enclave 0.1.0

data/ext/enclave/mruby/src/array.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2302 @@
+/*
+** array.c - Array class
+**
+** See Copyright Notice in mruby.h
+*/
+
+#include <mruby.h>
+#include <mruby/array.h>
+#include <mruby/class.h>
+#include <mruby/string.h>
+#include <mruby/range.h>
+#include <mruby/proc.h>
+#include <mruby/internal.h>
+#include <mruby/presym.h>
+#include "value_array.h"
+
+#define ARY_DEFAULT_LEN   4
+#define ARY_SHRINK_RATIO  5 /* must be larger than 2 */
+#define ARY_C_MAX_SIZE (SIZE_MAX / sizeof(mrb_value))
+#ifndef MRB_ARY_LENGTH_MAX
+#define MRB_ARY_LENGTH_MAX 131072
+#endif
+#define ARY_MAX_SIZE ((mrb_int)((ARY_C_MAX_SIZE < (size_t)MRB_INT_MAX) ? ARY_C_MAX_SIZE : MRB_INT_MAX-1))
+
+/* Raises an ArgumentError when array size exceeds limits */
+static void
+ary_too_big(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "array size too big");
+}
+
+/* Checks if array size would exceed limits and raises error if so */
+static inline void
+ary_check_too_big(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int a, mrb_int b)
+{
+  if (a > ARY_MAX_SIZE - b || a < 0)
+    ary_too_big(mrb);
+#if MRB_ARY_LENGTH_MAX != 0
+  if (a > MRB_ARY_LENGTH_MAX - b || a < 0)
+    ary_too_big(mrb);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Creates a new RArray with specified capacity */
+static struct RArray*
+ary_new_capa(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int capa)
+{
+  ary_check_too_big(mrb, capa, 0);
+
+  size_t blen = capa * sizeof(mrb_value);
+  struct RArray *a = MRB_OBJ_ALLOC(mrb, MRB_TT_ARRAY, mrb->array_class);
+
+  if (capa <= MRB_ARY_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
+    ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(a, 0);
+  }
+  else {
+    a->as.heap.ptr = (mrb_value *)mrb_malloc(mrb, blen);
+    a->as.heap.aux.capa = capa;
+    a->as.heap.len = 0;
+  }
+
+  return a;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new array with a specified initial capacity.
+ *
+ * This function allocates an array that can hold at least `capa` elements
+ * without needing to immediately reallocate memory. If `capa` is 0,
+ * it may still allocate a small default capacity.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param capa The initial capacity desired for the array.
+ * @return A new mrb_value representing the created array.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_new_capa(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int capa)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = ary_new_capa(mrb, capa);
+  return mrb_obj_value(a);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new, empty array.
+ *
+ * This function is equivalent to calling `mrb_ary_new_capa` with a capacity of 0.
+ * The array will dynamically resize as elements are added.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @return A new mrb_value representing the created empty array.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_new(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  return mrb_ary_new_capa(mrb, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * To copy array, use this instead of memcpy because of portability
+ * * gcc on ARM may fail optimization of memcpy
+ *   https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=56620
+ * * gcc on MIPS also fail
+ *   https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=39755
+ * * memcpy doesn't exist on freestanding environment
+ *
+ * If you optimize for binary size, use memcpy instead of this at your own risk
+ * of above portability issue.
+ *
+ * See also https://togetter.com/li/462898 (Japanese)
+ */
+/* Portable array copy function to avoid memcpy issues on some platforms */
+static inline void
+array_copy(mrb_value *dst, const mrb_value *src, mrb_int size)
+{
+  for (mrb_int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    dst[i] = src[i];
+  }
+}
+
+/* Creates a new RArray initialized with values from an array */
+static struct RArray*
+ary_new_from_values(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int size, const mrb_value *vals)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = ary_new_capa(mrb, size);
+
+  array_copy(ARY_PTR(a), vals, size);
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, size);
+
+  return a;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new array initialized with a given sequence of values.
+ *
+ * This function allocates an array and copies `size` elements from the `vals`
+ * pointer into the new array.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param size The number of values to initialize the array with.
+ * @param vals A pointer to an array of `mrb_value`s to copy into the new array.
+ * @return A new mrb_value representing the created array.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_int size, const mrb_value *vals)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = ary_new_from_values(mrb, size, vals);
+  return mrb_obj_value(a);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new array of size 2, typically used to represent an association (key-value pair).
+ *
+ * The first element of the array is `car` (often the key), and the second element
+ * is `cdr` (often the value).
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param car The first value to be placed in the array.
+ * @param cdr The second value to be placed in the array.
+ * @return A new mrb_value representing the created 2-element array.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_assoc_new(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value car, mrb_value cdr)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = ary_new_capa(mrb, 2);
+  mrb_value *p = ARY_PTR(a);
+
+  p[0] = car;
+  p[1] = cdr;
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, 2);
+  return mrb_obj_value(a);
+}
+
+/* Fills array elements with nil values */
+static void
+ary_fill_with_nil(mrb_value *ptr, mrb_int size)
+{
+  mrb_value nil = mrb_nil_value();
+
+  while (size--) {
+    *ptr++ = nil;
+  }
+}
+
+#define ary_modify_check(mrb, a) mrb_check_frozen((mrb), (a))
+
+/* Prepares array for modification, handling shared arrays and frozen check */
+static void
+ary_modify(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a)
+{
+  ary_modify_check(mrb, a);
+
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)) {
+    mrb_shared_array *shared = a->as.heap.aux.shared;
+
+    if (shared->refcnt == 1 && a->as.heap.ptr == shared->ptr) {
+      a->as.heap.ptr = shared->ptr;
+      a->as.heap.aux.capa = a->as.heap.len;
+      mrb_free(mrb, shared);
+    }
+    else {
+      mrb_value *p = a->as.heap.ptr;
+      mrb_value *ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_malloc(mrb, a->as.heap.len * sizeof(mrb_value));
+
+      if (p) {
+        array_copy(ptr, p, a->as.heap.len);
+      }
+      a->as.heap.ptr = ptr;
+      a->as.heap.aux.capa = a->as.heap.len;
+      mrb_ary_decref(mrb, shared);
+    }
+    ARY_UNSET_SHARED_FLAG(a);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Prepares an array for modification.
+ *
+ * This function ensures that the array is not frozen and is not shared.
+ * If the array is shared and has multiple references, this function will
+ * duplicate the array data to ensure that modifications do not affect
+ * other references. It also triggers a write barrier for the garbage collector.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param a A pointer to the RArray structure to modify.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_ary_modify(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray* a)
+{
+  mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a);
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+}
+
+/* Converts array to shared representation for copy-on-write semantics */
+static void
+ary_make_shared(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a)
+{
+  if (!ARY_SHARED_P(a) && !ARY_EMBED_P(a)) {
+    mrb_shared_array *shared = (mrb_shared_array*)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(mrb_shared_array));
+    mrb_value *ptr = a->as.heap.ptr;
+    mrb_int len = a->as.heap.len;
+
+    shared->refcnt = 1;
+    if (a->as.heap.aux.capa > len) {
+      a->as.heap.ptr = shared->ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_realloc(mrb, ptr, sizeof(mrb_value)*len+1);
+    }
+    else {
+      shared->ptr = ptr;
+    }
+    shared->len = len;
+    a->as.heap.aux.shared = shared;
+    ARY_SET_SHARED_FLAG(a);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Creates a shared copy of array for temporary GC protection.
+ * Frozen arrays are returned as-is (cannot be modified).
+ * Embedded arrays get full copy (cannot be shared).
