exiftool_vendored 9.33.0

data/bin/Image-ExifTool-9.33/lib/Image/ExifTool/XMP.pm

@@ -0,0 +1,3634 @@
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# File:         XMP.pm
+#
+# Description:  Read XMP meta information
+#
+# Revisions:    11/25/2003 - P. Harvey Created
+#               10/28/2004 - P. Harvey Major overhaul to conform with XMP spec
+#               02/27/2005 - P. Harvey Also read UTF-16 and UTF-32 XMP
+#               08/30/2005 - P. Harvey Split tag tables into separate namespaces
+#               10/24/2005 - P. Harvey Added ability to parse .XMP files
+#               08/25/2006 - P. Harvey Added ability to handle blank nodes
+#               08/22/2007 - P. Harvey Added ability to handle alternate language tags
+#               09/26/2008 - P. Harvey Added Iptc4xmpExt tags (version 1.0 rev 2)
+#
+# References:   1) http://www.adobe.com/products/xmp/pdfs/xmpspec.pdf
+#               2) http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/  (20040210)
+#               3) http://www.portfoliofaq.com/pfaq/v7mappings.htm
+#               4) http://www.iptc.org/IPTC4XMP/
+#               5) http://creativecommons.org/technology/xmp
+#                  --> changed to http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Companion_File_metadata_specification (2007/12/21)
+#               6) http://www.optimasc.com/products/fileid/xmp-extensions.pdf
+#               7) Lou Salkind private communication
+#               8) http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/xmp/sdk/XMPspecification.pdf
+#               9) http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/
+#               10) http://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp/pdfs/XMPSpecificationPart2.pdf (Oct 2008)
+#               11) http://www.extensis.com/en/support/kb_article.jsp?articleNumber=6102211
+#               12) http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-010-2012_E.pdf
+#
+# Notes:      - Property qualifiers are handled as if they were separate
+#               properties (with no associated namespace).
+#
+#             - Currently, there is no special treatment of the following
+#               properties which could potentially affect the extracted
+#               information: xml:base, rdf:parseType (note that parseType
+#               Literal isn't allowed by the XMP spec).
+#
+#             - The family 2 group names will be set to 'Unknown' for any XMP
+#               tags not found in the XMP or Exif tag tables.
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+package Image::ExifTool::XMP;
+
+use strict;
+use vars qw($VERSION $AUTOLOAD @ISA @EXPORT_OK $xlatNamespace %nsURI %dateTimeInfo
+            %xmpTableDefaults %specialStruct %sDimensions %sArea %sColorant);
+use Image::ExifTool qw(:Utils);
+use Image::ExifTool::Exif;
+require Exporter;
+
+$VERSION = '2.66';
+@ISA = qw(Exporter);
+@EXPORT_OK = qw(EscapeXML UnescapeXML);
+
+sub ProcessXMP($$;$);
+sub WriteXMP($$;$);
+sub CheckXMP($$$);
+sub ParseXMPElement($$$;$$$$);
+sub DecodeBase64($);
+sub SaveBlankInfo($$$;$);
+sub ProcessBlankInfo($$$;$);
+sub ValidateXMP($;$);
+sub UnescapeChar($$);
+sub AddFlattenedTags($;$$);
+sub FormatXMPDate($);
+sub ConvertRational($);
+sub ConvertRationalList($);
+
+my %curNS;  # namespaces currently in effect while parsing the file
+
+# lookup for translating to ExifTool namespaces
+# Note: Use $xlatNamespace (only valid during processing) to do the translation
+my %stdXlatNS = (
+    # shorten ugly namespace prefixes
+    'Iptc4xmpCore' => 'iptcCore',
+    'Iptc4xmpExt' => 'iptcExt',
+    'photomechanic'=> 'photomech',
+    'MicrosoftPhoto' => 'microsoft',
+    'prismusagerights' => 'pur',
+    'GettyImagesGIFT' => 'getty',
+);
+
+# translate ExifTool XMP family 1 group names to standard XMP namespace prefixes
+my %xmpNS = (
+    # shorten ugly namespace prefixes
+    'iptcCore' => 'Iptc4xmpCore',
+    'iptcExt' => 'Iptc4xmpExt',
+    'photomechanic'=> 'photomech',
+    'microsoft' => 'MicrosoftPhoto',
+    'gettyImages' => 'GettyImagesGIFT',
+    # (prism changed their spec to now use 'pur')
+    # 'pur' => 'prismusagerights',
+);
+
+# Lookup to translate standard XMP namespace prefixes into URI's.  This list
+# need not be complete, but it must contain an entry for each namespace prefix
+# (NAMESPACE) for writable tags in the XMP tables or in structures that doesn't
+# define a URI.  Also, the namespace must be defined here for non-standard
+# namespace prefixes to be recognized.
+%nsURI = (
+    aux       => 'http://ns.adobe.com/exif/1.0/aux/',
+    album     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/album/1.0/',
+    cc        => 'http://creativecommons.org/ns#', # changed 2007/12/21 - PH
+    crs       => 'http://ns.adobe.com/camera-raw-settings/1.0/',
+    crss      => 'http://ns.adobe.com/camera-raw-saved-settings/1.0/',
+    dc        => 'http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/',
+    exif      => 'http://ns.adobe.com/exif/1.0/',
+    exifEX    => 'http://cipa.jp/exif/1.0/',
+    iX        => 'http://ns.adobe.com/iX/1.0/',
+    pdf       => 'http://ns.adobe.com/pdf/1.3/',
+    pdfx      => 'http://ns.adobe.com/pdfx/1.3/',
+    photoshop => 'http://ns.adobe.com/photoshop/1.0/',
+    rdf       => 'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#',
+    rdfs      => 'http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#',
+    stDim     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/Dimensions#',
+    stEvt     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/ResourceEvent#',
+    stFnt     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/Font#',
+    stJob     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/Job#',
+    stRef     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/ResourceRef#',
+    stVer     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/Version#',
+    stMfs     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/sType/ManifestItem#',
+    tiff      => 'http://ns.adobe.com/tiff/1.0/',
+   'x'        => 'adobe:ns:meta/',
+    xmpG      => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/g/',
+    xmpGImg   => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/g/img/',
+    xmp       => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/',
+    xmpBJ     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/bj/',
+    xmpDM     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xmp/1.0/DynamicMedia/',
+    xmpMM     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/mm/',
+    xmpRights => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/rights/',
+    xmpNote   => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xmp/note/',
+    xmpTPg    => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/t/pg/',
+    xmpidq    => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xmp/Identifier/qual/1.0/',
+    xmpPLUS   => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/PLUS/',
+    dex       => 'http://ns.optimasc.com/dex/1.0/',
+    mediapro  => 'http://ns.iview-multimedia.com/mediapro/1.0/',
+    expressionmedia => 'http://ns.microsoft.com/expressionmedia/1.0/',
+    Iptc4xmpCore => 'http://iptc.org/std/Iptc4xmpCore/1.0/xmlns/',
+    Iptc4xmpExt => 'http://iptc.org/std/Iptc4xmpExt/2008-02-29/',
+    MicrosoftPhoto => 'http://ns.microsoft.com/photo/1.0',
+    MP1       => 'http://ns.microsoft.com/photo/1.1', #PH (MP1 is fabricated)
+    MP        => 'http://ns.microsoft.com/photo/1.2/',
+    MPRI      => 'http://ns.microsoft.com/photo/1.2/t/RegionInfo#',
+    MPReg     => 'http://ns.microsoft.com/photo/1.2/t/Region#',
+    lr        => 'http://ns.adobe.com/lightroom/1.0/',
+    DICOM     => 'http://ns.adobe.com/DICOM/',
+    svg       => 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg',
+    et        => 'http://ns.exiftool.ca/1.0/',
+    # namespaces defined in XMP2.pl:
+    plus      => 'http://ns.useplus.org/ldf/xmp/1.0/',
+    prism     => 'http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/basic/2.1/',
+    prl       => 'http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/prl/2.1/',
+    pur       => 'http://prismstandard.org/namespaces/prismusagerights/2.1/',
+    acdsee    => 'http://ns.acdsee.com/iptc/1.0/',
+    digiKam   => 'http://www.digikam.org/ns/1.0/',
+    swf       => 'http://ns.adobe.com/swf/1.0',
+    cell      => 'http://developer.sonyericsson.com/cell/1.0/',
+    aas       => 'http://ns.apple.com/adjustment-settings/1.0/',
+   'mwg-rs'   => 'http://www.metadataworkinggroup.com/schemas/regions/',
+   'mwg-kw'   => 'http://www.metadataworkinggroup.com/schemas/keywords/',
+   'mwg-coll' => 'http://www.metadataworkinggroup.com/schemas/collections/',
+    stArea    => 'http://ns.adobe.com/xmp/sType/Area#',
+    extensis  => 'http://ns.extensis.com/extensis/1.0/',
+    ics       => 'http://ns.idimager.com/ics/1.0/',
+    fpv       => 'http://ns.fastpictureviewer.com/fpv/1.0/',
+   'apple-fi' => 'http://ns.apple.com/faceinfo/1.0/',
+    GPano     => 'http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/panorama/',
+    dwc       => 'http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/index.htm',
+    GettyImagesGIFT => 'http://xmp.gettyimages.com/gift/1.0/',
+);
+
+# build reverse namespace lookup
+my %uri2ns;
+{
+    my $ns;
+    foreach $ns (keys %nsURI) {
+        $uri2ns{$nsURI{$ns}} = $ns;
+    }
+}
+
+# conversions for GPS coordinates
+sub ToDegrees
+{
+    require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+    Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDegrees($_[0], 1);
+}
+my %latConv = (
+    ValueConv    => \&ToDegrees,
+    RawConv => 'require Image::ExifTool::GPS; $val', # to load Composite tags and routines
+    ValueConvInv => q{
+        require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+        Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 2, "N");
+    },
+    PrintConv    => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "N")',
+    PrintConvInv => \&ToDegrees,
+);
+my %longConv = (
+    ValueConv    => \&ToDegrees,
+    RawConv => 'require Image::ExifTool::GPS; $val',
+    ValueConvInv => q{
+        require Image::ExifTool::GPS;
+        Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 2, "E");
+    },
+    PrintConv    => 'Image::ExifTool::GPS::ToDMS($self, $val, 1, "E")',
+    PrintConvInv => \&ToDegrees,
+);
+%dateTimeInfo = (
+    # NOTE: Do NOT put "Groups" here because Groups hash must not be common!
+    Writable => 'date',
+    Shift => 'Time',
+    PrintConv => '$self->ConvertDateTime($val)',
+    PrintConvInv => '$self->InverseDateTime($val,undef,1)',
+);
+
+# this conversion allows alternate language support for designated boolean tags
+my %boolConv = (
+    PrintConv => {
+        OTHER => sub { # (inverse conversion is the same)
+            my $val = shift;
+            return 'False' if lc $val eq 'false';
+            return 'True' if lc $val eq 'true';
+            return $val;
+        },
+        True => 'True',
+        False => 'False',
+    },
+);
+
+# XMP namespaces which we don't want to contribute to generated EXIF tag names
+# (Note: namespaces with non-standard prefixes aren't currently ignored)
+my %ignoreNamespace = ( 'x'=>1, rdf=>1, xmlns=>1, xml=>1, svg=>1, et=>1, office=>1 );
+
+# these are the attributes that we handle for properties that contain
+# sub-properties.  Attributes for simple properties are easy, and we
+# just copy them over.  These are harder since we don't store attributes
+# for properties without simple values.  (maybe this will change...)
+# (special attributes are indicated by a list reference of tag information)
+my %recognizedAttrs = (
+    'rdf:about' => [ 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::rdf', 'about', 'About' ],
+    'x:xmptk'   => [ 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::x',   'xmptk', 'XMPToolkit' ],
+    'x:xaptk'   => [ 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::x',   'xmptk', 'XMPToolkit' ],
+    'rdf:parseType' => 1,
+    'rdf:nodeID' => 1,
+    'et:toolkit' => 1,
+    'rdf:xmlns' => 1, # this is presumably the default namespace, which we currently ignore
+);
+
+# special tags in structures below
+# NOTE: this lookup is duplicated in TagLookup.pm!!
+%specialStruct = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 1, # [optional] name of structure
+    NAMESPACE   => 1, # [mandatory] namespace prefix used for fields of this structure
+    NOTES       => 1, # [optional] notes for documentation about this structure
+    TYPE        => 1, # [optional] rdf:type resource for struct (if used, the StructType flag
+                      # will be set automatically for all derived flattened tags when writing)
+);
+# XMP structures (each structure is similar to a tag table so we can
+# recurse through them in SetPropertyPath() as if they were tag tables)
+# The main differences between structure field information and tagInfo hashes are:
+#   1) Field information hashes do not contain Name, Groups or Table entries, and
+#   2) The TagID entry is optional, and is used only if the key in the structure hash
+#      is different from the TagID (currently only true for alternate language fields)
+#   3) Field information hashes support a additional "Namespace" property.
