enclave 0.1.0

data/ext/enclave/mruby/src/variable.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1475 @@
+/*
+** variable.c - mruby variables
+**
+** See Copyright Notice in mruby.h
+*/
+
+#include <mruby.h>
+#include <mruby/array.h>
+#include <mruby/class.h>
+#include <mruby/proc.h>
+#include <mruby/string.h>
+#include <mruby/variable.h>
+#include <mruby/internal.h>
+#include <mruby/presym.h>
+
+/* Instance variable table structure */
+typedef struct iv_tbl {
+  int size, alloc;
+  mrb_value *ptr;
+} iv_tbl;
+
+
+
+/* Creates the instance variable table. */
+static iv_tbl*
+iv_new(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  iv_tbl *t;
+
+  t = (iv_tbl*)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(iv_tbl));
+  t->size = 0;
+  t->alloc = 0;
+  t->ptr = NULL;
+
+  return t;
+}
+
+static void iv_put(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value val);
+
+#define IV_INITIAL_SIZE 2
+
+static void
+iv_rehash(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t)
+{
+  int old_alloc = t->alloc;
+  int new_alloc = old_alloc > 0 ? old_alloc << 1 : IV_INITIAL_SIZE;
+
+  if (old_alloc == 0) {
+    /* first-time init */
+    t->ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_calloc(mrb, new_alloc, sizeof(mrb_value)+sizeof(mrb_sym));
+    t->alloc = new_alloc;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* realloc may extend in place, avoiding malloc+memcpy+free */
+  size_t new_size = (size_t)new_alloc * (sizeof(mrb_value) + sizeof(mrb_sym));
+  t->ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_realloc(mrb, t->ptr, new_size);
+
+  /* move keys from old position to new position */
+  mrb_sym *old_keys = (mrb_sym*)&t->ptr[old_alloc];
+  mrb_sym *new_keys = (mrb_sym*)&t->ptr[new_alloc];
+  memmove(new_keys, old_keys, sizeof(mrb_sym) * t->size);
+
+  /* clear extended value region (where old keys were + new slots) */
+  memset(&t->ptr[old_alloc], 0, sizeof(mrb_value) * (new_alloc - old_alloc));
+
+  /* clear extended key region */
+  memset(&new_keys[t->size], 0, sizeof(mrb_sym) * (new_alloc - t->size));
+
+  t->alloc = new_alloc;
+}
+
+/* Branch-free binary search helper: returns the index where `target` should be inserted/found. */
+static inline int
+iv_bsearch_idx(mrb_sym *keys, int size, mrb_sym target) {
+  if (size == 0) return 0;
+  int n = size;
+  mrb_sym *p = keys;
+  /* While more than one element remains, halve the range each iteration */
+  while (n > 1) {
+    int half = n >> 1;
+    MRB_MEM_PREFETCH(p + (half >> 1));
+    MRB_MEM_PREFETCH(p + half + (half >> 1));
+    mrb_sym mid_sym = p[half];
+    /*
+     * Update pointer p without a branch:
+     * If mid_sym < target, move p forward by half; otherwise keep p unchanged.
+     * Compiler will emit a CMOV or equivalent.
+     */
+    p = (mid_sym < target) ? p + half : p;
+    n -= half;
+  }
+  /* Final adjustment: if the remaining element is still less than target, advance by one */
+  return (int)(p - keys) + (p[0] < target);
+}
+
+/* Set (insert or update) the value for `sym` in the instance variable table using branch-free search. */
+static void
+iv_put(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value val)
+{
+  /* If table is uninitialized, allocate and initialize */
+  if (t->alloc == 0) {
+    iv_rehash(mrb, t);
+  }
+
+  /* Obtain pointers to keys and values arrays */
+  mrb_sym   *keys = (mrb_sym*)&t->ptr[t->alloc];
+  mrb_value *vals =  t->ptr;
+
+  /* Determine insertion/update index:
+   * If table has entries, use branch-free search; otherwise index = 0.