+ * Heap arrays get zero-copy shared reference.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_make_shared_copy(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  struct RArray *orig = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+
+  // Frozen arrays don't need protection
+  if (mrb_frozen_p(orig)) {
+    return ary;
+  }
+
+  // Embedded arrays can't be shared - make full copy
+  if (ARY_EMBED_P(orig)) {
+    return mrb_ary_dup(mrb, ary);
+  }
+
+  // Make original array shared if not already
+  if (!ARY_SHARED_P(orig)) {
+    ary_make_shared(mrb, orig);
+  }
+
+  // Create new array that shares the buffer
+  struct RArray *shared = (struct RArray*)mrb_obj_alloc(mrb, MRB_TT_ARRAY, mrb->array_class);
+
+  shared->as.heap.ptr = orig->as.heap.ptr;
+  shared->as.heap.len = orig->as.heap.len;
+  shared->as.heap.aux.shared = orig->as.heap.aux.shared;
+  shared->as.heap.aux.shared->refcnt++;
+  ARY_SET_SHARED_FLAG(shared);
+  mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)shared);
+
+  return mrb_obj_value(shared);
+}
+
+/* Expands array capacity to accommodate at least len elements */
+static void
+ary_expand_capa(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a, mrb_int len)
+{
+  mrb_int capa = ARY_CAPA(a);
+
+  ary_check_too_big(mrb, len, 0);
+  if (capa < ARY_DEFAULT_LEN) {
+    capa = ARY_DEFAULT_LEN;
+  }
+  while (capa < len) {
+    if (capa <= ARY_MAX_SIZE / 2) {
+      capa *= 2;
+    }
+    else {
+      capa = len;
+    }
+  }
+  if (capa > ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
+    ary_too_big(mrb);
+  }
+
+  if (ARY_EMBED_P(a)) {
+    mrb_value *ptr = ARY_EMBED_PTR(a);
+    mrb_int slen = ARY_EMBED_LEN(a);
+    mrb_value *expanded_ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_malloc(mrb, sizeof(mrb_value)*capa);
+
+    ARY_UNSET_EMBED_FLAG(a);
+    array_copy(expanded_ptr, ptr, slen);
+    a->as.heap.len = slen;
+    a->as.heap.aux.capa = capa;
+    a->as.heap.ptr = expanded_ptr;
+  }
+  else if (capa > a->as.heap.aux.capa) {
+    mrb_value *expanded_ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_realloc(mrb, a->as.heap.ptr, sizeof(mrb_value)*capa);
+
+    a->as.heap.aux.capa = capa;
+    a->as.heap.ptr = expanded_ptr;
+  }
+}
+
+/* Shrinks array capacity to save memory when array becomes much smaller */
+static void
+ary_shrink_capa(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a)
+{
+  if (ARY_EMBED_P(a)) return;
+
+  mrb_int capa = a->as.heap.aux.capa;
+
+  if (capa < ARY_DEFAULT_LEN * 2) return;
+  if (capa <= a->as.heap.len * ARY_SHRINK_RATIO) return;
+
+  do {
+    capa /= 2;
+    if (capa < ARY_DEFAULT_LEN) {
+      capa = ARY_DEFAULT_LEN;
+      break;
+    }
+  } while (capa > a->as.heap.len * ARY_SHRINK_RATIO);
+
+  if (capa > a->as.heap.len && capa < a->as.heap.aux.capa) {
+    a->as.heap.aux.capa = capa;
+    a->as.heap.ptr = (mrb_value*)mrb_realloc(mrb, a->as.heap.ptr, sizeof(mrb_value)*capa);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resizes an array to a new length.
+ *
+ * If `new_len` is smaller than the current length, the array is truncated.
+ * If `new_len` is larger than the current length, the array is expanded,
+ * and new elements are filled with `nil`.
+ * This function modifies the array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param ary The array (mrb_value) to resize.
+ * @param new_len The desired new length of the array.
+ * @return The resized array (the same mrb_value as `ary`).
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_resize(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int new_len)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+  mrb_int old_len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+  if (old_len != new_len) {
+    if (new_len < old_len) {
+      ary_shrink_capa(mrb, a);
+    }
+    else {
+      ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, new_len);
+      ary_fill_with_nil(ARY_PTR(a) + old_len, new_len - old_len);
+    }
+    ARY_SET_LEN(a, new_len);
+  }
+
+  return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Array[obj, ...] -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Creates a new Array containing the given objects:
+ *
+ *     Array[1, 'a', /^A/] # => [1, "a", /^A/]
+ *     Array[1, 2, 3]      # => [1, 2, 3]
+ *     Array[]             # => []
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_s_create(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value klass)
+{
+  const mrb_value *vals;
+  mrb_int len;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*!", &vals, &len);
+  mrb_value ary = mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, len, vals);
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  a->c = mrb_class_ptr(klass);
+
+  return ary;
+}
+
+static void ary_replace(mrb_state*, struct RArray*, struct RArray*);
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Array.new(size=0, default=nil) -> new_array
+ *     Array.new(array) -> new_array
+ *     Array.new(size) {|index| ... } -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new Array.
+ *
+ *  With no block and no arguments, returns a new empty Array object.
+ *
+ *  With no block and a single `size` argument, returns a new Array object
+ *  of the given size whose elements are all `nil`:
+ *
+ *     a = Array.new(3)
+ *     a # => [nil, nil, nil]
+ *     a.size # => 3
+ *
+ *  With no block and arguments `size` and `default`, returns an Array object
+ *  of the given size; each element is the same `default` object:
+ *
+ *     a = Array.new(3, 'x')
+ *     a # => ['x', 'x', 'x']
+ *
+ *  With a block and argument `size`, returns an Array object of the given size;
+ *  the block is called with each successive integer `index`;
+ *  the element for that `index` is the return value from the block:
+ *
+ *     a = Array.new(3) {|index| "Element #{index}" }
+ *     a # => ["Element 0", "Element 1", "Element 2"]
+ *
+ *  With a single Array argument `array`, returns a new Array formed from `array`:
+ *
+ *     a = Array.new([:foo, 'bar', 2])
+ *     a.class # => Array
+ *     a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_init(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  mrb_value ss = mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  mrb_value obj = mrb_nil_value();
+  mrb_value blk = mrb_nil_value();
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|oo&", &ss, &obj, &blk);
+
+  if (mrb_array_p(ss) && mrb_nil_p(obj) && mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+    ary_replace(mrb, mrb_ary_ptr(ary), mrb_ary_ptr(ss));
+    return ary;
+  }
+
+  mrb_int size = mrb_as_int(mrb, ss);
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+
+  if (ARY_CAPA(a) < size) {
+    ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, size);
+  }
+
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  for (mrb_int i=0; i<size; i++) {
+    mrb_value val;
+    if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+      val = obj;
+    }
+    else {
+      val = mrb_yield(mrb, blk, mrb_fixnum_value(i));
+    }
+    mrb_ary_set(mrb, ary, i, val);
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai); // for mrb_funcall
+  }
+  return ary;
+}
+
+/* Internal helper to concatenate two arrays */
+static void
+ary_concat(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a, struct RArray *a2)
+{
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  if (len == 0) {
+    ary_replace(mrb, a, a2);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  mrb_int len2 = ARY_LEN(a2);
+  ary_check_too_big(mrb, len2, len);
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+
+  mrb_int newlen = len + len2;
+  if (ARY_CAPA(a) < newlen) {
+    ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, newlen);
+  }
+  array_copy(ARY_PTR(a)+len, ARY_PTR(a2), len2);
+  mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a);
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, newlen);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Concatenates one array to another.
+ *
+ * Appends all elements from the `other` array to the `self` array.
+ * This function modifies the `self` array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param self The array (mrb_value) to which elements will be added.
