, WORKER_PTR->pollable_obj, false),
-          err_desc);
-      grpc_core::ExecCtx::Get()->Flush();
-      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_pollset, 0);
-      gpr_tls_set(&g_current_thread_worker, 0);
-    }
-    end_worker(pollset, WORKER_PTR, worker_hdl);
-  }
-#ifdef GRPC_EPOLLEX_CREATE_WORKERS_ON_HEAP
-  gpr_free(worker);
-#endif
-#undef WORKER_PTR
-  return error;
-}
-static grpc_error* pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd_locked(
-    grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_fd* fd) {
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd";
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-            "PS:%p add fd %p (%d); transition pollable from empty to fd",
-            pollset, fd, fd->fd);
-  }
-  append_error(&error, pollset_kick_all(pollset), err_desc);
-  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
-  append_error(&error, get_fd_pollable(fd, &pollset->active_pollable),
-               err_desc);
-  return error;
-}
-static grpc_error* pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi_locked(
-    grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_fd* and_add_fd) {
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi";
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(
-        GPR_INFO,
-        "PS:%p add fd %p (%d); transition pollable from fd %p to multipoller",
-        pollset, and_add_fd, and_add_fd ? and_add_fd->fd : -1,
-        pollset->active_pollable->owner_fd);
-  }
-  append_error(&error, pollset_kick_all(pollset), err_desc);
-  grpc_fd* initial_fd = pollset->active_pollable->owner_fd;
-  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
-  pollset->active_pollable = nullptr;
-  if (append_error(&error, pollable_create(PO_MULTI, &pollset->active_pollable),
-                   err_desc)) {
-    append_error(&error, pollable_add_fd(pollset->active_pollable, initial_fd),
-                 err_desc);
-    if (and_add_fd != nullptr) {
-      append_error(&error,
-                   pollable_add_fd(pollset->active_pollable, and_add_fd),
-                   err_desc);
-    }
-  }
-  return error;
-}
-/* expects pollsets locked, flag whether fd is locked or not */
-static grpc_error* pollset_add_fd_locked(grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_fd* fd) {
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  pollable* po_at_start =
-      POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_add_fd");
-  switch (pollset->active_pollable->type) {
-    case PO_EMPTY:
-      /* empty pollable --> single fd pollable */
-      error = pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd_locked(pollset, fd);
-      break;
-    case PO_FD:
-      gpr_mu_lock(&po_at_start->owner_orphan_mu);
-      if (po_at_start->owner_orphaned) {
-        error =
-            pollset_transition_pollable_from_empty_to_fd_locked(pollset, fd);
-      } else {
-        /* fd --> multipoller */
-        error =
-            pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi_locked(pollset, fd);
-      }
-      gpr_mu_unlock(&po_at_start->owner_orphan_mu);
-      break;
-    case PO_MULTI:
-      error = pollable_add_fd(pollset->active_pollable, fd);
-      break;
-  }
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
-    pollset->active_pollable = po_at_start;
-  } else {
-    gpr_atm_rel_store(&pollset->active_pollable_type,
-                      pollset->active_pollable->type);
-    POLLABLE_UNREF(po_at_start, "pollset_add_fd");
-  }
-  return error;
-}
-static grpc_error* pollset_as_multipollable_locked(grpc_pollset* pollset,
-                                                   pollable** pollable_obj) {
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  pollable* po_at_start =
-      POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_as_multipollable");
-  switch (pollset->active_pollable->type) {
-    case PO_EMPTY:
-      POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
-      error = pollable_create(PO_MULTI, &pollset->active_pollable);
-      /* Any workers currently polling on this pollset must now be woked up so
-       * that they can pick up the new active_pollable */
-      if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-        gpr_log(GPR_INFO,
-                "PS:%p active pollable transition from empty to multi",
-                pollset);
-      }
-      static const char* err_desc =
-          "pollset_as_multipollable_locked: empty -> multi";
-      append_error(&error, pollset_kick_all(pollset), err_desc);
-      break;
-    case PO_FD:
-      gpr_mu_lock(&po_at_start->owner_orphan_mu);
-      if (po_at_start->owner_orphaned) {
-        // Unlock before Unref'ing the pollable
-        gpr_mu_unlock(&po_at_start->owner_orphan_mu);
-        POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
-        error = pollable_create(PO_MULTI, &pollset->active_pollable);
-      } else {
-        error = pollset_transition_pollable_from_fd_to_multi_locked(pollset,
-                                                                    nullptr);
-        gpr_mu_unlock(&po_at_start->owner_orphan_mu);
-      }
-      break;
-    case PO_MULTI:
-      break;
-  }
-  if (error != GRPC_ERROR_NONE) {
-    POLLABLE_UNREF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset");
-    pollset->active_pollable = po_at_start;
-    *pollable_obj = nullptr;
-  } else {
-    gpr_atm_rel_store(&pollset->active_pollable_type,
-                      pollset->active_pollable->type);
-    *pollable_obj = POLLABLE_REF(pollset->active_pollable, "pollset_set");
-    POLLABLE_UNREF(po_at_start, "pollset_as_multipollable");
-  }
-  return error;
-}
-static void pollset_add_fd(grpc_pollset* pollset, grpc_fd* fd) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_add_fd", 0);
-  // We never transition from PO_MULTI to other modes (i.e., PO_FD or PO_EMPTY)
-  // and, thus, it is safe to simply store and check whether the FD has already
-  // been added to the active pollable previously.