+   */
+  int lo = iv_bsearch_idx(keys, t->size, sym);
+
+  /* If the key already exists, update its value and return */
+  if (lo < t->size && keys[lo] == sym) {
+    vals[lo] = val;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* Grow table if full, then recompute position */
+  if (t->size == t->alloc) {
+    iv_rehash(mrb, t);
+    keys = (mrb_sym*)&t->ptr[t->alloc];
+    vals =  t->ptr;
+    lo = iv_bsearch_idx(keys, t->size, sym);
+  }
+
+  /* Shift existing entries right to make room at index lo */
+  int move_count = t->size - lo;
+  if (move_count > 0) {
+    memmove(&keys[lo + 1], &keys[lo],     move_count * sizeof(mrb_sym));
+    memmove(&vals[lo + 1], &vals[lo],     move_count * sizeof(mrb_value));
+  }
+
+  /* Insert the new key and value */
+  keys[lo] = sym;
+  vals[lo] = val;
+  t->size++;
+}
+
+/* Get a value for `sym` from the instance variable table using branch-free search. */
+static int
+iv_get(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value *vp)
+{
+  /* Return 0 if table is null, uninitialized, or empty */
+  if (t == NULL || t->alloc == 0 || t->size == 0) return 0;
+
+  mrb_sym   *keys = (mrb_sym*)&t->ptr[t->alloc];
+  mrb_value *vals =  t->ptr;
+
+  /* Find index in a branch-free manner */
+  int lo = iv_bsearch_idx(keys, t->size, sym);
+
+  /* If found, store value (if vp provided) and return 1-based position */
+  if (lo < t->size && keys[lo] == sym) {
+    if (vp) *vp = vals[lo];
+    return lo + 1;
+  }
+
+  /* Not found */
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Delete the entry for `sym` from the instance variable table using branch-free search. */
+static mrb_bool
+iv_del(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value *vp)
+{
+  /* Return FALSE if table is null, uninitialized, or empty */
+  if (t == NULL || t->alloc == 0 || t->size == 0) return FALSE;
+
+  mrb_sym   *keys = (mrb_sym*)&t->ptr[t->alloc];
+  mrb_value *vals =  t->ptr;
+
+  /* Find index in a branch-free manner */
+  int lo = iv_bsearch_idx(keys, t->size, sym);
+
+  /* If found, optionally return value and shift entries left to delete */
+  if (lo < t->size && keys[lo] == sym) {
+    if (vp) *vp = vals[lo];
+    int move_count = t->size - lo - 1;
+    if (move_count > 0) {
+      memmove(&keys[lo],     &keys[lo + 1],     move_count * sizeof(mrb_sym));
+      memmove(&vals[lo],     &vals[lo + 1],     move_count * sizeof(mrb_value));
+    }
+    t->size--;
+    return TRUE;
+  }
+
+  /* Not found */
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+/* Iterates over the instance variable table. */
+static void
+iv_foreach(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t, mrb_iv_foreach_func *func, void *p)
+{
+  if (t == NULL || t->alloc == 0 || t->size == 0) return;
+  for (int i = 0; i < t->size; i++) {
+    mrb_sym   *keys = (mrb_sym*)&t->ptr[t->alloc];
+    mrb_value *vals = t->ptr;
+    if ((*func)(mrb, keys[i], vals[i], p) != 0) return;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Get the size of the instance variable table. */
+static size_t
+iv_size(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t)
+{
+  return t ? t->size : 0;
+}
+
+/* Copy the sorted table */
+static iv_tbl*
+iv_copy(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t)
+{
+  if (t == NULL || t->alloc == 0 || t->size == 0) return NULL;
+
+  /* create new table and mirror alloc/size */
+  iv_tbl *t2 = iv_new(mrb);
+  t2->alloc = t->alloc;
+  t2->size  = t->size;
+
+  /* allocate the same block shape */
+  t2->ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_calloc(mrb, t2->alloc, sizeof(mrb_value)+sizeof(mrb_sym));
+
+  /* copy values[0...size] and keys[0...size] */
+  memcpy(t2->ptr, t->ptr, sizeof(mrb_value)*t2->size);
+  memcpy(&t2->ptr[t2->alloc], &t->ptr[t->alloc], sizeof(mrb_sym)*t2->size);
+
+  return t2;
+}
+
+/* Free memory of the instance variable table. */
+static void
+iv_free(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t)
+{
+  mrb_free(mrb, t->ptr);
+  mrb_free(mrb, t);
+}
+
+static int
+iv_mark_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v, void *p)
+{
+  mrb_gc_mark_value(mrb, v);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+mark_tbl(mrb_state *mrb, iv_tbl *t)
+{
+  iv_foreach(mrb, t, iv_mark_i, 0);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_gc_mark_gv(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  mark_tbl(mrb, mrb->globals);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_gc_free_gv(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  if (mrb->globals) {
+    iv_free(mrb, mrb->globals);
+    mrb->globals = NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+size_t
+mrb_gc_mark_iv(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj)
+{
+  mark_tbl(mrb, obj->iv);
+  return iv_size(mrb, obj->iv);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_gc_free_iv(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj)
+{
+  if (obj->iv) {
+    iv_free(mrb, obj->iv);
+  }
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_vm_special_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym i)
+{
+  return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_vm_special_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym i, mrb_value v)
+{
+}
+
+static mrb_bool
+obj_iv_p(mrb_value obj)
+{
+  switch (mrb_unboxed_type(obj)) {
+    case MRB_TT_OBJECT:
+    case MRB_TT_CLASS:
+    case MRB_TT_MODULE:
+    case MRB_TT_SCLASS:
+    case MRB_TT_HASH:
+    case MRB_TT_CDATA:
+    case MRB_TT_EXCEPTION:
+      return TRUE;
+    default:
+      return FALSE;
+  }
+}
+
+static iv_tbl*
+class_iv_ptr(struct RClass *c)
+{
+  return c->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS ? c->c->iv : c->iv;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves an instance variable from an object.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The object from which to retrieve the instance variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the instance variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   The value of the instance variable, or mrb_nil_value() if the
+ *   instance variable is not defined.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  mrb_value v;
+
+  if (obj->iv && iv_get(mrb, obj->iv, sym, &v))
+    return v;
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves an instance variable from an mrb_value.