+ * @param other The array (mrb_value) whose elements will be appended.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_ary_concat(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, mrb_value other)
+{
+  struct RArray *a2 = mrb_ary_ptr(other);
+
+  ary_concat(mrb, mrb_ary_ptr(self), a2);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.concat(*other_arrays) -> self
+ *
+ *  Adds to `array` all elements from each \Array in `other_arrays`; returns `self`:
+ *
+ *    a = [0, 1]
+ *    a.concat([2, 3], [4, 5]) # => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_concat_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value *args;
+  mrb_int len;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "*!", &args, &len);
+  for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+    mrb_ensure_array_type(mrb, args[i]);
+  }
+  for (int i=0; i<len; i++) {
+    mrb_ary_concat(mrb, self, args[i]);
+  }
+  return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array + other_array -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new Array containing all elements of `array`
+ *  followed by all elements of `other_array`:
+ *
+ *     a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
+ *     a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_plus(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a1 = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  const mrb_value *ptr;
+  mrb_int blen;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "a", &ptr, &blen);
+  ary_check_too_big(mrb, ARY_LEN(a1), blen);
+  mrb_int len1 = ARY_LEN(a1);
+  struct RArray *a2 = ary_new_capa(mrb, len1 + blen);
+  array_copy(ARY_PTR(a2), ARY_PTR(a1), len1);
+  array_copy(ARY_PTR(a2) + len1, ptr, blen);
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a2, len1+blen);
+
+  return mrb_obj_value(a2);
+}
+
+#define ARY_REPLACE_SHARED_MIN 20
+
+/* Internal helper to replace array contents with another array */
+static void
+ary_replace(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a, struct RArray *b)
+{
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(b);
+
+  ary_modify_check(mrb, a);
+  if (a == b) return;
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)) {
+    mrb_ary_decref(mrb, a->as.heap.aux.shared);
+    a->as.heap.aux.capa = 0;
+    a->as.heap.len = 0;
+    a->as.heap.ptr = NULL;
+    ARY_UNSET_SHARED_FLAG(a);
+  }
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(b)) {
+  shared_b:
+    if (ARY_EMBED_P(a)) {
+      ARY_UNSET_EMBED_FLAG(a);
+    }
+    else {
+      mrb_free(mrb, a->as.heap.ptr);
+    }
+    a->as.heap.ptr = b->as.heap.ptr;
+    a->as.heap.len = len;
+    a->as.heap.aux.shared = b->as.heap.aux.shared;
+    a->as.heap.aux.shared->refcnt++;
+    ARY_SET_SHARED_FLAG(a);
+    mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (!mrb_frozen_p(b) && len > ARY_REPLACE_SHARED_MIN) {
+    ary_make_shared(mrb, b);
+    goto shared_b;
+  }
+  if (ARY_CAPA(a) < len)
+    ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, len);
+  array_copy(ARY_PTR(a), ARY_PTR(b), len);
+  mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a);
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, len);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Replaces the contents of an array with the contents of another array.
+ *
+ * After this operation, the `self` array will contain the same elements
+ * as the `other` array. This function modifies the `self` array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param self The array (mrb_value) whose contents will be replaced.
+ * @param other The array (mrb_value) from which to copy the elements.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_ary_replace(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, mrb_value other)
+{
+  struct RArray *a1 = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  struct RArray *a2 = mrb_ary_ptr(other);
+
+  if (a1 != a2) {
+    ary_replace(mrb, a1, a2);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.replace(other_array) -> self
+ *     array.initialize_copy(other_array) -> self
+ *
+ *  Replaces the contents of `self` with the contents of `other_array`;
+ *  returns `self`:
+ *
+ *     a = [0, 1, 2]
+ *     a.replace(['foo', 'bar']) # => ["foo", "bar"]
+ *     a # => ["foo", "bar"]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_replace_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value other;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "A", &other);
+  mrb_ary_replace(mrb, self, other);
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array * int -> new_array
+ *     array * str -> new_string
+ *
+ *  When the argument is an Integer `n`,
+ *  returns a new Array built by concatenating `n` copies of `self`:
+ *
+ *     a = ['x', 'y']
+ *     a * 3 # => ["x", "y", "x", "y", "x", "y"]
+ *
+ *  When the argument is a String `separator`,
+ *  equivalent to `array.join(separator)`:
+ *
+ *     [1, 2, 3] * '|' # => "1|2|3"
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_times(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a1 = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+
+  mrb_value arg = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_value tmp = mrb_check_string_type(mrb, arg);
+  if (!mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
+    return mrb_ary_join(mrb, self, tmp);
+  }
+
+  mrb_int times = mrb_as_int(mrb, arg);
+  if (times < 0) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative argument");
+  }
+  if (times == 0) return mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+  if (ARY_MAX_SIZE / times < ARY_LEN(a1)) {
+    ary_too_big(mrb);
+  }
+
+  mrb_int len1 = ARY_LEN(a1);
+  struct RArray *a2 = ary_new_capa(mrb, len1 * times);
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a2, len1 * times);
+
+  mrb_value *ptr = ARY_PTR(a2);
+  while (times--) {
+    array_copy(ptr, ARY_PTR(a1), len1);
+    ptr += len1;
+  }
+
+  return mrb_obj_value(a2);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.reverse! -> self
+ *
+ *  Reverses `self` in place:
+ *
+ *     a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
+ *     a.reverse! # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
+ *     a # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_reverse_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  if (len > 1) {
+    ary_modify(mrb, a);
+
+    mrb_value *p1 = ARY_PTR(a);
+    mrb_value *p2 = p1 + len - 1;
+
+    while (p1 < p2) {
+      mrb_value tmp = *p1;
+      *p1++ = *p2;
+      *p2-- = tmp;
+    }
+  }
+  return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.reverse -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns a new Array with the elements of `self` in reverse order:
+ *
+ *     a = ['foo', 'bar', 'two']
+ *     a1 = a.reverse
+ *     a1 # => ["two", "bar", "foo"]
+ *     a # => ["foo", "bar", "two"]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_reverse(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self), *b = ary_new_capa(mrb, ARY_LEN(a));
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  if (len > 0) {
+    mrb_value *p1 = ARY_PTR(a);
+    mrb_value *e  = p1 + len;
+    mrb_value *p2 = ARY_PTR(b) + len - 1;
+    while (p1 < e) {
+      *p2-- = *p1++;
+    }
+    ARY_SET_LEN(b, len);
+  }
+  return mrb_obj_value(b);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pushes an element onto the end of an array.
+ *
+ * This function appends `elem` to the `ary` array, increasing its length by one.
+ * The array capacity may be expanded if necessary.
+ * This function modifies the array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param ary The array (mrb_value) to push the element onto.
+ * @param elem The mrb_value to append to the array.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_ary_push(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value elem)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+  if (len == ARY_CAPA(a))
+    ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, len + 1);
+  ARY_PTR(a)[len] = elem;
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, len+1);
+  mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a, elem);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.push(*objects) -> self
+ *     array << object -> self
+ *
+ *  Appends trailing elements.
+ *
+ *  Appends each argument in `objects` to `self`; returns `self`:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.push(:baz, :bat) # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz, :bat]
+ *
+ *  Appends `object` to `self`; returns `self`:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a << :baz # => [:foo, "bar", 2, :baz]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_push_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_int argc = mrb_get_argc(mrb);
+  if (argc == 1) {
+    mrb_ary_push(mrb, self, mrb_get_argv(mrb)[0]);
+    return self;
+  }
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+  mrb_int len2 = len + argc;
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+  if (ARY_CAPA(a) < len2) {
+    ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, len2);
+  }
+  const mrb_value *argv = mrb_get_argv(mrb);
+  array_copy(ARY_PTR(a)+len, argv, argc);
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, len2);
+  while (argc--) {
+    mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a, *argv);
+    argv++;
+  }
+  return self;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Removes and returns the last element from an array.
+ *
+ * If the array is empty, returns `nil`.
+ * This function modifies the array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param ary The array (mrb_value) from which to pop the element.
+ * @return The last element of the array, or `nil` if the array is empty.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_pop(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  ary_modify_check(mrb, a);
+  if (len == 0) return mrb_nil_value();
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, len-1);
+  return ARY_PTR(a)[len-1];
+}
+
+#define ARY_SHIFT_SHARED_MIN 10
+
+/**
+ * Removes and returns the first element from an array.
+ *
+ * If the array is empty, returns `nil`.
+ * All other elements are shifted down by one index.
+ * This function modifies the array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param self The array (mrb_value) from which to shift the element.
+ * @return The first element of the array, or `nil` if the array is empty.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_shift(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  ary_modify_check(mrb, a);
+  if (len == 0) return mrb_nil_value();
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)) {
+  L_SHIFT:
+    a->as.heap.ptr++;
+    a->as.heap.len--;
+    return a->as.heap.ptr[-1];
+  }
+  else if (len > ARY_SHIFT_SHARED_MIN) {
+    ary_make_shared(mrb, a);
+    goto L_SHIFT;
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_value *ptr = ARY_PTR(a);
+    mrb_int size = len;
+    mrb_value val = *ptr;
+
+    while (--size) {
+      *ptr = *(ptr+1);
+      ptr++;
+    }
+    ARY_SET_LEN(a, len-1);
+    return val;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.shift -> object or nil
+ *     array.shift(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Removes and returns leading elements.
+ *
+ *  When no argument is given, removes and returns the first element:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.shift # => :foo
+ *     a # => ["bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Returns `nil` if `self` is empty.
