grpc 1.30.0 → 1.46.3

data/third_party/upb/upb/decode.c

@@ -1,609 +1,1125 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2009-2021, Google LLC
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Google LLC nor the
+ *       names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
+ *       derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Google LLC BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+ * INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
 
+#include "upb/decode.h"
+
+#include <setjmp.h>
 #include <string.h>
+
+#include "upb/decode_internal.h"
 #include "upb/upb.h"
-#include "upb/decode.h"
+#include "upb/upb_internal.h"
 
+/* Must be last. */
 #include "upb/port_def.inc"
 
-/* Maps descriptor type -> upb field type.  */
-const uint8_t upb_desctype_to_fieldtype[] = {
-  UPB_WIRE_TYPE_END_GROUP,  /* ENDGROUP */
-  UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE,          /* DOUBLE */
-  UPB_TYPE_FLOAT,           /* FLOAT */
-  UPB_TYPE_INT64,           /* INT64 */
-  UPB_TYPE_UINT64,          /* UINT64 */
-  UPB_TYPE_INT32,           /* INT32 */
-  UPB_TYPE_UINT64,          /* FIXED64 */
-  UPB_TYPE_UINT32,          /* FIXED32 */
-  UPB_TYPE_BOOL,            /* BOOL */
-  UPB_TYPE_STRING,          /* STRING */
-  UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE,         /* GROUP */
-  UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE,         /* MESSAGE */
-  UPB_TYPE_BYTES,           /* BYTES */
-  UPB_TYPE_UINT32,          /* UINT32 */
-  UPB_TYPE_ENUM,            /* ENUM */
-  UPB_TYPE_INT32,           /* SFIXED32 */
-  UPB_TYPE_INT64,           /* SFIXED64 */
-  UPB_TYPE_INT32,           /* SINT32 */
-  UPB_TYPE_INT64,           /* SINT64 */
+/* Maps descriptor type -> elem_size_lg2.  */
+static const uint8_t desctype_to_elem_size_lg2[] = {
+    -1,             /* invalid descriptor type */
+    3,              /* DOUBLE */
+    2,              /* FLOAT */
+    3,              /* INT64 */
+    3,              /* UINT64 */
+    2,              /* INT32 */
+    3,              /* FIXED64 */
+    2,              /* FIXED32 */
+    0,              /* BOOL */
+    UPB_SIZE(3, 4), /* STRING */
+    UPB_SIZE(2, 3), /* GROUP */
+    UPB_SIZE(2, 3), /* MESSAGE */
+    UPB_SIZE(3, 4), /* BYTES */
+    2,              /* UINT32 */
+    2,              /* ENUM */
+    2,              /* SFIXED32 */
+    3,              /* SFIXED64 */
+    2,              /* SINT32 */
+    3,              /* SINT64 */
 };
 
-/* Data pertaining to the parse. */
-typedef struct {
-  const char *ptr;           /* Current parsing position. */
-  const char *field_start;   /* Start of this field. */
-  const char *limit;         /* End of delimited region or end of buffer. */
-  upb_arena *arena;
-  int depth;
-  uint32_t end_group;  /* Set to field number of END_GROUP tag, if any. */
-} upb_decstate;
-
-/* Data passed by value to each parsing function. */
-typedef struct {
-  char *msg;
-  const upb_msglayout *layout;
-  upb_decstate *state;
-} upb_decframe;
+/* Maps descriptor type -> upb map size.  */
+static const uint8_t desctype_to_mapsize[] = {
+    -1,                 /* invalid descriptor type */
+    8,                  /* DOUBLE */
+    4,                  /* FLOAT */
+    8,                  /* INT64 */
+    8,                  /* UINT64 */
+    4,                  /* INT32 */
+    8,                  /* FIXED64 */
+    4,                  /* FIXED32 */
+    1,                  /* BOOL */
+    UPB_MAPTYPE_STRING, /* STRING */
+    sizeof(void*),      /* GROUP */
+    sizeof(void*),      /* MESSAGE */
+    UPB_MAPTYPE_STRING, /* BYTES */
+    4,                  /* UINT32 */
+    4,                  /* ENUM */
+    4,                  /* SFIXED32 */
+    8,                  /* SFIXED64 */
+    4,                  /* SINT32 */
+    8,                  /* SINT64 */
+};
 
-#define CHK(x) if (!(x)) { return 0; }
+static const unsigned FIXED32_OK_MASK = (1 << kUpb_FieldType_Float) |
+                                        (1 << kUpb_FieldType_Fixed32) |
+                                        (1 << kUpb_FieldType_SFixed32);
+
+static const unsigned FIXED64_OK_MASK = (1 << kUpb_FieldType_Double) |
+                                        (1 << kUpb_FieldType_Fixed64) |
+                                        (1 << kUpb_FieldType_SFixed64);
+
+/* Three fake field types for MessageSet. */
+#define TYPE_MSGSET_ITEM 19
+#define TYPE_MSGSET_TYPE_ID 20
+#define TYPE_COUNT 20
+
+/* Op: an action to be performed for a wire-type/field-type combination. */
+#define OP_UNKNOWN -1 /* Unknown field. */
+#define OP_MSGSET_ITEM -2
+#define OP_MSGSET_TYPEID -3
+#define OP_SCALAR_LG2(n) (n) /* n in [0, 2, 3] => op in [0, 2, 3] */
+#define OP_ENUM 1
+#define OP_STRING 4
+#define OP_BYTES 5
+#define OP_SUBMSG 6
+/* Scalar fields use only ops above. Repeated fields can use any op.  */
+#define OP_FIXPCK_LG2(n) (n + 5) /* n in [2, 3] => op in [7, 8] */
+#define OP_VARPCK_LG2(n) (n + 9) /* n in [0, 2, 3] => op in [9, 11, 12] */
+#define OP_PACKED_ENUM 13
+
+static const int8_t varint_ops[] = {
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* field not found */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* DOUBLE */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* FLOAT */
+    OP_SCALAR_LG2(3), /* INT64 */
+    OP_SCALAR_LG2(3), /* UINT64 */
+    OP_SCALAR_LG2(2), /* INT32 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* FIXED64 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* FIXED32 */
+    OP_SCALAR_LG2(0), /* BOOL */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* STRING */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* GROUP */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* MESSAGE */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* BYTES */
+    OP_SCALAR_LG2(2), /* UINT32 */
+    OP_ENUM,          /* ENUM */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* SFIXED32 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* SFIXED64 */
+    OP_SCALAR_LG2(2), /* SINT32 */
+    OP_SCALAR_LG2(3), /* SINT64 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN,       /* MSGSET_ITEM */
+    OP_MSGSET_TYPEID, /* MSGSET TYPEID */
+};
 
