enclave 0.1.0

data/ext/enclave/mruby/src/numeric.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2420 @@
+/*
+** numeric.c - Numeric, Integer, Float class
+**
+** See Copyright Notice in mruby.h
+*/
+
+#include <mruby.h>
+#include <mruby/array.h>
+#include <mruby/numeric.h>
+#include <mruby/string.h>
+#include <mruby/class.h>
+#include <mruby/internal.h>
+#include <mruby/presym.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+#ifdef MRB_USE_FLOAT32
+#define trunc(f) truncf(f)
+#define fmod(x,y) fmodf(x,y)
+#else
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * This function is called to raise a RangeError when an integer operation
+ * results in an overflow. It's marked mrb_noreturn as it always raises an
+ * exception and does not return.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param reason A string describing the operation that caused the overflow
+ *               (e.g., "addition", "multiplication").
+ */
+mrb_noreturn void
+mrb_int_overflow(mrb_state *mrb, const char *reason)
+{
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "integer overflow in %s", reason);
+}
+
+/**
+ * This function is called to raise a ZeroDivisionError. It's marked
+ * mrb_noreturn as it always raises an exception and does not return.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ */
+mrb_noreturn void
+mrb_int_zerodiv(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  mrb_raise(mrb, E_ZERODIV_ERROR, "divided by 0");
+}
+
+static mrb_noreturn void
+mrb_int_noconv(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value y)
+{
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "can't convert %Y into Integer", y);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Calculates x raised to the power of y, where x is an integer.
+ * y can be an integer or float. The result type can be Integer,
+ * Float, or BigInt depending on the inputs and intermediate calculations.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param x The base (must be an integer type, possibly BigInt).
+ * @param y The exponent (can be Integer or Float).
+ * @return An mrb_value representing the result of the exponentiation.
+ *         This can be an Integer, Float, or BigInt.
+ * Handles potential overflows by promoting to BigInt if MRB_USE_BIGINT is defined,
+ * or by raising RangeError if not.
+ * Handles negative exponents by returning a Float if MRB_NO_FLOAT is not defined,
+ * or raising RangeError if it is.
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_int_pow(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y)
+{
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+    if (mrb_float_p(y)) {
+      return mrb_float_value(mrb, pow(mrb_bint_as_float(mrb, x), mrb_float(y)));
+    }
+#endif
+    return mrb_bint_pow(mrb, x, y);
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int base = mrb_integer(x);
+  mrb_int result = 1;
+  mrb_int exp;
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  if (mrb_float_p(y)) {
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, pow((double)base, mrb_float(y)));
+  }
+  else if (mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+    exp = mrb_integer(y);
+  }
+  else
+#endif
+  {
+    exp = mrb_as_int(mrb, y);
+  }
+  if (exp < 0) {
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, pow((double)base, (double)exp));
+#else
+    mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "negative power");
+#endif
+  }
+  for (;;) {
+    if (exp & 1) {
+      if (mrb_int_mul_overflow(result, base, &result)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+        return mrb_bint_pow(mrb, mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, mrb_integer(x)), y);
+#else
+        mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "power");
+#endif
+      }
+    }
+    exp >>= 1;
+    if (exp == 0) break;
+    if (mrb_int_mul_overflow(base, base, &base)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+      return mrb_bint_pow(mrb, mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, mrb_integer(x)), y);
+#else
+      mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "power");
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *
+ *  num ** other  ->  num
+ *
+ * Raises `num` the `other` power.
+ *
+ *    2.0**3      #=> 8.0
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_pow(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  return mrb_int_pow(mrb, x, mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs integer division of x by y. This function implements specific
+ * rounding behavior for negative numbers to match Ruby's / operator for
+ * integers (floor division).
+ *
+ * @param x The dividend.
+ * @param y The divisor.
+ * @return The result of the integer division (mrb_int).
+ * Note: This function does not handle division by zero; the caller is
+ *       expected to check for this.
+ */
+mrb_int
+mrb_div_int(mrb_int x, mrb_int y)
+{
+  mrb_int div = x / y;
+
+  if ((x ^ y) < 0 && x != div * y) {
+    div -= 1;
+  }
+  return div;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Performs integer division of x by y and returns the result as an mrb_value.
+ * It uses mrb_div_int for the division logic.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param x The dividend.
+ * @param y The divisor.
+ * @return An mrb_value (integer) representing the result of the division.
+ * @raise ZeroDivisionError if y is 0.
+ * @raise RangeError for overflow conditions (specifically MRB_INT_MIN / -1).
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_div_int_value(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y)
+{
+  if (y == 0) {
+    mrb_int_zerodiv(mrb);
+  }
+  else if (x == MRB_INT_MIN && y == -1) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+    return mrb_bint_mul_ii(mrb, x, y);
+#else
+    mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "division");
+#endif
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, mrb_div_int(x, y));
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.6 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int / num  ->  num
+ *
+ * Performs division: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of `num` and on the magnitude of the
+ * result.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_div(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    if (mrb_bigint_p(y) || mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+      return mrb_bint_div(mrb, x, y);
+    }
+  } else
+#endif
+  if (mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+    return mrb_div_int_value(mrb, mrb_integer(x), mrb_integer(y));
+  }
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  case MRB_TT_INTEGER:
+  case MRB_TT_BIGINT:
+    return mrb_bint_div(mrb, mrb_as_bint(mrb, x), y);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+    return mrb_rational_div(mrb, mrb_as_rational(mrb, x), y);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    x = mrb_complex_new(mrb, mrb_as_float(mrb, x), 0);
+    return mrb_complex_div(mrb, x, y);
+#endif
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, mrb_div_float(mrb_as_float(mrb, x), mrb_as_float(mrb, y)));
+#endif
+  default:
+    mrb_int_noconv(mrb, y);
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.19(x) */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     num.quo(numeric)  ->  real
+ *
+ *  Returns most exact division.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int.div(other)  ->  int
+ *
+ * Performs division: resulting integer.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_idiv(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_div(mrb, x, mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int y = mrb_as_int(mrb,  mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  return mrb_div_int_value(mrb, mrb_integer(x), y);
+}
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+static mrb_value
+int_fdiv(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_float y = mrb_as_float(mrb,  mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+
+  if (y == 0) {
+    mrb_int_zerodiv(mrb);
+  }
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, mrb_bint_as_float(mrb, x) / y);
+  }
+#endif
+  return mrb_float_value(mrb, mrb_integer(x) / y);
+}
+#endif
+
+static mrb_value
+int_quo(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+#ifndef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+
+#ifdef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  return int_idiv(mrb, x);
+#else
+  return int_fdiv(mrb, x);
+#endif
+
+#else
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  if (mrb_integer_p(y) && mrb_class_defined_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Rational))) {
+    return mrb_rational_new(mrb, a, mrb_integer(y));
+  }
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+    x = mrb_rational_new(mrb, a, 1);
+    return mrb_rational_div(mrb, x, y);
+  default:
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, mrb_div_float((mrb_float)a, mrb_as_float(mrb, y)));
+#else
+    mrb_int_noconv(mrb, y);
+    break;
+#endif
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+coerce_step_counter(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb->c->ci->mid = 0;
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  mrb_value step = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  if (mrb_float_p(step)) {
+    return mrb_ensure_float_type(mrb, self);
+  }
+#endif
+  return self;
+}
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+/********************************************************************
+ *
+ * Document-class: Float
+ *
+ *  `Float` objects represent inexact real numbers using
+ *  the native architecture's double-precision floating-point
+ *  representation.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_pow(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_float d = pow(mrb_as_float(mrb, x), mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+  return mrb_float_value(mrb, d);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_idiv(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value xv)
+{
+  mrb_float x = mrb_float(xv);
+  mrb_check_num_exact(mrb, x);
+  mrb_int y = mrb_as_int(mrb, mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  return mrb_div_int_value(mrb, (mrb_int)x, y);
+}
+
+mrb_float
+mrb_div_float(mrb_float x, mrb_float y)
+{
+  if (y != 0.0) {
+    return x / y;
+  }
+  else if (x == 0.0) {
+    return NAN;
+  }
+  else {
+    return x * (signbit(y) ? -1.0 : 1.0) * INFINITY;
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.6 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   float / num  ->  float
+ *
+ * Returns a new Float which is the result of dividing float by num.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+flo_div(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_float a = mrb_float(x);
+
+  switch(mrb_type(y)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_complex_div(mrb, mrb_complex_new(mrb, a, 0), y);
+#endif
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    a = mrb_div_float(a, mrb_float(y));
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a);
+  default:
+    a = mrb_div_float(a, mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a);
+  }
+  return mrb_float_value(mrb, a);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+num_fdiv(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  return flo_div(mrb, mrb_ensure_float_type(mrb, x));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts an mrb_value float to a new mrb_value string.