+ *
+ *  When argument `n` is given, removes and returns the first `n` elements in a new Array:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.shift(2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ *     a # => [2]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_shift_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+
+  if (mrb_get_argc(mrb) == 0) {
+    return mrb_ary_shift(mrb, self);
+  }
+
+  mrb_int n = mrb_as_int(mrb,  mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  ary_modify_check(mrb, a);
+  if (len == 0 || n == 0) return mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+  if (n < 0) mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative array shift");
+  if (n > len) n = len;
+  mrb_value val = mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, n, ARY_PTR(a));
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)) {
+  L_SHIFT:
+    a->as.heap.ptr+=n;
+    a->as.heap.len-=n;
+    return val;
+  }
+  if (len > ARY_SHIFT_SHARED_MIN) {
+    ary_make_shared(mrb, a);
+    goto L_SHIFT;
+  }
+  else if (len == n) {
+    ARY_SET_LEN(a, 0);
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_value *ptr = ARY_PTR(a);
+    mrb_int size = len-n;
+
+    while (size--) {
+      *ptr = *(ptr+n);
+      ptr++;
+    }
+    ARY_SET_LEN(a, len-n);
+  }
+  return val;
+}
+
+/* self = [1,2,3]
+   item = 0
+   self.unshift item
+   p self #=> [0, 1, 2, 3] */
+/**
+ * Prepends an element to the beginning of an array.
+ *
+ * This function adds `item` to the front of the `self` array,
+ * shifting all existing elements up by one index.
+ * The array capacity may be expanded if necessary.
+ * This function modifies the array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param self The array (mrb_value) to unshift the element onto.
+ * @param item The mrb_value to prepend to the array.
+ * @return The modified array (the same mrb_value as `self`).
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_unshift(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, mrb_value item)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)
+      && a->as.heap.aux.shared->refcnt == 1 /* shared only referenced from this array */
+      && a->as.heap.ptr - a->as.heap.aux.shared->ptr >= 1) /* there's room for unshifted item */ {
+    a->as.heap.ptr--;
+    a->as.heap.ptr[0] = item;
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_value *ptr;
+
+    ary_modify(mrb, a);
+    if (ARY_CAPA(a) < len + 1)
+      ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, len + 1);
+    ptr = ARY_PTR(a);
+    value_move(ptr + 1, ptr, len);
+    ptr[0] = item;
+  }
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, len+1);
+  mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a, item);
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.unshift(*objects) -> self
+ *
+ *  Prepends the given `objects` to `self`:
+ *
+ *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *    a.unshift(:bam, :bat) # => [:bam, :bat, :foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  Array#prepend is an alias for Array#unshift.
+ *
+ *  Related: #push, #pop, #shift.
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_unshift_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_value *ptr;
+
+  mrb_int alen = mrb_get_argc(mrb);
+
+  if (alen == 0) {
+    ary_modify_check(mrb, a);
+    return self;
+  }
+  const mrb_value *vals = mrb_get_argv(mrb);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+  if (alen > ARY_MAX_SIZE - len) {
+    ary_too_big(mrb);
+  }
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)
+      && a->as.heap.aux.shared->refcnt == 1 /* shared only referenced from this array */
+      && a->as.heap.ptr - a->as.heap.aux.shared->ptr >= alen) /* there's room for unshifted item */ {
+    ary_modify_check(mrb, a);
+    a->as.heap.ptr -= alen;
+    ptr = a->as.heap.ptr;
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_bool same = vals == ARY_PTR(a);
+    ary_modify(mrb, a);
+    if (ARY_CAPA(a) < len + alen)
+      ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, len + alen);
+    ptr = ARY_PTR(a);
+    value_move(ptr + alen, ptr, len);
+    if (same) vals = ptr;
+  }
+  array_copy(ptr, vals, alen);
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, len+alen);
+  while (alen--) {
+    mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a, vals[alen]);
+  }
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sets the element at a given index in an array.
+ *
+ * If `n` is within the current bounds of the array, the element at that index
+ * is replaced with `val`.
+ * If `n` is beyond the current bounds, the array is expanded to accommodate
+ * the new element, and any intermediate elements are filled with `nil`.
+ * If `n` is negative, it counts from the end of the array.
+ * An IndexError is raised if a negative index points past the beginning of the array.
+ * This function modifies the array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param ary The array (mrb_value) to modify.
+ * @param n The index at which to set the element.
+ * @param val The mrb_value to set at the specified index.
+ */
+MRB_API void
+mrb_ary_set(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int n, mrb_value val)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+  /* range check */
+  if (n < 0) {
+    n += len;
+    if (n < 0) {
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %i out of array", n - len);
+    }
+  }
+  if (n >= ARY_MAX_SIZE) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index too big");
+  }
+  if (len <= n) {
+    if (ARY_CAPA(a) <= n)
+      ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, n + 1);
+    ary_fill_with_nil(ARY_PTR(a) + len, n + 1 - len);
+    ARY_SET_LEN(a, n+1);
+  }
+
+  ARY_PTR(a)[n] = val;
+  mrb_field_write_barrier_value(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a, val);
+}
+
+/* Creates a duplicate of an array */
+static struct RArray*
+ary_dup(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a)
+{
+  return ary_new_from_values(mrb, ARY_LEN(a), ARY_PTR(a));
+}
+
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_dup(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  return mrb_obj_value(ary_dup(mrb, mrb_ary_ptr(ary)));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Replaces a portion of an array with elements from another array or a single value.
+ *
+ * Removes `len` elements from `ary` starting at `head` index, and inserts
+ * the elements from `rpl` (if `rpl` is an array) or `rpl` itself (if it's not an array)
+ * at that position.
+ * If `head` is negative, it counts from the end of the array.
+ * If `len` is negative, an IndexError is raised.
+ * If `rpl` is `mrb_undef_p()`, then the elements are removed without replacement.
+ * This function modifies the `ary` array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param ary The array (mrb_value) to modify.
+ * @param head The starting index for the splice operation.
+ * @param len The number of elements to remove.
+ * @param rpl The mrb_value to insert (can be an array or a single value, or mrb_undef_p()).
+ * @return The modified array (the same mrb_value as `ary`).
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_splice(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int head, mrb_int len, mrb_value rpl)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  mrb_int alen = ARY_LEN(a);
+  const mrb_value *argv;
+  mrb_int argc;
+
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+
+  /* len check */
+  if (len < 0) mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "negative length (%i)", len);
+
+  /* range check */
+  if (head < 0) {
+    head += alen;
+    if (head < 0) goto out_of_range;
+  }
+  if (head > ARY_MAX_SIZE - len) {
+  out_of_range:
+    mrb_raisef(mrb, E_INDEX_ERROR, "index %i is out of array", head);
+  }
+
+  mrb_int tail = head + len;
+  if (alen < len || alen < tail) {
+    len = alen - head;
+    tail = head + len;
+  }
+
+  /* size check */
+  if (mrb_array_p(rpl)) {
+    argc = RARRAY_LEN(rpl);
+    argv = RARRAY_PTR(rpl);
+    if (argv == ARY_PTR(a)) {
+      struct RArray *r;
+
+      if (argc > 32767) {
+        mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "too big recursive splice");
+      }
+      r = ary_dup(mrb, a);
+      argv = ARY_PTR(r);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (mrb_undef_p(rpl)) {
+    argc = 0;
+    argv = NULL;
+  }
+  else {
+    argc = 1;
+    argv = &rpl;
+  }
+  if (head >= alen) {
+    if (head > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) goto out_of_range;
+    len = head + argc;
+    if (len > ARY_CAPA(a)) {
+      ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, len);
+    }
+    ary_fill_with_nil(ARY_PTR(a) + alen, head - alen);
+    if (argc > 0) {
+      array_copy(ARY_PTR(a) + head, argv, argc);
+    }
+    ARY_SET_LEN(a, len);
+  }
+  else {
+    if (alen - len > ARY_MAX_SIZE - argc) {
+      head = alen + argc - len;
+      goto out_of_range;
+    }
+    mrb_int newlen = alen + argc - len;
+    if (newlen > ARY_CAPA(a)) {
+      ary_expand_capa(mrb, a, newlen);
+    }
+
+    if (len != argc) {
+      mrb_value *ptr = ARY_PTR(a);
+      value_move(ptr + head + argc, ptr + tail, alen - tail);
+      ARY_SET_LEN(a, newlen);
+    }
+    if (argc > 0) {
+      value_move(ARY_PTR(a) + head, argv, argc);
+    }
+  }
+  mrb_write_barrier(mrb, (struct RBasic*)a);
+  return ary;
+}
+
+void
+mrb_ary_decref(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_shared_array *shared)
+{
+  shared->refcnt--;
+  if (shared->refcnt == 0) {
+    mrb_free(mrb, shared->ptr);
+    mrb_free(mrb, shared);
+  }
+}
+
+/* Creates a subsequence array, using shared storage when appropriate */
+static mrb_value
+ary_subseq(mrb_state *mrb, struct RArray *a, mrb_int beg, mrb_int len)
+{
+  struct RArray *b;
+
+  if (!ARY_SHARED_P(a) && len <= ARY_SHIFT_SHARED_MIN) {
+    return mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, len, ARY_PTR(a)+beg);
+  }
+  ary_make_shared(mrb, a);
+  b = MRB_OBJ_ALLOC(mrb, MRB_TT_ARRAY, mrb->array_class);
+  b->as.heap.ptr = a->as.heap.ptr + beg;
+  b->as.heap.len = len;
+  b->as.heap.aux.shared = a->as.heap.aux.shared;
+  b->as.heap.aux.shared->refcnt++;
+  ARY_SET_SHARED_FLAG(b);
+
+  return mrb_obj_value(b);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new array that is a subsequence of an existing array.