+my %sResourceRef = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'ResourceRef',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'stRef',
+    documentID      => { },
+    instanceID      => { },
+    manager         => { },
+    managerVariant  => { },
+    manageTo        => { },
+    manageUI        => { },
+    renditionClass  => { },
+    renditionParams => { },
+    versionID       => { },
+    # added Oct 2008
+    alternatePaths  => { List => 'Seq' },
+    filePath        => { },
+    fromPart        => { },
+    lastModifyDate  => { %dateTimeInfo, Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
+    maskMarkers     => { PrintConv => { All => 'All', None => 'None' } },
+    partMapping     => { },
+    toPart          => { },
+    # added May 2010
+    originalDocumentID => { }, # (undocumented property written by Adobe InDesign)
+);
+my %sResourceEvent = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'ResourceEvent',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'stEvt',
+    action          => { },
+    instanceID      => { },
+    parameters      => { },
+    softwareAgent   => { },
+    when            => { %dateTimeInfo, Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
+    # added Oct 2008
+    changed         => { },
+);
+my %sJobRef = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'JobRef',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'stJob',
+    id          => { },
+    name        => { },
+    url         => { },
+);
+my %sVersion = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'Version',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'stVer',
+    comments    => { },
+    event       => { Struct => \%sResourceEvent },
+    modifier    => { },
+    modifyDate  => { %dateTimeInfo, Groups => { 2 => 'Time' } },
+    version     => { },
+);
+my %sThumbnail = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'Thumbnail',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpGImg',
+    height      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    width       => { Writable => 'integer' },
+   'format'     => { },
+    image       => {
+        Avoid => 1,
+        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::DecodeBase64($val)',
+        ValueConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::EncodeBase64($val)',
+    },
+);
+my %sPageInfo = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'PageInfo',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpGImg',
+    PageNumber  => { Writable => 'integer', Namespace => 'xmpTPg' }, # override default namespace
+    height      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    width       => { Writable => 'integer' },
+   'format'     => { },
+    image       => {
+        ValueConv => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::DecodeBase64($val)',
+        ValueConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::EncodeBase64($val)',
+    },
+);
+#my %sIdentifierScheme = (
+#    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpidq',
+#    Scheme      => { }, # qualifier for xmp:Identifier only
+#);
+%sDimensions = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'Dimensions',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'stDim',
+    w           => { Writable => 'real' },
+    h           => { Writable => 'real' },
+    unit        => { },
+);
+%sArea = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'Area',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'stArea',
+   'x'          => { Writable => 'real' },
+   'y'          => { Writable => 'real' },
+    w           => { Writable => 'real' },
+    h           => { Writable => 'real' },
+    d           => { Writable => 'real' },
+    unit        => { },
+);
+%sColorant = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'Colorant',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpG',
+    swatchName  => { },
+    mode        => { PrintConv => { CMYK=>'CMYK', RGB=>'RGB', LAB=>'Lab' } },
+    # note: do not implement closed choice for "type" because Adobe can't
+    # get the case right:  spec. says "PROCESS" but Indesign writes "Process"
+    type        => { },
+    cyan        => { Writable => 'real' },
+    magenta     => { Writable => 'real' },
+    yellow      => { Writable => 'real' },
+    black       => { Writable => 'real' },
+    red         => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    green       => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    blue        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    L           => { Writable => 'real' },
+    A           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    B           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    # 'tint' observed in INDD sample - PH
+    tint        => { Writable => 'integer', Notes => 'not part of 2010 XMP specification' },
+);
+my %sFont = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'Font',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'stFnt',
+    fontName    => { },
+    fontFamily  => { },
+    fontFace    => { },
+    fontType    => { },
+    versionString => { },
+    composite   => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    fontFileName=> { },
+    childFontFiles => { List => 'Seq' },
+);
+my %sOECF = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'OECF',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'exif',
+    Columns     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Rows        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Names       => { List => 'Seq' },
+    Values      => { List => 'Seq', Writable => 'rational' },
+);
+
+# new LR2 crs structures (PH)
+my %sCorrectionMask = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'CorrectionMask',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'crs',
+    # disable List behaviour of flattened Gradient/PaintBasedCorrections
+    # because these are nested in lists and the flattened tags can't
+    # do justice to this complex structure
+    What         => { List => 0 },
+    MaskValue    => { Writable => 'real', List => 0, FlatName => 'Value' },
+    Radius       => { Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    Flow         => { Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    CenterWeight => { Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    Dabs         => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ZeroX        => { Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    ZeroY        => { Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    FullX        => { Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    FullY        => { Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+);
+my %sCorrection = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'Correction',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'crs',
+    What => { List => 0 },
+    CorrectionAmount => { FlatName => 'Amount',     Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    CorrectionActive => { FlatName => 'Active',     Writable => 'boolean', List => 0 },
+    LocalExposure    => { FlatName => 'Exposure',   Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalSaturation  => { FlatName => 'Saturation', Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalContrast    => { FlatName => 'Contrast',   Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalClarity     => { FlatName => 'Clarity',    Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalSharpness   => { FlatName => 'Sharpness',  Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalBrightness  => { FlatName => 'Brightness', Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalToningHue   => { FlatName => 'Hue',        Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalToningSaturation => { FlatName => 'Saturation',        Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalExposure2012     => { FlatName => 'Exposure2012',      Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalContrast2012     => { FlatName => 'Contrast2012',      Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalHighlights2012   => { FlatName => 'Highlights2012',    Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalShadows2012      => { FlatName => 'Shadows2012',       Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalClarity2012      => { FlatName => 'Clarity2012',       Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalLuminanceNoise   => { FlatName => 'LuminanceNoise',    Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalMoire       => { FlatName => 'Moire',      Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalDefringe    => { FlatName => 'Defringe',   Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalTemperature => { FlatName => 'Temperature',Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    LocalTint        => { FlatName => 'Tint',       Writable => 'real', List => 0 },
+    CorrectionMasks  => {
+        FlatName => 'Mask',
+        Struct => \%sCorrectionMask,
+        List => 'Seq',
+    },
+);
+
+# IPTC Extension 1.0 structures
+my %sLocationDetails = (
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'LocationDetails',
+    NAMESPACE   => 'Iptc4xmpExt',
+    City         => { },
+    CountryCode  => { },
+    CountryName  => { },
+    ProvinceState=> { },
+    Sublocation  => { },
+    WorldRegion  => { },
+);
+
+# main XMP tag table (tag ID's are used for the family 1 group names)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Unknown' },
+    PROCESS_PROC => \&ProcessXMP,
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteXMP,
+    dc => {
+        Name => 'dc', # (otherwise generated name would be 'Dc')
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::dc' },
+    },
+    xmp => {
+        Name => 'xmp',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmp' },
+    },
+    xmpDM => {
+        Name => 'xmpDM',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpDM' },
+    },
+    xmpRights => {
+        Name => 'xmpRights',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpRights' },
+    },
+    xmpNote => {
+        Name => 'xmpNote',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpNote' },
+    },
+    xmpMM => {
+        Name => 'xmpMM',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpMM' },
+    },
+    xmpBJ => {
+        Name => 'xmpBJ',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpBJ' },
+    },
+    xmpTPg => {
+        Name => 'xmpTPg',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpTPg' },
+    },
+    pdf => {
+        Name => 'pdf',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::pdf' },
+    },
+    pdfx => {
+        Name => 'pdfx',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::pdfx' },
+    },
+    photoshop => {
+        Name => 'photoshop',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::photoshop' },
+    },
+    crs => {
+        Name => 'crs',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::crs' },
+    },
+    # crss - it would be tedious to add the ability to write this
+    aux => {
+        Name => 'aux',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::aux' },
+    },
+    tiff => {
+        Name => 'tiff',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::tiff' },
+    },
+    exif => {
+        Name => 'exif',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::exif' },
+    },
+    exifEX => {
+        Name => 'exifEX',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::exifEX' },
+    },
+    iptcCore => {
+        Name => 'iptcCore',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::iptcCore' },
+    },
+    iptcExt => {
+        Name => 'iptcExt',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::iptcExt' },
+    },
+    PixelLive => {
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::PixelLive' },
+    },
+    xmpPLUS => {
+        Name => 'xmpPLUS',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpPLUS' },
+    },
+    plus => {
+        Name => 'plus',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::plus' },
+    },
+    cc => {
+        Name => 'cc',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::cc' },
+    },
+    dex => {
+        Name => 'dex',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::dex' },
+    },
+    photomech => {
+        Name => 'photomech',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::PhotoMechanic::XMP' },
+    },
+    mediapro => {
+        Name => 'mediapro',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::MediaPro' },
+    },
+    expressionmedia => {
+        Name => 'expressionmedia',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::ExpressionMedia' },
+    },
+    microsoft => {
+        Name => 'microsoft',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Microsoft::XMP' },
+    },
+    MP => {
+        Name => 'MP',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Microsoft::MP' },
+    },
+    MP1 => {
+        Name => 'MP1',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::Microsoft::MP1' },
+    },
+    lr => {
+        Name => 'lr',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Lightroom' },
+    },
+    DICOM => {
+        Name => 'DICOM',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::DICOM' },
+    },
+    album => {
+        Name => 'album',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::Album' },
+    },
+    prism => {
+        Name => 'prism',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::prism' },
+    },
+    prl => {
+        Name => 'prl',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::prl' },
+    },
+    pur => {
+        Name => 'pur',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::pur' },
+    },
+    rdf => {
+        Name => 'rdf',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::rdf' },
+    },
+   'x' => {
+        Name => 'x',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::x' },
+    },
+    acdsee => {
+        Name => 'acdsee',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::acdsee' },
+    },
+    digiKam => {
+        Name => 'digiKam',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::digiKam' },
+    },
+    swf => {
+        Name => 'swf',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::swf' },
+    },
+    cell => {
+        Name => 'cell',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::cell' },
+    },
+    aas => {
+        Name => 'aas',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::aas' },
+    },
+   'mwg-rs' => {
+        Name => 'mwg-rs',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MWG::Regions' },
+    },
+   'mwg-kw' => {
+        Name => 'mwg-kw',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MWG::Keywords' },
+    },
+   'mwg-coll' => {
+        Name => 'mwg-coll',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::MWG::Collections' },
+    },
+    extensis => {
+        Name => 'extensis',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::extensis' },
+    },
+    ics => {
+        Name => 'ics',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::ics' },
+    },
+    fpv => {
+        Name => 'fpv',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::fpv' },
+    },
+   'apple-fi' => {
+        Name => 'apple-fi',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::apple_fi' },
+    },
+    GPano => {
+        Name => 'GPano',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::GPano' },
+    },
+    dwc => {
+        Name => 'dwc',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::DarwinCore::Main' },
+    },
+    getty => {
+        Name => 'getty',
+        SubDirectory => { TagTable => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::GettyImages' },
+    },
+);
+
+#
+# Tag tables for all XMP namespaces:
+#
+# Writable - only need to define this for writable tags if not plain text
+#            (boolean, integer, rational, real, date or lang-alt)
+# List - XMP list type (Bag, Seq or Alt, or set to 1 for elements in Struct lists --
+#        this is necessary to obtain proper list behaviour when reading/writing)
+#
+# (Note that family 1 group names are generated from the property namespace, not
+#  the group1 names below which exist so the groups will appear in the list.)
+#
+%xmpTableDefaults = (
+    WRITE_PROC => \&WriteXMP,
+    CHECK_PROC => \&CheckXMP,
+    WRITABLE => 'string',
+    LANG_INFO => \&GetLangInfo,
+);
+
+# rdf attributes extracted
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::rdf = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-rdf', 2 => 'Document' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'rdf',
+    NOTES => q{
+        Most RDF attributes are handled internally, but the "about" attribute is
+        treated specially to allow it to be set to a specific value if required.
+    },
+    about => { Protected => 1 },
+);
+
+# x attributes extracted
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::x = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-x', 2 => 'Document' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'x',
+    NOTES => qq{
+        The "x" namespace is used for the "xmpmeta" wrapper, and may contain an
+        "xmptk" attribute that is extracted as the XMPToolkit tag.  When writing,
+        the XMPToolkit tag is automatically generated by ExifTool unless
+        specifically set to another value.
+    },
+    xmptk => { Name => 'XMPToolkit', Protected => 1 },
+);
+
+# Dublin Core namespace properties (dc)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::dc = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-dc', 2 => 'Other' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'dc',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP Dublin Core',
+    NOTES => 'Dublin Core namespace tags.',
+    contributor => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, List => 'Bag' },
+    coverage    => { },
+    creator     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, List => 'Seq' },
+    date        => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },   List => 'Seq', %dateTimeInfo },
+    description => { Groups => { 2 => 'Image'  }, Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+   'format'     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Image'  } },
+    identifier  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Image'  } },
+    language    => { List => 'Bag' },
+    publisher   => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, List => 'Bag' },
+    relation    => { List => 'Bag' },
+    rights      => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+    source      => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, Avoid => 1 },
+    subject     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Image'  }, List => 'Bag' },
+    title       => { Groups => { 2 => 'Image'  }, Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+    type        => { Groups => { 2 => 'Image'  }, List => 'Bag' },
+);
+
+# XMP namespace properties (xmp, xap)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmp = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-xmp', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmp',
+    NOTES => q{
+        XMP namespace tags.  If the older "xap", "xapBJ", "xapMM" or "xapRights"
+        namespace prefixes are found, they are translated to the newer "xmp",
+        "xmpBJ", "xmpMM" and "xmpRights" prefixes for use in family 1 group names.
+    },
+    Advisory    => { List => 'Bag', Notes => 'deprecated' },
+    BaseURL     => { },
+    # (date/time tags not as reliable as EXIF)
+    CreateDate  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateTimeInfo, Priority => 0 },
+    CreatorTool => { },
+    Identifier  => { Avoid => 1, List => 'Bag' },
+    Label       => { },
+    MetadataDate=> { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateTimeInfo },
+    ModifyDate  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateTimeInfo, Priority => 0 },
+    Nickname    => { },
+    Rating      => { Writable => 'real', Notes => 'a value from 0 to 5, or -1 for "rejected"' },
+    Thumbnails  => {
+        FlatName => 'Thumbnail',
+        Struct => \%sThumbnail,
+        List => 'Alt',
+    },
+    # the following written by Adobe InDesign, not part of XMP spec:
+    PageInfo        => {
+        FlatName => 'PageImage',
+        Struct => \%sPageInfo,
+        List => 'Seq',
+    },
+    PageInfoImage => { Name => 'PageImage', Flat => 1 },
+    Title       => { Avoid => 1, Notes => 'non-standard', Writable => 'lang-alt' }, #11
+    Author      => { Avoid => 1, Notes => 'non-standard', Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } }, #11
+    Keywords    => { Avoid => 1, Notes => 'non-standard' }, #11
+    Description => { Avoid => 1, Notes => 'non-standard', Writable => 'lang-alt' }, #11
+    Format      => { Avoid => 1, Notes => 'non-standard' }, #11
+);
+
+# XMP Rights Management namespace properties (xmpRights, xapRights)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpRights = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-xmpRights', 2 => 'Author' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpRights',
+    NOTES => 'XMP Rights Management namespace tags.',
+    Certificate     => { },
+    Marked          => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    Owner           => { List => 'Bag' },
+    UsageTerms      => { Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+    WebStatement    => { },
+);
+
+# XMP Note namespace properties (xmpNote)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpNote = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-xmpNote' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpNote',
+    NOTES => 'XMP Note namespace tags.',
+    HasExtendedXMP => { Writable => 'boolean', Protected => 2 },
+);
+
+# XMP xmpMM ManifestItem struct (ref PH, written by Adobe PDF library 8.0)
+my %sManifestItem = (
+    NAMESPACE => 'stMfs',
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'ManifestItem',
+    linkForm            => { },
+    placedXResolution   => { Namespace => 'xmpMM', Writable => 'real' },
+    placedYResolution   => { Namespace => 'xmpMM', Writable => 'real' },
+    placedResolutionUnit=> { Namespace => 'xmpMM' },
+    reference           => { Struct => \%sResourceRef },
+);
+
+# the xmpMM Pantry
+my %sPantryItem = (
+    NAMESPACE => undef, # stores any top-level XMP tags
+    STRUCT_NAME => 'PantryItem',
+    NOTES => q{
+        This structure must have an InstanceID field, but may also contain any other
+        XMP properties.
+    },
+    InstanceID => { Namespace => 'xmpMM' },
+);
+
+# XMP Media Management namespace properties (xmpMM, xapMM)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpMM = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-xmpMM', 2 => 'Other' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpMM',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP Media Management',
+    NOTES => 'XMP Media Management namespace tags.',
+    DerivedFrom     => { Struct => \%sResourceRef },
+    DocumentID      => { },
+    History         => { Struct => \%sResourceEvent, List => 'Seq' },
+    # we treat these like list items since History is a list
+    Ingredients     => { Struct => \%sResourceRef, List => 'Bag' },
+    InstanceID      => { }, #PH (CS3)
+    ManagedFrom     => { Struct => \%sResourceRef },
+    Manager         => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    ManageTo        => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    ManageUI        => { },
+    ManagerVariant  => { },
+    Manifest        => { Struct => \%sManifestItem, List => 'Bag' },
+    OriginalDocumentID=> { },
+    Pantry          => { Struct => \%sPantryItem, List => 'Bag' },
+    PreservedFileName => { },   # undocumented
+    RenditionClass  => { },
+    RenditionParams => { },
+    VersionID       => { },
+    Versions        => { Struct => \%sVersion, List => 'Seq' },
+    LastURL         => { }, # (deprecated)
+    RenditionOf     => { Struct => \%sResourceRef }, # (deprecated)
+    SaveID          => { Writable => 'integer' }, # (deprecated)
+    subject         => { List => 'Seq', Avoid => 1, Notes => 'undocumented' },
+);
+
+# XMP Basic Job Ticket namespace properties (xmpBJ, xapBJ)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpBJ = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-xmpBJ', 2 => 'Other' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpBJ',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP Basic Job Ticket',
+    NOTES => 'XMP Basic Job Ticket namespace tags.',
+    # Note: JobRef is a List of structures.  To accomplish this, we set the XMP
+    # List=>'Bag', but since SubDirectory is defined, this tag isn't writable
+    # directly.  Then we need to set List=>1 for the members so the Writer logic
+    # will allow us to add list items.
+    JobRef => { Struct => \%sJobRef, List => 'Bag' },
+);
+
+# XMP Paged-Text namespace properties (xmpTPg)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::xmpTPg = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-xmpTPg', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'xmpTPg',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP Paged-Text',
+    NOTES => 'XMP Paged-Text namespace tags.',
+    MaxPageSize         => { Struct => \%sDimensions },
+    NPages              => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Fonts               => {
+        FlatName => '',
+        Struct => \%sFont,
+        List => 'Bag',
+    },
+    FontsVersionString  => { Name => 'FontVersion',     Flat => 1 },
+    FontsComposite      => { Name => 'FontComposite',   Flat => 1 },
+    Colorants           => {
+        FlatName => 'Colorant',
+        Struct => \%sColorant,
+        List => 'Seq',
+    },
+    PlateNames          => { List => 'Seq' },
+);
+
+# PDF namespace properties (pdf)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::pdf = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-pdf', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'pdf',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP PDF',
+    NOTES => q{
+        Adobe PDF namespace tags.  The official XMP specification defines only
+        Keywords, PDFVersion, Producer and Trapped.  The other tags are included
+        because they have been observed in PDF files, but some are avoided when
+        writing due to name conflicts with other XMP namespaces.
+    },
+    Author      => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } }, #PH
+    ModDate     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateTimeInfo }, #PH
+    CreationDate=> { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateTimeInfo }, #PH
+    Creator     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, Avoid => 1 },
+    Copyright   => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, Avoid => 1 }, #PH
+    Marked      => { Avoid => 1, Writable => 'boolean' }, #PH
+    Subject     => { Avoid => 1 },
+    Title       => { Avoid => 1 },
+    Trapped     => { #PH
+        # remove leading '/' from '/True' or '/False'
+        ValueConv => '$val=~s{^/}{}; $val',
+        ValueConvInv => '"/$val"',
+        PrintConv => { True => 'True', False => 'False', Unknown => 'Unknown' },
+    },
+    Keywords    => { Priority => 0 },
+    PDFVersion  => { },
+    Producer    => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+);
+
+# PDF extension namespace properties (pdfx)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::pdfx = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-pdfx', 2 => 'Document' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'pdfx',
+    NOTES => q{
+        PDF extension tags.  This namespace is used to store application-defined PDF
+        information, so there are no pre-defined tags.  User-defined tags must be
+        created to enable writing of XMP-pdfx information.