-static bool upb_skip_unknowngroup(upb_decstate *d, int field_number);
-static bool upb_decode_message(upb_decstate *d, char *msg,
-                               const upb_msglayout *l);
+static const int8_t delim_ops[] = {
+    /* For non-repeated field type. */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* field not found */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* DOUBLE */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* FLOAT */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* INT64 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* UINT64 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* INT32 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* FIXED64 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* FIXED32 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* BOOL */
+    OP_STRING,  /* STRING */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* GROUP */
+    OP_SUBMSG,  /* MESSAGE */
+    OP_BYTES,   /* BYTES */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* UINT32 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* ENUM */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* SFIXED32 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* SFIXED64 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* SINT32 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* SINT64 */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* MSGSET_ITEM */
+    OP_UNKNOWN, /* MSGSET TYPEID */
+    /* For repeated field type. */
+    OP_FIXPCK_LG2(3), /* REPEATED DOUBLE */
+    OP_FIXPCK_LG2(2), /* REPEATED FLOAT */
+    OP_VARPCK_LG2(3), /* REPEATED INT64 */
+    OP_VARPCK_LG2(3), /* REPEATED UINT64 */
+    OP_VARPCK_LG2(2), /* REPEATED INT32 */
+    OP_FIXPCK_LG2(3), /* REPEATED FIXED64 */
+    OP_FIXPCK_LG2(2), /* REPEATED FIXED32 */
+    OP_VARPCK_LG2(0), /* REPEATED BOOL */
+    OP_STRING,        /* REPEATED STRING */
+    OP_SUBMSG,        /* REPEATED GROUP */
+    OP_SUBMSG,        /* REPEATED MESSAGE */
+    OP_BYTES,         /* REPEATED BYTES */
+    OP_VARPCK_LG2(2), /* REPEATED UINT32 */
+    OP_PACKED_ENUM,   /* REPEATED ENUM */
+    OP_FIXPCK_LG2(2), /* REPEATED SFIXED32 */
+    OP_FIXPCK_LG2(3), /* REPEATED SFIXED64 */
+    OP_VARPCK_LG2(2), /* REPEATED SINT32 */
+    OP_VARPCK_LG2(3), /* REPEATED SINT64 */
+    /* Omitting MSGSET_*, because we never emit a repeated msgset type */
+};
 
-static bool upb_decode_varint(const char **ptr, const char *limit,
-                              uint64_t *val) {
-  uint8_t byte;
-  int bitpos = 0;
-  const char *p = *ptr;
-  *val = 0;
+typedef union {
+  bool bool_val;
+  uint32_t uint32_val;
+  uint64_t uint64_val;
+  uint32_t size;
+} wireval;
 
-  do {
-    CHK(bitpos < 70 && p < limit);
-    byte = *p;
-    *val |= (uint64_t)(byte & 0x7F) << bitpos;
-    p++;
-    bitpos += 7;
-  } while (byte & 0x80);
+static const char* decode_msg(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MiniTable* layout);
 
-  *ptr = p;
-  return true;
+UPB_NORETURN static void* decode_err(upb_Decoder* d, upb_DecodeStatus status) {
+  assert(status != kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok);
+  UPB_LONGJMP(d->err, status);
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_varint32(const char **ptr, const char *limit,
-                                uint32_t *val) {
-  uint64_t u64;
-  CHK(upb_decode_varint(ptr, limit, &u64) && u64 <= UINT32_MAX);
-  *val = (uint32_t)u64;
-  return true;
+const char* fastdecode_err(upb_Decoder* d, int status) {
+  assert(status != kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok);
+  UPB_LONGJMP(d->err, status);
+  return NULL;
 }
-
-static bool upb_decode_64bit(const char **ptr, const char *limit,
-                             uint64_t *val) {
-  CHK(limit - *ptr >= 8);
-  memcpy(val, *ptr, 8);
-  *ptr += 8;
-  return true;
+static void decode_verifyutf8(upb_Decoder* d, const char* buf, int len) {
+  if (!decode_verifyutf8_inl(buf, len))
+    decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_BadUtf8);
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_32bit(const char **ptr, const char *limit,
-                             uint32_t *val) {
-  CHK(limit - *ptr >= 4);
-  memcpy(val, *ptr, 4);
-  *ptr += 4;
-  return true;
+static bool decode_reserve(upb_Decoder* d, upb_Array* arr, size_t elem) {
+  bool need_realloc = arr->size - arr->len < elem;
+  if (need_realloc && !_upb_array_realloc(arr, arr->len + elem, &d->arena)) {
+    decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
+  }
+  return need_realloc;
 }
 
-static int32_t upb_zzdecode_32(uint32_t n) {
-  return (n >> 1) ^ -(int32_t)(n & 1);
-}
+typedef struct {
+  const char* ptr;
+  uint64_t val;
+} decode_vret;
 
-static int64_t upb_zzdecode_64(uint64_t n) {
-  return (n >> 1) ^ -(int64_t)(n & 1);
+UPB_NOINLINE
+static decode_vret decode_longvarint64(const char* ptr, uint64_t val) {
+  decode_vret ret = {NULL, 0};
+  uint64_t byte;
+  int i;
+  for (i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
+    byte = (uint8_t)ptr[i];
+    val += (byte - 1) << (i * 7);
+    if (!(byte & 0x80)) {
+      ret.ptr = ptr + i + 1;
+      ret.val = val;
+      return ret;
+    }
+  }
+  return ret;
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_string(const char **ptr, const char *limit,
-                              int *outlen) {
-  uint32_t len;
-
-  CHK(upb_decode_varint32(ptr, limit, &len) &&
-      len < INT32_MAX &&
-      limit - *ptr >= (int32_t)len);
-
-  *outlen = len;
-  return true;
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_varint64(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                   uint64_t* val) {
+  uint64_t byte = (uint8_t)*ptr;
+  if (UPB_LIKELY((byte & 0x80) == 0)) {
+    *val = byte;
+    return ptr + 1;
+  } else {
+    decode_vret res = decode_longvarint64(ptr, byte);
+    if (!res.ptr) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
+    *val = res.val;
+    return res.ptr;
+  }
 }
 
-static void upb_set32(void *msg, size_t ofs, uint32_t val) {
-  memcpy((char*)msg + ofs, &val, sizeof(val));
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_tag(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, uint32_t* val) {
+  uint64_t byte = (uint8_t)*ptr;
+  if (UPB_LIKELY((byte & 0x80) == 0)) {
+    *val = byte;
+    return ptr + 1;
+  } else {
+    const char* start = ptr;
+    decode_vret res = decode_longvarint64(ptr, byte);
+    if (!res.ptr || res.ptr - start > 5 || res.val > UINT32_MAX) {
+      return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
+    }
+    *val = res.val;
+    return res.ptr;
+  }
 }
 
-static bool upb_append_unknown(upb_decstate *d, upb_decframe *frame) {
-  upb_msg_addunknown(frame->msg, d->field_start, d->ptr - d->field_start,
-                     d->arena);
-  return true;
+static void decode_munge_int32(wireval* val) {
+  if (!_upb_IsLittleEndian()) {
+    /* The next stage will memcpy(dst, &val, 4) */
+    val->uint32_val = val->uint64_val;
+  }
 }
 