+ * It handles formatting to ensure the string representation includes a
+ * decimal point and fractional part (e.g., ".0" is appended if not present).
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param flo The float mrb_value to convert.
+ * @param fmt This argument is noted as no longer used and can be NULL.
+ *            The function uses a default format.
+ * @return A new mrb_value string representing the float.
+ */
+/* the argument `fmt` is no longer used; you can pass `NULL` */
+mrb_value
+mrb_float_to_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value flo, const char *fmt)
+{
+  char buf[25];
+#ifdef MRB_USE_FLOAT32
+  const int prec =  7;
+#else
+  const int prec =  15;
+#endif
+
+  mrb_format_float(mrb_float(flo), buf, sizeof(buf), 'g', prec, '\0');
+  for (char *p = buf; *p; p++) {
+    if (*p == '.') goto exit;
+    if (*p == 'e') {
+      memmove(p+2, p, strlen(p)+1);
+      p[0] = '.';
+      p[1] = '0';
+      goto exit;
+    }
+  }
+  strcat(buf, ".0");
+ exit:
+  return mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, buf);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.16(x) */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     flt.to_s  ->  string
+ *     flt.inspect  ->  string
+ *
+ *  Returns a string containing a representation of self. As well as a
+ *  fixed or exponential form of the number, the call may return
+ *  "`NaN`", "`Infinity`", and
+ *  "`-Infinity`".
+ *
+ *     3.0.to_s   #=> 3.0
+ *     3.25.to_s  #=> 3.25
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value flt)
+{
+  mrb_float f = mrb_float(flt);
+  mrb_value str;
+
+  if (isinf(f)) {
+    str = f < 0 ? mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "-Infinity")
+                : mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "Infinity");
+  }
+  else if (isnan(f)) {
+    str = mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "NaN");
+  }
+  else {
+    str = mrb_float_to_str(mrb, flt, NULL);
+  }
+
+  RSTR_SET_ASCII_FLAG(mrb_str_ptr(str));
+  return str;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.3 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   float + other  ->  float
+ *
+ * Returns a new float which is the sum of `float`
+ * and `other`.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+flo_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_float a = mrb_float(x);
+
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a + mrb_float(y));
+#if defined(MRB_USE_COMPLEX)
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_complex_add(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+  default:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a + mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.4 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   float - other  ->  float
+ *
+ * Returns a new float which is the difference of `float`
+ * and `other`.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_float a = mrb_float(x);
+
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a - mrb_float(y));
+#if defined(MRB_USE_COMPLEX)
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_complex_sub(mrb, mrb_complex_new(mrb, a, 0), y);
+#endif
+  default:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a - mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.5 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   float * other  ->  float
+ *
+ * Returns a new float which is the product of `float`
+ * and `other`.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_float a = mrb_float(x);
+
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a * mrb_float(y));
+#if defined(MRB_USE_COMPLEX)
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_complex_mul(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+  default:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, a * mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+flodivmod(mrb_state *mrb, double x, double y, mrb_float *divp, mrb_float *modp)
+{
+  double div, mod;
+
+  if (isnan(y)) {
+    /* y is NaN so all results are NaN */
+    div = mod = y;
+    goto exit;
+  }
+  if (y == 0.0) {
+    mrb_int_zerodiv(mrb);
+  }
+  if (isinf(y) && !isinf(x)) {
+    mod = x;
+  }
+  else {
+    mod = fmod(x, y);
+  }
+  if (isinf(x) && !isinf(y)) {
+    div = x;
+  }
+  else {
+    div = (x - mod) / y;
+    if (modp && divp) div = round(div);
+  }
+  if (div == 0) div = 0.0;
+  if (mod == 0) mod = 0.0;
+  if (y*mod < 0) {
+    mod += y;
+    div -= 1.0;
+  }
+ exit:
+  if (modp) *modp = mod;
+  if (divp) *divp = div;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.5 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     flt % other        ->  float
+ *     flt.modulo(other)  ->  float
+ *
+ *  Return the modulo after division of `flt` by `other`.
+ *
+ *     6543.21.modulo(137)      #=> 104.21
+ *     6543.21.modulo(137.24)   #=> 92.9299999999996
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_mod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_float mod;
+
+  flodivmod(mrb, mrb_float(x), mrb_as_float(mrb, y), NULL, &mod);
+  return mrb_float_value(mrb, mod);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.16 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     num.eql?(numeric)  ->  true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns `true` if `num` and `numeric` are the
+ *  same type and have equal values.
+ *
+ *     1 == 1.0          #=> true
+ *     1.eql?(1.0)       #=> false
+ *     (1.0).eql?(1.0)   #=> true
+ */
+static mrb_value
+num_eql(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, x, y) == 0);
+  }
+#endif
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  if (mrb_float_p(x)) {
+    if (!mrb_float_p(y)) return mrb_false_value();
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_float(x) == mrb_float(y));
+  }
+#endif
+  if (mrb_integer_p(x)) {
+    if (!mrb_integer_p(y)) return mrb_false_value();
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_integer(x) == mrb_integer(y));
+  }
+  return mrb_bool_value(mrb_equal(mrb, x, y));
+}
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+/* 15.2.9.3.7 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     flt == obj  ->  true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns `true` only if *obj* has the same value
+ *  as *flt*. Contrast this with `Float#eql?`, which
+ *  requires *obj* to be a `Float`.
+ *
+ *     1.0 == 1   #=> true
+ *
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_eq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+  case MRB_TT_INTEGER:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_float(x) == (mrb_float)mrb_integer(y));
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_float(x) == mrb_float(y));
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_float(x) == mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_equal(mrb, y, x));
+#endif
+  default:
+    return mrb_false_value();
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.13 */
+/*
+ * Document-method: Float#to_f
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *   flt.to_f  ->  self
+ *
+ * As `flt` is already a float, returns `self`.
+ */
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.11 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     flt.infinite?  ->  nil, -1, +1
+ *
+ *  Returns `nil`, -1, or +1 depending on whether *flt*
+ *  is finite, -infinity, or +infinity.