+    },
+);
+
+# Photoshop namespace properties (photoshop)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::photoshop = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-photoshop', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'photoshop',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP Photoshop',
+    NOTES => 'Adobe Photoshop namespace tags.',
+    AuthorsPosition => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    CaptionWriter   => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    Category        => { },
+    City            => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    ColorMode       => {
+        Writable => 'integer', # (as of July 2010 spec, courtesy of yours truly)
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Bitmap',
+            1 => 'Grayscale',
+            2 => 'Indexed',
+            3 => 'RGB',
+            4 => 'CMYK',
+            7 => 'Multichannel',
+            8 => 'Duotone',
+            9 => 'Lab',
+        },
+    },
+    Country         => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    Credit          => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    DateCreated     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateTimeInfo },
+    DocumentAncestors => {
+        FlatName => 'Document',
+        List => 'Bag',
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'Ancestor',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'photoshop',
+            AncestorID => { },
+        },
+    },
+    Headline        => { },
+    History         => { }, #PH (CS3)
+    ICCProfile      => { Name => 'ICCProfileName' }, #PH
+    Instructions    => { },
+    LegacyIPTCDigest=> { }, #PH
+    SidecarForExtension => { }, #PH (CS3)
+    Source          => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    State           => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    # the XMP spec doesn't show SupplementalCategories as a 'Bag', but
+    # that's the way Photoshop writes it [fixed in the June 2005 XMP spec].
+    # Also, it is incorrectly listed as "SupplementalCategory" in the
+    # IPTC Standard Photo Metadata docs (2008rev2 and July 2009rev1) - PH
+    SupplementalCategories  => { List => 'Bag' },
+    TextLayers => {
+        FlatName => 'Text',
+        List => 'Seq',
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'Layer',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'photoshop',
+            LayerName => { },
+            LayerText => { },
+        },
+    },
+    TransmissionReference   => { },
+    Urgency         => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        Notes => 'should be in the range 1-8 to conform with the XMP spec',
+        PrintConv => { # (same values as IPTC:Urgency)
+            0 => '0 (reserved)',              # (not standard XMP)
+            1 => '1 (most urgent)',
+            2 => 2,
+            3 => 3,
+            4 => 4,
+            5 => '5 (normal urgency)',
+            6 => 6,
+            7 => 7,
+            8 => '8 (least urgent)',
+            9 => '9 (user-defined priority)', # (not standard XMP)
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# Photoshop Camera Raw namespace properties (crs) - (ref 8,PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::crs = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-crs', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'crs',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'Photoshop Camera Raw namespace',
+    NOTES => 'Photoshop Camera Raw namespace tags.',
+    AlreadyApplied  => { Writable => 'boolean' }, #PH (written by LightRoom beta 4.1)
+    AutoBrightness  => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    AutoContrast    => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    AutoExposure    => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    AutoShadows     => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    BlueHue         => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    BlueSaturation  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Brightness      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    CameraProfile   => { },
+    ChromaticAberrationB=> { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ChromaticAberrationR=> { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ColorNoiseReduction => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Contrast        => { Writable => 'integer', Avoid => 1 },
+    Converter       => { }, #PH guess (found in EXIF)
+    CropTop         => { Writable => 'real' },
+    CropLeft        => { Writable => 'real' },
+    CropBottom      => { Writable => 'real' },
+    CropRight       => { Writable => 'real' },
+    CropAngle       => { Writable => 'real' },
+    CropWidth       => { Writable => 'real' },
+    CropHeight      => { Writable => 'real' },
+    CropUnits => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'pixels',
+            1 => 'inches',
+            2 => 'cm',
+        },
+    },
+    Exposure        => { Writable => 'real' },
+    GreenHue        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GreenSaturation => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HasCrop         => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    HasSettings     => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    LuminanceSmoothing  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    MoireFilter     => { PrintConv => { Off=>'Off', On=>'On' } },
+    RawFileName     => { },
+    RedHue          => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    RedSaturation   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Saturation      => { Writable => 'integer', Avoid => 1 },
+    Shadows         => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ShadowTint      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Sharpness       => { Writable => 'integer', Avoid => 1 },
+    Smoothness      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Temperature     => { Writable => 'integer', Avoid => 1, Name => 'ColorTemperature' },
+    Tint            => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ToneCurve       => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ToneCurveName => {
+        PrintConv => {
+            Linear           => 'Linear',
+           'Medium Contrast' => 'Medium Contrast',
+           'Strong Contrast' => 'Strong Contrast',
+            Custom           => 'Custom',
+        },
+    },
+    Version         => { },
+    VignetteAmount  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    VignetteMidpoint=> { Writable => 'integer' },
+    WhiteBalance    => {
+        Avoid => 1,
+        PrintConv => {
+           'As Shot'    => 'As Shot',
+            Auto        => 'Auto',
+            Daylight    => 'Daylight',
+            Cloudy      => 'Cloudy',
+            Shade       => 'Shade',
+            Tungsten    => 'Tungsten',
+            Fluorescent => 'Fluorescent',
+            Flash       => 'Flash',
+            Custom      => 'Custom',
+        },
+    },
+    # new tags observed in Adobe Lightroom output - PH
+    CameraProfileDigest         => { },
+    Clarity                     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ConvertToGrayscale          => { Writable => 'boolean' },
+    Defringe                    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    FillLight                   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HighlightRecovery           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentAqua           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentBlue           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentGreen          => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentMagenta        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentOrange         => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentPurple         => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentRed            => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    HueAdjustmentYellow         => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    IncrementalTemperature      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    IncrementalTint             => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentAqua     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentBlue     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentGreen    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentMagenta  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentOrange   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentPurple   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentRed      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceAdjustmentYellow   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ParametricDarks             => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ParametricHighlights        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ParametricHighlightSplit    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ParametricLights            => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ParametricMidtoneSplit      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ParametricShadows           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ParametricShadowSplit       => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentAqua    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentBlue    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentGreen   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentMagenta => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentOrange  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentPurple  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentRed     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SaturationAdjustmentYellow  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SharpenDetail               => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SharpenEdgeMasking          => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SharpenRadius               => { Writable => 'real' },
+    SplitToningBalance          => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SplitToningHighlightHue     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SplitToningHighlightSaturation => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SplitToningShadowHue        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SplitToningShadowSaturation => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Vibrance                    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    # new tags written by LR 1.4 (not sure in what version they first appeared)
+    GrayMixerRed                => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrayMixerOrange             => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrayMixerYellow             => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrayMixerGreen              => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrayMixerAqua               => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrayMixerBlue               => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrayMixerPurple             => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrayMixerMagenta            => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    RetouchInfo                 => { List => 'Seq' },
+    RedEyeInfo                  => { List => 'Seq' },
+    # new tags written by LR 2.0 (ref PH)
+    CropUnit => { # was the XMP documentation wrong with "CropUnits"??
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'pixels',
+            1 => 'inches',
+            2 => 'cm',
+            # have seen a value of 3 here! - PH
+        },
+    },
+    PostCropVignetteAmount      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PostCropVignetteMidpoint    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PostCropVignetteFeather     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PostCropVignetteRoundness   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PostCropVignetteStyle       => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    # disable List behaviour of flattened Gradient/PaintBasedCorrections
+    # because these are nested in lists and the flattened tags can't
+    # do justice to this complex structure
+    GradientBasedCorrections => {
+        FlatName => 'GradientBasedCorr',
+        Struct => \%sCorrection,
+        List => 'Seq',
+    },
+    GradientBasedCorrectionsCorrectionMasks => {
+        Name => 'GradientBasedCorrMasks',
+        FlatName => 'GradientBasedCorrMask',
+        Flat => 1
+    },
+    GradientBasedCorrectionsCorrectionMasksDabs => {
+        Name => 'GradientBasedCorrMaskDabs',
+        Flat => 1, List => 0,
+    },
+    PaintBasedCorrections => {
+        FlatName => 'PaintCorrection',
+        Struct => \%sCorrection,
+        List => 'Seq',
+    },
+    PaintBasedCorrectionsCorrectionMasks => {
+        Name => 'PaintBasedCorrectionMasks',
+        FlatName => 'PaintCorrectionMask',
+        Flat => 1,
+    },
+    PaintBasedCorrectionsCorrectionMasksDabs => {
+        Name => 'PaintCorrectionMaskDabs',
+        Flat => 1, List => 0,
+    },
+    # new tags written by LR 3 (thanks Wolfgang Guelcker)
+    ProcessVersion                       => { },
+    LensProfileEnable                    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LensProfileSetup                     => { },
+    LensProfileName                      => { },
+    LensProfileFilename                  => { },
+    LensProfileDigest                    => { },
+    LensProfileDistortionScale           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LensProfileChromaticAberrationScale  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LensProfileVignettingScale           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LensManualDistortionAmount           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PerspectiveVertical                  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PerspectiveHorizontal                => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PerspectiveRotate                    => { Writable => 'real'    },
+    PerspectiveScale                     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    CropConstrainToWarp                  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceNoiseReductionDetail        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    LuminanceNoiseReductionContrast      => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ColorNoiseReductionDetail            => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrainAmount                          => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrainSize                            => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    GrainFrequency                       => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    # new tags written by LR4
+    AutoLateralCA                        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Exposure2012                         => { Writable => 'real' },
+    Contrast2012                         => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Highlights2012                       => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Shadows2012                          => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Whites2012                           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Blacks2012                           => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    Clarity2012                          => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PostCropVignetteHighlightContrast    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ToneCurveName2012                    => { },
+    ToneCurveRed                         => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ToneCurveGreen                       => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ToneCurveBlue                        => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ToneCurvePV2012                      => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ToneCurvePV2012Red                   => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ToneCurvePV2012Green                 => { List => 'Seq' },
+    ToneCurvePV2012Blue                  => { List => 'Seq' },
+    DefringePurpleAmount                 => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    DefringePurpleHueLo                  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    DefringePurpleHueHi                  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    DefringeGreenAmount                  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    DefringeGreenHueLo                   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    DefringeGreenHueHi                   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+);
+
+# Tiff namespace properties (tiff)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::tiff = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-tiff', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'tiff',
+    PRIORITY => 0, # not as reliable as actual TIFF tags
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP TIFF',
+    NOTES => 'EXIF namespace for TIFF tags.',
+    ImageWidth    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ImageLength   => { Writable => 'integer', Name => 'ImageHeight' },
+    BitsPerSample => { Writable => 'integer', List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    Compression => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        SeparateTable => 'EXIF Compression',
+        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::Exif::compression,
+    },
+    PhotometricInterpretation => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::Exif::photometricInterpretation,
+    },
+    Orientation => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::Exif::orientation,
+    },
+    SamplesPerPixel => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    PlanarConfiguration => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'Chunky',
+            2 => 'Planar',
+        },
+    },
+    YCbCrSubSampling => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        List => 'Seq',
+        # join the raw values before conversion to allow PrintConv to operate on
+        # the combined string as it does for the corresponding EXIF tag
+        RawJoin => 1,
+        Notes => q{
+            while technically this is  a list-type tag, for compatibility with its EXIF
+            counterpart it is written and read as a simple string
+        },
+        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::JPEG::yCbCrSubSampling,
+    },
+    YCbCrPositioning => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'Centered',
+            2 => 'Co-sited',
+        },
+    },
+    XResolution => { Writable => 'rational' },
+    YResolution => { Writable => 'rational' },
+    ResolutionUnit => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        Notes => 'the value 1 is not standard EXIF',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'None',
+            2 => 'inches',
+            3 => 'cm',
+        },
+    },
+    TransferFunction      => { Writable => 'integer',  List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    WhitePoint            => { Writable => 'rational', List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    PrimaryChromaticities => { Writable => 'rational', List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    YCbCrCoefficients     => { Writable => 'rational', List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    ReferenceBlackWhite   => { Writable => 'rational', List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    DateTime => { # (EXIF tag named ModifyDate, but this exists in XMP-xmp)