+ *
+ * This function is a wrapper around mrb_obj_iv_get. It checks if the
+ * given mrb_value is an object that can have instance variables before
+ * attempting to retrieve the variable.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The mrb_value from which to retrieve the instance variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the instance variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   The value of the instance variable, or mrb_nil_value() if the
+ *   instance variable is not defined or if the object cannot have
+ *   instance variables.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_iv_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  if (obj_iv_p(obj)) {
+    return mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(obj), sym);
+  }
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+static inline mrb_bool
+namespace_p(enum mrb_vtype tt)
+{
+  return tt == MRB_TT_CLASS || tt == MRB_TT_MODULE ? TRUE : FALSE;
+}
+
+static inline void
+assign_class_name(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  if (namespace_p(mrb_type(v))) {
+    struct RObject *c = mrb_obj_ptr(v);
+    if (obj != c && ISUPPER(mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, sym, NULL)[0])) {
+      mrb_sym id_classname = MRB_SYM(__classname__);
+      mrb_value o = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, c, id_classname);
+
+      if (mrb_nil_p(o)) {
+        mrb_sym id_outer = MRB_SYM(__outer__);
+        o = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, c, id_outer);
+
+        if (mrb_nil_p(o)) {
+          if ((struct RClass*)obj == mrb->object_class) {
+            mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb, c, id_classname, mrb_symbol_value(sym));
+          }
+          else {
+            mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb, c, id_outer, mrb_obj_value(obj));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void
+mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  if (namespace_p(obj->tt)) {
+    assign_class_name(mrb, obj, sym, v);
+  }
+  if (!obj->iv) {
+    obj->iv = iv_new(mrb);
+  }
+  iv_put(mrb, obj->iv, sym, v);
+  mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)obj, v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets an instance variable on an object.
+ *
+ * This function checks if the object is frozen before setting the variable.
+ * It then calls mrb_obj_iv_set_force to actually set the variable.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The object on which to set the instance variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the instance variable.
+ *   v:   The value to set for the instance variable.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  mrb_check_frozen(mrb, obj);
+  mrb_obj_iv_set_force(mrb, obj, sym, v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Iterates over the instance variables of an object.
+ *
+ * This function calls the provided callback function for each instance
+ * variable in the object.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb:  The mruby state.
+ *   obj:  The mrb_value whose instance variables to iterate over.
+ *   func: The callback function to call for each instance variable.
+ *         The function should take mrb_state*, mrb_sym, mrb_value, and void*
+ *         as arguments and return an int. If the callback returns a non-zero
+ *         value, iteration stops.
+ *   p:    A pointer to user data that will be passed to the callback function.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_iv_foreach(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_iv_foreach_func *func, void *p)
+{
+  if (!obj_iv_p(obj)) return;
+  iv_foreach(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(obj)->iv, func, p);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets an instance variable on an mrb_value.
+ *
+ * This function is a wrapper around mrb_obj_iv_set. It checks if the
+ * given mrb_value is an object that can have instance variables before
+ * attempting to set the variable. If the object cannot have instance
+ * variables, it raises an E_ARGUMENT_ERROR.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The mrb_value on which to set the instance variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the instance variable.
+ *   v:   The value to set for the instance variable.
+ *
+ * Raises:
+ *   E_ARGUMENT_ERROR: If the object cannot have instance variables.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_iv_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  if (obj_iv_p(obj)) {
+    mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(obj), sym, v);
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "cannot set instance variable");
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if an instance variable is defined on an object.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The object to check.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the instance variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   TRUE if the instance variable is defined, FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_obj_iv_defined(mrb_state *mrb, struct RObject *obj, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  iv_tbl *t;
+
+  t = obj->iv;
+  if (t && iv_get(mrb, t, sym, NULL)) return TRUE;
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if an instance variable is defined on an mrb_value.