+ *
+ *     (0.0).infinite?        #=> nil
+ *     (-1.0/0.0).infinite?   #=> -1
+ *     (+1.0/0.0).infinite?   #=> 1
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_infinite_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  mrb_float value = mrb_float(num);
+
+  if (isinf(value)) {
+    return mrb_fixnum_value(value < 0 ? -1 : 1);
+  }
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.9 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     flt.finite?  ->  true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns `true` if *flt* is a valid IEEE floating
+ *  point number (it is not infinite, and `nan?` is
+ *  `false`).
+ *
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_finite_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  return mrb_bool_value(isfinite(mrb_float(num)));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  Document-class: FloatDomainError
+ *
+ *  Raised when attempting to convert special float values
+ *  (in particular infinite or NaN)
+ *  to numerical classes which don't support them.
+ *
+ *     Float::INFINITY.to_i
+ *
+ *  <em>raises the exception:</em>
+ *
+ *     FloatDomainError: Infinity
+ */
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+/**
+ * Checks if a mrb_float value is Infinity or NaN. If it is, this function
+ * raises a FloatDomainError. This is used to prevent conversions of these
+ * special float values to exact number types like Integer.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param num The float value to check.
+ * It does not return a value (void function) but will raise an exception
+ * if the number is not exact.
+ */
+void
+mrb_check_num_exact(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_float num)
+{
+  if (isinf(num)) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_FLOATDOMAIN_ERROR, num < 0 ? "-Infinity" : "Infinity");
+  }
+  if (isnan(num)) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_FLOATDOMAIN_ERROR, "NaN");
+  }
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_rounding_int(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_float f)
+{
+  if (!FIXABLE_FLOAT(f)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+    return mrb_bint_new_float(mrb, f);
+#else
+    mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "rounding");
+#endif
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, (mrb_int)f);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_rounding(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num, double (*func)(double))
+{
+  mrb_float f = mrb_float(num);
+  mrb_int ndigits = 0;
+#ifdef MRB_USE_FLOAT32
+  const int fprec =  7;
+#else
+  const int fprec =  15;
+#endif
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|i", &ndigits);
+  if (f == 0.0) {
+    return ndigits > 0 ? mrb_float_value(mrb, f) : mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  }
+  if (ndigits > 0) {
+    if (ndigits > fprec) return num;
+    mrb_float d = pow(10, (double)ndigits);
+    f = func(f * d) / d;
+    mrb_check_num_exact(mrb, f);
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, f);
+  }
+  if (ndigits < 0) {
+    mrb_float d = pow(10, -(double)ndigits);
+    f = func(f / d) * d;
+  }
+  else {                        /* ndigits == 0 */
+    f = func(f);
+  }
+  mrb_check_num_exact(mrb, f);
+  return flo_rounding_int(mrb, f);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.10 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     float.floor([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
+ *
+ *  Returns the largest number less than or equal to `float` with
+ *  a precision of `ndigits` decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least `ndigits.abs` trailing zeros.
+ *
+ *  Returns a floating-point number when `ndigits` is positive,
+ *  otherwise returns an integer.
+ *
+ *     1.2.floor      #=> 1
+ *     2.0.floor      #=> 2
+ *     (-1.2).floor   #=> -2
+ *     (-2.0).floor   #=> -2
+ *
+ *     1.234567.floor(2)   #=> 1.23
+ *     1.234567.floor(3)   #=> 1.234
+ *     1.234567.floor(4)   #=> 1.2345
+ *     1.234567.floor(5)   #=> 1.23456
+ *
+ *     34567.89.floor(-5)  #=> 0
+ *     34567.89.floor(-4)  #=> 30000
+ *     34567.89.floor(-3)  #=> 34000
+ *     34567.89.floor(-2)  #=> 34500
+ *     34567.89.floor(-1)  #=> 34560
+ *     34567.89.floor(0)   #=> 34567
+ *     34567.89.floor(1)   #=> 34567.8
+ *     34567.89.floor(2)   #=> 34567.89
+ *     34567.89.floor(3)   #=> 34567.89
+ *
+ *  Note that the limited precision of floating-point arithmetic
+ *  might lead to surprising results:
+ *
+ *     (0.3 / 0.1).floor  #=> 2 (!)
+ */
+static mrb_value
+flo_floor(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  return flo_rounding(mrb, num, floor);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.8 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     float.ceil([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
+ *
+ *  Returns the smallest number greater than or equal to `float` with
+ *  a precision of `ndigits` decimal digits (default: 0).
+ *
+ *  When the precision is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least `ndigits.abs` trailing zeros.
+ *
+ *  Returns a floating-point number when `ndigits` is positive,
+ *  otherwise returns an integer.
+ *
+ *     1.2.ceil      #=> 2
+ *     2.0.ceil      #=> 2
+ *     (-1.2).ceil   #=> -1
+ *     (-2.0).ceil   #=> -2
+ *
+ *     1.234567.ceil(2)   #=> 1.24
+ *     1.234567.ceil(3)   #=> 1.235
+ *     1.234567.ceil(4)   #=> 1.2346
+ *     1.234567.ceil(5)   #=> 1.23457
+ *
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-5)  #=> 100000
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-4)  #=> 40000
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-3)  #=> 35000
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-2)  #=> 34600
+ *     34567.89.ceil(-1)  #=> 34570
+ *     34567.89.ceil(0)   #=> 34568
+ *     34567.89.ceil(1)   #=> 34567.9
+ *     34567.89.ceil(2)   #=> 34567.89
+ *     34567.89.ceil(3)   #=> 34567.89
+ *
+ *  Note that the limited precision of floating-point arithmetic
+ *  might lead to surprising results:
+ *
+ *     (2.1 / 0.7).ceil  #=> 4 (!)
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_ceil(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  return flo_rounding(mrb, num, ceil);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.12 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     flt.round([ndigits])  ->  integer or float
+ *
+ *  Rounds *flt* to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits).
+ *  Precision may be negative.  Returns a floating-point number when ndigits
+ *  is more than zero.