+        Description => 'Date/Time Modified',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %dateTimeInfo,
+    },
+    ImageDescription => { Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+    Make => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        RawConv => '$$self{Make} ? $val : $$self{Make} = $val',
+    },
+    Model => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Description => 'Camera Model Name',
+        RawConv => '$$self{Model} ? $val : $$self{Model} = $val',
+    },
+    Software  => { },
+    Artist    => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' } },
+    Copyright => { Groups => { 2 => 'Author' }, Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+    NativeDigest => { }, #PH
+);
+
+# Exif namespace properties (exif)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::exif = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-exif', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'exif',
+    PRIORITY => 0, # not as reliable as actual EXIF tags
+    NOTES => 'EXIF namespace for EXIF tags.',
+    ExifVersion     => { },
+    FlashpixVersion => { },
+    ColorSpace => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        # (some applications incorrectly write -1 as a long integer)
+        ValueConv => '$val == 0xffffffff ? 0xffff : $val',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'sRGB',
+            2 => 'Adobe RGB',
+            0xffff => 'Uncalibrated',
+        },
+    },
+    ComponentsConfiguration => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        List => 'Seq',
+        AutoSplit => 1,
+        PrintConvColumns => 2,
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => '-',
+            1 => 'Y',
+            2 => 'Cb',
+            3 => 'Cr',
+            4 => 'R',
+            5 => 'G',
+            6 => 'B',
+        },
+    },
+    CompressedBitsPerPixel => { Writable => 'rational' },
+    PixelXDimension  => { Name => 'ExifImageWidth',  Writable => 'integer' },
+    PixelYDimension  => { Name => 'ExifImageHeight', Writable => 'integer' },
+    MakerNote        => { },
+    UserComment      => { Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+    RelatedSoundFile => { },
+    DateTimeOriginal => {
+        Description => 'Date/Time Original',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %dateTimeInfo,
+    },
+    DateTimeDigitized => { # (EXIF tag named CreateDate, but this exists in XMP-xmp)
+        Description => 'Date/Time Digitized',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %dateTimeInfo,
+    },
+    ExposureTime => {
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertFraction($val)',
+    },
+    FNumber => {
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFNumber($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    ExposureProgram => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Not Defined',
+            1 => 'Manual',
+            2 => 'Program AE',
+            3 => 'Aperture-priority AE',
+            4 => 'Shutter speed priority AE',
+            5 => 'Creative (Slow speed)',
+            6 => 'Action (High speed)',
+            7 => 'Portrait',
+            8 => 'Landscape',
+        },
+    },
+    SpectralSensitivity => { Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' } },
+    ISOSpeedRatings => {
+        Name => 'ISO',
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        List => 'Seq',
+        AutoSplit => 1,
+    },
+    OECF => {
+        Name => 'Opto-ElectricConvFactor',
+        FlatName => 'OECF',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Struct => \%sOECF,
+    },
+    ShutterSpeedValue => {
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        ValueConv => 'abs($val)<100 ? 1/(2**$val) : 0',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintExposureTime($val)',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val>0 ? -log($val)/log(2) : 0',
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertFraction($val)',
+    },
+    ApertureValue => {
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        ValueConv => 'sqrt(2) ** $val',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f",$val)',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val>0 ? 2*log($val)/log(2) : 0',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    BrightnessValue   => { Writable => 'rational' },
+    ExposureBiasValue => {
+        Name => 'ExposureCompensation',
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintFraction($val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    MaxApertureValue => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        ValueConv => 'sqrt(2) ** $val',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f",$val)',
+        ValueConvInv => '$val>0 ? 2*log($val)/log(2) : 0',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val',
+    },
+    SubjectDistance => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        PrintConv => '$val =~ /^(inf|undef)$/ ? $val : "$val m"',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*m$//;$val',
+    },
+    MeteringMode => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'Average',
+            2 => 'Center-weighted average',
+            3 => 'Spot',
+            4 => 'Multi-spot',
+            5 => 'Multi-segment',
+            6 => 'Partial',
+            255 => 'Other',
+        },
+    },
+    LightSource => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        SeparateTable => 'EXIF LightSource',
+        PrintConv =>  \%Image::ExifTool::Exif::lightSource,
+    },
+    Flash => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'Flash',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'exif',
+            Fired       => { Writable => 'boolean', %boolConv },
+            Return => {
+                Writable => 'integer',
+                PrintConv => {
+                    0 => 'No return detection',
+                    2 => 'Return not detected',
+                    3 => 'Return detected',
+                },
+            },
+            Mode => {
+                Writable => 'integer',
+                PrintConv => {
+                    0 => 'Unknown',
+                    1 => 'On',
+                    2 => 'Off',
+                    3 => 'Auto',
+                },
+            },
+            Function    => { Writable => 'boolean', %boolConv },
+            RedEyeMode  => { Writable => 'boolean', %boolConv },
+        },
+    },
+    FocalLength=> {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        PrintConv => 'sprintf("%.1f mm",$val)',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*mm$//;$val',
+    },
+    SubjectArea => { Writable => 'integer', List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    FlashEnergy => { Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    SpatialFrequencyResponse => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Struct => \%sOECF,
+    },
+    FocalPlaneXResolution => { Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    FocalPlaneYResolution => { Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    FocalPlaneResolutionUnit => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        Notes => 'values 1, 4 and 5 are not standard EXIF',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'None', # (not standard EXIF)
+            2 => 'inches',
+            3 => 'cm',
+            4 => 'mm',   # (not standard EXIF)
+            5 => 'um',   # (not standard EXIF)
+        },
+    },
+    SubjectLocation => { Writable => 'integer', List => 'Seq', AutoSplit => 1 },
+    ExposureIndex   => { Writable => 'rational' },
+    SensingMethod => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        Notes => 'values 1 and 6 are not standard EXIF',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'Monochrome area', # (not standard EXIF)
+            2 => 'One-chip color area',
+            3 => 'Two-chip color area',
+            4 => 'Three-chip color area',
+            5 => 'Color sequential area',
+            6 => 'Monochrome linear', # (not standard EXIF)
+            7 => 'Trilinear',
+            8 => 'Color sequential linear',
+        },
+    },
+    FileSource => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            1 => 'Film Scanner',
+            2 => 'Reflection Print Scanner',
+            3 => 'Digital Camera',
+        }
+    },
+    SceneType  => { Writable => 'integer', PrintConv => { 1 => 'Directly photographed' } },
+    CFAPattern => {
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'CFAPattern',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'exif',
+            Columns     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+            Rows        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+            Values      => { Writable => 'integer', List => 'Seq' },
+        },
+    },
+    CustomRendered => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Normal',
+            1 => 'Custom',
+        },
+    },
+    ExposureMode => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Auto',
+            1 => 'Manual',
+            2 => 'Auto bracket',
+        },
+    },
+    WhiteBalance => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Auto',
+            1 => 'Manual',
+        },
+    },
+    DigitalZoomRatio => { Writable => 'rational' },
+    FocalLengthIn35mmFilm => {
+        Name => 'FocalLengthIn35mmFormat',
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        PrintConv => '"$val mm"',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*mm$//;$val',
+    },
+    SceneCaptureType => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Standard',
+            1 => 'Landscape',
+            2 => 'Portrait',
+            3 => 'Night',
+        },
+    },
+    GainControl => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'None',
+            1 => 'Low gain up',
+            2 => 'High gain up',
+            3 => 'Low gain down',
+            4 => 'High gain down',
+        },
+    },
+    Contrast => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Normal',
+            1 => 'Low',
+            2 => 'High',
+        },
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertParameter($val)',
+    },
+    Saturation => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Normal',
+            1 => 'Low',
+            2 => 'High',
+        },
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertParameter($val)',
+    },
+    Sharpness => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Normal',
+            1 => 'Soft',
+            2 => 'Hard',
+        },
+        PrintConvInv => 'Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertParameter($val)',
+    },
+    DeviceSettingDescription => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'DeviceSettings',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'exif',
+            Columns     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+            Rows        => { Writable => 'integer' },
+            Settings    => { List => 'Seq' },
+        },
+    },
+    SubjectDistanceRange => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Camera' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Unknown',
+            1 => 'Macro',
+            2 => 'Close',
+            3 => 'Distant',
+        },
+    },
+    ImageUniqueID   => { },
+    GPSVersionID    => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    GPSLatitude     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, %latConv },
+    GPSLongitude    => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, %longConv },
+    GPSAltitudeRef  => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Above Sea Level',
+            1 => 'Below Sea Level',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSAltitude => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        RawConv => 'require Image::ExifTool::GPS; $val', # to load Composite tags and routines
+        # extricate unsigned decimal number from string
+        ValueConvInv => '$val=~/((?=\d|\.\d)\d*(?:\.\d*)?)/ ? $1 : undef',
+        PrintConv => '$val =~ /^(inf|undef)$/ ? $val : "$val m"',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*m$//;$val',
+    },
+    GPSTimeStamp => {
+        Name => 'GPSDateTime',
+        Description => 'GPS Date/Time',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        Notes => q{
+            a date/time tag called GPSTimeStamp by the XMP specification.  This tag is
+            renamed here to prevent direct copy from EXIF:GPSTimeStamp which is a
+            time-only tag.  Instead, the value of this tag should be taken from
+            Composite:GPSDateTime when copying from EXIF
+        },
+        %dateTimeInfo,
+    },
+    GPSSatellites   => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    GPSStatus => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        PrintConv => {
+            A => 'Measurement Active',
+            V => 'Measurement Void',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSMeasureMode => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            2 => '2-Dimensional',
+            3 => '3-Dimensional',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSDOP => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    GPSSpeedRef => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        PrintConv => {
+            K => 'km/h',
+            M => 'mph',
+            N => 'knots',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSSpeed => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    GPSTrackRef => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        PrintConv => {
+            M => 'Magnetic North',
+            T => 'True North',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSTrack => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    GPSImgDirectionRef => {
+        PrintConv => {
+            M => 'Magnetic North',
+            T => 'True North',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSImgDirection => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    GPSMapDatum     => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    GPSDestLatitude => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, %latConv },
+    GPSDestLongitude=> { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, %longConv },
+    GPSDestBearingRef => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        PrintConv => {
+            M => 'Magnetic North',
+            T => 'True North',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSDestBearing => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' }, Writable => 'rational' },
+    GPSDestDistanceRef => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        PrintConv => {
+            K => 'Kilometers',
+            M => 'Miles',
+            N => 'Nautical Miles',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSDestDistance => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Writable => 'rational',
+    },
+    GPSProcessingMethod => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    GPSAreaInformation  => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    GPSDifferential => {
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'No Correction',
+            1 => 'Differential Corrected',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSHPositioningError => { #12
+        Description => 'GPS Horizontal Positioning Error',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        PrintConv => '"$val m"',
+        PrintConvInv => '$val=~s/\s*m$//; $val',
+    },
+    NativeDigest => { }, #PH
+);
+
+# Exif extended properties (exifEX, ref 12)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::exifEX = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-exifEX', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'exifEX',
+    PRIORITY => 0, # not as reliable as actual EXIF tags
+    NOTES => q{
+        EXIF tags added by the EXIF 2.3 for XMP spec (see
+        L<http://www.cipa.jp/english/hyoujunka/kikaku/pdf/DC-010-2012_E.pdf>).
+    },
+    Gamma                       => { Writable => 'rational' },
+    PhotographicSensitivity     => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    SensitivityType => {
+        Writable => 'integer',
+        PrintConv => {
+            0 => 'Unknown',
+            1 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity',
+            2 => 'Recommended Exposure Index',
+            3 => 'ISO Speed',
+            4 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity and Recommended Exposure Index',
+            5 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity and ISO Speed',
+            6 => 'Recommended Exposure Index and ISO Speed',
+            7 => 'Standard Output Sensitivity, Recommended Exposure Index and ISO Speed',
+        },
+    },
+    StandardOutputSensitivity   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    RecommendedExposureIndex    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ISOSpeed                    => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    ISOSpeedLatitudeyyy => {
+        Description => 'ISO Speed Latitude yyy',
+        Writable => 'integer',
+    },
+    ISOSpeedLatitudezzz => {
+        Description => 'ISO Speed Latitude zzz',
+        Writable => 'integer',
+    },
+    CameraOwnerName     => { Name => 'OwnerName' },
+    BodySerialNumber    => { Name => 'SerialNumber' },
+    LensSpecification => {
+        Name => 'LensInfo',
+        Writable => 'rational',
+        List => 'Seq',
+        RawJoin => 1, # join list into a string before ValueConv
+        ValueConv => \&ConvertRationalList,
+        ValueConvInv => sub {
+            my $val = shift;
+            my @vals = split ' ', $val;
+            return $val unless @vals == 4;
+            foreach (@vals) {
+                $_ eq 'inf' and $_ = '1/0', next;
+                $_ eq 'undef' and $_ = '0/0', next;
+                Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($_) or return $val;
+                my @a = Image::ExifTool::Rationalize($_);
+                $_ = join '/', @a;
+            }
+            return \@vals; # return list reference (List-type tag)
+        },
+        PrintConv => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintLensInfo,
+        PrintConvInv => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertLensInfo,
+        Notes => q{
+            called LensSpecification by the spec.  Unfortunately the EXIF 2.3 for XMP
+            specification defined this new tag instead of using the existing
+            XMP-aux:LensInfo
+        },
+    },
+    LensMake            => { },
+    LensModel           => { },
+    LensSerialNumber    => { },
+    InteroperabilityIndex => {
+        Name => 'InteropIndex',
+        Description => 'Interoperability Index',
+        PrintConv => {
+            R98 => 'R98 - DCF basic file (sRGB)',
+            R03 => 'R03 - DCF option file (Adobe RGB)',
+            THM => 'THM - DCF thumbnail file',
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# Auxiliary namespace properties (aux) - not fully documented (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::aux = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-aux', 2 => 'Camera' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'aux',
+    NOTES => 'Photoshop Auxiliary namespace tags.',
+    Firmware        => { }, #7
+    FlashCompensation => { Writable => 'rational' }, #7
+    ImageNumber     => { }, #7
+    LensInfo        => { #7
+        Notes => '4 rational values giving focal and aperture ranges',
+        # convert to floating point values (or 'inf' or 'undef')
+        ValueConv => \&ConvertRationalList,
+        ValueConvInv => sub {
+            my $val = shift;
+            my @vals = split ' ', $val;
+            return $val unless @vals == 4;
+            foreach (@vals) {
+                $_ eq 'inf' and $_ = '1/0', next;