-  if (gpr_atm_acq_load(&pollset->active_pollable_type) == PO_MULTI &&
-      fd_has_pollset(fd, pollset)) {
-    return;
-  }
-  grpc_core::MutexLock lock(&pollset->mu);
-  grpc_error* error = pollset_add_fd_locked(pollset, fd);
-  // If we are in PO_MULTI mode, we should update the pollsets of the FD.
-  if (gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&pollset->active_pollable_type) == PO_MULTI) {
-    fd_add_pollset(fd, pollset);
-  }
-  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_add_fd", error);
-}
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Pollset-set Definitions
- */
-static grpc_pollset_set* pss_lock_adam(grpc_pollset_set* pss) {
-  gpr_mu_lock(&pss->mu);
-  while (pss->parent != nullptr) {
-    gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
-    pss = pss->parent;
-    gpr_mu_lock(&pss->mu);
-  }
-  return pss;
-}
-static grpc_pollset_set* pollset_set_create(void) {
-  grpc_pollset_set* pss =
-      static_cast<grpc_pollset_set*>(gpr_zalloc(sizeof(*pss)));
-  gpr_mu_init(&pss->mu);
-  new (&pss->refs) grpc_core::RefCount();
-  return pss;
-}
-static void pollset_set_unref(grpc_pollset_set* pss) {
-  if (pss == nullptr) return;
-  if (GPR_LIKELY(!pss->refs.Unref())) return;
-  pollset_set_unref(pss->parent);
-  gpr_mu_destroy(&pss->mu);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < pss->pollset_count; i++) {
-    gpr_mu_lock(&pss->pollsets[i]->mu);
-    if (0 == --pss->pollsets[i]->containing_pollset_set_count) {
-      pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(pss->pollsets[i]);
-    }
-    gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->pollsets[i]->mu);
-  }
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < pss->fd_count; i++) {
-    UNREF_BY(pss->fds[i], 2, "pollset_set");
-  }
-  gpr_free(pss->pollsets);
-  gpr_free(pss->fds);
-  gpr_free(pss);
-}
-static void pollset_set_add_fd(grpc_pollset_set* pss, grpc_fd* fd) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_set_add_fd", 0);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PSS:%p: add fd %p (%d)", pss, fd, fd->fd);
-  }
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_set_add_fd";
-  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < pss->pollset_count; i++) {
-    append_error(&error, pollable_add_fd(pss->pollsets[i]->active_pollable, fd),
-                 err_desc);
-  }
-  if (pss->fd_count == pss->fd_capacity) {
-    pss->fd_capacity = GPR_MAX(pss->fd_capacity * 2, 8);
-    pss->fds = static_cast<grpc_fd**>(
-        gpr_realloc(pss->fds, pss->fd_capacity * sizeof(*pss->fds)));
-  }
-  REF_BY(fd, 2, "pollset_set");
-  pss->fds[pss->fd_count++] = fd;
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
-  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(err_desc, error);
-}
-static void pollset_set_del_fd(grpc_pollset_set* pss, grpc_fd* fd) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_set_del_fd", 0);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PSS:%p: del fd %p", pss, fd);
-  }
-  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
-  size_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i < pss->fd_count; i++) {
-    if (pss->fds[i] == fd) {
-      UNREF_BY(fd, 2, "pollset_set");
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  GPR_ASSERT(i != pss->fd_count);
-  for (; i < pss->fd_count - 1; i++) {
-    pss->fds[i] = pss->fds[i + 1];
-  }
-  pss->fd_count--;
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
-}
-static void pollset_set_del_pollset(grpc_pollset_set* pss, grpc_pollset* ps) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_set_del_pollset", 0);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PSS:%p: del pollset %p", pss, ps);
-  }
-  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
-  size_t i;
-  for (i = 0; i < pss->pollset_count; i++) {
-    if (pss->pollsets[i] == ps) {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  GPR_ASSERT(i != pss->pollset_count);
-  for (; i < pss->pollset_count - 1; i++) {
-    pss->pollsets[i] = pss->pollsets[i + 1];
-  }
-  pss->pollset_count--;
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
-  gpr_mu_lock(&ps->mu);