+ *
+ * This function is a wrapper around mrb_obj_iv_defined. It checks if the
+ * given mrb_value is an object that can have instance variables before
+ * attempting to check for the variable.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The mrb_value to check.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the instance variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   TRUE if the instance variable is defined and the object can have
+ *   instance variables, FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_iv_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  if (!obj_iv_p(obj)) return FALSE;
+  return mrb_obj_iv_defined(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(obj), sym);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if a symbol is a valid instance variable name.
+ *
+ * A valid instance variable name must:
+ *   - Be at least 2 characters long.
+ *   - Start with '@'.
+ *   - Not have a digit as the second character.
+ *   - The rest of the name must be a valid identifier.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb:     The mruby state.
+ *   iv_name: The symbol to check.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   TRUE if the symbol is a valid instance variable name, FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_iv_name_sym_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym iv_name)
+{
+  mrb_int len;
+  const char *s = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, iv_name, &len);
+
+  if (len < 2) return FALSE;
+  if (s[0] != '@') return FALSE;
+  if (ISDIGIT(s[1])) return FALSE;
+  return mrb_ident_p(s+1, len-1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if a symbol is a valid instance variable name and raises a
+ * name error if it's not.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb:     The mruby state.
+ *   iv_name: The symbol to check.
+ *
+ * Raises:
+ *   E_NAME_ERROR: If the symbol is not a valid instance variable name.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_iv_name_sym_check(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym iv_name)
+{
+  if (!mrb_iv_name_sym_p(mrb, iv_name)) {
+    mrb_name_error(mrb, iv_name, "'%n' is not allowed as an instance variable name", iv_name);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Copies instance variables from one object to another.
+ *
+ * If the destination object already has instance variables, they are freed
+ * before copying.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb:  The mruby state.
+ *   dest: The destination object (mrb_value).
+ *   src:  The source object (mrb_value).
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_iv_copy(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value dest, mrb_value src)
+{
+  struct RObject *d = mrb_obj_ptr(dest);
+  struct RObject *s = mrb_obj_ptr(src);
+
+  if (d->iv) {
+    iv_free(mrb, d->iv);
+    d->iv = 0;
+  }
+  if (s->iv) {
+    mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)d);
+    d->iv = iv_copy(mrb, s->iv);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Removes an instance variable from an object.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The object (mrb_value) from which to remove the instance variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the instance variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   The value of the removed instance variable, or mrb_undef_value() if
+ *   the instance variable was not defined or if the object cannot have
+ *   instance variables.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_iv_remove(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  if (obj_iv_p(obj)) {
+    struct RObject *o = mrb_obj_ptr(obj);
+    iv_tbl *t = o->iv;
+    mrb_value val;
+
+    mrb_check_frozen(mrb, o);
+    if (iv_del(mrb, t, sym, &val)) {
+      return val;
+    }
+  }
+  return mrb_undef_value();
+}
+
+static int
+iv_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v, void *p)
+{
+  mrb_value ary = *(mrb_value*)p;
+  mrb_int len;
+  const char* s = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, sym, &len);
+
+  if (len > 1 && s[0] == '@' && s[1] != '@') {
+    mrb_ary_push(mrb, ary, mrb_symbol_value(sym));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* 15.3.1.3.23 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     obj.instance_variables    -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array of instance variable names for the receiver. Note
+ *  that simply defining an accessor does not create the corresponding
+ *  instance variable.
+ *
+ *     class Fred
+ *       attr_accessor :a1
+ *       def initialize
+ *         @iv = 3
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     Fred.new.instance_variables   #=> [:@iv]
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_obj_instance_variables(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value ary = mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+
+  if (obj_iv_p(self)) {
+    iv_foreach(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(self)->iv, iv_i, &ary);
+  }
+  return ary;
+}
+
+static int
+cv_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v, void *p)
+{
+  mrb_value ary = *(mrb_value*)p;
+  mrb_int len;
+  const char* s = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, sym, &len);
+
+  if (len > 2 && s[0] == '@' && s[1] == '@') {
+    mrb_ary_push(mrb, ary, mrb_symbol_value(sym));
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.19 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.class_variables(inherit=true)   -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array of the names of class variables in *mod*.