+ *
+ *     1.4.round      #=> 1
+ *     1.5.round      #=> 2
+ *     1.6.round      #=> 2
+ *     (-1.5).round   #=> -2
+ *
+ *     1.234567.round(2)  #=> 1.23
+ *     1.234567.round(3)  #=> 1.235
+ *     1.234567.round(4)  #=> 1.2346
+ *     1.234567.round(5)  #=> 1.23457
+ *
+ *     34567.89.round(-5) #=> 0
+ *     34567.89.round(-4) #=> 30000
+ *     34567.89.round(-3) #=> 35000
+ *     34567.89.round(-2) #=> 34600
+ *     34567.89.round(-1) #=> 34570
+ *     34567.89.round(0)  #=> 34568
+ *     34567.89.round(1)  #=> 34567.9
+ *     34567.89.round(2)  #=> 34567.89
+ *     34567.89.round(3)  #=> 34567.89
+ *
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_round(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  double number, f;
+  mrb_int ndigits = 0;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|i", &ndigits);
+  number = mrb_float(num);
+
+  if (0 < ndigits && (isinf(number) || isnan(number))) {
+    return num;
+  }
+  mrb_check_num_exact(mrb, number);
+
+  f = 1.0;
+  if (ndigits < -DBL_DIG-2) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+
+  mrb_int i = ndigits >= 0 ? ndigits : -ndigits;
+  if (ndigits > DBL_DIG+2) return num;
+  while  (--i >= 0)
+    f = f*10.0;
+
+  if (isinf(f)) {
+    if (ndigits < 0) number = 0;
+  }
+  else {
+    double d;
+
+    if (ndigits < 0) number /= f;
+    else number *= f;
+
+    /* home-made inline implementation of round(3) */
+    if (number > 0.0) {
+      d = floor(number);
+      number = d + (number - d >= 0.5);
+    }
+    else if (number < 0.0) {
+      d = ceil(number);
+      number = d - (d - number >= 0.5);
+    }
+
+    if (ndigits < 0) number *= f;
+    else number /= f;
+  }
+
+  if (ndigits > 0) {
+    if (!isfinite(number)) return num;
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, number);
+  }
+  if (!FIXABLE_FLOAT(number))
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, number);
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, (mrb_int)number);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.14 */
+static mrb_value
+flo_to_i(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  mrb_float f = mrb_float(num);
+
+  mrb_check_num_exact(mrb, f);
+  if (!FIXABLE_FLOAT(f)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+    return mrb_bint_new_float(mrb, f);
+#else
+    mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "to_f");
+#endif
+  }
+  if (f > 0.0) f = floor(f);
+  if (f < 0.0) f = ceil(f);
+
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, (mrb_int)f);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.15 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     flt.to_i      ->  integer
+ *     flt.truncate  ->  integer
+ *
+ *  Returns *flt* truncated to an `Integer`.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_truncate(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  if (signbit(mrb_float(num))) return flo_ceil(mrb, num);
+  return flo_floor(mrb, num);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_nan_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  return mrb_bool_value(isnan(mrb_float(num)));
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+flo_abs(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+  mrb_float f = mrb_float(num);
+
+  if (signbit(f)) return mrb_float_value(mrb, -f);
+  return num;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Document-class: Integer
+ *
+ *  `Integer` is hold whole numbers.
+ *
+ */
+
+/* 15.2.9.3.24 */
+/*
+ *  Document-method: Integer#to_i
+ *  Document-method: Integer#to_int
+ *
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.to_i      ->  integer
+ *     int.to_int    ->  integer
+ *
+ *  As *int* is already an `Integer`, all these
+ *  methods simply return the receiver.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Multiplies two mrb_values, x and y, where x is expected to be an integer.
+ * y can be an integer, BigInt, Rational, Complex, or Float. The function
+ * handles type promotion and dispatches to appropriate handlers
+ * (e.g., mrb_bint_mul for BigInts).
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param x The first operand (integer).
+ * @param y The second operand (can be various numeric types).
+ * @return An mrb_value representing the product. The type of the result
+ *         depends on the types of the inputs and the magnitude of the result
+ *         (e.g., could be Integer, BigInt, Float, Rational, Complex).
+ * Handles potential integer overflows by promoting to BigInt if MRB_USE_BIGINT
+ * is defined, or raising RangeError otherwise.
+ * If y is not a recognized numeric type, it raises E_TYPE_ERROR.
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_int_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y)
+{
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+
+  if (mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+    mrb_int b, c;
+
+    if (a == 0) return x;
+    if (a == 1) return y;
+    b = mrb_integer(y);
+    if (b == 0) return y;
+    if (b == 1) return x;
+    if (mrb_int_mul_overflow(a, b, &c)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+      x = mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a);
+      return mrb_bint_mul(mrb, x, y);
+#else
+      mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "multiplication");
+#endif
+    }
+    return mrb_int_value(mrb, c);
+  }
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  case MRB_TT_BIGINT:
+    if (a == 0) return x;
+    if (a == 1) return y;
+    return mrb_bint_mul(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+    if (a == 0) return x;
+    if (a == 1) return y;
+    return mrb_rational_mul(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    if (a == 0) return x;
+    if (a == 1) return y;
+    return mrb_complex_mul(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, (mrb_float)a * mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+#endif
+  default:
+    mrb_int_noconv(mrb, y);
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.5 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int * numeric  ->  numeric_result
+ *
+ * Performs multiplication: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of `numeric` and on the magnitude of the
+ * result.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_mul(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_mul(mrb, x, y);
+  }
+#endif
+  return mrb_int_mul(mrb, x, y);
+}
+
+static void
+intdivmod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int x, mrb_int y, mrb_int *divp, mrb_int *modp)
+{
+  if (y == 0) {
+    mrb_int_zerodiv(mrb);
+  }
+  else if (x == MRB_INT_MIN && y == -1) {
+    mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "division");
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_int div = x / y;
+    mrb_int mod = x - div * y;
+
+    if ((x ^ y) < 0 && x != div * y) {
+      mod += y;
+      div -= 1;
+    }
+    if (divp) *divp = div;
+    if (modp) *modp = mod;
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.7 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    int % num        ->  num
+ *
+ *  Returns `int` modulo `other`.
+ *  See `numeric.divmod` for more information.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_mod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int a, b;
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_mod(mrb, x, y);
+  }
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(y)) {
+    return mrb_bint_mod(mrb, mrb_as_bint(mrb, x), y);
+  }
+#endif
+  a = mrb_integer(x);
+  if (a == 0) return x;
+  if (mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+    b = mrb_integer(y);
+    if (b == 0) mrb_int_zerodiv(mrb);
+    if (a == MRB_INT_MIN && b == -1) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+    mrb_int mod = a % b;
+    if ((a < 0) != (b < 0) && mod != 0) {
+      mod += b;
+    }
+    return mrb_int_value(mrb, mod);
+  }
+#ifdef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "non integer modulo");
+#else
+  mrb_float mod;
+
+  flodivmod(mrb, (mrb_float)a, mrb_as_float(mrb, y), NULL, &mod);
+  return mrb_float_value(mrb, mod);
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+static mrb_value flo_divmod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x);
+#endif
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.divmod(numeric)  ->  array
+ *
+ *  See `Numeric#divmod`.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_divmod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+    if (mrb_float_p(y)) {
+      mrb_float f = mrb_bint_as_float(mrb, x);
+      return flo_divmod(mrb, mrb_float_value(mrb, f));
+    }
+#endif
+    return mrb_bint_divmod(mrb, x, y);
+  }
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(y)) {
+    return mrb_bint_divmod(mrb, mrb_as_bint(mrb, x), y);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+    mrb_int div, mod;
+
+    intdivmod(mrb, mrb_integer(x), mrb_integer(y), &div, &mod);
+    return mrb_assoc_new(mrb, mrb_int_value(mrb, div), mrb_int_value(mrb, mod));
+  }
+#ifdef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "non integer divmod");
+#else
+  return flo_divmod(mrb, mrb_ensure_float_type(mrb, x));
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+static mrb_value
+flo_divmod(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_float div, mod;
+  mrb_value a, b;
+
+  flodivmod(mrb, mrb_float(x), mrb_as_float(mrb, y), &div, &mod);
+  if (!FIXABLE_FLOAT(div))
+    a = mrb_float_value(mrb, div);
+  else
+    a = mrb_int_value(mrb, (mrb_int)div);
+  b = mrb_float_value(mrb, mod);
+  return mrb_assoc_new(mrb, a, b);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.2 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int == other  ->  true or false
+ *
+ * Return `true` if `int` equals `other`
+ * numerically.