-
-static bool upb_skip_unknownfielddata(upb_decstate *d, uint32_t tag,
-                                      uint32_t group_fieldnum) {
-  switch (tag & 7) {
-    case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_VARINT: {
-      uint64_t val;
-      return upb_decode_varint(&d->ptr, d->limit, &val);
-    }
-    case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_32BIT: {
-      uint32_t val;
-      return upb_decode_32bit(&d->ptr, d->limit, &val);
-    }
-    case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_64BIT: {
-      uint64_t val;
-      return upb_decode_64bit(&d->ptr, d->limit, &val);
+static void decode_munge(int type, wireval* val) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case kUpb_FieldType_Bool:
+      val->bool_val = val->uint64_val != 0;
+      break;
+    case kUpb_FieldType_SInt32: {
+      uint32_t n = val->uint64_val;
+      val->uint32_val = (n >> 1) ^ -(int32_t)(n & 1);
+      break;
     }
-    case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_DELIMITED: {
-      int len;
-      CHK(upb_decode_string(&d->ptr, d->limit, &len));
-      d->ptr += len;
-      return true;
+    case kUpb_FieldType_SInt64: {
+      uint64_t n = val->uint64_val;
+      val->uint64_val = (n >> 1) ^ -(int64_t)(n & 1);
+      break;
     }
-    case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_START_GROUP:
-      return upb_skip_unknowngroup(d, tag >> 3);
-    case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_END_GROUP:
-      return (tag >> 3) == group_fieldnum;
+    case kUpb_FieldType_Int32:
+    case kUpb_FieldType_UInt32:
+    case kUpb_FieldType_Enum:
+      decode_munge_int32(val);
+      break;
   }
-  return false;
 }
 
-static bool upb_skip_unknowngroup(upb_decstate *d, int field_number) {
-  while (d->ptr < d->limit && d->end_group == 0) {
-    uint32_t tag = 0;
-    CHK(upb_decode_varint32(&d->ptr, d->limit, &tag));
-    CHK(upb_skip_unknownfielddata(d, tag, field_number));
-  }
-
-  CHK(d->end_group == field_number);
-  d->end_group = 0;
-  return true;
+static upb_Message* decode_newsubmsg(upb_Decoder* d,
+                                     const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                     const upb_MiniTable_Field* field) {
+  const upb_MiniTable* subl = subs[field->submsg_index].submsg;
+  return _upb_Message_New_inl(subl, &d->arena);
 }
 
-static bool upb_array_grow(upb_array *arr, size_t elements, size_t elem_size,
-                           upb_arena *arena) {
-  size_t needed = arr->len + elements;
-  size_t new_size = UPB_MAX(arr->size, 8);
-  size_t new_bytes;
-  size_t old_bytes;
-  void *new_data;
-  upb_alloc *alloc = upb_arena_alloc(arena);
+UPB_NOINLINE
+const char* decode_isdonefallback(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                  int overrun) {
+  int status;
+  ptr = decode_isdonefallback_inl(d, ptr, overrun, &status);
+  if (ptr == NULL) {
+    return decode_err(d, status);
+  }
+  return ptr;
+}
 
-  while (new_size < needed) {
-    new_size *= 2;
+static const char* decode_readstr(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, int size,
+                                  upb_StringView* str) {
+  if (d->options & kUpb_DecodeOption_AliasString) {
+    str->data = ptr;
+  } else {
+    char* data = upb_Arena_Malloc(&d->arena, size);
+    if (!data) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
+    memcpy(data, ptr, size);
+    str->data = data;
   }
+  str->size = size;
+  return ptr + size;
+}
 
-  old_bytes = arr->len * elem_size;
-  new_bytes = new_size * elem_size;
-  new_data = upb_realloc(alloc, arr->data, old_bytes, new_bytes);
-  CHK(new_data);
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_tosubmsg2(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                    upb_Message* submsg,
+                                    const upb_MiniTable* subl, int size) {
+  int saved_delta = decode_pushlimit(d, ptr, size);
+  if (--d->depth < 0) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_MaxDepthExceeded);
+  ptr = decode_msg(d, ptr, submsg, subl);
+  if (d->end_group != DECODE_NOGROUP)
+    return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
+  decode_poplimit(d, ptr, saved_delta);
+  d->depth++;
+  return ptr;
+}
 
-  arr->data = new_data;
-  arr->size = new_size;
-  return true;
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_tosubmsg(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                   upb_Message* submsg,
+                                   const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                   const upb_MiniTable_Field* field, int size) {
+  return decode_tosubmsg2(d, ptr, submsg, subs[field->submsg_index].submsg,
+                          size);
 }
 
-static void *upb_array_reserve(upb_array *arr, size_t elements,
-                               size_t elem_size, upb_arena *arena) {
-  if (arr->size - arr->len < elements) {
-    CHK(upb_array_grow(arr, elements, elem_size, arena));
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_group(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                upb_Message* submsg, const upb_MiniTable* subl,
+                                uint32_t number) {
+  if (--d->depth < 0) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_MaxDepthExceeded);
+  if (decode_isdone(d, &ptr)) {
+    return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
   }
-  return (char*)arr->data + (arr->len * elem_size);
+  ptr = decode_msg(d, ptr, submsg, subl);
+  if (d->end_group != number) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
+  d->end_group = DECODE_NOGROUP;
+  d->depth++;
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-bool upb_array_add(upb_array *arr, size_t elements, size_t elem_size,
-                   const void *data, upb_arena *arena) {
-  void *dest = upb_array_reserve(arr, elements, elem_size, arena);
-
-  CHK(dest);
-  arr->len += elements;
-  memcpy(dest, data, elements * elem_size);
-
-  return true;
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_togroup(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                  upb_Message* submsg,
+                                  const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                  const upb_MiniTable_Field* field) {
+  const upb_MiniTable* subl = subs[field->submsg_index].submsg;
+  return decode_group(d, ptr, submsg, subl, field->number);
 }
 
-static upb_array *upb_getarr(upb_decframe *frame,
-                             const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  UPB_ASSERT(field->label == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED);
-  return *(upb_array**)&frame->msg[field->offset];
+static char* encode_varint32(uint32_t val, char* ptr) {
+  do {
+    uint8_t byte = val & 0x7fU;
+    val >>= 7;
+    if (val) byte |= 0x80U;
+    *(ptr++) = byte;
+  } while (val);
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-static upb_array *upb_getorcreatearr(upb_decframe *frame,
-                                     const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  upb_array *arr = upb_getarr(frame, field);
+static void upb_Decode_AddUnknownVarints(upb_Decoder* d, upb_Message* msg,
+                                         uint32_t val1, uint32_t val2) {
+  char buf[20];
+  char* end = buf;
+  end = encode_varint32(val1, end);
+  end = encode_varint32(val2, end);
 
-  if (!arr) {
-    arr = upb_array_new(frame->state->arena);
-    CHK(arr);
-    *(upb_array**)&frame->msg[field->offset] = arr;
+  if (!_upb_Message_AddUnknown(msg, buf, end - buf, &d->arena)) {
+    decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
   }
-
-  return arr;
 }
 
-static upb_msg *upb_getorcreatemsg(upb_decframe *frame,
-                                   const upb_msglayout_field *field,
-                                   const upb_msglayout **subm) {
-  upb_msg **submsg = (void*)(frame->msg + field->offset);
-  *subm = frame->layout->submsgs[field->submsg_index];
-
-  UPB_ASSERT(field->label != UPB_LABEL_REPEATED);
-
-  if (!*submsg) {
-    *submsg = upb_msg_new(*subm, frame->state->arena);
-    CHK(*submsg);
+UPB_NOINLINE
+static bool decode_checkenum_slow(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                  upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTable_Enum* e,
+                                  const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                  uint32_t v) {
+  // OPT: binary search long lists?
+  int n = e->value_count;
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if ((uint32_t)e->values[i] == v) return true;
   }
 
-  return *submsg;
+  // Unrecognized enum goes into unknown fields.
+  // For packed fields the tag could be arbitrarily far in the past, so we
+  // just re-encode the tag and value here.
+  uint32_t tag = ((uint32_t)field->number << 3) | kUpb_WireType_Varint;
+  upb_Decode_AddUnknownVarints(d, msg, tag, v);
+  return false;
 }
 