+ *
+ *     class One
+ *       @@var1 = 1
+ *     end
+ *     class Two < One
+ *       @@var2 = 2
+ *     end
+ *     One.class_variables   #=> [:@@var1]
+ *     Two.class_variables   #=> [:@@var2]
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_mod_class_variables(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_bool inherit = TRUE;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &inherit);
+  mrb_value ary = mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  while (c) {
+    iv_foreach(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c), cv_i, &ary);
+    if (!inherit) break;
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+  return ary;
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_mod_cv_get(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  struct RClass * cls = c;
+  mrb_value v = mrb_nil_value();
+  mrb_bool given = FALSE;
+
+  while (c) {
+    if (iv_get(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c), sym, &v)) {
+      given = TRUE;
+    }
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+  if (given) return v;
+  if (cls->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+    mrb_value klass = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, (struct RObject*)cls, MRB_SYM(__attached__));
+
+    c = mrb_class_ptr(klass);
+    if (c->tt == MRB_TT_CLASS || c->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE) {
+      given = FALSE;
+      while (c) {
+        if (iv_get(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c), sym, &v)) {
+          given = TRUE;
+        }
+        c = c->super;
+      }
+      if (given) return v;
+    }
+  }
+  mrb_name_error(mrb, sym, "uninitialized class variable %n in %C", sym, cls);
+  /* not reached */
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves a class variable from a module or class.
+ *
+ * This function is a wrapper around mrb_mod_cv_get.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) from which to retrieve the class variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the class variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   The value of the class variable.
+ *
+ * Raises:
+ *   E_NAME_ERROR: If the class variable is not defined.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_cv_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  return mrb_mod_cv_get(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mod), sym);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets a class variable in a module or class.
+ *
+ * This function searches for the class variable in the superclass chain.
+ * If found, it updates the value in the class where it's defined.
+ * Otherwise, it sets the variable in the given class `c`.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   c:   The class or module (struct RClass*) in which to set the class variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the class variable.
+ *   v:   The value to set for the class variable.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_mod_cv_set(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  struct RClass * cls = c;
+
+  while (c) {
+    iv_tbl *t = class_iv_ptr(c);
+    int pos = iv_get(mrb, t, sym, NULL);
+
+    if (pos) {
+      mrb_check_frozen(mrb, c);
+      t->ptr[pos-1] = v;        /* iv_get returns pos+1 to put */
+      mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)c, v);
+      return;
+    }
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+
+  if (cls->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+    mrb_value klass = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, (struct RObject*)cls, MRB_SYM(__attached__));
+
+    switch (mrb_type(klass)) {
+    case MRB_TT_CLASS:
+    case MRB_TT_MODULE:
+    case MRB_TT_SCLASS:
+      c = mrb_class_ptr(klass);
+      break;
+    default:
+      c = cls;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (cls->tt == MRB_TT_ICLASS) {
+    c = cls->c;
+  }
+  else {
+    c = cls;
+  }
+
+  mrb_check_frozen(mrb, c);
+  if (!c->iv) {
+    c->iv = iv_new(mrb);
+  }
+
+  iv_put(mrb, c->iv, sym, v);
+  mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)c, v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets a class variable in a module or class.
+ *
+ * This function is a wrapper around mrb_mod_cv_set.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) in which to set the class variable.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the class variable.
+ *   v:   The value to set for the class variable.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_cv_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  mrb_mod_cv_set(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mod), sym, v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if a class variable is defined in a module or class or its ancestors.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   c:   The class or module (struct RClass*) to check.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the class variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   TRUE if the class variable is defined, FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+mrb_bool
+mrb_mod_cv_defined(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass * c, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  while (c) {
+    iv_tbl *t = class_iv_ptr(c);
+    if (iv_get(mrb, t, sym, NULL)) return TRUE;
+    c = c->super;
+  }
+
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if a class variable is defined in a module or class or its ancestors.