+ *
+ *   1 == 2      #=> false
+ *   1 == 1.0    #=> true
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_equal(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+  case MRB_TT_INTEGER:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_integer(x) == mrb_integer(y));
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    return mrb_bool_value((mrb_float)mrb_integer(x) == mrb_float(y));
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  case MRB_TT_BIGINT:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, y, x) == 0);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_equal(mrb, y, x));
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_bool_value(mrb_equal(mrb, y, x));
+#endif
+  default:
+    return mrb_false_value();
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.8 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   ~int  ->  integer
+ *
+ * One's complement: returns a number where each bit is flipped.
+ *   ex.0---00001 (1)-> 1---11110 (-2)
+ *   ex.0---00010 (2)-> 1---11101 (-3)
+ *   ex.0---00100 (4)-> 1---11011 (-5)
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_rev(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(num)) {
+    return mrb_bint_rev(mrb, num);
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int val = mrb_integer(num);
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, ~val);
+}
+
+#define bit_op(x,y,op1,op2) do {\
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, (mrb_integer(x) op2 mrb_integer(y)));\
+} while(0)
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.9 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int & integer  ->  integer_result
+ *
+ * Bitwise AND.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_and(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_and(mrb, x, y);
+  }
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(y)) {
+    return mrb_bint_and(mrb, mrb_as_bint(mrb, x), y);
+  }
+#endif
+  bit_op(x, y, and, &);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.10 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int | integer  ->  integer_result
+ *
+ * Bitwise OR.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_or(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_or(mrb, x, y);
+  }
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(y)) {
+    return mrb_bint_or(mrb, mrb_as_bint(mrb, x), y);
+  }
+#endif
+  bit_op(x, y, or, |);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.11 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int ^ integer  ->  integer_result
+ *
+ * Bitwise EXCLUSIVE OR.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_xor(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value y = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_xor(mrb, x, y);
+  }
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(y)) {
+    return mrb_bint_xor(mrb, mrb_as_bint(mrb, x), y);
+  }
+#endif
+  bit_op(x, y, xor, ^);
+}
+
+#define NUMERIC_SHIFT_WIDTH_MAX (MRB_INT_BIT-1)
+
+/**
+ * Performs a bitwise shift operation (left or right) on an mrb_int value
+ * (val) by width positions.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state (though not directly used in the function
+ *            logic, it's often part of MRB_API signatures).
+ * @param val The integer value to be shifted.
+ * @param width The number of positions to shift. Positive for left shift,
+ *              negative for right shift.
+ * @param num A pointer to an mrb_int where the result of the shift will be
+ *            stored.
+ * @return An mrb_bool indicating whether the shift was successful.
+ *         - TRUE if the shift was performed without overflow.
+ *         - FALSE if the shift would result in an overflow (e.g., shifting
+ *           a large positive number too far left, or a negative number
+ *           too far left).
+ * Special handling for right shifts of negative numbers (arithmetic shift)
+ * and large shift widths.
+ */
+mrb_bool
+mrb_num_shift(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int val, mrb_int width, mrb_int *num)
+{
+  if (width < 0) {              /* rshift */
+    if (width == MRB_INT_MIN || -width >= NUMERIC_SHIFT_WIDTH_MAX) {
+      if (val < 0) {
+        *num = -1;
+      }
+      else {
+        *num = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      *num = val >> -width;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (val > 0) {
+    if ((width > NUMERIC_SHIFT_WIDTH_MAX) ||
+        (val   > (MRB_INT_MAX >> width))) {
+      return FALSE;
+    }
+    *num = val << width;
+  }
+  else {
+    if ((width > NUMERIC_SHIFT_WIDTH_MAX) ||
+        (val   < (MRB_INT_MIN >> width))) {
+      return FALSE;
+    }
+    if (width == NUMERIC_SHIFT_WIDTH_MAX)
+      *num = MRB_INT_MIN;
+    else
+      *num = val * ((mrb_int)1 << width);
+  }
+  return TRUE;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.12 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int << count  ->  integer or float
+ *
+ * Shifts _int_ left _count_ positions (right if _count_ is negative).
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_lshift(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_int width, val;
+
+  width = mrb_as_int(mrb, mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  if (width == 0) {
+    return x;
+  }
+  if (width == MRB_INT_MIN) mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "bit shift");
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_lshift(mrb, x, width);
+  }
+#endif
+  val = mrb_integer(x);
+  if (val == 0) return x;
+  if (!mrb_num_shift(mrb, val, width, &val)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+    return mrb_bint_lshift(mrb, mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, val), width);
+#else
+    mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "bit shift");
+#endif
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, val);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.13 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int >> count  ->  integer or float
+ *
+ * Shifts _int_ right _count_ positions (left if _count_ is negative).
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+int_rshift(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_int width, val;
+
+  width = mrb_as_int(mrb, mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  if (width == 0) {
+    return x;
+  }
+  if (width == MRB_INT_MIN) mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "bit shift");
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_rshift(mrb, x, width);
+  }
+#endif
+  val = mrb_integer(x);
+  if (val == 0) return x;
+  if (!mrb_num_shift(mrb, val, -width, &val)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+    return mrb_bint_rshift(mrb, mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, val), width);
+#else
+    mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "bit shift");
+#endif
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, val);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+prepare_int_rounding(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_int nd = 0;
+  size_t bytes;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|i", &nd);
+  if (nd >= 0) {
+    return mrb_nil_value();
+  }
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    bytes = mrb_bint_memsize(x);
+  }
+  else
+#endif
+    bytes = sizeof(mrb_int);
+  if (-0.415241 * nd - 0.125 > bytes) {
+    return mrb_undef_value();
+  }
+  return mrb_int_pow(mrb, mrb_fixnum_value(10), mrb_fixnum_value(-nd));
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.14 Integer#ceil */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.ceil          ->  int
+ *     int.ceil(ndigits) ->  int
+ *
+ *  Returns self.
+ *
+ *  When the precision (ndigits) is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least `ndigits.abs` trailing zeros.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_ceil(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value f = prepare_int_rounding(mrb, x);
+  if (mrb_undef_p(f)) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(f)) return x;
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    x = mrb_bint_add_n(mrb, x, f);
+    return mrb_bint_sub(mrb, x, mrb_bint_mod(mrb, x, f));
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+  mrb_int b = mrb_integer(f);
+  mrb_int c = a % b;
+  int neg = a < 0;
+  a -= c;
+  if (!neg) {
+    if (mrb_int_add_overflow(a, b, &c)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+      x = mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a);
+      return mrb_bint_add(mrb, x, f);
+#else
+      mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "ceil");
+#endif
+    }
+    a = c;
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, a);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.17 Integer#floor */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.floor          ->  int
+ *     int.floor(ndigits) ->  int
+ *
+ *  Returns self.
+ *
+ *  When the precision (ndigits) is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least `ndigits.abs` trailing zeros.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_floor(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value f = prepare_int_rounding(mrb, x);
+  if (mrb_undef_p(f)) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(f)) return x;
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_sub(mrb, x, mrb_bint_mod(mrb, x, f));
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+  mrb_int b = mrb_integer(f);
+  mrb_int c = a % b;
+  int neg = a < 0;
+  a -= c;
+  if (neg) {
+    if (mrb_int_sub_overflow(a, b, &c)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+      x = mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a);
+      return mrb_bint_sub(mrb, x, f);
+#else
+      mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "floor");
+#endif
+    }
+    a = c;
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, a);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.20 Integer#round */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.round          ->  int
+ *     int.round(ndigits) ->  int
+ *
+ *  Returns self.