-static upb_msg *upb_addmsg(upb_decframe *frame,
-                           const upb_msglayout_field *field,
-                           const upb_msglayout **subm) {
-  upb_msg *submsg;
-  upb_array *arr = upb_getorcreatearr(frame, field);
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static bool decode_checkenum(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
+                             const upb_MiniTable_Enum* e,
+                             const upb_MiniTable_Field* field, wireval* val) {
+  uint32_t v = val->uint32_val;
 
-  UPB_ASSERT(field->label == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED);
-  UPB_ASSERT(field->descriptortype == UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_MESSAGE ||
-             field->descriptortype == UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_GROUP);
+  if (UPB_LIKELY(v < 64) && UPB_LIKELY(((1ULL << v) & e->mask))) return true;
 
-  *subm = frame->layout->submsgs[field->submsg_index];
-  submsg = upb_msg_new(*subm, frame->state->arena);
-  CHK(submsg);
-  upb_array_add(arr, 1, sizeof(submsg), &submsg, frame->state->arena);
+  return decode_checkenum_slow(d, ptr, msg, e, field, v);
+}
 
-  return submsg;
+UPB_NOINLINE
+static const char* decode_enum_toarray(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                       upb_Message* msg, upb_Array* arr,
+                                       const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                       const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                       wireval* val) {
+  const upb_MiniTable_Enum* e = subs[field->submsg_index].subenum;
+  if (!decode_checkenum(d, ptr, msg, e, field, val)) return ptr;
+  void* mem = UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len * 4, void);
+  arr->len++;
+  memcpy(mem, val, 4);
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-static void upb_sethasbit(upb_decframe *frame,
-                          const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  int32_t hasbit = field->presence;
-  UPB_ASSERT(field->presence > 0);
-  frame->msg[hasbit / 8] |= (1 << (hasbit % 8));
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_fixed_packed(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                       upb_Array* arr, wireval* val,
+                                       const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                       int lg2) {
+  int mask = (1 << lg2) - 1;
+  size_t count = val->size >> lg2;
+  if ((val->size & mask) != 0) {
+    // Length isn't a round multiple of elem size.
+    return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
+  }
+  decode_reserve(d, arr, count);
+  void* mem = UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len << lg2, void);
+  arr->len += count;
+  // Note: if/when the decoder supports multi-buffer input, we will need to
+  // handle buffer seams here.
+  if (_upb_IsLittleEndian()) {
+    memcpy(mem, ptr, val->size);
+    ptr += val->size;
+  } else {
+    const char* end = ptr + val->size;
+    char* dst = mem;
+    while (ptr < end) {
+      if (lg2 == 2) {
+        uint32_t val;
+        memcpy(&val, ptr, sizeof(val));
+        val = _upb_BigEndian_Swap32(val);
+        memcpy(dst, &val, sizeof(val));
+      } else {
+        UPB_ASSERT(lg2 == 3);
+        uint64_t val;
+        memcpy(&val, ptr, sizeof(val));
+        val = _upb_BigEndian_Swap64(val);
+        memcpy(dst, &val, sizeof(val));
+      }
+      ptr += 1 << lg2;
+      dst += 1 << lg2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-static void upb_setoneofcase(upb_decframe *frame,
-                             const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  UPB_ASSERT(field->presence < 0);
-  upb_set32(frame->msg, ~field->presence, field->number);
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_varint_packed(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                        upb_Array* arr, wireval* val,
+                                        const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                        int lg2) {
+  int scale = 1 << lg2;
+  int saved_limit = decode_pushlimit(d, ptr, val->size);
+  char* out = UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len << lg2, void);
+  while (!decode_isdone(d, &ptr)) {
+    wireval elem;
+    ptr = decode_varint64(d, ptr, &elem.uint64_val);
+    decode_munge(field->descriptortype, &elem);
+    if (decode_reserve(d, arr, 1)) {
+      out = UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len << lg2, void);
+    }
+    arr->len++;
+    memcpy(out, &elem, scale);
+    out += scale;
+  }
+  decode_poplimit(d, ptr, saved_limit);
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_addval(upb_decframe *frame,
-                               const upb_msglayout_field *field, void *val,
-                               size_t size) {
-  char *field_mem = frame->msg + field->offset;
-  upb_array *arr;
+UPB_NOINLINE
+static const char* decode_enum_packed(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                      upb_Message* msg, upb_Array* arr,
+                                      const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                      const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                      wireval* val) {
+  const upb_MiniTable_Enum* e = subs[field->submsg_index].subenum;
+  int saved_limit = decode_pushlimit(d, ptr, val->size);
+  char* out = UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len * 4, void);
+  while (!decode_isdone(d, &ptr)) {
+    wireval elem;
+    ptr = decode_varint64(d, ptr, &elem.uint64_val);
+    decode_munge_int32(&elem);
+    if (!decode_checkenum(d, ptr, msg, e, field, &elem)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (decode_reserve(d, arr, 1)) {
+      out = UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len * 4, void);
+    }
+    arr->len++;
+    memcpy(out, &elem, 4);
+    out += 4;
+  }
+  decode_poplimit(d, ptr, saved_limit);
+  return ptr;
+}
 
-  if (field->label == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-    arr = upb_getorcreatearr(frame, field);
-    CHK(arr);
-    field_mem = upb_array_reserve(arr, 1, size, frame->state->arena);
-    CHK(field_mem);
+static const char* decode_toarray(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                  upb_Message* msg,
+                                  const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                  const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                  wireval* val, int op) {
+  upb_Array** arrp = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, field->offset, void);
+  upb_Array* arr = *arrp;
+  void* mem;
+
+  if (arr) {
+    decode_reserve(d, arr, 1);
+  } else {
+    size_t lg2 = desctype_to_elem_size_lg2[field->descriptortype];
+    arr = _upb_Array_New(&d->arena, 4, lg2);
+    if (!arr) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
+    *arrp = arr;
   }
 
-  memcpy(field_mem, val, size);
-  return true;
+  switch (op) {
+    case OP_SCALAR_LG2(0):
+    case OP_SCALAR_LG2(2):
+    case OP_SCALAR_LG2(3):
+      /* Append scalar value. */
+      mem = UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len << op, void);
+      arr->len++;
+      memcpy(mem, val, 1 << op);
+      return ptr;
+    case OP_STRING:
+      decode_verifyutf8(d, ptr, val->size);
+      /* Fallthrough. */
+    case OP_BYTES: {
+      /* Append bytes. */
+      upb_StringView* str = (upb_StringView*)_upb_array_ptr(arr) + arr->len;
+      arr->len++;
+      return decode_readstr(d, ptr, val->size, str);
+    }
+    case OP_SUBMSG: {
+      /* Append submessage / group. */
+      upb_Message* submsg = decode_newsubmsg(d, subs, field);
+      *UPB_PTR_AT(_upb_array_ptr(arr), arr->len * sizeof(void*), upb_Message*) =
+          submsg;
+      arr->len++;
+      if (UPB_UNLIKELY(field->descriptortype == kUpb_FieldType_Group)) {
+        return decode_togroup(d, ptr, submsg, subs, field);
+      } else {
+        return decode_tosubmsg(d, ptr, submsg, subs, field, val->size);
+      }
+    }
+    case OP_FIXPCK_LG2(2):
+    case OP_FIXPCK_LG2(3):
+      return decode_fixed_packed(d, ptr, arr, val, field,
+                                 op - OP_FIXPCK_LG2(0));
+    case OP_VARPCK_LG2(0):
+    case OP_VARPCK_LG2(2):
+    case OP_VARPCK_LG2(3):
+      return decode_varint_packed(d, ptr, arr, val, field,
+                                  op - OP_VARPCK_LG2(0));
+    case OP_ENUM:
+      return decode_enum_toarray(d, ptr, msg, arr, subs, field, val);
+    case OP_PACKED_ENUM:
+      return decode_enum_packed(d, ptr, msg, arr, subs, field, val);
+    default:
+      UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
 }
 