+                $_ eq 'undef' and $_ = '0/0', next;
+                Image::ExifTool::IsFloat($_) or return $val;
+                my @a = Image::ExifTool::Rationalize($_);
+                $_ = join '/', @a;
+            }
+            return join ' ', @vals; # return string (string tag)
+        },
+        # convert to the form "12-20mm f/3.8-4.5" or "50mm f/1.4"
+        PrintConv => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintLensInfo,
+        PrintConvInv => \&Image::ExifTool::Exif::ConvertLensInfo,
+    },
+    Lens            => { },
+    OwnerName       => { }, #7
+    SerialNumber    => { },
+    LensID          => {
+        Priority => 0,
+        # prevent this from getting set from a LensID that has been converted
+        ValueConvInv => q{
+            warn "Expected one or more integer values" if $val =~ /[^\d ]/;
+            return $val;
+        },
+    },
+    ApproximateFocusDistance => { Writable => 'rational' }, #PH (LR3)
+);
+
+# IPTC Core namespace properties (Iptc4xmpCore) (ref 4)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::iptcCore = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-iptcCore', 2 => 'Author' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'Iptc4xmpCore',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP IPTC Core',
+    NOTES => q{
+        IPTC Core namespace tags.  The actual IPTC Core namespace prefix is
+        "Iptc4xmpCore", which is the prefix recorded in the file, but ExifTool
+        shortens this for the "XMP-iptcCore" family 1 group name. (see
+        L<http://www.iptc.org/IPTC4XMP/>)
+    },
+    CountryCode         => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    CreatorContactInfo => {
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'ContactInfo',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'Iptc4xmpCore',
+            CiAdrCity   => { },
+            CiAdrCtry   => { },
+            CiAdrExtadr => { },
+            CiAdrPcode  => { },
+            CiAdrRegion => { },
+            CiEmailWork => { },
+            CiTelWork   => { },
+            CiUrlWork   => { },
+        },
+    },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiAdrCity   => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorCity' },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiAdrCtry   => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorCountry' },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiAdrExtadr => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorAddress' },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiAdrPcode  => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorPostalCode' },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiAdrRegion => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorRegion' },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiEmailWork => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorWorkEmail' },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiTelWork   => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorWorkTelephone' },
+    CreatorContactInfoCiUrlWork   => { Flat => 1, Name => 'CreatorWorkURL' },
+    IntellectualGenre   => { Groups => { 2 => 'Other' } },
+    Location            => { Groups => { 2 => 'Location' } },
+    Scene               => { Groups => { 2 => 'Other' }, List => 'Bag' },
+    SubjectCode         => { Groups => { 2 => 'Other' }, List => 'Bag' },
+);
+
+# IPTC Extension namespace properties (Iptc4xmpExt) (ref 4)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::iptcExt = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-iptcExt', 2 => 'Author' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'Iptc4xmpExt',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP IPTC Extension',
+    NOTES => q{
+        IPTC Extension namespace tags.  The actual namespace prefix is
+        "Iptc4xmpExt", but ExifTool shortens this for the "XMP-iptcExt" family 1
+        group name. (see L<http://www.iptc.org/IPTC4XMP/>)
+    },
+    AddlModelInfo   => { Name => 'AdditionalModelInformation' },
+    ArtworkOrObject => {
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'ArtworkOrObjectDetails',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'Iptc4xmpExt',
+            AOCopyrightNotice => { },
+            AOCreator    => { List => 'Seq' },
+            AODateCreated=> { Groups => { 2 => 'Time' }, %dateTimeInfo },
+            AOSource     => { },
+            AOSourceInvNo=> { },
+            AOTitle      => { Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+        },
+        List => 'Bag',
+    },
+    ArtworkOrObjectAOCopyrightNotice=> { Flat => 1, Name => 'ArtworkCopyrightNotice' },
+    ArtworkOrObjectAOCreator        => { Flat => 1, Name => 'ArtworkCreator' },
+    ArtworkOrObjectAODateCreated    => { Flat => 1, Name => 'ArtworkDateCreated' },
+    ArtworkOrObjectAOSource         => { Flat => 1, Name => 'ArtworkSource' },
+    ArtworkOrObjectAOSourceInvNo    => { Flat => 1, Name => 'ArtworkSourceInventoryNo' },
+    ArtworkOrObjectAOTitle          => { Flat => 1, Name => 'ArtworkTitle' },
+    OrganisationInImageCode => { List => 'Bag' },
+    CVterm => {
+        Name => 'ControlledVocabularyTerm',
+        List => 'Bag',
+    },
+    LocationShown => {
+        Struct => \%sLocationDetails,
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        List => 'Bag',
+    },
+    ModelAge                => { List => 'Bag', Writable => 'integer' },
+    OrganisationInImageName => { List => 'Bag' },
+    PersonInImage           => { List => 'Bag' },
+    DigImageGUID            => { Name => 'DigitalImageGUID' },
+    DigitalSourcefileType   => {
+        Name => 'DigitalSourceFileType',
+        Notes => 'now deprecated -- replaced by DigitalSourceType',
+    },
+    DigitalSourceType       => { Name => 'DigitalSourceType' },
+    Event                   => { Writable => 'lang-alt' },
+    RegistryId => {
+        Name => 'RegistryID',
+        Struct => {
+            STRUCT_NAME => 'RegistryEntryDetails',
+            NAMESPACE   => 'Iptc4xmpExt',
+            RegItemId    => { },
+            RegOrgId     => { },
+        },
+        List => 'Bag',
+    },
+    RegistryIdRegItemId         => { Flat => 1, Name => 'RegistryItemID' },
+    RegistryIdRegOrgId          => { Flat => 1, Name => 'RegistryOrganisationID' },
+    IptcLastEdited => {
+        Name => 'IPTCLastEdited',
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Time' },
+        %dateTimeInfo,
+    },
+    LocationCreated => {
+        Struct => \%sLocationDetails,
+        Groups => { 2 => 'Location' },
+        List => 'Bag',
+    },
+    MaxAvailHeight  => { Writable => 'integer' },
+    MaxAvailWidth   => { Writable => 'integer' },
+);
+
+# Adobe Lightroom namespace properties (lr) (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::Lightroom = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-lr', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'lr',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP Adobe Lightroom',
+    NOTES => 'Adobe Lightroom "lr" namespace tags.',
+    privateRTKInfo => { },
+    hierarchicalSubject => { List => 'Bag' },
+);
+
+# Adobe Album namespace properties (album) (ref PH)
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::Album = (
+    %xmpTableDefaults,
+    GROUPS => { 1 => 'XMP-album', 2 => 'Image' },
+    NAMESPACE   => 'album',
+    TABLE_DESC => 'XMP Adobe Album',
+    NOTES => 'Adobe Album namespace tags.',
+    Notes => { },
+);
+
+# table to add tags in other namespaces
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::other = (
+    GROUPS => { 2 => 'Unknown' },
+    LANG_INFO => \&GetLangInfo,
+);
+
+# Composite XMP tags
+%Image::ExifTool::XMP::Composite = (
+    # get latitude/logitude reference from XMP lat/long tags
+    # (used to set EXIF GPS position from XMP tags)
+    GPSLatitudeRef => {
+        Require => 'XMP:GPSLatitude',
+        ValueConv => q{
+            IsFloat($val[0]) and return $val[0] < 0 ? "S" : "N";
+            $val[0] =~ /^.*([NS])/;
+            return $1;
+        },
+        PrintConv => {
+            N => 'North',
+            S => 'South',
+        },
+    },
+    GPSLongitudeRef => {
+        Require => 'XMP:GPSLongitude',
+        ValueConv => q{
+            IsFloat($val[0]) and return $val[0] < 0 ? "W" : "E";
+            $val[0] =~ /^.*([EW])/;
+            return $1;
+        },
+        PrintConv => {
+            E => 'East',
+            W => 'West',
+        },
+    },
+    LensID => {
+        Notes => 'attempt to convert numerical XMP-aux:LensID stored by Adobe applications',
+        Require => {
+            0 => 'XMP-aux:LensID',
+            1 => 'Make',
+        },
+        Desire => {
+            2 => 'LensInfo',
+            3 => 'FocalLength',
+            4 => 'LensModel',
+        },
+        Inhibit => {
+            5 => 'Composite:LensID',    # don't override existing Composite:LensID
+        },
+        ValueConv => '$val',
+        PrintConv => 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::PrintLensID($self, @val)',
+    },
+    Flash => {
+        Notes => 'facilitates copying camera flash information between XMP and EXIF',
+        Desire => {
+            0 => 'XMP:FlashFired',
+            1 => 'XMP:FlashReturn',
+            2 => 'XMP:FlashMode',
+            3 => 'XMP:FlashFunction',
+            4 => 'XMP:FlashRedEyeMode',
+            5 => 'XMP:Flash', # handle structured flash information too
+        },
+        Writable => 1,
+        PrintHex => 1,
+        SeparateTable => 'EXIF Flash',
+        ValueConv => q{
+            if (ref $val[5] eq 'HASH') {
+                # copy structure fields into value array
+                my $i = 0;
+                $val[$i++] = $val[5]{$_} foreach qw(Fired Return Mode Function RedEyeMode);
+            }
+            return (($val[0] and lc($val[0]) eq 'true') ? 0x01 : 0) |
+                   (($val[1] || 0) << 1) |
+                   (($val[2] || 0) << 3) |
+                   (($val[3] and lc($val[3]) eq 'true') ? 0x20 : 0) |
+                   (($val[4] and lc($val[4]) eq 'true') ? 0x40 : 0);
+        },
+        PrintConv => \%Image::ExifTool::Exif::flash,
+        WriteAlso => {
+            'XMP:FlashFired'      => '$val & 0x01 ? "True" : "False"',
+            'XMP:FlashReturn'     => '($val & 0x06) >> 1',
+            'XMP:FlashMode'       => '($val & 0x18) >> 3',
+            'XMP:FlashFunction'   => '$val & 0x20 ? "True" : "False"',
+            'XMP:FlashRedEyeMode' => '$val & 0x40 ? "True" : "False"',
+        },
+    },
+);
+
+# add our composite tags
+Image::ExifTool::AddCompositeTags('Image::ExifTool::XMP');
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# AutoLoad our writer routines when necessary
+#
+sub AUTOLOAD
+{
+    return Image::ExifTool::DoAutoLoad($AUTOLOAD, @_);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Escape necessary XML characters in UTF-8 string
+# Inputs: 0) string to be escaped
+# Returns: escaped string
+my %charName = ('"'=>'quot', '&'=>'amp', "'"=>'#39', '<'=>'lt', '>'=>'gt');
+sub EscapeXML($)
+{
+    my $str = shift;
+    $str =~ s/([&><'"])/&$charName{$1};/sg; # escape necessary XML characters
+    return $str;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Unescape XML character references (entities and numerical)
+# Inputs: 0) string to be unescaped
+#         1) optional hash reference to convert entity names to numbers
+# Returns: unescaped string
+my %charNum = ('quot'=>34, 'amp'=>38, 'apos'=>39, 'lt'=>60, 'gt'=>62);
+sub UnescapeXML($;$)
+{
+    my ($str, $conv) = @_;
+    $conv = \%charNum unless $conv;
+    $str =~ s/&(#?\w+);/UnescapeChar($1,$conv)/sge;
+    return $str;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Escape string for XML, ensuring valid XML and UTF-8
+# Inputs: 0) string
+# Returns: escaped string
+sub FullEscapeXML($)
+{
+    my $str = shift;
+    $str =~ s/([&><'"])/&$charName{$1};/sg; # escape necessary XML characters
+    $str =~ s/\\/&#92;/sg;                  # escape backslashes too
+    # then use C-escape sequences for invalid characters
+    if ($str =~ /[\0-\x1f]/ or IsUTF8(\$str) < 0) {
+        $str =~ s/([\0-\x1f\x80-\xff])/sprintf("\\x%.2x",ord $1)/sge;
+    }
+    return $str;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Unescape XML/C escaped string
+# Inputs: 0) string
+# Returns: unescaped string
+sub FullUnescapeXML($)
+{
+    my $str = shift;
+    # unescape C escape sequences first
+    $str =~ s/\\x([\da-f]{2})/chr(hex($1))/sge;
+    my $conv = \%charNum;
+    $str =~ s/&(#?\w+);/UnescapeChar($1,$conv)/sge;
+    return $str;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert XML character reference to UTF-8
+# Inputs: 0) XML character reference stripped of the '&' and ';' (ie. 'quot', '#34', '#x22')
+#         1) hash reference for looking up character numbers by name
+# Returns: UTF-8 equivalent (or original character on conversion error)
+sub UnescapeChar($$)
+{
+    my ($ch, $conv) = @_;
+    my $val = $$conv{$ch};
+    unless (defined $val) {
+        if ($ch =~ /^#x([0-9a-fA-F]+)$/) {
+            $val = hex($1);
+        } elsif ($ch =~ /^#(\d+)$/) {
+            $val = $1;
+        } else {
+            return "&$ch;"; # should issue a warning here? [no]
+        }
+    }
+    return chr($val) if $val < 0x80;   # simple ASCII
+    return pack('C0U', $val) if $] >= 5.006001;
+    return Image::ExifTool::PackUTF8($val);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Does a string contain valid UTF-8 characters?
+# Inputs: 0) string reference
+# Returns: 0=regular ASCII, -1=invalid UTF-8, 1=valid UTF-8 with maximum 16-bit
+#          wide characters, 2=valid UTF-8 requiring 32-bit wide characters
+# Notes: Changes current string position
+sub IsUTF8($)
+{
+    my $strPt = shift;
+    pos($$strPt) = 0; # start at beginning of string
+    return 0 unless $$strPt =~ /([\x80-\xff])/g;
+    my $rtnVal = 1;
+    for (;;) {
+        my $ch = ord($1);
+        # minimum lead byte for 2-byte sequence is 0xc2 (overlong sequences
+        # not allowed), 0xf8-0xfd are restricted by RFC 3629 (no 5 or 6 byte
+        # sequences), and 0xfe and 0xff are not valid in UTF-8 strings
+        return -1 if $ch < 0xc2 or $ch >= 0xf8;
+        # determine number of bytes remaining in sequence
+        my $n;
+        if ($ch < 0xe0) {
+            $n = 1;
+        } elsif ($ch < 0xf0) {
+            $n = 2;
+        } else {
+            $n = 3;
+            # character code is greater than 0xffff if more than 2 extra bytes
+            # were required in the UTF-8 character
+            $rtnVal = 2;
+        }
+        return -1 unless $$strPt =~ /\G[\x80-\xbf]{$n}/g;
+        last unless $$strPt =~ /([\x80-\xff])/g;
+    }
+    return $rtnVal;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Fix malformed UTF8 (by replacing bad bytes with '?')
+# Inputs: 0) string reference
+# Returns: true if string was fixed, and updates string
+sub FixUTF8($)
+{
+    my $strPt = shift;
+    my $fixed;
+    pos($$strPt) = 0; # start at beginning of string
+    for (;;) {
+        last unless $$strPt =~ /([\x80-\xff])/g;
+        my $ch = ord($1);
+        my $pos = pos($$strPt);
+        # (see comments in IsUTF8() above)
+        if ($ch >= 0xc2 and $ch < 0xf8) {
+            my $n = $ch < 0xe0 ? 1 : ($ch < 0xf0 ? 2 : 3);
+            next if $$strPt =~ /\G[\x80-\xbf]{$n}/g;
+        }
+        # replace bad character with '?'
+        substr($$strPt, $pos-1, 1) = '?';
+        pos($$strPt) = $fixed = $pos;
+    }
+    return $fixed;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Utility routine to decode a base64 string
+# Inputs: 0) base64 string
+# Returns: reference to decoded data
+sub DecodeBase64($)
+{
+    local($^W) = 0; # unpack('u',...) gives bogus warning in 5.00[123]
+    my $str = shift;
+
+    # truncate at first unrecognized character (base 64 data
+    # may only contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, +, /, =, or white space)
+    $str =~ s/[^A-Za-z0-9+\/= \t\n\r\f].*//s;
+    # translate to uucoded and remove padding and white space
+    $str =~ tr/A-Za-z0-9+\/= \t\n\r\f/ -_/d;
+
+    # convert the data to binary in chunks
+    my $chunkSize = 60;
+    my $uuLen = pack('c', 32 + $chunkSize * 3 / 4); # calculate length byte
+    my $dat = '';
+    my ($i, $substr);
+    # loop through the whole chunks
+    my $len = length($str) - $chunkSize;
+    for ($i=0; $i<=$len; $i+=$chunkSize) {
+        $substr = substr($str, $i, $chunkSize);     # get a chunk of the data
+        $dat .= unpack('u', $uuLen . $substr);      # decode it
+    }
+    $len += $chunkSize;
+    # handle last partial chunk if necessary
+    if ($i < $len) {
+        $uuLen = pack('c', 32 + ($len-$i) * 3 / 4); # recalculate length
+        $substr = substr($str, $i, $len-$i);        # get the last partial chunk
+        $dat .= unpack('u', $uuLen . $substr);      # decode it
+    }
+    return \$dat;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Generate a tag ID for this XMP tag
+# Inputs: 0) tag property name list ref, 1) array ref for receiving structure property list
+#         2) array for receiving namespace list
+# Returns: tagID and outtermost interesting namespace (or '' if no namespace)
+sub GetXMPTagID($;$$)
+{
+    my ($props, $structProps, $nsList) = @_;
+    my ($tag, $prop, $namespace);
+    foreach $prop (@$props) {
+        # split name into namespace and property name
+        # (Note: namespace can be '' for property qualifiers)
+        my ($ns, $nm) = ($prop =~ /(.*?):(.*)/) ? ($1, $2) : ('', $prop);
+        if ($ignoreNamespace{$ns}) {
+            # special case: don't ignore rdf numbered items
+            unless ($prop =~ /^rdf:(_\d+)$/) {
+                # save list index if necessary for structures
+                if ($structProps and @$structProps and $prop =~ /^rdf:li (\d+)$/) {
+                    push @{$$structProps[-1]}, $1;
+                }
+                next;
+            }
+            $tag .= $1 if defined $tag;
+        } else {
+            $nm =~ s/ .*//; # remove nodeID if it exists
+            # all uppercase is ugly, so convert it
+            if ($nm !~ /[a-z]/) {
+                my $xlatNS = $$xlatNamespace{$ns} || $ns;
+                my $info = $Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main{$xlatNS};
+                my $table;
+                if (ref $info eq 'HASH' and $info->{SubDirectory}) {
+                    $table = GetTagTable($info->{SubDirectory}{TagTable});
+                }
+                unless ($table and $table->{$nm}) {
+                    $nm = lc($nm);
+                    $nm =~ s/_([a-z])/\u$1/g;
+                }
+            }
+            if (defined $tag) {
+                $tag .= ucfirst($nm);       # add to tag name
+            } else {
+                $tag = $nm;
+            }
+            # save structure information if necessary
+            if ($structProps) {
+                push @$structProps, [ $nm ];
+                push @$nsList, $ns if $nsList;
+            }
+        }
+        # save namespace of first property to contribute to tag name
+        $namespace = $ns unless $namespace;
+    }
+    if (wantarray) {
+        return ($tag, $namespace || '');
+    } else {
+        return $tag;
+    }
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Register namespace for specified user-defined table
+# Inputs: 0) tag/structure table ref
+# Returns: namespace prefix
+sub RegisterNamespace($)
+{
+    my $table = shift;
+    return $$table{NAMESPACE} unless ref $$table{NAMESPACE};
+    my $nsRef = $$table{NAMESPACE};
+    # recognize as either a list or hash
+    my $ns;
+    if (ref $nsRef eq 'ARRAY') {
+        $ns = $$nsRef[0];
+        $nsURI{$ns} = $$nsRef[1];
+    } else { # must be a hash
+        my @ns = sort keys %$nsRef; # allow multiple namespace definitions
+        while (@ns) {
+            $ns = pop @ns;
+            if ($nsURI{$ns} and $nsURI{$ns} ne $$nsRef{$ns}) {