+ *
+ *  When the precision (ndigits) is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least `ndigits.abs` trailing zeros.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_round(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value f = prepare_int_rounding(mrb, x);
+  if (mrb_undef_p(f)) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(f)) return x;
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    mrb_value r = mrb_bint_mod(mrb, x, f);
+    mrb_value n = mrb_bint_sub(mrb, x, r);
+    mrb_value h = mrb_bigint_p(f) ? mrb_bint_rshift(mrb, f, 1) : mrb_int_value(mrb, mrb_integer(f)>>1);
+    mrb_int cmp = mrb_bigint_p(r) ? mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, r, h) : (mrb_bigint_p(h) ? -mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, h, r) : (mrb_integer(r)-mrb_integer(h)));
+    if ((cmp > 0) || (cmp == 0 && mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, x, mrb_fixnum_value(0)) > 0)) {
+      n = mrb_as_bint(mrb, n);
+      n = mrb_bint_add(mrb, n, f);
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+  mrb_int b = mrb_integer(f);
+  mrb_int c = a % b;
+  a -= c;
+  if (c < 0) {
+    c = -c;
+    if (b/2 < c) {
+      if (mrb_int_sub_overflow(a, b, &c)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+        x = mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a);
+        return mrb_bint_sub(mrb, x, f);
+#else
+        mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "round");
+#endif
+      }
+    }
+    a = c;
+  }
+  else {
+    if (b/2 < c) {
+      if (mrb_int_add_overflow(a, b, &c)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+        x = mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a);
+        return mrb_bint_add(mrb, x, f);
+#else
+        mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "round");
+#endif
+      }
+    }
+    a = c;
+  }
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, a);
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.26 Integer#truncate */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.truncate          ->  int
+ *     int.truncate(ndigits) ->  int
+ *
+ *  Returns self.
+ *
+ *  When the precision (ndigits) is negative, the returned value is an integer
+ *  with at least `ndigits.abs` trailing zeros.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_truncate(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  mrb_value f = prepare_int_rounding(mrb, x);
+  if (mrb_undef_p(f)) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(f)) return x;
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    mrb_value m = mrb_bint_mod(mrb, x, f);
+    x = mrb_bint_sub_n(mrb, x, m);
+    if (mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, x, mrb_fixnum_value(0)) < 0) {
+      return mrb_bint_add(mrb, x, f);
+    }
+    return x;
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+  mrb_int b = mrb_integer(f);
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, a - (a % b));
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.23 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.to_f  ->  float
+ *
+ *  Converts *int* to a `Float`.
+ *
+ */
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+static mrb_value
+int_to_f(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value num)
+{
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(num)) {
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, mrb_bint_as_float(mrb, num));
+  }
+#endif
+  return mrb_float_value(mrb, (mrb_float)mrb_integer(num));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts an mrb_value float to an mrb_value integer.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param x The float mrb_value to convert.
+ * @return An mrb_value integer if the conversion is successful.
+ * @raise E_TYPE_ERROR if the input is not a float.
+ * @raise E_RANGE_ERROR if the float is Infinity or NaN.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_float_to_integer(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x)
+{
+  if (!mrb_float_p(x)) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "non float value");
+  }
+  mrb_float f = mrb_float(x);
+  if (isinf(f) || isnan(f)) {
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "float %f out of range", f);
+  }
+  return flo_to_i(mrb, x);
+}
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Adds two mrb_values, x and y, where x is expected to be an integer.
+ * y can be an integer, BigInt, Rational, Complex, or Float. The function
+ * handles type promotion and dispatches to appropriate handlers.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param x The first operand (integer).
+ * @param y The second operand (can be various numeric types).
+ * @return An mrb_value representing the sum. The type of the result depends
+ *         on the types of the inputs and the magnitude of the result.
+ * Handles potential integer overflows by promoting to BigInt if MRB_USE_BIGINT
+ * is defined, or raising RangeError otherwise.
+ * If y is not a recognized numeric type and MRB_NO_FLOAT is defined, it
+ * raises E_TYPE_ERROR. If MRB_NO_FLOAT is not defined, it attempts to
+ * convert y to a float.
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_int_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y)
+{
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+
+  if (mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+    mrb_int b, c;
+
+    if (a == 0) return y;
+    b = mrb_integer(y);
+    if (b == 0) return x;
+    if (mrb_int_add_overflow(a, b, &c)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+      x = mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a);
+      return mrb_bint_add(mrb, x, y);
+#else
+      mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "addition");
+#endif
+    }
+    return mrb_int_value(mrb, c);
+  }
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  case MRB_TT_BIGINT:
+    return mrb_bint_add(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+    return mrb_rational_add(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_complex_add(mrb, y, x);
+#endif
+  default:
+#ifdef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "non integer addition");
+#else
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, (mrb_float)a + mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.3 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int + numeric  ->  numeric_result
+ *
+ * Performs addition: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of `numeric` and on the magnitude of the
+ * result.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_add(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(self)) {
+    return mrb_bint_add(mrb, self, other);
+  }
+#endif
+  return mrb_int_add(mrb, self, other);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Subtracts mrb_value y from mrb_value x, where x is expected to be an
+ * integer. y can be an integer, BigInt, Rational, Complex, or Float.
+ * The function handles type promotion and dispatches to appropriate handlers.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param x The minuend (integer).
+ * @param y The subtrahend (can be various numeric types).
+ * @return An mrb_value representing the difference. The type of the result
+ *         depends on the types of the inputs and the magnitude of the result.
+ * Handles potential integer overflows by promoting to BigInt if MRB_USE_BIGINT
+ * is defined, or raising RangeError otherwise.
+ * If y is not a recognized numeric type and MRB_NO_FLOAT is defined, it
+ * raises E_TYPE_ERROR. If MRB_NO_FLOAT is not defined, it attempts to
+ * convert y to a float.
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_int_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_value y)
+{
+  mrb_int a = mrb_integer(x);
+
+  if (mrb_integer_p(y)) {
+    mrb_int b, c;
+
+    b = mrb_integer(y);
+    if (mrb_int_sub_overflow(a, b, &c)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+      x = mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a);
+      return mrb_bint_sub(mrb, x, y);
+#else
+      mrb_int_overflow(mrb, "subtraction");
+#endif
+    }
+    return mrb_int_value(mrb, c);
+  }
+  switch (mrb_type(y)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  case MRB_TT_BIGINT:
+    return mrb_bint_sub(mrb, mrb_bint_new_int(mrb, a), y);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+    return mrb_rational_sub(mrb, mrb_rational_new(mrb, a, 1), y);
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+    return mrb_complex_sub(mrb, mrb_complex_new(mrb, (mrb_float)a, 0), y);
+#endif
+  default:
+#ifdef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_TYPE_ERROR, "non integer subtraction");
+#else
+    return mrb_float_value(mrb, (mrb_float)a - mrb_as_float(mrb, y));
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.4 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   int - numeric  ->  numeric
+ *
+ * Performs subtraction: the class of the resulting object depends on
+ * the class of `numeric` and on the magnitude of the
+ * result.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_sub(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(self)) {
+    return mrb_bint_sub(mrb, self, other);
+  }
+#endif
+  return mrb_int_sub(mrb, self, other);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts an mrb_int to a C-style string.
+ *
+ * @param buf The buffer to write the string to.
+ * @param len The size of the buffer.
+ * @param n The integer to convert.
+ * @param base The radix for conversion (2-36).