+ *
+ * The new array contains `len` elements, starting from index `beg` of the
+ * original `ary`.
+ * This function attempts to create a shared array if appropriate for efficiency.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param ary The original array (mrb_value).
+ * @param beg The starting index of the subsequence.
+ * @param len The length of the subsequence.
+ * @return A new mrb_value representing the subsequence array.
+ */
+mrb_value
+mrb_ary_subseq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_int beg, mrb_int len)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  return ary_subseq(mrb, a, beg, len);
+}
+
+/* Converts various types to array index integer */
+static mrb_int
+aget_index(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value index)
+{
+  if (mrb_integer_p(index)) {
+    return mrb_integer(index);
+  }
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+  else if (mrb_float_p(index)) {
+    return (mrb_int)mrb_float(index);
+  }
+#endif
+  else {
+    mrb_int i, argc;
+    const mrb_value *argv;
+
+    mrb_get_args(mrb, "i*!", &i, &argv, &argc);
+    return i;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary[index]                -> obj     or nil
+ *     ary[start, length]        -> new_ary or nil
+ *     ary[range]                -> new_ary or nil
+ *     ary.slice(index)          -> obj     or nil
+ *     ary.slice(start, length)  -> new_ary or nil
+ *     ary.slice(range)          -> new_ary or nil
+ *
+ *  Element Reference --- Returns the element at `index`, or returns a
+ *  subarray starting at the `start` index and continuing for `length`
+ *  elements, or returns a subarray specified by `range` of indices.
+ *
+ *  Negative indices count backward from the end of the array (-1 is the last
+ *  element).  For `start` and `range` cases the starting index is just before
+ *  an element.  Additionally, an empty array is returned when the starting
+ *  index for an element range is at the end of the array.
+ *
+ *  Returns `nil` if the index (or starting index) are out of range.
+ *
+ *  a = [ "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ]
+ *  a[1]     => "b"
+ *  a[1,2]   => ["b", "c"]
+ *  a[1..-2] => ["b", "c", "d"]
+ *
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_aget(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int i, len;
+  mrb_value index;
+
+  if (mrb_get_argc(mrb) == 1) {
+    index = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+    switch (mrb_type(index)) {
+      /* a[n..m] */
+    case MRB_TT_RANGE:
+      if (mrb_range_beg_len(mrb, index, &i, &len, ARY_LEN(a), TRUE) == MRB_RANGE_OK) {
+        return ary_subseq(mrb, a, i, len);
+      }
+      else {
+        return mrb_nil_value();
+      }
+    case MRB_TT_INTEGER:
+      return mrb_ary_ref(mrb, self, mrb_integer(index));
+    default:
+      return mrb_ary_ref(mrb, self, aget_index(mrb, index));
+    }
+  }
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "oi", &index, &len);
+  i = aget_index(mrb, index);
+  mrb_int alen = ARY_LEN(a);
+  if (i < 0) i += alen;
+  if (i < 0 || alen < i) return mrb_nil_value();
+  if (len < 0) return mrb_nil_value();
+  if (alen == i) return mrb_ary_new(mrb);
+  if (len > alen - i) len = alen - i;
+
+  return ary_subseq(mrb, a, i, len);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary[index]         = obj                      ->  obj
+ *     ary[start, length] = obj or other_ary or nil  ->  obj or other_ary or nil
+ *     ary[range]         = obj or other_ary or nil  ->  obj or other_ary or nil
+ *
+ *  Element Assignment --- Sets the element at `index`, or replaces a subarray
+ *  from the `start` index for `length` elements, or replaces a subarray
+ *  specified by the `range` of indices.
+ *
+ *  If indices are greater than the current capacity of the array, the array
+ *  grows automatically.  Elements are inserted into the array at `start` if
+ *  `length` is zero.
+ *
+ *  Negative indices will count backward from the end of the array.  For
+ *  `start` and `range` cases the starting index is just before an element.
+ *
+ *  An IndexError is raised if a negative index points past the beginning of
+ *  the array.
+ *
+ *  See also Array#push, and Array#unshift.
+ *
+ *     a = Array.new
+ *     a[4] = "4";                 #=> [nil, nil, nil, nil, "4"]
+ *     a[0, 3] = [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ] #=> ["a", "b", "c", nil, "4"]
+ *     a[1..2] = [ 1, 2 ]          #=> ["a", 1, 2, nil, "4"]
+ *     a[0, 2] = "?"               #=> ["?", 2, nil, "4"]
+ *     a[0..2] = "A"               #=> ["A", "4"]
+ *     a[-1]   = "Z"               #=> ["A", "Z"]
+ *     a[1..-1] = nil              #=> ["A", nil]
+ *     a[1..-1] = []               #=> ["A"]
+ *     a[0, 0] = [ 1, 2 ]          #=> [1, 2, "A"]
+ *     a[3, 0] = "B"               #=> [1, 2, "A", "B"]
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_aset(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value v1, v2, v3;
+
+  if (mrb_get_argc(mrb) == 2) {
+    mrb_int i, len;
+    const mrb_value *vs = mrb_get_argv(mrb);
+    v1 = vs[0]; v2 = vs[1];
+
+    /* a[n..m] = v */
+    switch (mrb_range_beg_len(mrb, v1, &i, &len, RARRAY_LEN(self), FALSE)) {
+    case MRB_RANGE_TYPE_MISMATCH:
+      mrb_ary_set(mrb, self, aget_index(mrb, v1), v2);
+      break;
+    case MRB_RANGE_OK:
+      mrb_ary_splice(mrb, self, i, len, v2);
+      break;
+    case MRB_RANGE_OUT:
+      mrb_raisef(mrb, E_RANGE_ERROR, "%v out of range", v1);
+      break;
+    }
+    return v2;
+  }
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "ooo", &v1, &v2, &v3);
+  /* a[n,m] = v */
+  mrb_ary_splice(mrb, self, aget_index(mrb, v1), aget_index(mrb, v2), v3);
+  return v3;
+}
+
+mrb_value
+mrb_ary_delete_at(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+
+  mrb_int index = mrb_as_int(mrb, mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  mrb_int alen = ARY_LEN(a);
+  if (index < 0) index += alen;
+  if (index < 0 || alen <= index) return mrb_nil_value();
+
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+  mrb_value *ptr = ARY_PTR(a);
+  mrb_value val = ptr[index];
+
+  ptr += index;
+  mrb_int len = alen - index;
+  while (--len) {
+    *ptr = *(ptr+1);
+    ptr++;
+  }
+  ARY_SET_LEN(a, alen-1);
+
+  ary_shrink_capa(mrb, a);
+
+  return val;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.first -> object or nil
+ *     array.first(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns elements from the beginning of `self`.
+ *
+ *  When no argument is given, returns the first element:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.first # => :foo
+ *     a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If `self` is empty, returns `nil`.