-static void upb_decode_setpresent(upb_decframe *frame,
-                                  const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  if (field->label == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-   upb_array *arr = upb_getarr(frame, field);
-   UPB_ASSERT(arr->len < arr->size);
-   arr->len++;
-  } else if (field->presence < 0) {
-    upb_setoneofcase(frame, field);
-  } else if (field->presence > 0) {
-    upb_sethasbit(frame, field);
+static const char* decode_tomap(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                wireval* val) {
+  upb_Map** map_p = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, field->offset, upb_Map*);
+  upb_Map* map = *map_p;
+  upb_MapEntry ent;
+  const upb_MiniTable* entry = subs[field->submsg_index].submsg;
+
+  if (!map) {
+    /* Lazily create map. */
+    const upb_MiniTable_Field* key_field = &entry->fields[0];
+    const upb_MiniTable_Field* val_field = &entry->fields[1];
+    char key_size = desctype_to_mapsize[key_field->descriptortype];
+    char val_size = desctype_to_mapsize[val_field->descriptortype];
+    UPB_ASSERT(key_field->offset == 0);
+    UPB_ASSERT(val_field->offset == sizeof(upb_StringView));
+    map = _upb_Map_New(&d->arena, key_size, val_size);
+    *map_p = map;
   }
-}
 
-static bool upb_decode_msgfield(upb_decstate *d, upb_msg *msg,
-                                const upb_msglayout *layout, int limit) {
-  const char* saved_limit = d->limit;
-  d->limit = d->ptr + limit;
-  CHK(--d->depth >= 0);
-  upb_decode_message(d, msg, layout);
-  d->depth++;
-  d->limit = saved_limit;
-  CHK(d->end_group == 0);
-  return true;
-}
+  /* Parse map entry. */
+  memset(&ent, 0, sizeof(ent));
 
-static bool upb_decode_groupfield(upb_decstate *d, upb_msg *msg,
-                                  const upb_msglayout *layout,
-                                  int field_number) {
-  CHK(--d->depth >= 0);
-  upb_decode_message(d, msg, layout);
-  d->depth++;
-  CHK(d->end_group == field_number);
-  d->end_group = 0;
-  return true;
+  if (entry->fields[1].descriptortype == kUpb_FieldType_Message ||
+      entry->fields[1].descriptortype == kUpb_FieldType_Group) {
+    /* Create proactively to handle the case where it doesn't appear. */
+    ent.v.val =
+        upb_value_ptr(_upb_Message_New(entry->subs[0].submsg, &d->arena));
+  }
+
+  const char* start = ptr;
+  ptr = decode_tosubmsg(d, ptr, &ent.k, subs, field, val->size);
+  // check if ent had any unknown fields
+  size_t size;
+  upb_Message_GetUnknown(&ent.k, &size);
+  if (size != 0) {
+    uint32_t tag = ((uint32_t)field->number << 3) | kUpb_WireType_Delimited;
+    upb_Decode_AddUnknownVarints(d, msg, tag, (uint32_t)(ptr - start));
+    if (!_upb_Message_AddUnknown(msg, start, ptr - start, &d->arena)) {
+      decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
+    }
+  } else {
+    _upb_Map_Set(map, &ent.k, map->key_size, &ent.v, map->val_size, &d->arena);
+  }
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_varintfield(upb_decstate *d, upb_decframe *frame,
-                                   const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  uint64_t val;
-  CHK(upb_decode_varint(&d->ptr, d->limit, &val));
+static const char* decode_tomsg(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs,
+                                const upb_MiniTable_Field* field, wireval* val,
+                                int op) {
+  void* mem = UPB_PTR_AT(msg, field->offset, void);
+  int type = field->descriptortype;
+
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(op == OP_ENUM) &&
+      !decode_checkenum(d, ptr, msg, subs[field->submsg_index].subenum, field,
+                        val)) {
+    return ptr;
+  }
 
-  switch (field->descriptortype) {
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INT64:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UINT64:
-      CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &val, sizeof(val)));
-      break;
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INT32:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UINT32:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ENUM: {
-      uint32_t val32 = (uint32_t)val;
-      CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &val32, sizeof(val32)));
-      break;
+  /* Set presence if necessary. */
+  if (field->presence > 0) {
+    _upb_sethas_field(msg, field);
+  } else if (field->presence < 0) {
+    /* Oneof case */
+    uint32_t* oneof_case = _upb_oneofcase_field(msg, field);
+    if (op == OP_SUBMSG && *oneof_case != field->number) {
+      memset(mem, 0, sizeof(void*));
     }
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_BOOL: {
-      bool valbool = val != 0;
-      CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &valbool, sizeof(valbool)));
+    *oneof_case = field->number;
+  }
+
+  /* Store into message. */
+  switch (op) {
+    case OP_SUBMSG: {
+      upb_Message** submsgp = mem;
+      upb_Message* submsg = *submsgp;
+      if (!submsg) {
+        submsg = decode_newsubmsg(d, subs, field);
+        *submsgp = submsg;
+      }
+      if (UPB_UNLIKELY(type == kUpb_FieldType_Group)) {
+        ptr = decode_togroup(d, ptr, submsg, subs, field);
+      } else {
+        ptr = decode_tosubmsg(d, ptr, submsg, subs, field, val->size);
+      }
       break;
     }
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SINT32: {
-      int32_t decoded = upb_zzdecode_32((uint32_t)val);
-      CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &decoded, sizeof(decoded)));
+    case OP_STRING:
+      decode_verifyutf8(d, ptr, val->size);
+      /* Fallthrough. */
+    case OP_BYTES:
+      return decode_readstr(d, ptr, val->size, mem);
+    case OP_SCALAR_LG2(3):
+      memcpy(mem, val, 8);
       break;
-    }
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SINT64: {
-      int64_t decoded = upb_zzdecode_64(val);
-      CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &decoded, sizeof(decoded)));
+    case OP_ENUM:
+    case OP_SCALAR_LG2(2):
+      memcpy(mem, val, 4);
+      break;
+    case OP_SCALAR_LG2(0):
+      memcpy(mem, val, 1);
       break;
-    }
     default:
-      return upb_append_unknown(d, frame);
+      UPB_UNREACHABLE();
   }
 