+ * @return A pointer to the beginning of the string in the buffer,
+ *         or NULL if an error occurs (e.g., invalid base, buffer too small).
+ */
+MRB_API char*
+mrb_int_to_cstr(char *buf, size_t len, mrb_int n, mrb_int base)
+{
+  char *bufend = buf + len;
+  char *b = bufend-1;
+
+  if (base < 2 || 36 < base) return NULL;
+  if (len < 2) return NULL;
+
+  if (n == 0) {
+    buf[0] = '0';
+    buf[1] = '\0';
+    return buf;
+  }
+
+  *b = '\0';
+  if (n < 0) {
+    do {
+      if (b-- == buf) return NULL;
+      *b = mrb_digitmap[-(n % base)];
+    } while (n /= base);
+    if (b-- == buf) return NULL;
+    *b = '-';
+  }
+  else {
+    do {
+      if (b-- == buf) return NULL;
+      *b = mrb_digitmap[(int)(n % base)];
+    } while (n /= base);
+  }
+  return b;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Converts an mrb_value representing an integer to a new mrb_value string.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param x The integer mrb_value to convert.
+ * @param base The radix for conversion (2-36).
+ * @return A new mrb_value string representing the integer,
+ *         or raises an E_ARGUMENT_ERROR if the base is invalid.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_integer_to_str(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value x, mrb_int base)
+{
+  char buf[MRB_INT_BIT+1];
+
+  if (base < 2 || 36 < base) {
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "invalid radix %i", base);
+  }
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(x)) {
+    return mrb_bint_to_s(mrb, x, base);
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int val = mrb_integer(x);
+  const char *p = mrb_int_to_cstr(buf, sizeof(buf), val, base);
+  mrb_assert(p != NULL);
+  mrb_value str = mrb_str_new_cstr(mrb, p);
+  RSTR_SET_ASCII_FLAG(mrb_str_ptr(str));
+  return str;
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.25 */
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     int.to_s(base=10)  ->  string
+ *
+ *  Returns a string containing the representation of *int* radix
+ *  *base* (between 2 and 36).
+ *
+ *     12345.to_s       #=> "12345"
+ *     12345.to_s(2)    #=> "11000000111001"
+ *     12345.to_s(8)    #=> "30071"
+ *     12345.to_s(10)   #=> "12345"
+ *     12345.to_s(16)   #=> "3039"
+ *     12345.to_s(36)   #=> "9ix"
+ *
+ */
+static mrb_value
+int_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_int base;
+
+  if (mrb_get_argc(mrb) > 0) {
+    base = mrb_integer(mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  }
+  else {
+    base = 10;
+  }
+  return mrb_integer_to_str(mrb, self, base);
+}
+
+/* compare two numbers: (1:0:-1; -2 for error) */
+static mrb_int
+cmpnum(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value v1, mrb_value v2)
+{
+#ifdef MRB_NO_FLOAT             /* integer version */
+
+  if (!mrb_fixnum_p(v2)) {
+    if (!mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, v2, mrb_class_get_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Numeric)))) {
+      return -2;
+    }
+    v1 = mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, v2, MRB_OPSYM(cmp), 1, &v1);
+    if (mrb_integer_p(v1)) {
+      return -mrb_integer(v1);
+    }
+    return -2;
+  }
+  mrb_int x = mrb_as_int(mrb, v1);
+  mrb_int y = mrb_integer(v2);
+
+#else                           /* float version */
+
+  mrb_float x, y;
+
+  if (mrb_fixnum_p(v1)) {
+    if (mrb_fixnum_p(v2)) {
+      mrb_int x = mrb_integer(v1);
+      mrb_int y = mrb_integer(v2);
+
+      if (x > y) return 1;
+      else if (x < y) return -1;
+      return 0;
+    }
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+    if (mrb_bigint_p(v2)) {
+      return -mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, v2, v1);
+    }
+#endif
+    x = (mrb_float)mrb_integer(v1);
+  }
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  else if (mrb_bigint_p(v1)) {
+    if (mrb_integer_p(v2) || mrb_bigint_p(v2)) {
+      return mrb_bint_cmp(mrb, v1, v2);
+    }
+    x = mrb_as_float(mrb, v1);
+  }
+#endif
+  else {
+    x = mrb_as_float(mrb, v1);
+  }
+
+  switch (mrb_type(v2)) {
+#ifdef MRB_USE_RATIONAL
+  case MRB_TT_RATIONAL:
+#endif
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  case MRB_TT_BIGINT:
+#endif
+  case MRB_TT_INTEGER:
+    if (mrb_fixnum_p(v2)) {
+      y = (mrb_float)mrb_integer(v2);
+      break;
+    }
+    /* fall through */
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+    y = mrb_as_float(mrb, v2);
+    break;
+  default:
+    if (!mrb_obj_is_kind_of(mrb, v2, mrb_class_get_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Numeric)))) {
+      return -2;
+    }
+    /* fall through */
+#ifdef MRB_USE_COMPLEX
+  case MRB_TT_COMPLEX:
+#endif
+    v1 = mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, v2, MRB_OPSYM(cmp), 1, &v1);
+    if (mrb_fixnum_p(v1)) {
+      return -mrb_integer(v1);
+    }
+    return -2;
+  }
+#endif
+  if (x > y)
+    return 1;
+  else if (x < y)
+    return -1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+int_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+#ifdef MRB_USE_BIGINT
+  if (mrb_bigint_p(self)) {
+    return mrb_bint_hash(mrb, self);
+  }
+#endif
+  mrb_int n = mrb_integer(self);
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, mrb_byte_hash((uint8_t*)&n, sizeof(n)));
+}
+
+/* 15.2.8.3.1 */
+/* 15.2.9.3.1 */
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     self.f <=> other.f    => -1, 0, +1, or nil
+ *             <  => -1
+ *             =  =>  0
+ *             >  => +1
+ *  Comparison---Returns -1, 0, or +1 depending on whether *int* is
+ *  less than, equal to, or greater than *numeric*. This is the
+ *  basis for the tests in `Comparable`. When the operands are
+ *  not comparable, it returns nil instead of raising an exception.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+num_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int n = cmpnum(mrb, self, other);
+
+  if (n == -2) return mrb_nil_value();
+  return mrb_fixnum_value(n);
+}
+
+static mrb_noreturn void
+cmperr(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value v1, mrb_value v2)
+{
+  mrb_raisef(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "comparison of %t with %t failed", v1, v2);
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+num_lt(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int n = cmpnum(mrb, self, other);
+
+  if (n == -2) cmperr(mrb, self, other);
+  if (n < 0) return mrb_true_value();
+  return mrb_false_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+num_le(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int n = cmpnum(mrb, self, other);
+
+  if (n == -2) cmperr(mrb, self, other);
+  if (n <= 0) return mrb_true_value();
+  return mrb_false_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+num_gt(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int n = cmpnum(mrb, self, other);
+
+  if (n == -2) cmperr(mrb, self, other);
+  if (n > 0) return mrb_true_value();
+  return mrb_false_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+num_ge(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int n = cmpnum(mrb, self, other);
+
+  if (n == -2) cmperr(mrb, self, other);
+  if (n >= 0) return mrb_true_value();
+  return mrb_false_value();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compares two mrb_value objects (obj1 and obj2).
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param obj1 The first object.
+ * @param obj2 The second object.
+ * @return An mrb_int indicating the comparison result:
+ *         - 0 if obj1 is equal to obj2.