+ *
+ * This function is a wrapper around mrb_mod_cv_defined.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) to check.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the class variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   TRUE if the class variable is defined, FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_cv_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  return mrb_mod_cv_defined(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mod), sym);
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_vm_cv_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  struct RClass *c;
+
+  const struct RProc *p = mrb->c->ci->proc;
+
+  for (;;) {
+    c = MRB_PROC_TARGET_CLASS(p);
+    if (c && c->tt != MRB_TT_SCLASS) break;
+    p = p->upper;
+  }
+  return mrb_mod_cv_get(mrb, c, sym);
+}
+
+void
+mrb_vm_cv_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  struct RClass *c;
+  const struct RProc *p = mrb->c->ci->proc;
+
+  for (;;) {
+    c = MRB_PROC_TARGET_CLASS(p);
+    if (c && c->tt != MRB_TT_SCLASS) break;
+    p = p->upper;
+  }
+  mrb_mod_cv_set(mrb, c, sym, v);
+}
+
+static void
+mod_const_check(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  switch (mrb_type(mod)) {
+  case MRB_TT_CLASS:
+  case MRB_TT_MODULE:
+  case MRB_TT_SCLASS:
+    break;
+  default:
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "constant look-up for non class/module");
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+const_get_nohook(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *base, mrb_sym sym, mrb_bool skip)
+{
+  struct RClass *c = base;
+  mrb_value v;
+  mrb_bool retry = FALSE;
+
+  /* if skip then skip the current class (already searched) */
+  if (skip) c = c->super;
+L_RETRY:
+  while (c) {
+    if (!MRB_FLAG_TEST(c, MRB_FL_CLASS_IS_PREPENDED) && iv_get(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c), sym, &v)) {
+      return v;
+    }
+    c = c->super;
+    if (!skip && c == mrb->object_class) break;
+  }
+  if (!retry && base->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE && skip) {
+    c = mrb->object_class;
+    retry = TRUE;
+    goto L_RETRY;
+  }
+  return mrb_undef_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+const_get(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *base, mrb_sym sym, mrb_bool skip)
+{
+  mrb_value v = const_get_nohook(mrb, base, sym, skip);
+
+  /* call const_missing hook */
+  if (mrb_undef_p(v)) {
+    mrb_value mod = mrb_obj_value(base);
+    if (mrb_func_basic_p(mrb, mod, MRB_SYM(const_missing), mrb_mod_const_missing)) {
+      return mrb_const_missing(mrb, mod, sym);
+    }
+    mrb_value name = mrb_symbol_value(sym);
+    return mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, mod, MRB_SYM(const_missing), 1, &name);
+  }
+  return v;
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_exc_const_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  return const_get_nohook(mrb, mrb->object_class, sym, FALSE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves a constant from a module or class.
+ *
+ * It first checks if `mod` is a class or module, then calls the
+ * internal `const_get` function to retrieve the constant.
+ * This function will also call the `const_missing` hook if the
+ * constant is not found.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) from which to retrieve the constant.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the constant.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   The value of the constant.
+ *
+ * Raises:
+ *   E_TYPE_ERROR: If `mod` is not a class or module.
+ *   E_NAME_ERROR: If the constant is not defined and `const_missing` is not defined or also raises an error.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_const_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  mod_const_check(mrb, mod);
+  return const_get(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mod), sym, FALSE);
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_vm_const_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  const struct RProc *proc = mrb->c->ci->proc;
+  struct RClass *c = MRB_PROC_TARGET_CLASS(proc), *c2;
+  mrb_value v;
+
+  if (!c) c = mrb->object_class;
+  if (iv_get(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c), sym, &v)) {
+    return v;
+  }
+  for (proc = proc->upper; proc; proc = proc->upper) {
+    c2 = MRB_PROC_TARGET_CLASS(proc);
+    if (!c2) c2 = mrb->object_class;
+    if (iv_get(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c2), sym, &v)) {
+      return v;
+    }
+  }
+  if (c->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS) {
+    v = const_get_nohook(mrb, c, sym, TRUE);
+    if (!mrb_undef_p(v)) {
+      return v;
+    }
+
+    mrb_value klass;
+    for (c2 = c; c2 && c2->tt == MRB_TT_SCLASS; c2 = mrb_class_ptr(klass)) {
+      if (!iv_get(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c2), MRB_SYM(__attached__), &klass)) {
+        c2 = NULL;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (c2 && (c2->tt == MRB_TT_CLASS || c2->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE)) c = c2;
+  }
+  return const_get(mrb, c, sym, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets a constant in a module or class.
+ *
+ * It first checks if `mod` is a class or module.
+ * If the value `v` being set is a class or module, it calls
+ * `mrb_class_name_class` to set up the class/module name.
+ * Then, it sets the constant using `mrb_obj_iv_set` and calls
+ * the `const_added` hook.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) in which to set the constant.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the constant.
+ *   v:   The value to set for the constant.
+ *
+ * Raises:
+ *   E_TYPE_ERROR: If `mod` is not a class or module.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_const_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  mod_const_check(mrb, mod);
+  if (mrb_type(v) == MRB_TT_CLASS || mrb_type(v) == MRB_TT_MODULE) {
+    mrb_class_name_class(mrb, mrb_class_ptr(mod), mrb_class_ptr(v), sym);
+  }
+  mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, mrb_obj_ptr(mod), sym, v);
+
+  if (!mrb->bootstrapping) {
+    mrb_value name = mrb_symbol_value(sym);
+    mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, mod, MRB_SYM(const_added), 1, &name);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Removes a constant from a module or class.
+ *
+ * It first checks if `mod` is a class or module, then removes the
+ * constant using `mrb_iv_remove`.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) from which to remove the constant.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the constant.
+ *
+ * Raises:
+ *   E_TYPE_ERROR: If `mod` is not a class or module.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_const_remove(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  mod_const_check(mrb, mod);
+  mrb_iv_remove(mrb, mod, sym);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Defines a constant in a module or class using a symbol for the name.