-  upb_decode_setpresent(frame, field);
-  return true;
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_64bitfield(upb_decstate *d, upb_decframe *frame,
-                                  const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  uint64_t val;
-  CHK(upb_decode_64bit(&d->ptr, d->limit, &val));
-
-  switch (field->descriptortype) {
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_DOUBLE:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_FIXED64:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SFIXED64:
-      CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &val, sizeof(val)));
-      break;
-    default:
-      return upb_append_unknown(d, frame);
+UPB_NOINLINE
+const char* decode_checkrequired(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                 const upb_Message* msg,
+                                 const upb_MiniTable* l) {
+  assert(l->required_count);
+  if (UPB_LIKELY((d->options & kUpb_DecodeOption_CheckRequired) == 0)) {
+    return ptr;
   }
+  uint64_t msg_head;
+  memcpy(&msg_head, msg, 8);
+  msg_head = _upb_BigEndian_Swap64(msg_head);
+  if (upb_MiniTable_requiredmask(l) & ~msg_head) {
+    d->missing_required = true;
+  }
+  return ptr;
+}
 
-  upb_decode_setpresent(frame, field);
-  return true;
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static bool decode_tryfastdispatch(upb_Decoder* d, const char** ptr,
+                                   upb_Message* msg,
+                                   const upb_MiniTable* layout) {
+#if UPB_FASTTABLE
+  if (layout && layout->table_mask != (unsigned char)-1) {
+    uint16_t tag = fastdecode_loadtag(*ptr);
+    intptr_t table = decode_totable(layout);
+    *ptr = fastdecode_tagdispatch(d, *ptr, msg, table, 0, tag);
+    return true;
+  }
+#endif
+  return false;
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_32bitfield(upb_decstate *d, upb_decframe *frame,
-                                  const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  uint32_t val;
-  CHK(upb_decode_32bit(&d->ptr, d->limit, &val));
+static const char* decode_msgset(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                 upb_Message* msg,
+                                 const upb_MiniTable* layout) {
+  // We create a temporary upb_MiniTable here and abuse its fields as temporary
+  // storage, to avoid creating lots of MessageSet-specific parsing code-paths:
+  //   1. We store 'layout' in item_layout.subs.  We will need this later as
+  //      a key to look up extensions for this MessageSet.
+  //   2. We use item_layout.fields as temporary storage to store the extension
+  //   we
+  //      found when parsing the type id.
+  upb_MiniTable item_layout = {
+      .subs = (const upb_MiniTable_Sub[]){{.submsg = layout}},
+      .fields = NULL,
+      .size = 0,
+      .field_count = 0,
+      .ext = kUpb_ExtMode_IsMessageSet_ITEM,
+      .dense_below = 0,
+      .table_mask = -1};
+  return decode_group(d, ptr, msg, &item_layout, 1);
+}
 
-  switch (field->descriptortype) {
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_FLOAT:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_FIXED32:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SFIXED32:
-      CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &val, sizeof(val)));
-      break;
-    default:
-      return upb_append_unknown(d, frame);
+static const upb_MiniTable_Field* decode_findfield(upb_Decoder* d,
+                                                   const upb_MiniTable* l,
+                                                   uint32_t field_number,
+                                                   int* last_field_index) {
+  static upb_MiniTable_Field none = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  if (l == NULL) return &none;
+
+  size_t idx = ((size_t)field_number) - 1;  // 0 wraps to SIZE_MAX
+  if (idx < l->dense_below) {
+    /* Fastest case: index into dense fields. */
+    goto found;
   }
 
-  upb_decode_setpresent(frame, field);
-  return true;
-}
+  if (l->dense_below < l->field_count) {
+    /* Linear search non-dense fields. Resume scanning from last_field_index
+     * since fields are usually in order. */
+    int last = *last_field_index;
+    for (idx = last; idx < l->field_count; idx++) {
+      if (l->fields[idx].number == field_number) {
+        goto found;
+      }
+    }
 
-static bool upb_decode_fixedpacked(upb_decstate *d, upb_array *arr,
-                                   uint32_t len, int elem_size) {
-  size_t elements = len / elem_size;
+    for (idx = l->dense_below; idx < last; idx++) {
+      if (l->fields[idx].number == field_number) {
+        goto found;
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
-  CHK((size_t)(elements * elem_size) == len);
-  CHK(upb_array_add(arr, elements, elem_size, d->ptr, d->arena));
-  d->ptr += len;
+  if (d->extreg) {
+    switch (l->ext) {
+      case kUpb_ExtMode_Extendable: {
+        const upb_MiniTable_Extension* ext =
+            _upb_extreg_get(d->extreg, l, field_number);
+        if (ext) return &ext->field;
+        break;
+      }
+      case kUpb_ExtMode_IsMessageSet:
+        if (field_number == _UPB_MSGSET_ITEM) {
+          static upb_MiniTable_Field item = {0, 0, 0, 0, TYPE_MSGSET_ITEM, 0};
+          return &item;
+        }
+        break;
+      case kUpb_ExtMode_IsMessageSet_ITEM:
+        switch (field_number) {
+          case _UPB_MSGSET_TYPEID: {
+            static upb_MiniTable_Field type_id = {
+                0, 0, 0, 0, TYPE_MSGSET_TYPE_ID, 0};
+            return &type_id;
+          }
+          case _UPB_MSGSET_MESSAGE:
+            if (l->fields) {
+              // We saw type_id previously and succeeded in looking up msg.
+              return l->fields;
+            } else {
+              // TODO: out of order MessageSet.
+              // This is a very rare case: all serializers will emit in-order
+              // MessageSets.  To hit this case there has to be some kind of
+              // re-ordering proxy.  We should eventually handle this case, but
+              // not today.
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+  }
 