+ *
+ *  When non-negative Integer argument `n` is given,
+ *  returns the first `n` elements in a new Array:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.first(2) # => [:foo, "bar"]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_first(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int size;
+
+  if (mrb_get_argc(mrb) == 0) {
+    if (ARY_LEN(a) > 0) return ARY_PTR(a)[0];
+    return mrb_nil_value();
+  }
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|i", &size);
+  if (size < 0) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative array size");
+  }
+
+  mrb_int alen = ARY_LEN(a);
+  if (size > alen) size = alen;
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)) {
+    return ary_subseq(mrb, a, 0, size);
+  }
+  return mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, size, ARY_PTR(a));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.last -> object or nil
+ *     array.last(n) -> new_array
+ *
+ *  Returns elements from the end of `self`.
+ *
+ *  When no argument is given, returns the last element:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.last # => 2
+ *     a # => [:foo, "bar", 2]
+ *
+ *  If `self` is empty, returns `nil`.
+ *
+ *  When non-negative Integer argument `n` is given,
+ *  returns the last `n` elements in a new Array:
+ *
+ *     a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
+ *     a.last(2) # => ["bar", 2]
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_last(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+  mrb_int alen = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  if (mrb_get_argc(mrb) == 0) {
+    if (alen > 0) return ARY_PTR(a)[alen - 1];
+    return mrb_nil_value();
+  }
+
+  mrb_int size = mrb_integer(mrb_get_arg1(mrb));
+  if (size < 0) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "negative array size");
+  }
+  if (size > alen) size = alen;
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a) || size > ARY_DEFAULT_LEN) {
+    return ary_subseq(mrb, a, alen - size, size);
+  }
+  return mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, size, ARY_PTR(a) + alen - size);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.index(val)            -> int or nil
+ *     ary.index {|item| block } -> int or nil
+ *     array.index -> enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns the _index_ of the first object in `ary` such that the object is
+ *  `==` to `obj`.
+ *
+ *  If a block is given instead of an argument, returns the _index_ of the
+ *  first object for which the block returns `true`. Returns `nil` if no
+ *  match is found.
+ *
+ * ISO 15.2.12.5.14
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_index_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value obj, blk;
+
+  if (mrb_get_args(mrb, "|o&", &obj, &blk) == 0 && mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+    return mrb_funcall_id(mrb, self, MRB_SYM(to_enum), 1, mrb_symbol_value(MRB_SYM(index)));
+  }
+
+  if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+    for (mrb_int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(self); i++) {
+      if (mrb_equal(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(self)[i], obj)) {
+        return mrb_int_value(mrb, i);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    for (mrb_int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(self); i++) {
+      mrb_value eq = mrb_yield(mrb, blk, RARRAY_PTR(self)[i]);
+      if (mrb_test(eq)) {
+        return mrb_int_value(mrb, i);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.rindex(val)            -> int or nil
+ *     ary.rindex {|item| block } -> int or nil
+ *     array.rindex -> enumerator
+ *
+ *  Returns the _index_ of the first object in `ary` such that the object is
+ *  `==` to `obj`.
+ *
+ *  If a block is given instead of an argument, returns the _index_ of the
+ *  first object for which the block returns `true`. Returns `nil` if no
+ *  match is found.
+ *
+ * ISO 15.2.12.5.26
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_rindex_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value obj, blk;
+
+  if (mrb_get_args(mrb, "|o&", &obj, &blk) == 0 && mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+    return mrb_funcall_id(mrb, self, MRB_SYM(to_enum), 1, mrb_symbol_value(MRB_SYM(rindex)));
+  }
+
+  for (mrb_int i = RARRAY_LEN(self) - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+      if (mrb_equal(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(self)[i], obj)) {
+      return mrb_int_value(mrb, i);
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      mrb_value eq = mrb_yield(mrb, blk, RARRAY_PTR(self)[i]);
+      if (mrb_test(eq)) return mrb_int_value(mrb, i);
+    }
+    mrb_int len = RARRAY_LEN(self);
+    if (i > len) {
+      i = len;
+    }
+  }
+  return mrb_nil_value();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a new array from a given value, performing a "splat" operation.
+ *
+ * If `v` is already an array, a duplicate of `v` is returned.
+ * If `v` responds to `to_a`, it is called, and if the result is an array,
+ * a duplicate of that result is returned. If `to_a` returns `nil` or something
+ * other than an array, `v` itself is wrapped in a new, single-element array.
+ * Otherwise (if `v` is not an array and does not respond to `to_a`),
+ * `v` itself is wrapped in a new, single-element array.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param v The mrb_value to convert into an array.
+ * @return A new mrb_value representing the "splatted" array.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_splat(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value v)
+{
+  struct RArray *a;
+
+  if (mrb_array_p(v)) {
+    a = ary_dup(mrb, mrb_ary_ptr(v));
+    return mrb_obj_value(a);
+  }
+
+  if (!mrb_respond_to(mrb, v, MRB_SYM(to_a))) {
+    return mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, 1, &v);
+  }
+
+  mrb_value ary = mrb_funcall_argv(mrb, v, MRB_SYM(to_a), 0, NULL);
+  if (mrb_nil_p(ary)) {
+    return mrb_ary_new_from_values(mrb, 1, &v);
+  }
+  mrb_ensure_array_type(mrb, ary);
+  a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  a = ary_dup(mrb, a);
+  return mrb_obj_value(a);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.size -> integer
+ *     array.length -> integer
+ *
+ *  Returns the count of elements in `self`:
+ *
+ *     [0, 1, 2].size # => 3
+ *     [].size # => 0
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_size(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+
+  return mrb_int_value(mrb, ARY_LEN(a));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Removes all elements from an array, making it empty.
+ *
+ * This function modifies the array in place.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param self The array (mrb_value) to clear.
+ * @return The cleared (now empty) array (the same mrb_value as `self`).
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_clear(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+
+  ary_modify(mrb, a);
+  if (ARY_SHARED_P(a)) {
+    mrb_ary_decref(mrb, a->as.heap.aux.shared);
+    ARY_UNSET_SHARED_FLAG(a);
+  }
+  else if (!ARY_EMBED_P(a)){
+    mrb_free(mrb, a->as.heap.ptr);
+  }
+  if (MRB_ARY_EMBED_LEN_MAX > 0) {
+    ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(a, 0);
+  }
+  else {
+    a->as.heap.ptr = NULL;
+    a->as.heap.aux.capa = 0;
+    ARY_SET_LEN(a, 0);
+  }
+  return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     array.empty? -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns `true` if the count of elements in `self` is zero,
+ *  `false` otherwise:
+ *
+ *     [].empty? # => true
+ *     [0].empty? # => false
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_empty_p(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(self);
+
+  return mrb_bool_value(ARY_LEN(a) == 0);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Retrieves an element from an array at a specific index.
+ * This is a direct (unsafe) equivalent of `RARRAY_PTR(ary)[n]`.
+ *
+ * If `n` is negative, it counts from the end of the array.
+ * Returns `nil` if the index is out of bounds.
+ * This function does not perform a bounds check before accessing the element if the index is positive.
+ * Prefer using `mrb_ary_ref` for safe access or ensure `n` is within bounds.
+ *
+ * @param ary The array (mrb_value) from which to retrieve the element.
+ * @param n The index of the element to retrieve.
+ * @return The mrb_value at the specified index, or `nil` if out of bounds.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_entry(mrb_value ary, mrb_int n)
+{
+  struct RArray *a = mrb_ary_ptr(ary);
+  mrb_int len = ARY_LEN(a);
+
+  /* range check */
+  if (n < 0) n += len;
+  if (n < 0 || len <= n) return mrb_nil_value();
+
+  return ARY_PTR(a)[n];
+}
+
+static mrb_value
+join_ary(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value sep, mrb_value list)
+{
+  /* check recursive */
+  for (mrb_int i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(list); i++) {
+    if (mrb_obj_equal(mrb, ary, RARRAY_PTR(list)[i])) {
+      mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "recursive array join");
+    }
+  }
+
+  mrb_ary_push(mrb, list, ary);
+
+  mrb_value result = mrb_str_new_capa(mrb, 64);
+
+  for (mrb_int i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+    if (i > 0 && !mrb_nil_p(sep)) {
+      mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, result, sep);
+    }
+
+    mrb_value val = RARRAY_PTR(ary)[i];
+
+    switch (mrb_type(val)) {
+    case MRB_TT_ARRAY:
+    ary_join:
+      val = join_ary(mrb, val, sep, list);
+      /* fall through */
+
+    case MRB_TT_STRING:
+    str_join:
+      mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, result, val);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      if (!mrb_immediate_p(val)) {
+        mrb_value tmp = mrb_check_string_type(mrb, val);
+        if (!mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
+          val = tmp;
+          goto str_join;
+        }
+        tmp = mrb_check_array_type(mrb, val);
+        if (!mrb_nil_p(tmp)) {
+          val = tmp;
+          goto ary_join;
+        }
+      }
+      val = mrb_obj_as_string(mrb, val);
+      goto str_join;
+    }
+  }
+
+  mrb_ary_pop(mrb, list);
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Joins the elements of an array into a string, separated by a given separator.