+                warn "User-defined namespace prefix '$ns' conflicts with existing namespace\n";
+            }
+            $nsURI{$ns} = $$nsRef{$ns};
+        }
+    }
+    return $$table{NAMESPACE} = $ns;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Generate flattened tags and add to table
+# Inputs: 0) tag table ref, 1) tag ID for Struct tag (if not defined, whole table is done),
+#         2) flag to not expand sub-structures
+# Returns: number of tags added (not counting those just initialized)
+# Notes: Must have verified that $$tagTablePtr{$tagID}{Struct} exists before calling this routine
+# - makes sure that the tagInfo Struct is a HASH reference
+sub AddFlattenedTags($;$$)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my ($tagTablePtr, $tagID, $noSubStruct) = @_;
+    my $count = 0;
+    my @tagIDs;
+
+    if (defined $tagID) {
+        push @tagIDs, $tagID;
+    } else {
+        foreach $tagID (TagTableKeys($tagTablePtr)) {
+            my $tagInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$tagID};
+            next unless ref $tagInfo eq 'HASH' and $$tagInfo{Struct};
+            push @tagIDs, $tagID;
+        }
+    }
+
+    # loop through specified tags
+    foreach $tagID (@tagIDs) {
+
+        my $tagInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$tagID};
+
+        $$tagInfo{Flattened} and next;  # only generate flattened tags once
+        $$tagInfo{Flattened} = 1;
+
+        my $strTable = $$tagInfo{Struct};
+        unless (ref $strTable) { # (allow a structure name for backward compatibility only)
+            my $strName = $strTable;
+            $strTable = $Image::ExifTool::UserDefined::xmpStruct{$strTable} or next;
+            $$strTable{STRUCT_NAME} or $$strTable{STRUCT_NAME} = "XMP $strName";
+            $$tagInfo{Struct} = $strTable;  # replace old-style name with HASH ref
+            delete $$tagInfo{SubDirectory}; # deprecated use of SubDirectory in Struct tags
+        }
+        # do not add flattened tags to variable-namespace structures
+        next if exists $$strTable{NAMESPACE} and not defined $$strTable{NAMESPACE};
+
+        # get prefix for flattened tag names
+        my $flat = (defined $$tagInfo{FlatName} ? $$tagInfo{FlatName} : $$tagInfo{Name});
+
+        # get family 2 group name for this structure tag
+        my ($tagG2, $field);
+        $tagG2 = $$tagInfo{Groups}{2} if $$tagInfo{Groups};
+        $tagG2 or $tagG2 = $$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{2};
+
+        foreach $field (keys %$strTable) {
+            next if $specialStruct{$field};
+            my $fieldInfo = $$strTable{$field};
+            next if $$fieldInfo{LangCode};  # don't flatten lang-alt tags
+            next if $$fieldInfo{Struct} and $noSubStruct;   # don't expand sub-structures if specified
+            # build a tag ID for the corresponding flattened tag
+            my $fieldName = ucfirst($field);
+            my $flatField = $$fieldInfo{FlatName} || $fieldName;
+            my $flatID = $tagID . $fieldName;
+            my $flatInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$flatID};
+            if ($flatInfo) {
+                ref $flatInfo eq 'HASH' or warn("$flatInfo is not a HASH!\n"), next; # (to be safe)
+                # pre-defined flattened tags should have Flat flag set
+                if (not defined $$flatInfo{Flat} and $Image::ExifTool::debug) {
+                    warn "Missing Flat flag for $$flatInfo{Name}\n";
+                }
+                $$flatInfo{Flat} = 0;
+                # copy all missing entries from field information
+                foreach (keys %$fieldInfo) {
+                    # must not copy PropertyPath (but can't delete it afterwards
+                    # because the flat tag may already have this set)
+                    next if $_ eq 'PropertyPath';
+                    $$flatInfo{$_} = $$fieldInfo{$_} unless defined $$flatInfo{$_};
+                }
+                # NOTE: Do NOT delete Groups because we need them if GotGroups was done
+                # --> just override group 2 later according to field group
+                # re-generate List flag unless it is set to 0
+                delete $$flatInfo{List} if $$flatInfo{List};
+            } else {
+                # generate new flattened tag information based on structure field
+                my $flatName = $flat . $flatField;
+                $flatInfo = { %$fieldInfo, Name => $flatName, Flat => 0 };
+                # add new flattened tag to table
+                AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $flatID, $flatInfo);
+                ++$count;
+            }
+            # propagate List flag (unless set to 0 in pre-defined flattened tag)
+            unless (defined $$flatInfo{List}) {
+                $$flatInfo{List} = $$fieldInfo{List} || 1 if $$fieldInfo{List} or $$tagInfo{List};
+            }
+            # set group 2 name from the first existing family 2 group in the:
+            # 1) structure field Groups, 2) structure table GROUPS, 3) structure tag Groups
+            if ($$fieldInfo{Groups} and $$fieldInfo{Groups}{2}) {
+                $$flatInfo{Groups}{2} = $$fieldInfo{Groups}{2};
+            } elsif ($$strTable{GROUPS} and $$strTable{GROUPS}{2}) {
+                $$flatInfo{Groups}{2} = $$strTable{GROUPS}{2};
+            } else {
+                $$flatInfo{Groups}{2} = $tagG2;
+            }
+            # save reference to top-level structure
+            $$flatInfo{RootTagInfo} = $$tagInfo{RootTagInfo} || $tagInfo;
+            # recursively generate flattened tags for sub-structures
+            next unless $$flatInfo{Struct};
+            length($flatID) > 250 and warn("Possible deep recursion for tag $flatID\n"), last;
+            # reset flattened tag just in case we flattened hierarchy in the wrong order
+            # because we must start from the outtermost structure to get the List flags right
+            # (this should only happen when building tag tables)
+            delete $$flatInfo{Flattened};
+            $count += AddFlattenedTags($tagTablePtr, $flatID, $$flatInfo{NoSubStruct});
+        }
+    }
+    return $count;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Get localized version of tagInfo hash
+# Inputs: 0) tagInfo hash ref, 1) language code (ie. "x-default")
+# Returns: new tagInfo hash ref, or undef if invalid
+sub GetLangInfo($$)
+{
+    my ($tagInfo, $langCode) = @_;
+    # only allow alternate language tags in lang-alt lists
+    return undef unless $$tagInfo{Writable} and $$tagInfo{Writable} eq 'lang-alt';
+    $langCode =~ tr/_/-/;   # RFC 3066 specifies '-' as a separator
+    my $langInfo = Image::ExifTool::GetLangInfo($tagInfo, $langCode);
+    # save reference to source tagInfo hash in case we need to set the PropertyPath later
+    $$langInfo{SrcTagInfo} = $tagInfo;
+    return $langInfo;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Get standard case for language code
+# Inputs: 0) Language code
+# Returns: Language code in standard case
+sub StandardLangCase($)
+{
+    my $lang = shift;
+    # make 2nd subtag uppercase only if it is 2 letters
+    return lc($1) . uc($2) . lc($3) if $lang =~ /^([a-z]{2,3}|[xi])(-[a-z]{2})\b(.*)/i;
+    return lc($lang);
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Scan for XMP in a file
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) RAF reference
+# Returns: 1 if xmp was found, 0 otherwise
+# Notes: Currently only recognizes UTF8-encoded XMP
+sub ScanForXMP($$)
+{
+    my ($exifTool, $raf) = @_;
+    my ($buff, $xmp);
+    my $lastBuff = '';
+
+    $exifTool->VPrint(0,"Scanning for XMP\n");
+    for (;;) {
+        defined $buff or $raf->Read($buff, 65536) or return 0;
+        unless (defined $xmp) {
+            $lastBuff .= $buff;
+            unless ($lastBuff =~ /(<\?xpacket begin=)/g) {
+                # must keep last 15 bytes to match 16-byte "xpacket begin" string
+                $lastBuff = length($buff) <= 15 ? $buff : substr($buff, -15);
+                undef $buff;
+                next;
+            }
+            $xmp = $1;
+            $buff = substr($lastBuff, pos($lastBuff));
+        }
+        my $pos = length($xmp) - 18;    # (18 = length("<?xpacket end...") - 1)
+        $xmp .= $buff;                  # add new data to our XMP
+        pos($xmp) = $pos if $pos > 0;   # set start for "xpacket end" scan
+        if ($xmp =~ /<\?xpacket end=['"][wr]['"]\?>/g) {
+            $buff = substr($xmp, pos($xmp));    # save data after end of XMP
+            $xmp = substr($xmp, 0, pos($xmp));  # isolate XMP
+            # check XMP for validity (not valid if it contains null bytes)
+            $pos = rindex($xmp, "\0") + 1 or last;
+            $lastBuff = substr($xmp, $pos);     # re-parse beginning after last null byte
+            undef $xmp;
+        } else {
+            undef $buff;
+        }
+    }
+    unless ($exifTool->{VALUE}{FileType}) {
+        $exifTool->{FILE_TYPE} = $exifTool->{FILE_EXT};
+        $exifTool->SetFileType('<unknown file containing XMP>');
+    }
+    my %dirInfo = (
+        DataPt => \$xmp,
+        DirLen => length $xmp,
+        DataLen => length $xmp,
+    );
+    ProcessXMP($exifTool, \%dirInfo);
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Print conversion for XMP-aux:LensID
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) LensID, 2) Make, 3) LensInfo, 4) FocalLength, 5) LensModel
+# (yes, this is ugly -- blame Adobe)
+sub PrintLensID(@)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my ($exifTool, $id, $make, $info, $focalLength, $lensModel) = @_;
+    my ($mk, $printConv);
+    # missing: Olympus (no XMP:LensID written by Adobe)
+    foreach $mk (qw(Canon Nikon Pentax Sony Sigma Samsung Leica)) {
+        next unless $make =~ /$mk/i;
+        # get name of module containing the lens lookup (default "Make.pm")
+        my $mod = { Sigma => 'SigmaRaw', Leica => 'Panasonic' }->{$mk} || $mk;
+        require "Image/ExifTool/$mod.pm";
+        # get the name of the lens name lookup (default "makeLensTypes")
+        # (canonLensTypes, pentaxLensTypes, nikonLensIDs, etc)
+        my $convName = "Image::ExifTool::${mod}::" .
+            ({ Nikon => 'nikonLensIDs' }->{$mk} || lc($mk) . 'LensTypes');
+        no strict 'refs';
+        %$convName or last;
+        my $printConv = \%$convName;
+        use strict 'refs';
+        my ($minf, $maxf, $maxa, $mina);
+        if ($info) {
+            my @a = split ' ', $info;
+            $_ eq 'undef' and $_ = undef foreach @a;
+            ($minf, $maxf, $maxa, $mina) = @a;
+        }
+        if ($mk eq 'Pentax' and $id =~ /^\d+$/) {
+            # for Pentax, CS4 stores an int16u, but we use 2 x int8u
+            $id = join(' ', unpack('C*', pack('n', $id)));
+        }
+        my $str = $$printConv{$id} || "Unknown ($id)";
+        # Nikon is a special case because Adobe doesn't store the full LensID
+        if ($mk eq 'Nikon') {
+            my $hex = sprintf("%.2X", $id);
+            my %newConv;
+            my $i = 0;
+            foreach (grep /^$hex /, keys %$printConv) {
+                $newConv{$i ? "$id.$i" : $id} = $$printConv{$_};
+                ++$i;
+            }
+            $printConv = \%newConv;
+        }
+        return Image::ExifTool::Exif::PrintLensID($exifTool, $str, $printConv,
+                    undef, $id, $focalLength, $maxa, undef, $minf, $maxf, $lensModel);
+    }
+    return "Unknown ($id)";
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert XMP date/time to EXIF format
+# Inputs: 0) XMP date/time string, 1) set if we aren't sure this is a date
+# Returns: EXIF date/time
+sub ConvertXMPDate($;$)
+{
+    my ($val, $unsure) = @_;
+    if ($val =~ /^(\d{4})-(\d{2})-(\d{2})[T ](\d{2}:\d{2})(:\d{2})?\s*(\S*)$/) {
+        my $s = $5 || '';           # seconds may be missing
+        $val = "$1:$2:$3 $4$s$6";   # convert back to EXIF time format
+    } elsif (not $unsure and $val =~ /^(\d{4})(-\d{2}){0,2}/) {
+        $val =~ tr/-/:/;
+    }
+    return $val;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert rational string value
+# Inputs: 0) string (converted to number, 'inf' or 'undef' on return if rational)
+# Returns: true if value was converted
+sub ConvertRational($)
+{
+    my $val = $_[0];
+    $val =~ m{^(-?\d+)/(-?\d+)$} or return undef;
+    if ($2 != 0) {
+        $_[0] = $1 / $2; # calculate quotient
+    } elsif ($1) {
+        $_[0] = 'inf';
+    } else {
+        $_[0] = 'undef';
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Convert a string of floating point values to rationals
+# Inputs: 0) string of floating point numbers separated by spaces
+# Returns: string of rational numbers separated by spaces
+sub ConvertRationalList($)
+{
+    my $val = shift;
+    my @vals = split ' ', $val;
+    return $val unless @vals == 4;
+    foreach (@vals) {
+        ConvertRational($_) or return $val;
+    }
+    return join ' ', @vals;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# We found an XMP property name/value
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) Pointer to tag table
+#         2) reference to array of XMP property names (last is current property)
+#         3) property value, 4) attribute hash ref (for 'xml:lang' or 'rdf:datatype')
+# Returns: 1 if valid tag was found
+sub FoundXMP($$$$;$)
+{
+    local $_;
+    my ($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $props, $val, $attrs) = @_;
+    my ($lang, @structProps, $rawVal, $rational);
+    my ($tag, $ns) = GetXMPTagID($props, $exifTool->{OPTIONS}{Struct} ? \@structProps : undef);
+    return 0 unless $tag;   # ignore things that aren't valid tags
+
+    # translate namespace if necessary
+    $ns = $$xlatNamespace{$ns} if $$xlatNamespace{$ns};
+    my $info = $tagTablePtr->{$ns};
+    my ($table, $added, $xns, $tagID);
+    if ($info) {
+        $table = $info->{SubDirectory}{TagTable} or warn "Missing TagTable for $tag!\n";
+    } elsif ($$props[0] eq 'svg:svg') {
+        if (not $ns) {
+            # disambiguate MetadataID by adding back the 'metadata' we ignored
+            $tag = 'metadataId' if $tag eq 'id' and $$props[1] eq 'svg:metadata';
+            # use SVG namespace in SVG files if nothing better to use
+            $table = 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::SVG';
+        } elsif (not grep /^rdf:/, @$props) {
+            # only other SVG information if not inside RDF (call it XMP if in RDF)
+            $table = 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::otherSVG';
+        }
+    }
+
+    # look up this tag in the appropriate table
+    $table or $table = 'Image::ExifTool::XMP::other';
+    $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable($table);
+    if ($$tagTablePtr{NAMESPACE}) {
+        $tagID = $tag;
+    } else {
+        # add XMP namespace prefix to avoid collisions in variable-namespace tables
+        $xns = $xmpNS{$ns} || $ns;
+        $tagID = "$xns:$tag";
+        # add namespace to top-level structure property
+        $structProps[0][0] = "$xns:" . $structProps[0][0] if @structProps;
+    }
+    my $tagInfo = $exifTool->GetTagInfo($tagTablePtr, $tagID);
+
+    $lang = $$attrs{'xml:lang'} if $attrs;
+
+    # must add a new tag table entry if this tag isn't pre-defined
+    # (or initialize from structure field if this is a pre-defined flattened tag)
+NoLoop:
+    while (not $tagInfo or $$tagInfo{Flat}) {
+        my (@tagList, @nsList);
+        GetXMPTagID($props, \@tagList, \@nsList);
+        my ($ta, $t, $ti, $addedFlat, $i, $j);
+        # build tag ID strings for each level in the property path
+        foreach $ta (@tagList) {
+            # insert tag ID in index 1 of tagList list
+            $t = $$ta[1] = $t ? $t . ucfirst($$ta[0]) : $$ta[0];
+            # generate flattened tags for top-level structure if necessary
+            next if defined $addedFlat;
+            $ti = $$tagTablePtr{$t} or next;
+            next unless ref $ti eq 'HASH' and $$ti{Struct};
+            $addedFlat = AddFlattenedTags($tagTablePtr, $t);
+            if ($tagInfo) {
+                # all done if we just wanted to initialize the flattened tag
+                if ($$tagInfo{Flat}) {
+                    warn "Orphan tagInfo with Flat flag set: $$tagInfo{Name}\n";
+                    delete $$tagInfo{Flat};
+                }
+                last NoLoop;
+            }
+            # all done if we generated the tag we are looking for
+            $tagInfo = $$tagTablePtr{$tagID} and last NoLoop if $addedFlat;
+        }
+        my $name = ucfirst($tag);
+
+        # search for the innermost containing structure
+        # (in case tag is an unknown field in a known structure)
+        # (only necessary if we found a structure above)
+        if (defined $addedFlat) {
+            my $t2 = '';
+            for ($i=$#tagList-1; $i>=0; --$i) {
+                $t = $tagList[$i][1];
+                $t2 = $tagList[$i+1][0] . ucfirst($t2); # build relative tag id
+                $ti = $$tagTablePtr{$t} or next;
+                next unless ref $ti eq 'HASH';
+                my $strTable = $$ti{Struct} or next;
+                my $flat = (defined $$ti{FlatName} ? $$ti{FlatName} : $$ti{Name});
+                $name = $flat . ucfirst($t2);
+                # don't continue if structure is known but field is not
+                last if $$strTable{NAMESPACE} or not exists $$strTable{NAMESPACE};
+                # this is a variable-namespace structure, so we must:
+                # 1) get tagInfo from corresponding top-level XMP tag if it exists
+                # 2) add new entry in this tag table, but with namespace prefix on tag ID
+                my $n = $nsList[$i+1];  # namespace of structure field
+                # translate to standard ExifTool namespace
+                $n = $$xlatNamespace{$n} if $$xlatNamespace{$n};
+                my $xn = $xmpNS{$n} || $n;  # standard XMP namespace
+                # no need to continue with variable-namespace logic if
+                # we are in our own namespace (right?)
+                last if $xn eq ($$tagTablePtr{NAMESPACE} || '');
+                $tagID = "$xn:$tag";    # add namespace to avoid collisions
+                # change structure properties to add the standard XMP namespace
+                # prefix for this field (needed for variable-namespace fields)
+                if (@structProps) {
+                    $structProps[$i+1][0] = "$xn:" . $structProps[$i+1][0];
+                }
+                # copy tagInfo entries from the existing top-level XMP tag
+                my $tg = $Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main{$n};
+                last unless ref $tg eq 'HASH' and $$tg{SubDirectory};
+                my $tbl = GetTagTable($$tg{SubDirectory}{TagTable}) or last;
+                my $sti = $exifTool->GetTagInfo($tbl, $t2);
+                if (not $sti or $$sti{Flat}) {
+                    # again, we must initialize flattened tags if necessary
+                    # (but don't bother to recursively apply full logic to
+                    #  allow nested variable-namespace strucures until someone
+                    #  actually wants to do such a silly thing)
+                    my $t3 = '';
+                    for ($j=$i+1; $j<@tagList; ++$j) {
+                        $t3 = $tagList[$j][0] . ucfirst($t3);
+                        my $ti3 = $$tbl{$t3} or next;
+                        next unless ref $ti3 eq 'HASH' and $$ti3{Struct};
+                        last unless AddFlattenedTags($tbl, $t3);
+                        $sti = $$tbl{$t2};
+                        last;
+                    }
+                    last unless $sti;
+                }
+                $tagInfo = {
+                    %$sti,
+                    Name => $flat . $$sti{Name},
+                    WasAdded => 1,
+                };
+                # be careful not to copy elements we shouldn't...