-  return true;
-}
+  return &none; /* Unknown field. */
 
-static upb_strview upb_decode_strfield(upb_decstate *d, uint32_t len) {
-  upb_strview ret;
-  ret.data = d->ptr;
-  ret.size = len;
-  d->ptr += len;
-  return ret;
+found:
+  UPB_ASSERT(l->fields[idx].number == field_number);
+  *last_field_index = idx;
+  return &l->fields[idx];
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_toarray(upb_decstate *d, upb_decframe *frame,
-                               const upb_msglayout_field *field, int len) {
-  upb_array *arr = upb_getorcreatearr(frame, field);
-  CHK(arr);
-
-#define VARINT_CASE(ctype, decode) \
-  VARINT_CASE_EX(ctype, decode, decode)
-
-#define VARINT_CASE_EX(ctype, decode, dtype)                           \
-  {                                                                    \
-    const char *ptr = d->ptr;                                          \
-    const char *limit = ptr + len;                                     \
-    while (ptr < limit) {                                              \
-      uint64_t val;                                                    \
-      ctype decoded;                                                   \
-      CHK(upb_decode_varint(&ptr, limit, &val));                       \
-      decoded = (decode)((dtype)val);                                  \
-      CHK(upb_array_add(arr, 1, sizeof(decoded), &decoded, d->arena)); \
-    }                                                                  \
-    d->ptr = ptr;                                                      \
-    return true;                                                       \
-  }
-
-  switch (field->descriptortype) {
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STRING:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_BYTES: {
-      upb_strview str = upb_decode_strfield(d, len);
-      return upb_array_add(arr, 1, sizeof(str), &str, d->arena);
-    }
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_FLOAT:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_FIXED32:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SFIXED32:
-      return upb_decode_fixedpacked(d, arr, len, sizeof(int32_t));
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_DOUBLE:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_FIXED64:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SFIXED64:
-      return upb_decode_fixedpacked(d, arr, len, sizeof(int64_t));
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INT32:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UINT32:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_ENUM:
-      VARINT_CASE(uint32_t, uint32_t);
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_INT64:
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UINT64:
-      VARINT_CASE(uint64_t, uint64_t);
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_BOOL:
-      VARINT_CASE(bool, bool);
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SINT32:
-      VARINT_CASE_EX(int32_t, upb_zzdecode_32, uint32_t);
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_SINT64:
-      VARINT_CASE_EX(int64_t, upb_zzdecode_64, uint64_t);
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
-      const upb_msglayout *subm;
-      upb_msg *submsg = upb_addmsg(frame, field, &subm);
-      CHK(submsg);
-      return upb_decode_msgfield(d, submsg, subm, len);
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_wireval(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                  const upb_MiniTable_Field* field,
+                                  int wire_type, wireval* val, int* op) {
+  switch (wire_type) {
+    case kUpb_WireType_Varint:
+      ptr = decode_varint64(d, ptr, &val->uint64_val);
+      *op = varint_ops[field->descriptortype];
+      decode_munge(field->descriptortype, val);
+      return ptr;
+    case kUpb_WireType_32Bit:
+      memcpy(&val->uint32_val, ptr, 4);
+      val->uint32_val = _upb_BigEndian_Swap32(val->uint32_val);
+      *op = OP_SCALAR_LG2(2);
+      if (((1 << field->descriptortype) & FIXED32_OK_MASK) == 0) {
+        *op = OP_UNKNOWN;
+      }
+      return ptr + 4;
+    case kUpb_WireType_64Bit:
+      memcpy(&val->uint64_val, ptr, 8);
+      val->uint64_val = _upb_BigEndian_Swap64(val->uint64_val);
+      *op = OP_SCALAR_LG2(3);
+      if (((1 << field->descriptortype) & FIXED64_OK_MASK) == 0) {
+        *op = OP_UNKNOWN;
+      }
+      return ptr + 8;
+    case kUpb_WireType_Delimited: {
+      int ndx = field->descriptortype;
+      uint64_t size;
+      if (upb_FieldMode_Get(field) == kUpb_FieldMode_Array) ndx += TYPE_COUNT;
+      ptr = decode_varint64(d, ptr, &size);
+      if (size >= INT32_MAX || ptr - d->end + (int32_t)size > d->limit) {
+        break; /* Length overflow. */
+      }
+      *op = delim_ops[ndx];
+      val->size = size;
+      return ptr;
     }
-    case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_GROUP:
-      return upb_append_unknown(d, frame);
+    case kUpb_WireType_StartGroup:
+      val->uint32_val = field->number;
+      if (field->descriptortype == kUpb_FieldType_Group) {
+        *op = OP_SUBMSG;
+      } else if (field->descriptortype == TYPE_MSGSET_ITEM) {
+        *op = OP_MSGSET_ITEM;
+      } else {
+        *op = OP_UNKNOWN;
+      }
+      return ptr;
+    default:
+      break;
   }
-#undef VARINT_CASE
-  UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+  return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_delimitedfield(upb_decstate *d, upb_decframe *frame,
-                                      const upb_msglayout_field *field) {
-  int len;
+UPB_FORCEINLINE
+static const char* decode_known(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                upb_Message* msg, const upb_MiniTable* layout,
+                                const upb_MiniTable_Field* field, int op,
+                                wireval* val) {
+  const upb_MiniTable_Sub* subs = layout->subs;
+  uint8_t mode = field->mode;
+
+  if (UPB_UNLIKELY(mode & kUpb_LabelFlags_IsExtension)) {
+    const upb_MiniTable_Extension* ext_layout =
+        (const upb_MiniTable_Extension*)field;
+    upb_Message_Extension* ext =
+        _upb_Message_Getorcreateext(msg, ext_layout, &d->arena);
+    if (UPB_UNLIKELY(!ext)) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
+    msg = &ext->data;
+    subs = &ext->ext->sub;
+  }
 
-  CHK(upb_decode_string(&d->ptr, d->limit, &len));
+  switch (mode & kUpb_FieldMode_Mask) {
+    case kUpb_FieldMode_Array:
+      return decode_toarray(d, ptr, msg, subs, field, val, op);
+    case kUpb_FieldMode_Map:
+      return decode_tomap(d, ptr, msg, subs, field, val);
+    case kUpb_FieldMode_Scalar:
+      return decode_tomsg(d, ptr, msg, subs, field, val, op);
+    default:
+      UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+}
 
-  if (field->label == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-    return upb_decode_toarray(d, frame, field, len);
-  } else {
-    switch (field->descriptortype) {
-      case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STRING:
-      case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_BYTES: {
-        upb_strview str = upb_decode_strfield(d, len);
-        CHK(upb_decode_addval(frame, field, &str, sizeof(str)));
+static const char* decode_reverse_skip_varint(const char* ptr, uint32_t val) {
+  uint32_t seen = 0;
+  do {
+    ptr--;
+    seen <<= 7;
+    seen |= *ptr & 0x7f;
+  } while (seen != val);
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+static const char* decode_unknown(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                                  upb_Message* msg, int field_number,
+                                  int wire_type, wireval val) {
+  if (field_number == 0) return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed);
+
+  // Since unknown fields are the uncommon case, we do a little extra work here
+  // to walk backwards through the buffer to find the field start.  This frees
+  // up a register in the fast paths (when the field is known), which leads to
+  // significant speedups in benchmarks.
+  const char* start = ptr;
+
+  if (wire_type == kUpb_WireType_Delimited) ptr += val.size;
+  if (msg) {
+    switch (wire_type) {
+      case kUpb_WireType_Varint:
+      case kUpb_WireType_Delimited:
+        start--;
+        while (start[-1] & 0x80) start--;
         break;
-      }
-      case UPB_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
-        const upb_msglayout *subm;
-        upb_msg *submsg = upb_getorcreatemsg(frame, field, &subm);
-        CHK(submsg);
-        CHK(upb_decode_msgfield(d, submsg, subm, len));
+      case kUpb_WireType_32Bit:
+        start -= 4;
+        break;
+      case kUpb_WireType_64Bit:
+        start -= 8;
         break;
-      }
       default:
-        /* TODO(haberman): should we accept the last element of a packed? */
-        d->ptr += len;
-        return upb_append_unknown(d, frame);
+        break;
     }
-    upb_decode_setpresent(frame, field);
-    return true;
+
+    assert(start == d->debug_valstart);
+    uint32_t tag = ((uint32_t)field_number << 3) | wire_type;
+    start = decode_reverse_skip_varint(start, tag);
+    assert(start == d->debug_tagstart);
+
+    if (wire_type == kUpb_WireType_StartGroup) {
+      d->unknown = start;
+      d->unknown_msg = msg;
+      ptr = decode_group(d, ptr, NULL, NULL, field_number);
+      start = d->unknown;
+      d->unknown_msg = NULL;
+      d->unknown = NULL;
+    }
+    if (!_upb_Message_AddUnknown(msg, start, ptr - start, &d->arena)) {
+      return decode_err(d, kUpb_DecodeStatus_OutOfMemory);
+    }
+  } else if (wire_type == kUpb_WireType_StartGroup) {
+    ptr = decode_group(d, ptr, NULL, NULL, field_number);
   }
+  return ptr;
 }
 