+ *
+ * This is a direct way to set a constant without triggering `const_added` hook.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb:  The mruby state.
+ *   mod:  The module or class (struct RClass*) in which to define the constant.
+ *   name: The symbol representing the name of the constant.
+ *   v:    The value to set for the constant.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_const_id(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *mod, mrb_sym name, mrb_value v)
+{
+  mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)mod, name, v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Defines a constant in a module or class using a C string for the name.
+ *
+ * This is a direct way to set a constant without triggering `const_added` hook.
+ * The C string name is interned into a symbol.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb:  The mruby state.
+ *   mod:  The module or class (struct RClass*) in which to define the constant.
+ *   name: The C string representing the name of the constant.
+ *   v:    The value to set for the constant.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_const(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *mod, const char *name, mrb_value v)
+{
+  mrb_obj_iv_set(mrb, (struct RObject*)mod, mrb_intern_cstr(mrb, name), v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Defines a global constant.
+ *
+ * Global constants are defined in the `Object` class.
+ * This function is a convenience wrapper around `mrb_define_const`.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb:  The mruby state.
+ *   name: The C string representing the name of the global constant.
+ *   val:  The value to set for the global constant.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_define_global_const(mrb_state *mrb, const char *name, mrb_value val)
+{
+  mrb_define_const(mrb, mrb->object_class, name, val);
+}
+
+static int
+const_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v, void *p)
+{
+  mrb_value ary = *(mrb_value*)p;
+  mrb_int len;
+  const char* s = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, sym, &len);
+
+  if (len >= 1 && ISUPPER(s[0])) {
+    mrb_int i, alen = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+    for (i=0; i<alen; i++) {
+      if (mrb_symbol(RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i]) == sym)
+        break;
+    }
+    if (i==alen) {
+      mrb_ary_push(mrb, ary, mrb_symbol_value(sym));
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_mod_const_at(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  iv_foreach(mrb, class_iv_ptr(c), const_i, &ary);
+  return ary;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.2.4.24 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     mod.constants    -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array of all names of constants defined in the receiver.
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_mod_constants(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod)
+{
+  mrb_bool inherit = TRUE;
+  struct RClass *c = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|b", &inherit);
+  mrb_value ary = mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+  while (c) {
+    mrb_mod_const_at(mrb, c, ary);
+    if (!inherit) break;
+    c = c->super;
+    if (c == mrb->object_class) break;
+  }
+  return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves a global variable.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the global variable.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   The value of the global variable, or mrb_nil_value() if the
+ *   global variable is not defined.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_gv_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  mrb_value v;
+
+  if (iv_get(mrb, mrb->globals, sym, &v))
+    return v;
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+/*
+ * Sets a global variable.
+ *
+ * If the global variable table (`mrb->globals`) does not exist, it is created.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the global variable.
+ *   v:   The value to set for the global variable.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_gv_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v)
+{
+  iv_tbl *t;
+
+  if (!mrb->globals) {
+    mrb->globals = iv_new(mrb);
+  }
+  t = mrb->globals;
+  iv_put(mrb, t, sym, v);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Removes a global variable.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   sym: The symbol representing the name of the global variable to remove.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_gv_remove(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym)
+{
+  iv_del(mrb, mrb->globals, sym, NULL);
+}
+
+static int
+gv_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v, void *p)
+{
+  mrb_value ary = *(mrb_value*)p;
+  mrb_ary_push(mrb, ary, mrb_symbol_value(sym));
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* 15.3.1.2.4  */
+/* 15.3.1.3.14 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     global_variables    -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array of the names of global variables.
+ *
+ *     global_variables.grep /std/   #=> [:$stdin, :$stdout, :$stderr]
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_f_global_variables(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  iv_tbl *t = mrb->globals;
+  mrb_value ary = mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+
+  iv_foreach(mrb, t, gv_i, &ary);
+  return ary;
+}
+
+static mrb_bool
+const_defined_0(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym id, mrb_bool exclude, mrb_bool recurse)
+{
+  struct RClass *klass = mrb_class_ptr(mod);
+  struct RClass *tmp;
+  mrb_bool mod_retry = FALSE;
+
+  tmp = klass;
+retry:
+  while (tmp) {
+    if (iv_get(mrb, class_iv_ptr(tmp), id, NULL)) {
+      return TRUE;
+    }
+    if (!recurse && (klass != mrb->object_class)) break;
+    tmp = tmp->super;
+  }
+  if (!exclude && !mod_retry && (klass->tt == MRB_TT_MODULE)) {
+    mod_retry = TRUE;
+    tmp = mrb->object_class;
+    goto retry;
+  }
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if a constant is defined in a module or class or its ancestors.