-  if (0 == --ps->containing_pollset_set_count) {
-    pollset_maybe_finish_shutdown(ps);
-  }
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&ps->mu);
-}
-// add all fds to pollables, and output a new array of unorphaned out_fds
-// assumes pollsets are multipollable
-static grpc_error* add_fds_to_pollsets(grpc_fd** fds, size_t fd_count,
-                                       grpc_pollset** pollsets,
-                                       size_t pollset_count,
-                                       const char* err_desc, grpc_fd** out_fds,
-                                       size_t* out_fd_count) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("add_fds_to_pollsets", 0);
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < fd_count; i++) {
-    gpr_mu_lock(&fds[i]->orphan_mu);
-    if ((gpr_atm_no_barrier_load(&fds[i]->refst) & 1) == 0) {
-      gpr_mu_unlock(&fds[i]->orphan_mu);
-      UNREF_BY(fds[i], 2, "pollset_set");
-    } else {
-      for (size_t j = 0; j < pollset_count; j++) {
-        append_error(&error,
-                     pollable_add_fd(pollsets[j]->active_pollable, fds[i]),
-                     err_desc);
-      }
-      gpr_mu_unlock(&fds[i]->orphan_mu);
-      out_fds[(*out_fd_count)++] = fds[i];
-    }
-  }
-  return error;
-}
-static void pollset_set_add_pollset(grpc_pollset_set* pss, grpc_pollset* ps) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_set_add_pollset", 0);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PSS:%p: add pollset %p", pss, ps);
-  }
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_set_add_pollset";
-  pollable* pollable_obj = nullptr;
-  gpr_mu_lock(&ps->mu);
-  if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(err_desc,
-                         pollset_as_multipollable_locked(ps, &pollable_obj))) {
-    GPR_ASSERT(pollable_obj == nullptr);
-    gpr_mu_unlock(&ps->mu);
-    return;
-  }
-  ps->containing_pollset_set_count++;
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&ps->mu);
-  pss = pss_lock_adam(pss);
-  size_t initial_fd_count = pss->fd_count;
-  pss->fd_count = 0;
-  append_error(&error,
-               add_fds_to_pollsets(pss->fds, initial_fd_count, &ps, 1, err_desc,
-                                   pss->fds, &pss->fd_count),
-               err_desc);
-  if (pss->pollset_count == pss->pollset_capacity) {
-    pss->pollset_capacity = GPR_MAX(pss->pollset_capacity * 2, 8);
-    pss->pollsets = static_cast<grpc_pollset**>(gpr_realloc(
-        pss->pollsets, pss->pollset_capacity * sizeof(*pss->pollsets)));
-  }
-  pss->pollsets[pss->pollset_count++] = ps;
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&pss->mu);
-  POLLABLE_UNREF(pollable_obj, "pollset_set");
-  GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR(err_desc, error);
-}
-static void pollset_set_add_pollset_set(grpc_pollset_set* a,
-                                        grpc_pollset_set* b) {
-  GPR_TIMER_SCOPE("pollset_set_add_pollset_set", 0);
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PSS: merge (%p, %p)", a, b);
-  }
-  grpc_error* error = GRPC_ERROR_NONE;
-  static const char* err_desc = "pollset_set_add_fd";
-  for (;;) {
-    if (a == b) {
-      // pollset ancestors are the same: nothing to do
-      return;
-    }
-    if (a > b) {
-      GPR_SWAP(grpc_pollset_set*, a, b);
-    }
-    gpr_mu* a_mu = &a->mu;
-    gpr_mu* b_mu = &b->mu;
-    gpr_mu_lock(a_mu);
-    gpr_mu_lock(b_mu);
-    if (a->parent != nullptr) {
-      a = a->parent;
-    } else if (b->parent != nullptr) {
-      b = b->parent;
-    } else {
-      break;  // exit loop, both pollsets locked
-    }
-    gpr_mu_unlock(a_mu);
-    gpr_mu_unlock(b_mu);
-  }
-  // try to do the least copying possible
-  // TODO(sreek): there's probably a better heuristic here
-  const size_t a_size = a->fd_count + a->pollset_count;
-  const size_t b_size = b->fd_count + b->pollset_count;
-  if (b_size > a_size) {
-    GPR_SWAP(grpc_pollset_set*, a, b);
-  }
-  if (GRPC_TRACE_FLAG_ENABLED(grpc_polling_trace)) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "PSS: parent %p to %p", b, a);
-  }
-  a->refs.Ref();
-  b->parent = a;