+ *
+ * Each element of `ary` is converted to a string. These strings are then
+ * concatenated, with the string representation of `sep` inserted between
+ * adjacent elements.
+ * If `sep` is `nil`, no separator is used.
+ * This function handles recursive array joins by raising an E_ARGUMENT_ERROR.
+ *
+ * @param mrb The mruby state.
+ * @param ary The array (mrb_value) whose elements are to be joined.
+ * @param sep The separator (mrb_value) to use between elements. Can be `nil`.
+ * @return A new mrb_value string representing the joined array elements.
+ */
+MRB_API mrb_value
+mrb_ary_join(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value sep)
+{
+  if (!mrb_nil_p(sep)) {
+    sep = mrb_obj_as_string(mrb, sep);
+  }
+  return join_ary(mrb, ary, sep, mrb_ary_new(mrb));
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     ary.join(sep="")    -> str
+ *
+ *  Returns a string created by converting each element of the array to
+ *  a string, separated by *sep*.
+ *
+ *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].join        #=> "abc"
+ *     [ "a", "b", "c" ].join("-")   #=> "a-b-c"
+ */
+
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_join_m(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  mrb_value sep = mrb_nil_value();
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "|S!", &sep);
+  return mrb_ary_join(mrb, ary, sep);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    ary.to_s    -> string
+ *    ary.inspect -> string
+ *
+ * Return the contents of this array as a string.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_to_s(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb->c->ci->mid = MRB_SYM(inspect);
+  mrb_value ret = mrb_str_new_lit(mrb, "[");
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  if (MRB_RECURSIVE_UNARY_P(mrb, MRB_SYM(inspect), self)) {
+    mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, ret, "...]");
+    return ret;
+  }
+  for (mrb_int i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(self); i++) {
+    if (i>0) mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, ret, ", ");
+    mrb_str_cat_str(mrb, ret, mrb_inspect(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(self)[i]));
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+  mrb_str_cat_lit(mrb, ret, "]");
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/* check array equality: 1=equal,0=not_equal,-1=need_elements_check */
+static mrb_int
+ary_eq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary1, mrb_value ary2)
+{
+  if (mrb_obj_equal(mrb, ary1, ary2)) return 1;
+  if (!mrb_array_p(ary2)) return 0;
+  if (RARRAY_LEN(ary1) != RARRAY_LEN(ary2)) return 0;
+
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   array == other   -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Equality---Two arrays are equal if they contain the same number
+ *  of elements and if each element is equal to (according to
+ *  Object.==) the corresponding element in the other array.
+ *
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_eq(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary1)
+{
+  mrb_value ary2 = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int n = ary_eq(mrb, ary1, ary2);
+
+  if (n == 1) return mrb_true_value();
+  if (n == 0) return mrb_false_value();
+
+  /* Check for recursion */
+  if (MRB_RECURSIVE_BINARY_FUNC_P(mrb, MRB_OPSYM(eq), ary1, ary2)) {
+    return mrb_false_value();
+  }
+
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  for (mrb_int i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+    mrb_value eq = mrb_funcall_id(mrb, mrb_ary_entry(ary1, i), MRB_OPSYM(eq), 1, mrb_ary_entry(ary2, i));
+    if (!mrb_test(eq)) return mrb_false_value();
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+  return mrb_true_value();
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   array.eql? other_array -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns `true` if `self` and _other_ are the same object,
+ *  or are both arrays with the same content.
+ *
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_eql(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary1)
+{
+  mrb_value ary2 = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+  mrb_int n = ary_eq(mrb, ary1, ary2);
+
+  if (n == 1) return mrb_true_value();
+  if (n == 0) return mrb_false_value();
+
+  /* Check for recursion */
+  if (MRB_RECURSIVE_BINARY_FUNC_P(mrb, MRB_SYM_Q(eql), ary1, ary2)) {
+    return mrb_false_value();
+  }
+
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  for (mrb_int i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1); i++) {
+    mrb_value eq = mrb_funcall_id(mrb, mrb_ary_entry(ary1, i), MRB_SYM_Q(eql), 1, mrb_ary_entry(ary2, i));
+    if (!mrb_test(eq)) return mrb_false_value();
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+  return mrb_true_value();
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   array <=> other_array -> -1, 0, or 1
+ *
+ *  Comparison---Returns an integer (-1, 0, or +1)
+ *  if this array is less than, equal to, or greater than *other_ary*.
+ *  Each object in each array is compared (using <=>). If any value isn't
+ *  equal, then that inequality is the return value. If all the
+ *  values found are equal, then the return is based on a
+ *  comparison of the array lengths. Thus, two arrays are
+ *  "equal" according to `Array#<=>` if and only if they have
+ *  the same length and the value of each element is equal to the
+ *  value of the corresponding element in the other array.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary1)
+{
+  mrb_value ary2 = mrb_get_arg1(mrb);
+
+  if (mrb_obj_equal(mrb, ary1, ary2)) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  if (!mrb_array_p(ary2)) return mrb_nil_value();
+
+  for (mrb_int i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary1) && i<RARRAY_LEN(ary2); i++) {
+    mrb_int n = mrb_cmp(mrb, RARRAY_PTR(ary1)[i], RARRAY_PTR(ary2)[i]);
+    if (n == -2) return mrb_nil_value();
+    if (n != 0) return mrb_fixnum_value(n);
+  }
+  mrb_int len = RARRAY_LEN(ary1) - RARRAY_LEN(ary2);
+  if (len == 0) return mrb_fixnum_value(0);
+  else if (len > 0) return mrb_fixnum_value(1);
+  else return mrb_fixnum_value(-1);
+}
+
+/* internal method to convert multi-value to single value */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_svalue(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  switch (RARRAY_LEN(ary)) {
+  case 0:
+    return mrb_nil_value();
+  case 1:
+    return RARRAY_PTR(ary)[0];
+  default:
+    return ary;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   array.delete(obj) -> deleted_object
+ *   array.delete(obj) {|nosuch| ... } -> deleted_object or block_return
+ *
+ * Removes zero or more elements from self; returns self.
+ *
+ * When no block is given, removes from self each element e such
+ * that e == obj; returns the last deleted element
+ *
+ * Returns nil if no elements removed.
+ *
+ * When a block is given, removes from self each element e such
+ * that e == obj. If any such elements are found, ignores the block and
+ * returns the last. Otherwise, returns the block's return value.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_delete(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  mrb_value obj, blk;
+
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "o&", &obj, &blk);
+
+  struct RArray *ary = RARRAY(self);
+  mrb_value ret = obj;
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  mrb_int i = 0;
+  mrb_int j = 0;
+  for (; i < ARY_LEN(ary); i++) {
+    mrb_value elem = ARY_PTR(ary)[i];
+
+    if (mrb_equal(mrb, elem, obj)) {
+      mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+      mrb_gc_protect(mrb, elem);
+      ret = elem;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (i != j) {
+      if (j >= ARY_LEN(ary)) {
+        // Since breaking here will further change the array length,
+        // there is no choice but to raise an exception or return.