+ *
+ * This function calls `const_defined_0` with `recurse = TRUE`, meaning
+ * it will search the superclass chain.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) to check.
+ *   id:  The symbol representing the name of the constant.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   TRUE if the constant is defined, FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_const_defined(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  return const_defined_0(mrb, mod, id, TRUE, TRUE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Checks if a constant is defined directly in a module or class.
+ *
+ * This function calls `const_defined_0` with `recurse = FALSE`, meaning
+ * it will only search the given module/class, not its ancestors.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   mod: The module or class (mrb_value) to check.
+ *   id:  The symbol representing the name of the constant.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   TRUE if the constant is defined directly in the module/class, FALSE otherwise.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_bool
+mrb_const_defined_at(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value mod, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  return const_defined_0(mrb, mod, id, TRUE, FALSE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Retrieves an attribute (instance variable) from an object.
+ *
+ * This function is a simple wrapper around `mrb_iv_get`.
+ *
+ * Args:
+ *   mrb: The mruby state.
+ *   obj: The object (mrb_value) from which to retrieve the attribute.
+ *   id:  The symbol representing the name of the attribute (instance variable).
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ *   The value of the attribute, or mrb_nil_value() if not defined.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_attr_get(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj, mrb_sym id)
+{
+  return mrb_iv_get(mrb, obj, id);
+}
+
+struct csym_arg {
+  struct RClass *c;
+  mrb_sym sym;
+};
+
+static int
+csym_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_sym sym, mrb_value v, void *p)
+{
+  struct csym_arg *a = (struct csym_arg*)p;
+  struct RClass *c = a->c;
+
+  if (mrb_type(v) == c->tt && mrb_class_ptr(v) == c) {
+    a->sym = sym;
+    return 1;     /* stop iteration */
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static mrb_sym
+find_class_sym(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *outer, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  struct csym_arg arg;
+
+  if (!outer) return 0;
+  if (outer == c) return 0;
+  arg.c = c;
+  arg.sym = 0;
+  iv_foreach(mrb, class_iv_ptr(outer), csym_i, &arg);
+  return arg.sym;
+}
+
+MRB_API struct RClass*
+mrb_class_outer(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  mrb_value ov = mrb_obj_iv_get(mrb, (struct RObject*)c, MRB_SYM(__outer__));
+  if (mrb_nil_p(ov)) return NULL;
+  switch (mrb_type(ov)) {
+  case MRB_TT_CLASS:
+  case MRB_TT_MODULE:
+    return mrb_class_ptr(ov);
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static mrb_bool
+detect_outer_loop(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  struct RClass *t = c;         /* tortoise */
+  struct RClass *h = c;         /* hare */
+
+  for (;;) {
+    if (h == NULL) return FALSE;
+    h = mrb_class_outer(mrb, h);
+    if (h == NULL) return FALSE;
+    h = mrb_class_outer(mrb, h);
+    t = mrb_class_outer(mrb, t);
+    if (t == h) return TRUE;
+  }
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_class_find_path(mrb_state *mrb, struct RClass *c)
+{
+  if (detect_outer_loop(mrb, c)) return mrb_nil_value();
+  struct RClass *outer = mrb_class_outer(mrb, c);
+  if (outer == NULL) return mrb_nil_value();
+
+  mrb_sym name = find_class_sym(mrb, outer, c);
+  if (name == 0) return mrb_nil_value();
+
+  mrb_value path = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, 40);
+  const char *cname = mrb_class_name(mrb, outer);
+  mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, path, cname);
+  mrb_str_cat_cstr(mrb, path, "::");
+
+  mrb_int len;
+  const char *str = mrb_sym_name_len(mrb, name, &len);
+  mrb_str_cat(mrb, path, str, len);
+  if (RSTRING_PTR(path)[0] != '#') {
+    iv_del(mrb, c->iv, MRB_SYM(__outer__), NULL);
+    iv_put(mrb, c->iv, MRB_SYM(__classname__), path);
+    mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)c, path);
+    path = mrb_str_dup(mrb, path);
+  }
+  return path;
+}
+
+size_t
+mrb_obj_iv_tbl_memsize(mrb_value obj)
+{
+  iv_tbl *t = mrb_obj_ptr(obj)->iv;
+  if (t == NULL) return 0;
+  return sizeof(iv_tbl) + t->alloc*(sizeof(mrb_value)+sizeof(mrb_sym));
+}
+
+#define identchar(c) (ISALNUM(c) || (c) == '_' || !ISASCII(c))
+
+mrb_bool
+mrb_ident_p(const char *s, mrb_int len)
+{
+  for (mrb_int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    if (!identchar(s[i])) return FALSE;
+  }
+  return TRUE;
+}