-static const upb_msglayout_field *upb_find_field(const upb_msglayout *l,
-                                                 uint32_t field_number) {
-  /* Lots of optimization opportunities here. */
-  int i;
-  for (i = 0; i < l->field_count; i++) {
-    if (l->fields[i].number == field_number) {
-      return &l->fields[i];
+UPB_NOINLINE
+static const char* decode_msg(upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr, upb_Message* msg,
+                              const upb_MiniTable* layout) {
+  int last_field_index = 0;
+
+#if UPB_FASTTABLE
+  // The first time we want to skip fast dispatch, because we may have just been
+  // invoked by the fast parser to handle a case that it bailed on.
+  if (!decode_isdone(d, &ptr)) goto nofast;
+#endif
+
+  while (!decode_isdone(d, &ptr)) {
+    uint32_t tag;
+    const upb_MiniTable_Field* field;
+    int field_number;
+    int wire_type;
+    wireval val;
+    int op;
+
+    if (decode_tryfastdispatch(d, &ptr, msg, layout)) break;
+
+#if UPB_FASTTABLE
+  nofast:
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    d->debug_tagstart = ptr;
+#endif
+
+    UPB_ASSERT(ptr < d->limit_ptr);
+    ptr = decode_tag(d, ptr, &tag);
+    field_number = tag >> 3;
+    wire_type = tag & 7;
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    d->debug_valstart = ptr;
+#endif
+
+    if (wire_type == kUpb_WireType_EndGroup) {
+      d->end_group = field_number;
+      return ptr;
     }
-  }
 
-  return NULL;  /* Unknown field. */
-}
-
-static bool upb_decode_field(upb_decstate *d, upb_decframe *frame) {
-  uint32_t tag;
-  const upb_msglayout_field *field;
-  int field_number;
-
-  d->field_start = d->ptr;
-  CHK(upb_decode_varint32(&d->ptr, d->limit, &tag));
-  field_number = tag >> 3;
-  field = upb_find_field(frame->layout, field_number);
-
-  if (field) {
-    switch (tag & 7) {
-      case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_VARINT:
-        return upb_decode_varintfield(d, frame, field);
-      case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_32BIT:
-        return upb_decode_32bitfield(d, frame, field);
-      case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_64BIT:
-        return upb_decode_64bitfield(d, frame, field);
-      case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_DELIMITED:
-        return upb_decode_delimitedfield(d, frame, field);
-      case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_START_GROUP: {
-        const upb_msglayout *layout;
-        upb_msg *group;
-
-        if (field->label == UPB_LABEL_REPEATED) {
-          group = upb_addmsg(frame, field, &layout);
-        } else {
-          group = upb_getorcreatemsg(frame, field, &layout);
+    field = decode_findfield(d, layout, field_number, &last_field_index);
+    ptr = decode_wireval(d, ptr, field, wire_type, &val, &op);
+
+    if (op >= 0) {
+      ptr = decode_known(d, ptr, msg, layout, field, op, &val);
+    } else {
+      switch (op) {
+        case OP_UNKNOWN:
+          ptr = decode_unknown(d, ptr, msg, field_number, wire_type, val);
+          break;
+        case OP_MSGSET_ITEM:
+          ptr = decode_msgset(d, ptr, msg, layout);
+          break;
+        case OP_MSGSET_TYPEID: {
+          const upb_MiniTable_Extension* ext = _upb_extreg_get(
+              d->extreg, layout->subs[0].submsg, val.uint64_val);
+          if (ext) ((upb_MiniTable*)layout)->fields = &ext->field;
+          break;
         }
-
-        return upb_decode_groupfield(d, group, layout, field_number);
       }
-      case UPB_WIRE_TYPE_END_GROUP:
-        d->end_group = field_number;
-        return true;
-      default:
-        CHK(false);
     }
-  } else {
-    CHK(field_number != 0);
-    CHK(upb_skip_unknownfielddata(d, tag, -1));
-    CHK(upb_append_unknown(d, frame));
-    return true;
   }
-  UPB_UNREACHABLE();
+
+  return UPB_UNLIKELY(layout && layout->required_count)
+             ? decode_checkrequired(d, ptr, msg, layout)
+             : ptr;
 }
 
-static bool upb_decode_message(upb_decstate *d, char *msg, const upb_msglayout *l) {
-  upb_decframe frame;
-  frame.msg = msg;
-  frame.layout = l;
-  frame.state = d;
+const char* fastdecode_generic(struct upb_Decoder* d, const char* ptr,
+                               upb_Message* msg, intptr_t table,
+                               uint64_t hasbits, uint64_t data) {
+  (void)data;
+  *(uint32_t*)msg |= hasbits;
+  return decode_msg(d, ptr, msg, decode_totablep(table));
+}
 
-  while (d->ptr < d->limit) {
-    CHK(upb_decode_field(d, &frame));
+static upb_DecodeStatus decode_top(struct upb_Decoder* d, const char* buf,
+                                   void* msg, const upb_MiniTable* l) {
+  if (!decode_tryfastdispatch(d, &buf, msg, l)) {
+    decode_msg(d, buf, msg, l);
   }
-
-  return true;
+  if (d->end_group != DECODE_NOGROUP) return kUpb_DecodeStatus_Malformed;
+  if (d->missing_required) return kUpb_DecodeStatus_MissingRequired;
+  return kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok;
 }
 
-bool upb_decode(const char *buf, size_t size, void *msg, const upb_msglayout *l,
-                upb_arena *arena) {
-  upb_decstate state;
-  state.ptr = buf;
-  state.limit = buf + size;
-  state.arena = arena;
-  state.depth = 64;
-  state.end_group = 0;
+upb_DecodeStatus upb_Decode(const char* buf, size_t size, void* msg,
+                            const upb_MiniTable* l,
+                            const upb_ExtensionRegistry* extreg, int options,
+                            upb_Arena* arena) {
+  upb_Decoder state;
+  unsigned depth = (unsigned)options >> 16;
+
+  if (size <= 16) {
+    memset(&state.patch, 0, 32);
+    if (size) memcpy(&state.patch, buf, size);
+    buf = state.patch;
+    state.end = buf + size;
+    state.limit = 0;
+    options &= ~kUpb_DecodeOption_AliasString;  // Can't alias patch buf.
+  } else {
+    state.end = buf + size - 16;
+    state.limit = 16;
+  }
+
+  state.extreg = extreg;
+  state.limit_ptr = state.end;
+  state.unknown_msg = NULL;
+  state.depth = depth ? depth : 64;
+  state.end_group = DECODE_NOGROUP;
+  state.options = (uint16_t)options;
+  state.missing_required = false;
+  state.arena.head = arena->head;
+  state.arena.last_size = arena->last_size;
+  state.arena.cleanup_metadata = arena->cleanup_metadata;
+  state.arena.parent = arena;
+
+  upb_DecodeStatus status = UPB_SETJMP(state.err);
+  if (UPB_LIKELY(status == kUpb_DecodeStatus_Ok)) {
+    status = decode_top(&state, buf, msg, l);
+  }
 
-  CHK(upb_decode_message(&state, msg, l));
-  return state.end_group == 0;
+  arena->head.ptr = state.arena.head.ptr;
+  arena->head.end = state.arena.head.end;
+  arena->cleanup_metadata = state.arena.cleanup_metadata;
+  return status;
 }
 
-#undef CHK
+#undef OP_UNKNOWN
+#undef OP_SKIP
+#undef OP_SCALAR_LG2
+#undef OP_FIXPCK_LG2
+#undef OP_VARPCK_LG2
+#undef OP_STRING
+#undef OP_BYTES
+#undef OP_SUBMSG