+                delete $$tagInfo{Description}; # Description will be different
+                # can't copy group hash because group 1 will be different and
+                # we need to check this when writing tag to a specific group
+                delete $$tagInfo{Groups};
+                $$tagInfo{Groups}{2} = $$sti{Groups}{2} if $$sti{Groups};
+                last;
+            }
+        }
+        $tagInfo or $tagInfo = { Name => $name, WasAdded => 1 };
+
+        # add tag Namespace entry for tags in variable-namespace tables
+        $$tagInfo{Namespace} = $xns if $xns;
+        if ($curNS{$ns} and $curNS{$ns} =~ m{^http://ns.exiftool.ca/(.*?)/(.*?)/}) {
+            my %grps = ( 0 => $1, 1 => $2 );
+            # apply a little magic to recover original group names
+            # from this exiftool-written RDF/XML file
+            if ($grps{1} =~ /^\d/) {
+                # URI's with only family 0 are internal tags from the source file,
+                # so change the group name to avoid confusion with tags from this file
+                $grps{1} = "XML-$grps{0}";
+                $grps{0} = 'XML';
+            }
+            $$tagInfo{Groups} = \%grps;
+            # flag to avoid setting group 1 later
+            $$tagInfo{StaticGroup1} = 1;
+        }
+        # construct tag information for this unknown tag
+        # -> make this a List or lang-alt tag if necessary
+        if (@$props > 2 and $$props[-1] =~ /^rdf:li \d+$/ and
+            $$props[-2] =~ /^rdf:(Bag|Seq|Alt)$/)
+        {
+            if ($lang and $1 eq 'Alt') {
+                $$tagInfo{Writable} = 'lang-alt';
+            } else {
+                $$tagInfo{List} = $1;
+            }
+        # tried this, but maybe not a good idea for complex structures:
+        #} elsif (grep / /, @$props) {
+        #    $$tagInfo{List} = 1;
+        }
+        AddTagToTable($tagTablePtr, $tagID, $tagInfo);
+        $added = 1;
+        last;
+    }
+    # decode value if necessary (et:encoding was used before exiftool 7.71)
+    if ($attrs) {
+        my $enc = $$attrs{'rdf:datatype'} || $$attrs{'et:encoding'};
+        if ($enc and $enc =~ /base64/) {
+            $val = DecodeBase64($val); # (now a value ref)
+            $val = $$val unless length $$val > 100 or $$val =~ /[\0-\x08\x0b\0x0c\x0e-\x1f]/;
+        }
+    }
+    if (defined $lang and lc($lang) ne 'x-default') {
+        $lang = StandardLangCase($lang);
+        my $langInfo = GetLangInfo($tagInfo, $lang);
+        $tagInfo = $langInfo if $langInfo;
+    }
+    # un-escape XML character entities (handling CDATA)
+    pos($val) = 0;
+    if ($val =~ /<!\[CDATA\[(.*?)\]\]>/sg) {
+        my $p = pos $val;
+        # unescape everything up to the start of the CDATA section
+        # (the length of "<[[CDATA[]]>" is 12 characters)
+        my $v = UnescapeXML(substr($val, 0, $p - length($1) - 12)) . $1;
+        while ($val =~ /<!\[CDATA\[(.*?)\]\]>/sg) {
+            my $p1 = pos $val;
+            $v .= UnescapeXML(substr($val, $p, $p1 - length($1) - 12)) . $1;
+            $p = $p1;
+        }
+        $val = $v . UnescapeXML(substr($val, $p));
+    } else {
+        $val = UnescapeXML($val);
+    }
+    # decode from UTF8
+    $val = $exifTool->Decode($val, 'UTF8');
+    # convert rational and date values to a more sensible format
+    my $fmt = $$tagInfo{Writable};
+    my $new = $$tagInfo{WasAdded} && $$exifTool{OPTIONS}{XMPAutoConv};
+    if ($fmt or $new) {
+        $rawVal = $val; # save raw value for verbose output
+        if (($new or $fmt eq 'rational') and ConvertRational($val)) {
+            $rational = $rawVal;
+        } else {
+            $val = ConvertXMPDate($val, $new) if $new or $fmt eq 'date';
+        }
+        # protect against large binary data in unknown tags
+        $$tagInfo{Binary} = 1 if $new and length($val) > 65536;
+    }
+    # store the value for this tag
+    my $key = $exifTool->FoundTag($tagInfo, $val) or return 0;
+    # save original components of rational numbers (used when copying)
+    $$exifTool{RATIONAL}{$key} = $rational if defined $rational;
+    # save structure/list information if necessary
+    if (@structProps and (@structProps > 1 or defined $structProps[0][1])) {
+        $exifTool->{TAG_EXTRA}{$key}{Struct} = \@structProps;
+        $exifTool->{IsStruct} = 1;
+    }
+    if ($ns and not $$tagInfo{StaticGroup1}) {
+        # set group1 dynamically according to the namespace
+        $exifTool->SetGroup($key, "$tagTablePtr->{GROUPS}{0}-$ns");
+    }
+    if ($exifTool->{OPTIONS}{Verbose}) {
+        if ($added) {
+            my $g1 = $exifTool->GetGroup($key, 1);
+            $exifTool->VPrint(0, $exifTool->{INDENT}, "[adding $g1:$tag]\n");
+        }
+        my $tagID = join('/',@$props);
+        $exifTool->VerboseInfo($tagID, $tagInfo, Value => $rawVal || $val);
+    }
+    return 1;
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Recursively parse nested XMP data element
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) tag table ref, 2) XMP data ref
+#         3) offset to start of XMP element, 4) offset to end of XMP element
+#         5) reference to array of enclosing XMP property names (undef if none)
+#         6) reference to blank node information hash
+# Returns: Number of contained XMP elements
+sub ParseXMPElement($$$;$$$$)
+{
+    my ($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $dataPt, $start, $end, $propListPt, $blankInfo) = @_;
+    my ($count, $nItems) = (0, 0);
+    my $isWriting = $exifTool->{XMP_CAPTURE};
+    my $isSVG = $$exifTool{XMP_IS_SVG};
+
+    # get our parse procs
+    my ($attrProc, $foundProc);
+    if ($$exifTool{XMPParseOpts}) {
+        $attrProc = $$exifTool{XMPParseOpts}{AttrProc};
+        $foundProc = $$exifTool{XMPParseOpts}{FoundProc} || \&FoundXMP;
+    } else {
+        $foundProc = \&FoundXMP;
+    }
+    $start or $start = 0;
+    $end or $end = length $$dataPt;
+    $propListPt or $propListPt = [ ];
+
+    my $processBlankInfo;
+    # create empty blank node information hash if necessary
+    $blankInfo or $blankInfo = $processBlankInfo = { Prop => { } };
+    # keep track of current nodeID at this nesting level
+    my $oldNodeID = $$blankInfo{NodeID};
+    pos($$dataPt) = $start;
+
+    Element: for (;;) {
+        # all done if there isn't enough data for another element
+        # (the smallest possible element is 4 bytes, ie. "<a/>")
+        last if pos($$dataPt) > $end - 4;
+        # reset nodeID before processing each element
+        my $nodeID = $$blankInfo{NodeID} = $oldNodeID;
+        # get next element
+        last if $$dataPt !~ m{<([?/]?)([-\w:.\x80-\xff]+)([^>]*)>}sg or pos($$dataPt) > $end;
+        # (the only reason we match '<[?/]' is to keep from scanning past the
+        #  "<?xpacket end..." terminator or other closing token, so
+        next if $1;
+        my ($prop, $attrs) = ($2, $3);
+        my $valStart = pos($$dataPt);
+        my $valEnd;
+        # only look for closing token if this is not an empty element
+        # (empty elements end with '/', ie. <a:b/>)
+        if ($attrs !~ s/\/$//) {
+            my $nesting = 1;
+            my $tok;
+            for (;;) {
+# this match fails with perl 5.6.2 (perl bug!), but it works without
+# the '(.*?)', so we must do it differently...
+#                $$dataPt =~ m/(.*?)<\/$prop>/sg or last Element;
+#                my $val2 = $1;
+                # find next matching closing token, or the next opening token
+                # of a nested same-named element
+                if ($$dataPt !~ m{<(/?)$prop([-\w:.\x80-\xff]*)(.*?(/?))>}sg or
+                    pos($$dataPt) > $end)
+                {
+                    $exifTool->Warn("XMP format error (no closing tag for $prop)");
+                    last Element;
+                }
+                next if $2; # ignore opening properties with different names
+                if ($1) {
+                    next if --$nesting;
+                    $valEnd = pos($$dataPt) - length($prop) - length($3) - 3;
+                    last;   # this element is complete
+                }
+                # this is a nested opening token (or empty element)
+                ++$nesting unless $4;
+            }
+        } else {
+            $valEnd = $valStart;
+        }
+        $start = pos($$dataPt);         # start from here the next time around
+        my $parseResource;
+        if ($prop eq 'rdf:li') {
+            # add index to list items so we can keep them in order
+            # (this also enables us to keep structure elements grouped properly
+            # for lists of structures, like JobRef)
+            # Note: the list index is prefixed by the number of digits so sorting
+            # alphabetically gives the correct order while still allowing a flexible
+            # number of digits -- this scheme allows up to 9 digits in the index,
+            # with index numbers ranging from 0 to 999999999.  The sequence is:
+            # 10,11,12-19,210,211-299,3100,3101-3999,41000...9999999999.
+            $prop .= ' ' . length($nItems) . $nItems;
+            # reset LIST_TAGS at the start of the outtermost list
+            # (avoids accumulating incorrectly-written elements in a correctly-written list)
+            if (not $nItems and not grep /^rdf:li /, @$propListPt) {
+                $$exifTool{LIST_TAGS} = { };
+            }
+            ++$nItems;
+        } elsif ($prop eq 'rdf:Description') {
+            # remove unnecessary rdf:Description elements since parseType='Resource'
+            # is more efficient (also necessary to make property path consistent)
+            $parseResource = 1 if grep /^rdf:Description$/, @$propListPt;
+        } elsif ($prop eq 'xmp:xmpmeta') {
+            # patch MicrosoftPhoto unconformity
+            $prop = 'x:xmpmeta';
+        }
+
+        # extract property attributes
+        my (%attrs, @attrs, $val);
+        while ($attrs =~ m/(\S+?)\s*=\s*(['"])(.*?)\2/sg) {
+            push @attrs, $1;    # preserve order
+            $attrs{$1} = $3;
+        }
+
+        # hook for special parsing of attributes
+        if ($attrProc) {
+            $val = substr($$dataPt, $valStart, $valEnd - $valStart);
+            if (&$attrProc(\@attrs, \%attrs, \$prop, \$val)) {
+                # the value was changed, so reset $valStart/$valEnd to use $val instead
+                $valStart = $valEnd;
+            }
+        }
+
+        # add nodeID to property path (with leading ' #') if it exists
+        if (defined $attrs{'rdf:nodeID'}) {
+            $nodeID = $$blankInfo{NodeID} = $attrs{'rdf:nodeID'};
+            delete $attrs{'rdf:nodeID'};
+            $prop .= ' #' . $nodeID;
+            undef $parseResource;   # can't ignore if this is a node
+        }
+
+        # push this property name onto our hierarchy list
+        push @$propListPt, $prop unless $parseResource;
+
+        if ($isSVG) {
+            # ignore everything but top level SVG tags and metadata unless Unknown set
+            unless ($exifTool->{OPTIONS}{Unknown} > 1 or $exifTool->{OPTIONS}{Verbose}) {
+                if (@$propListPt > 1 and $$propListPt[1] !~ /\b(metadata|desc|title)$/) {
+                    pop @$propListPt;
+                    next;
+                }
+            }
+            if ($prop eq 'svg' or $prop eq 'metadata') {
+                # add svg namespace prefix if missing to ignore these entries in the tag name
+                $$propListPt[-1] = "svg:$prop";
+            }
+        }
+
+        # handle properties inside element attributes (RDF shorthand format):
+        # (attributes take the form a:b='c' or a:b="c")
+        my ($shortName, $shorthand, $ignored);
+        foreach $shortName (@attrs) {
+            my $propName = $shortName;
+            my ($ns, $name);
+            if ($propName =~ /(.*?):(.*)/) {
+                $ns = $1;   # specified namespace
+                $name = $2;
+            } elsif ($prop =~ /(\S*?):/) {
+                $ns = $1;   # assume same namespace as parent
+                $name = $propName;
+                $propName = "$ns:$name";    # generate full property name
+            } else {
+                # a property qualifier is the only property name that may not
+                # have a namespace, and a qualifier shouldn't have attributes,
+                # but what the heck, let's allow this anyway
+                $ns = '';
+                $name = $propName;
+            }
+            # keep track of the namespace prefixes used
+            if ($ns eq 'xmlns') {
+                unless ($attrs{$shortName}) {
+                    $exifTool->WarnOnce("Duplicate namespace '$shortName'");
+                    next;
+                }
+                $curNS{$name} = $attrs{$shortName};
+                my $stdNS = $uri2ns{$attrs{$shortName}};
+                # translate namespace if non-standard (except 'x' and 'iX')
+                if ($stdNS and $name ne $stdNS and $stdNS ne 'x' and $stdNS ne 'iX') {
+                    # make a copy of the standard translations so we can modify it
+                    $xlatNamespace = { %stdXlatNS } if $xlatNamespace eq \%stdXlatNS;
+                    # translate this namespace prefix to the standard version
+                    $$xlatNamespace{$name} = $stdXlatNS{$stdNS} || $stdNS;
+                }
+            }
+            if ($isWriting) {
+                # keep track of our namespaces when writing
+                if ($ns eq 'xmlns') {
+                    my $stdNS = $uri2ns{$attrs{$shortName}};
+                    unless ($stdNS and ($stdNS eq 'x' or $stdNS eq 'iX')) {
+                        my $nsUsed = $exifTool->{XMP_NS};
+                        $$nsUsed{$name} = $attrs{$shortName} unless defined $$nsUsed{$name};
+                    }
+                    delete $attrs{$shortName};  # (handled by namespace logic)
+                    next;
+                } elsif ($recognizedAttrs{$propName}) {
+                    # save UUID to use same ID when writing
+                    if ($propName eq 'rdf:about') {
+                        if (not $exifTool->{XMP_ABOUT}) {
+                            $exifTool->{XMP_ABOUT} = $attrs{$shortName};
+                        } elsif ($exifTool->{XMP_ABOUT} ne $attrs{$shortName}) {
+                            $exifTool->Error("Different 'rdf:about' attributes not handled", 1);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    next;
+                }
+            }
+            my $shortVal = $attrs{$shortName};
+            if ($ignoreNamespace{$ns}) {
+                $ignored = $propName;
+                # handle special attributes (extract as tags only once if not empty)
+                if (ref $recognizedAttrs{$propName} and $shortVal) {
+                    my ($tbl, $id, $name) = @{$recognizedAttrs{$propName}};
+                    my $tval = UnescapeXML($shortVal);
+                    unless (defined $$exifTool{VALUE}{$name} and $$exifTool{VALUE}{$name} eq $tval) {
+                        $exifTool->HandleTag(GetTagTable($tbl), $id, $tval);
+                    }
+                }
+                next;
+            }
+            delete $attrs{$shortName};  # don't re-use this attribute
+            push @$propListPt, $propName;
+            # save this shorthand XMP property
+            if (defined $nodeID) {
+                SaveBlankInfo($blankInfo, $propListPt, $shortVal);
+            } elsif ($isWriting) {
+                CaptureXMP($exifTool, $propListPt, $shortVal);
+            } else {
+                &$foundProc($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $propListPt, $shortVal);
+            }
+            pop @$propListPt;
+            $shorthand = 1;
+        }
+        if ($isWriting) {
+            if (ParseXMPElement($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $dataPt, $valStart, $valEnd,
+                                $propListPt, $blankInfo))
+            {
+                # (no value since we found more properties within this one)
+                # set an error on any ignored attributes here, because they will be lost
+                $exifTool->{XMP_ERROR} = "Can't handle XMP attribute '$ignored'" if $ignored;
+            } elsif (not $shorthand or $valEnd != $valStart) {
+                $val = substr($$dataPt, $valStart, $valEnd - $valStart);
+                # remove comments and whitespace from rdf:Description only
+                if ($prop eq 'rdf:Description') {
+                    $val =~ s/<!--.*?-->//g; $val =~ s/^\s+//; $val =~ s/\s+$//;
+                }
+                if (defined $nodeID) {
+                    SaveBlankInfo($blankInfo, $propListPt, $val, \%attrs);
+                } else {
+                    CaptureXMP($exifTool, $propListPt, $val, \%attrs);
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            # look for additional elements contained within this one
+            if ($valStart == $valEnd or
+                !ParseXMPElement($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $dataPt, $valStart, $valEnd,
+                                 $propListPt, $blankInfo))
+            {
+                my $wasEmpty;
+                unless (defined $val) {
+                    $val = substr($$dataPt, $valStart, $valEnd - $valStart);
+                    # remove comments and whitespace from rdf:Description only
+                    if ($prop eq 'rdf:Description' and $val) {