+ *         - 1 if obj1 is greater than obj2.
+ *         - -1 if obj1 is less than obj2.
+ *         - -2 if the objects are not comparable (error).
+ * It handles comparisons for integers, floats, bigints, and strings directly.
+ * For other types, it attempts to call the <=> (spaceship) operator on obj1
+ * with obj2 as an argument.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_int
+mrb_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value obj1, mrb_value obj2)
+{
+  mrb_value v;
+
+  if (mrb_fixnum_p(obj1) || mrb_float_p(obj1)) {
+    return cmpnum(mrb, obj1, obj2);
+  }
+  switch (mrb_type(obj1)) {
+  case MRB_TT_INTEGER:
+  case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+  case MRB_TT_BIGINT:
+    return cmpnum(mrb, obj1, obj2);
+  case MRB_TT_STRING:
+    if (!mrb_string_p(obj2))
+      return -2;
+    return mrb_str_cmp(mrb, obj1, obj2);
+  default:
+    v = mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, obj1, MRB_OPSYM(cmp), 1, &obj2);
+    if (mrb_nil_p(v) || !mrb_integer_p(v))
+      return -2;
+    return mrb_integer(v);
+  }
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+num_finite_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  return mrb_true_value();
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+num_infinite_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  return mrb_false_value();
+}
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+static mrb_value
+flo_hash(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value flo)
+{
+  mrb_float f = mrb_float(flo);
+  /* normalize -0.0 to 0.0 */
+  if (f == 0) f = 0.0;
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, (mrb_int)mrb_byte_hash((uint8_t*)&f, sizeof(f)));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+static const mrb_mt_entry numeric_rom_entries[] = {
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_finite_p,   MRB_SYM_Q(finite), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_infinite_p, MRB_SYM_Q(infinite), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_eql,        MRB_SYM_Q(eql), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.16 */
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_fdiv, MRB_SYM(fdiv), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+#endif
+};
+
+static const mrb_mt_entry integer_rom_entries[] = {
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_pow,              MRB_OPSYM(pow),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_cmp,              MRB_OPSYM(cmp),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.1  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_lt,               MRB_OPSYM(lt),     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_le,               MRB_OPSYM(le),     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_gt,               MRB_OPSYM(gt),     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_ge,               MRB_OPSYM(ge),     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_obj_itself,       MRB_SYM(to_i),                MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.8.3.24 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_obj_itself,       MRB_SYM(to_int),              MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_add,              MRB_OPSYM(add),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.1 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_sub,              MRB_OPSYM(sub),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.2 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_mul,              MRB_OPSYM(mul),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.3 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_mod,              MRB_OPSYM(mod),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.5 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_div,              MRB_OPSYM(div),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.6 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_quo,              MRB_SYM(quo),      MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.7.4.5(x) */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_idiv,             MRB_SYM(div),      MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_equal,            MRB_OPSYM(eq),     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.7 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_rev,              MRB_OPSYM(neg),               MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.8.3.8 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_and,              MRB_OPSYM(and),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.9 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_or,               MRB_OPSYM(or),     MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.10 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_xor,              MRB_OPSYM(xor),    MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.11 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_lshift,           MRB_OPSYM(lshift), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.12 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_rshift,           MRB_OPSYM(rshift), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.13 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_ceil,             MRB_SYM(ceil),     MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.14 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_floor,            MRB_SYM(floor),    MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.17 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_round,            MRB_SYM(round),    MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.20 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_truncate,         MRB_SYM(truncate), MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.26 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_hash,             MRB_SYM(hash),                MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.8.3.18 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_to_s,             MRB_SYM(to_s),     MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.25 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_to_s,             MRB_SYM(inspect),  MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_divmod,           MRB_SYM(divmod),   MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.30(x) */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(coerce_step_counter,  MRB_SYM(__coerce_step_counter), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_fdiv, MRB_SYM(fdiv), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(int_to_f, MRB_SYM(to_f), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.8.3.23 */
+#endif
+};
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+static const mrb_mt_entry float_rom_entries[] = {
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_pow,        MRB_OPSYM(pow), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_div,        MRB_OPSYM(div), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.6 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_div,        MRB_SYM(quo), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.7.4.5(x) */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_div,        MRB_SYM(fdiv), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_idiv,       MRB_SYM(div), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_add,        MRB_OPSYM(add), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.3 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_sub,        MRB_OPSYM(sub), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.4 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_mul,        MRB_OPSYM(mul), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.5 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_mod,        MRB_OPSYM(mod), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.7 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_cmp,        MRB_OPSYM(cmp), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.8.3.1  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_lt,         MRB_OPSYM(lt), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_le,         MRB_OPSYM(le), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_gt,         MRB_OPSYM(gt), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(num_ge,         MRB_OPSYM(ge), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_eq,         MRB_OPSYM(eq), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.2  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_ceil,       MRB_SYM(ceil), MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.8  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_finite_p,   MRB_SYM_Q(finite), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.9.3.9  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_floor,      MRB_SYM(floor), MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.10 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_infinite_p, MRB_SYM_Q(infinite), MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.9.3.11 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_round,      MRB_SYM(round), MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.12 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_obj_itself, MRB_SYM(to_f),     MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.9.3.13 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_to_i,       MRB_SYM(to_i),     MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.9.3.14 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_truncate,   MRB_SYM(truncate), MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),  /* 15.2.9.3.15 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_divmod,     MRB_SYM(divmod), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_to_s,       MRB_SYM(to_s),     MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.9.3.16(x) */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_to_s,       MRB_SYM(inspect),  MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_nan_p,      MRB_SYM_Q(nan),    MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_abs,        MRB_SYM(abs),      MRB_ARGS_NONE()),  /* 15.2.7.4.3 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(flo_hash,       MRB_SYM(hash),     MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+};
+#endif /* !MRB_NO_FLOAT */
+
+void
+mrb_init_numeric(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  struct RClass *numeric, *integer;
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  struct RClass *fl;
+#endif
+
+  /* Numeric Class */
+  numeric = mrb_define_class_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Numeric), mrb->object_class);                  /* 15.2.7 */
+  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, numeric, numeric_rom_entries);
+
+  /* Integer Class */
+  mrb->integer_class = integer = mrb_define_class_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Integer),  numeric);     /* 15.2.8 */
+  MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(integer, MRB_TT_INTEGER);
+  MRB_UNDEF_ALLOCATOR(integer);
+  mrb_undef_class_method_id(mrb, integer, MRB_SYM(new));
+  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, integer, integer_rom_entries);
+
+  /* Fixnum Class for compatibility */
+  mrb_define_const_id(mrb, mrb->object_class, MRB_SYM(Fixnum), mrb_obj_value(integer));
+
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  /* Float Class */
+  mrb->float_class = fl = mrb_define_class_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Float), numeric);               /* 15.2.9 */
+  MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(fl, MRB_TT_FLOAT);
+  MRB_UNDEF_ALLOCATOR(fl);
+  mrb_undef_class_method(mrb,  fl, "new");
+  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, fl, float_rom_entries);
+
+#ifdef INFINITY
+  mrb_define_const_id(mrb, fl, MRB_SYM(INFINITY), mrb_float_value(mrb, INFINITY));
+#endif
+#ifdef NAN
+  mrb_define_const_id(mrb, fl, MRB_SYM(NAN), mrb_float_value(mrb, NAN));
+#endif
+#endif
+}