-  if (a->fd_capacity < a->fd_count + b->fd_count) {
-    a->fd_capacity = GPR_MAX(2 * a->fd_capacity, a->fd_count + b->fd_count);
-    a->fds = static_cast<grpc_fd**>(
-        gpr_realloc(a->fds, a->fd_capacity * sizeof(*a->fds)));
-  }
-  size_t initial_a_fd_count = a->fd_count;
-  a->fd_count = 0;
-  append_error(
-      &error,
-      add_fds_to_pollsets(a->fds, initial_a_fd_count, b->pollsets,
-                          b->pollset_count, "merge_a2b", a->fds, &a->fd_count),
-      err_desc);
-  append_error(
-      &error,
-      add_fds_to_pollsets(b->fds, b->fd_count, a->pollsets, a->pollset_count,
-                          "merge_b2a", a->fds, &a->fd_count),
-      err_desc);
-  if (a->pollset_capacity < a->pollset_count + b->pollset_count) {
-    a->pollset_capacity =
-        GPR_MAX(2 * a->pollset_capacity, a->pollset_count + b->pollset_count);
-    a->pollsets = static_cast<grpc_pollset**>(
-        gpr_realloc(a->pollsets, a->pollset_capacity * sizeof(*a->pollsets)));
-  }
-  if (b->pollset_count > 0) {
-    memcpy(a->pollsets + a->pollset_count, b->pollsets,
-           b->pollset_count * sizeof(*b->pollsets));
-  }
-  a->pollset_count += b->pollset_count;
-  gpr_free(b->fds);
-  gpr_free(b->pollsets);
-  b->fds = nullptr;
-  b->pollsets = nullptr;
-  b->fd_count = b->fd_capacity = b->pollset_count = b->pollset_capacity = 0;
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&a->mu);
-  gpr_mu_unlock(&b->mu);
-}
-static void pollset_set_del_pollset_set(grpc_pollset_set* /*bag*/,
-                                        grpc_pollset_set* /*item*/) {}
-/*******************************************************************************
- * Event engine binding
- */
-static bool is_any_background_poller_thread(void) { return false; }
-static void shutdown_background_closure(void) {}
-static bool add_closure_to_background_poller(grpc_closure* /*closure*/,
-                                             grpc_error* /*error*/) {
-  return false;
-}
-static void shutdown_engine(void) {
-  fd_global_shutdown();
-  pollset_global_shutdown();
-}
-static const grpc_event_engine_vtable vtable = {
-    sizeof(grpc_pollset),
-    true,
-    false,
-    fd_create,
-    fd_wrapped_fd,
-    fd_orphan,
-    fd_shutdown,
-    fd_notify_on_read,
-    fd_notify_on_write,
-    fd_notify_on_error,
-    fd_become_readable,
-    fd_become_writable,
-    fd_has_errors,
-    fd_is_shutdown,
-    pollset_init,
-    pollset_shutdown,
-    pollset_destroy,
-    pollset_work,
-    pollset_kick,
-    pollset_add_fd,
-    pollset_set_create,
-    pollset_set_unref,  // destroy ==> unref 1 public ref
-    pollset_set_add_pollset,
-    pollset_set_del_pollset,
-    pollset_set_add_pollset_set,
-    pollset_set_del_pollset_set,
-    pollset_set_add_fd,
-    pollset_set_del_fd,
-    is_any_background_poller_thread,
-    shutdown_background_closure,
-    shutdown_engine,
-    add_closure_to_background_poller,
-};
-const grpc_event_engine_vtable* grpc_init_epollex_linux(
-    bool /*explicitly_requested*/) {
-  if (!grpc_has_wakeup_fd()) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_ERROR, "Skipping epollex because of no wakeup fd.");
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  if (!grpc_is_epollexclusive_available()) {
-    gpr_log(GPR_INFO, "Skipping epollex because it is not supported.");
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  fd_global_init();
-  if (!GRPC_LOG_IF_ERROR("pollset_global_init", pollset_global_init())) {
-    pollset_global_shutdown();
-    fd_global_shutdown();
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  return &vtable;
-}
-#else /* defined(GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL_CREATE1) */
-#if defined(GRPC_POSIX_SOCKET_EV_EPOLLEX)
-#include "src/core/lib/iomgr/ev_epollex_linux.h"
-/* If GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL_CREATE1 is not defined, it means
-   epoll_create1 is not available. Return NULL */
-const grpc_event_engine_vtable* grpc_init_epollex_linux(
-    bool /*explicitly_requested*/) {
-  return nullptr;
-}
-#endif /* defined(GRPC_POSIX_SOCKET_EV_EPOLLEX) */
-#endif /* !defined(GRPC_LINUX_EPOLL_CREATE1) */