+                        $val =~ s/<!--.*?-->//g; $val =~ s/^\s+//; $val =~ s/\s+$//;
+                    }
+                    # if element value is empty, take value from 'resource' attribute
+                    # (preferentially) or 'about' attribute (if no 'resource')
+                    if ($val eq '' and ($attrs =~ /\bresource=(['"])(.*?)\1/ or
+                                        $attrs =~ /\babout=(['"])(.*?)\1/))
+                    {
+                        $val = $2;
+                        $wasEmpty = 1;
+                    }
+                }
+                # there are no contained elements, so this must be a simple property value
+                # (unless we already extracted shorthand values from this element)
+                if (length $val or not $shorthand) {
+                    my $lastProp = $$propListPt[-1];
+                    if (defined $nodeID) {
+                        SaveBlankInfo($blankInfo, $propListPt, $val);
+                    } elsif ($lastProp eq 'rdf:type' and $wasEmpty) {
+                        # do not extract empty structure types (for now)
+                    } elsif ($lastProp =~ /^et:(desc|prt|val)$/ and ($count or $1 eq 'desc')) {
+                        # ignore et:desc, and et:val if preceded by et:prt
+                        --$count;
+                    } else {
+                        &$foundProc($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $propListPt, $val, \%attrs);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        pop @$propListPt unless $parseResource;
+        ++$count;
+        last if $start >= $end;
+        pos($$dataPt) = $start;
+        $$dataPt =~ /\G\s+/gc;  # skip white space after closing token
+    }
+#
+# process resources referenced by blank nodeID's
+#
+    if ($processBlankInfo and %{$$blankInfo{Prop}}) {
+        ProcessBlankInfo($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $blankInfo, $isWriting);
+        %$blankInfo = ();   # free some memory
+    }
+    return $count;  # return the number of elements found at this level
+}
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Process XMP data
+# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object reference, 1) DirInfo reference, 2) Pointer to tag table
+# Returns: 1 on success
+# Notes: The following flavours of XMP files are currently recognized:
+# - standard XMP with xpacket, x:xmpmeta and rdf:RDF elements
+# - XMP that is missing the xpacket and/or x:xmpmeta elements
+# - mutant Microsoft XMP with xmp:xmpmeta element
+# - XML files beginning with "<xml"
+# - SVG files that begin with "<svg" or "<!DOCTYPE svg"
+# - XMP and XML files beginning with a UTF-8 byte order mark
+# - UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 encoded XMP
+# - erroneously double-UTF8 encoded XMP
+# - otherwise valid files with leading XML comment
+sub ProcessXMP($$;$)
+{
+    my ($exifTool, $dirInfo, $tagTablePtr) = @_;
+    my $dataPt = $$dirInfo{DataPt};
+    my ($dirStart, $dirLen, $dataLen, $double);
+    my ($buff, $fmt, $hasXMP, $isXML, $isRDF, $isSVG);
+    my $rtnVal = 0;
+    my $bom = 0;
+    undef %curNS;
+
+    # ignore non-standard XMP while in strict MWG compatibility mode
+    if ($Image::ExifTool::MWG::strict and not $$exifTool{XMP_CAPTURE} and
+        $$exifTool{FILE_TYPE} =~ /^(JPEG|TIFF|PSD)$/)
+    {
+        my $path = $exifTool->MetadataPath();
+        unless ($path =~ /^(JPEG-APP1-XMP|TIFF-IFD0-XMP|PSD-XMP)$/) {
+            $exifTool->Warn("Ignored non-standard XMP at $path");
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+    if ($dataPt) {
+        $dirStart = $$dirInfo{DirStart} || 0;
+        $dirLen = $$dirInfo{DirLen} || (length($$dataPt) - $dirStart);
+        $dataLen = $$dirInfo{DataLen} || length($$dataPt);
+        # check leading BOM (may indicate double-encoded UTF)
+        pos($$dataPt) = $dirStart;
+        $double = $1 if $$dataPt =~ /\G((\0\0)?\xfe\xff|\xff\xfe(\0\0)?|\xef\xbb\xbf)\0*<\0*\?\0*x\0*p\0*a\0*c\0*k\0*e\0*t/g;
+    } else {
+        my ($type, $buf2, $buf3);
+        # read information from XMP file
+        my $raf = $$dirInfo{RAF} or return 0;
+        $raf->Read($buff, 256) or return 0;
+        ($buf2 = $buff) =~ tr/\0//d;    # cheap conversion to UTF-8
+        # remove leading comments if they exist (ie. ImageIngester)
+        while ($buf2 =~ /^\s*<!--/) {
+            # remove the comment if it is complete
+            if ($buf2 =~ s/^\s*<!--.*?-->\s+//s) {
+                # continue with parsing if we have more than 128 bytes remaining
+                next if length $buf2 > 128;
+            } else {
+                # don't read more than 10k when looking for the end of comment
+                return 0 if length($buf2) > 10000;
+            }
+            $raf->Read($buf3, 256) or last; # read more data if available
+            $buff .= $buf3;
+            $buf3 =~ tr/\0//d;
+            $buf2 .= $buf3;
+        }
+        # check to see if this is XMP format
+        # (CS2 writes .XMP files without the "xpacket begin")
+        if ($buf2 =~ /^\s*(<\?xpacket begin=|<x(mp)?:x[ma]pmeta)/) {
+            $hasXMP = 1;
+        } else {
+            # also recognize XML files and .XMP files with BOM and without x:xmpmeta
+            if ($buf2 =~ /^(\xfe\xff)(<\?xml|<rdf:RDF|<x(mp)?:x[ma]pmeta)/g) {
+                $fmt = 'n';     # UTF-16 or 32 MM with BOM
+            } elsif ($buf2 =~ /^(\xff\xfe)(<\?xml|<rdf:RDF|<x(mp)?:x[ma]pmeta)/g) {
+                $fmt = 'v';     # UTF-16 or 32 II with BOM
+            } elsif ($buf2 =~ /^(\xef\xbb\xbf)?(<\?xml|<rdf:RDF|<x(mp)?:x[ma]pmeta)/g) {
+                $fmt = 0;       # UTF-8 with BOM or unknown encoding without BOM
+            } elsif ($buf2 =~ /^(\xfe\xff|\xff\xfe|\xef\xbb\xbf)(<\?xpacket begin=)/g) {
+                $double = $1;   # double-encoded UTF
+            } else {
+                return 0;       # not recognized XMP or XML
+            }
+            $bom = 1 if $1;
+            if ($2 eq '<?xml') {
+                if (defined $fmt and not $fmt and $buf2 =~ /^[^\n\r]*[\n\r]+<\?aid /s) {
+                    if ($exifTool->{XMP_CAPTURE}) {
+                        $exifTool->Error("ExifTool does not yet support writing of INX files");
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                    $type = 'INX';
+                } elsif ($buf2 =~ /<x(mp)?:x[ma]pmeta/) {
+                    $hasXMP = 1;
+                } else {
+                    # identify SVG images and PLIST files by DOCTYPE if available
+                    if ($buf2 =~ /<!DOCTYPE\s+(\w+)/) {
+                        if ($1 eq 'svg') {
+                            $isSVG = 1;
+                        } elsif ($1 eq 'plist') {
+                            $type = 'PLIST';
+                        } else {
+                            return 0;
+                        }
+                    } elsif ($buf2 =~ /<svg[\s>]/) {
+                        $isSVG = 1;
+                    } elsif ($buf2 =~ /<rdf:RDF/) {
+                        $isRDF = 1;
+                    } elsif ($buf2 =~ /<plist[\s>]/) {
+                        $type = 'PLIST';
+                    }
+                    if ($isSVG and $exifTool->{XMP_CAPTURE}) {
+                        $exifTool->Error("ExifTool does not yet support writing of SVG images");
+                        return 0;
+                    }
+                }
+                $isXML = 1;
+            } elsif ($2 eq '<rdf:RDF') {
+                $isRDF = 1;     # recognize XMP without x:xmpmeta element
+            }
+            if ($buff =~ /^\0\0/) {
+                $fmt = 'N';     # UTF-32 MM with or without BOM
+            } elsif ($buff =~ /^..\0\0/s) {
+                $fmt = 'V';     # UTF-32 II with or without BOM
+            } elsif (not $fmt) {
+                if ($buff =~ /^\0/) {
+                    $fmt = 'n'; # UTF-16 MM without BOM
+                } elsif ($buff =~ /^.\0/s) {
+                    $fmt = 'v'; # UTF-16 II without BOM
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        my $size;
+        if ($type) {
+            if ($type eq 'PLIST') {
+                my $ext = $$exifTool{FILE_EXT};
+                $type = $ext if $ext and $ext eq 'MODD';
+                $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::PLIST::Main');
+                $$dirInfo{XMPParseOpts}{FoundProc} = \&Image::ExifTool::PLIST::FoundTag;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if ($isSVG) {
+                $type = 'SVG';
+            } elsif ($isXML and not $hasXMP and not $isRDF) {
+                $type = 'XML';
+            }
+        }
+        $exifTool->SetFileType($type);
+
+        if ($type and $type eq 'INX') {
+            # brute force search for first XMP packet in INX file
+            # start: '<![CDATA[<?xpacket begin' (24 bytes)
+            # end:   '<?xpacket end="r"?>]]>'   (22 bytes)
+            $raf->Seek(0, 0) or return 0;
+            $raf->Read($buff, 65536) or return 1;
+            for (;;) {
+                last if $buff =~ /<!\[CDATA\[<\?xpacket begin/g;
+                $raf->Read($buf2, 65536) or return 1;
+                $buff = substr($buff, -24) . $buf2;
+            }
+            $buff = substr($buff, pos($buff) - 15); # (discard '<![CDATA[' and before)
+            for (;;) {
+                last if $buff =~ /<\?xpacket end="[rw]"\?>\]\]>/g;
+                my $n = length $buff;
+                $raf->Read($buf2, 65536) or $exifTool->Warn('Missing xpacket end'), return 1;
+                $buff .= $buf2;
+                pos($buff) = $n - 22;   # don't miss end pattern if it was split
+            }
+            $size = pos($buff) - 3;     # (discard ']]>' and after)
+            $buff = substr($buff, 0, $size);
+        } else {
+            # read the entire file
+            $raf->Seek(0, 2) or return 0;
+            $size = $raf->Tell() or return 0;
+            $raf->Seek(0, 0) or return 0;
+            $raf->Read($buff, $size) == $size or return 0;
+        }
+        $dataPt = \$buff;
+        $dirStart = 0;
+        $dirLen = $dataLen = $size;
+    }
+
+    # decode the first layer of double-encoded UTF text (if necessary)
+    if ($double) {
+        my ($buf2, $fmt);
+        $buff = substr($$dataPt, $dirStart + length $double); # remove leading BOM
+        Image::ExifTool::SetWarning(undef); # clear old warning
+        local $SIG{'__WARN__'} = \&Image::ExifTool::SetWarning;
+        # assume that character data has been re-encoded in UTF, so re-pack
+        # as characters and look for warnings indicating a false assumption
+        if ($double eq "\xef\xbb\xbf") {
+            require Image::ExifTool::Charset;
+            my $uni = Image::ExifTool::Charset::Decompose(undef,$buff,'UTF8');
+            $buf2 = pack('C*', @$uni);
+        } else {
+            if (length($double) == 2) {
+                $fmt = ($double eq "\xfe\xff") ? 'n' : 'v';
+            } else {
+                $fmt = ($double eq "\0\0\xfe\xff") ? 'N' : 'V';
+            }
+            $buf2 = pack('C*', unpack("$fmt*",$buff));
+        }
+        if (Image::ExifTool::GetWarning()) {
+            $exifTool->Warn('Superfluous BOM at start of XMP');
+            $dataPt = \$buff;   # use XMP with the BOM removed
+        } else {
+            $exifTool->Warn('XMP is double UTF-encoded');
+            $dataPt = \$buf2;   # use the decoded XMP
+        }
+        $dirStart = 0;
+        $dirLen = $dataLen = length $$dataPt;
+    }
+
+    # extract XMP as a block if specified
+    if (($exifTool->{REQ_TAG_LOOKUP}{xmp} or ($exifTool->{TAGS_FROM_FILE} and
+        not $exifTool->{EXCL_TAG_LOOKUP}{xmp})) and not $isSVG)
+    {
+        $exifTool->FoundTag('XMP', substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, $dirLen));
+    }
+
+    $tagTablePtr or $tagTablePtr = GetTagTable('Image::ExifTool::XMP::Main');
+    if ($exifTool->Options('Verbose') and not $exifTool->{XMP_CAPTURE}) {
+        my $dirType = $isSVG ? 'SVG' : $$tagTablePtr{GROUPS}{1};
+        $exifTool->VerboseDir($dirType, 0, $dirLen);
+    }
+#
+# convert UTF-16 or UTF-32 encoded XMP to UTF-8 if necessary
+#
+    my $begin = '<?xpacket begin=';
+    my $dirEnd = $dirStart + $dirLen;
+    pos($$dataPt) = $dirStart;
+    delete $$exifTool{XMP_IS_XML};
+    delete $$exifTool{XMP_IS_SVG};
+    if ($isXML or $isRDF) {
+        $$exifTool{XMP_IS_XML} = $isXML;
+        $$exifTool{XMP_IS_SVG} = $isSVG;
+        $$exifTool{XMP_NO_XPACKET} = 1 + $bom;
+    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /\G\Q$begin\E/gc) {
+        delete $$exifTool{XMP_NO_XPACKET};
+    } elsif ($$dataPt =~ /<x(mp)?:x[ma]pmeta/gc and
+             pos($$dataPt) > $dirStart and pos($$dataPt) < $dirEnd)
+    {
+        $$exifTool{XMP_NO_XPACKET} = 1 + $bom;
+    } else {
+        delete $$exifTool{XMP_NO_XPACKET};
+        # check for UTF-16 encoding (insert one \0 between characters)
+        $begin = join "\0", split //, $begin;
+        # must reset pos because it was killed by previous unsuccessful //g match
+        pos($$dataPt) = $dirStart;
+        if ($$dataPt =~ /\G(\0)?\Q$begin\E\0./sg) {
+            # validate byte ordering by checking for U+FEFF character
+            if ($1) {
+                # should be big-endian since we had a leading \0
+                $fmt = 'n' if $$dataPt =~ /\G\xfe\xff/g;
+            } else {
+                $fmt = 'v' if $$dataPt =~ /\G\0\xff\xfe/g;
+            }
+        } else {
+            # check for UTF-32 encoding (with three \0's between characters)
+            $begin =~ s/\0/\0\0\0/g;
+            pos($$dataPt) = $dirStart;
+            if ($$dataPt !~ /\G(\0\0\0)?\Q$begin\E\0\0\0./sg) {
+                $fmt = 0;   # set format to zero as indication we didn't find encoded XMP
+            } elsif ($1) {
+                # should be big-endian
+                $fmt = 'N' if $$dataPt =~ /\G\0\0\xfe\xff/g;
+            } else {
+                $fmt = 'V' if $$dataPt =~ /\G\0\0\0\xff\xfe\0\0/g;
+            }
+        }
+        defined $fmt or $exifTool->Warn('XMP character encoding error');
+    }
+    if ($fmt) {
+        # trim if necessary to avoid converting non-UTF data
+        if ($dirStart or $dirEnd != length($$dataPt)) {
+            $buff = substr($$dataPt, $dirStart, $dirLen);
+            $dataPt = \$buff;
+        }
+        # convert into UTF-8
+        if ($] >= 5.006001) {
+            $buff = pack('C0U*', unpack("$fmt*",$$dataPt));
+        } else {
+            $buff = Image::ExifTool::PackUTF8(unpack("$fmt*",$$dataPt));
+        }
+        $dataPt = \$buff;
+        $dirStart = 0;
+        $dirLen = length $$dataPt;
+        $dirEnd = $dirStart + $dirLen;
+    }
+    # initialize namespace translation
+    $xlatNamespace = \%stdXlatNS;
+
+    # avoid scanning for XMP later in case ScanForXMP is set
+    $$exifTool{FoundXMP} = 1;
+
+    # set XMP parsing options
+    $$exifTool{XMPParseOpts} = $$dirInfo{XMPParseOpts};
+
+    # need to preserve list indices to be able to handle multi-dimensional lists
+    my $keepFlat;
+    if ($exifTool->{OPTIONS}{Struct}) {
+        if ($exifTool->{OPTIONS}{Struct} eq '2') {
+            $keepFlat = 1;      # preserve flattened tags
+            # setting NO_LIST to 0 combines list items in a TAG_EXTRA "NoList" element
+            # to allow them to be re-listed later if necessary.  A "NoListDel" element
+            # is also created for tags that wouldn't have existed.
+            $$exifTool{NO_LIST} = 0;
+        } else {
+            $$exifTool{NO_LIST} = 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    # parse the XMP
+    if (ParseXMPElement($exifTool, $tagTablePtr, $dataPt, $dirStart, $dirEnd)) {
+        $rtnVal = 1;
+    } elsif ($$dirInfo{DirName} and $$dirInfo{DirName} eq 'XMP') {
+        # if DirName was 'XMP' we expect well-formed XMP, so set Warning since it wasn't
+        $exifTool->Warn('Invalid XMP');
+    }
+
+    # return DataPt if successful in case we want it for writing
+    $$dirInfo{DataPt} = $dataPt if $rtnVal and $$dirInfo{RAF};
+
+    # restore structures if necessary
+    if ($$exifTool{IsStruct}) {
+        require 'Image/ExifTool/XMPStruct.pl';
+        RestoreStruct($exifTool, $keepFlat);
+        delete $$exifTool{IsStruct};
+    }
+    # reset NO_LIST flag (must do this _after_ RestoreStruct() above)
+    delete $$exifTool{NO_LIST};
+    delete $$exifTool{XMPParseOpts};
+
+    undef %curNS;
+    return $rtnVal;
+}
+
+
+1;  #end
+
+__END__
+
+=head1 NAME
+
+Image::ExifTool::XMP - Read XMP meta information
+
+=head1 SYNOPSIS
+
+This module is loaded automatically by Image::ExifTool when required.
+
+=head1 DESCRIPTION
+
+XMP stands for Extensible Metadata Platform.  It is a format based on XML
+that Adobe developed for embedding metadata information in image files.
+This module contains the definitions required by Image::ExifTool to read XMP
+information.
+
+=head1 AUTHOR
+
+Copyright 2003-2013, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)
+
+This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+under the same terms as Perl itself.
+
+=head1 REFERENCES
+
+=over 4
+
+=item L<http://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp/>
+
+=item L<http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-syntax-grammar/>
+
+=item L<http://www.iptc.org/IPTC4XMP/>
+
+=back
+
+=head1 SEE ALSO
+
+L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/XMP Tags>,
+L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>
+
+=cut