+        mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "array modified during delete");
+      }
+      ary_modify(mrb, ary);
+      ARY_PTR(ary)[j] = elem;
+    }
+
+    j++;
+  }
+
+  if (i == j) {
+    if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) return mrb_nil_value();
+    return mrb_yield(mrb, blk, obj);
+  }
+
+  ARY_SET_LEN(ary, j);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define SMALL_ARRAY_SORT_THRESHOLD 16
+
+
+static mrb_bool
+sort_cmp(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value a_val, mrb_value b_val, mrb_value blk)
+{
+  mrb_value *p = RARRAY_PTR(ary);
+  mrb_int n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+
+  mrb_int cmp;
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+
+  if (mrb_nil_p(blk)) {
+    enum mrb_vtype type_a = mrb_type(a_val);
+    enum mrb_vtype type_b = mrb_type(b_val);
+
+    if (type_a == type_b) {
+      switch (type_a) {
+      case MRB_TT_FIXNUM:
+        cmp = (mrb_fixnum(a_val) > mrb_fixnum(b_val)) ? 1 : (mrb_fixnum(a_val) < mrb_fixnum(b_val)) ? -1 : 0;
+        break;
+#ifndef MRB_NO_FLOAT
+      case MRB_TT_FLOAT:
+        cmp = (mrb_float(a_val) > mrb_float(b_val)) ? 1 : (mrb_float(a_val) < mrb_float(b_val)) ? -1 : 0;
+        break;
+#endif
+      case MRB_TT_STRING:
+        cmp = mrb_str_cmp(mrb, a_val, b_val);
+        break;
+      default:
+        cmp = mrb_cmp(mrb, a_val, b_val);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      cmp = mrb_cmp(mrb, a_val, b_val);
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    mrb_value args[2] = {a_val, b_val};
+    mrb_value c = mrb_yield_argv(mrb, blk, 2, args);
+    if (mrb_nil_p(c) || !mrb_fixnum_p(c)) {
+      cmp = -2;
+    }
+    else {
+      cmp = mrb_fixnum(c);
+    }
+  }
+  mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  if (cmp == -2) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_ARGUMENT_ERROR, "comparison failed");
+  }
+  if (RARRAY_PTR(ary) != p || RARRAY_LEN(ary) != n) {
+    mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "array modified during sort");
+  }
+  return cmp > 0;
+}
+
+static void
+heapify(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value *a, mrb_int index, mrb_int size, mrb_value blk)
+{
+  /* Iterative heapify to avoid stack overflow on memory-constrained devices */
+  while (1) {
+    mrb_int max = index;
+    mrb_int left_index = 2 * index + 1;
+    mrb_int right_index = left_index + 1;
+
+    if (left_index < size && sort_cmp(mrb, ary, a[left_index], a[max], blk)) {
+      max = left_index;
+    }
+    if (right_index < size && sort_cmp(mrb, ary, a[right_index], a[max], blk)) {
+      max = right_index;
+    }
+
+    if (max == index) {
+      /* Heap property satisfied, no more swaps needed */
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* Swap elements and continue heapifying down the affected subtree */
+    mrb_value tmp = a[max];
+    a[max] = a[index];
+    a[index] = tmp;
+
+    /* Continue with the affected child subtree */
+    index = max;
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+insertion_sort(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary, mrb_value *a, mrb_int size, mrb_value blk)
+{
+  int ai = mrb_gc_arena_save(mrb);
+  for (mrb_int i = 1; i < size; i++) {
+    mrb_value key = a[i];
+    mrb_int j = i - 1;
+
+    /* Protect key from GC - it's temporarily out of the array during sort */
+    mrb_gc_protect(mrb, key);
+
+    /* Move elements that are greater than key to one position ahead */
+    while (j >= 0 && sort_cmp(mrb, ary, a[j], key, blk)) {
+      a[j + 1] = a[j];
+      j--;
+    }
+    a[j + 1] = key;
+    mrb_gc_arena_restore(mrb, ai);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.sort! -> self
+ *    array.sort! {|a, b| ... } -> self
+ *
+ *  Sort all elements and replace `self` with these
+ *  elements.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_sort_bang(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value ary)
+{
+  mrb_value blk;
+
+  mrb_int n = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+  if (n < 2) return ary;
+
+  ary_modify(mrb, mrb_ary_ptr(ary));
+  mrb_get_args(mrb, "&", &blk);
+
+  mrb_value *a = RARRAY_PTR(ary);
+
+  /* Algorithm selection based on array size */
+  if (n <= SMALL_ARRAY_SORT_THRESHOLD) {
+    /* Use insertion sort for small arrays */
+    insertion_sort(mrb, ary, a, n, blk);
+  }
+  else {
+    /* Use heap sort for larger arrays */
+    for (mrb_int i = n / 2 - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      heapify(mrb, ary, a, i, n, blk);
+    }
+    for (mrb_int i = n - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+      mrb_value tmp = a[0];
+      a[0] = a[i];
+      a[i] = tmp;
+      heapify(mrb, ary, a, 0, i, blk);
+    }
+  }
+  return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    array.to_a -> self
+ *
+ *  Returns self. If called on a subclass of Array, converts
+ *  the receiver to an Array object.
+ */
+static mrb_value
+mrb_ary_to_a(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self)
+{
+  if (mrb_obj_class(mrb, self) != mrb->array_class) {
+    /* Convert subclass to Array */
+    return mrb_ary_dup(mrb, self);
+  }
+  return self;
+}
+
+/* ---------------------------*/
+static const mrb_mt_entry array_rom_entries[] = {
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_plus,         MRB_OPSYM(add),           MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.1  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_times,        MRB_OPSYM(mul),           MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.2  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_push_m,       MRB_OPSYM(lshift),        MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.3  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_aget,         MRB_OPSYM(aref),          MRB_ARGS_ARG(1,1)),                 /* 15.2.12.5.4  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_aset,         MRB_OPSYM(aset),          MRB_ARGS_ARG(2,1)),                 /* 15.2.12.5.5  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_clear,        MRB_SYM(clear),           MRB_ARGS_NONE()),                   /* 15.2.12.5.6  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_cmp,          MRB_OPSYM(cmp),           MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_concat_m,     MRB_SYM(concat),          MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.8  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_delete,       MRB_SYM(delete),          MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_delete_at,    MRB_SYM(delete_at),       MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.9  */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_empty_p,      MRB_SYM_Q(empty),         MRB_ARGS_NONE()),                   /* 15.2.12.5.12 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_eq,           MRB_OPSYM(eq),            MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_eql,          MRB_SYM_Q(eql),           MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_first,        MRB_SYM(first),           MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.13 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_index_m,      MRB_SYM(index),           MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.14 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_init,         MRB_SYM(initialize),      MRB_ARGS_OPT(2) | MRB_MT_PRIVATE),  /* 15.2.12.5.15 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_replace_m,    MRB_SYM(initialize_copy), MRB_ARGS_REQ(1) | MRB_MT_PRIVATE),  /* 15.2.12.5.16 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_join_m,       MRB_SYM(join),            MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.17 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_last,         MRB_SYM(last),            MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.18 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_size,         MRB_SYM(length),          MRB_ARGS_NONE()),                   /* 15.2.12.5.19 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_pop,          MRB_SYM(pop),             MRB_ARGS_NONE()),                   /* 15.2.12.5.21 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_push_m,       MRB_SYM(push),            MRB_ARGS_ANY()),                    /* 15.2.12.5.22 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_replace_m,    MRB_SYM(replace),         MRB_ARGS_REQ(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.23 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_reverse,      MRB_SYM(reverse),         MRB_ARGS_NONE()),                   /* 15.2.12.5.24 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_reverse_bang, MRB_SYM_B(reverse),       MRB_ARGS_NONE()),                   /* 15.2.12.5.25 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_rindex_m,     MRB_SYM(rindex),          MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.26 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_shift_m,      MRB_SYM(shift),           MRB_ARGS_OPT(1)),                   /* 15.2.12.5.27 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_size,         MRB_SYM(size),            MRB_ARGS_NONE()),                   /* 15.2.12.5.28 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_aget,         MRB_SYM(slice),           MRB_ARGS_ARG(1,1)),                 /* 15.2.12.5.29 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_unshift_m,    MRB_SYM(unshift),         MRB_ARGS_ANY()),                    /* 15.2.12.5.30 */
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_to_a,         MRB_SYM(to_a),            MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_to_a,         MRB_SYM(entries),         MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_to_s,         MRB_SYM(to_s),            MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_to_s,         MRB_SYM(inspect),         MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_sort_bang,    MRB_SYM_B(sort),          MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+  MRB_MT_ENTRY(mrb_ary_svalue,       MRB_SYM(__svalue),        MRB_ARGS_NONE()),
+};
+
+void
+mrb_init_array(mrb_state *mrb)
+{
+  struct RClass *a;
+
+  mrb->array_class = a = mrb_define_class_id(mrb, MRB_SYM(Array), mrb->object_class);              /* 15.2.12 */
+  MRB_SET_INSTANCE_TT(a, MRB_TT_ARRAY);
+
+  mrb_define_class_method_id(mrb, a, MRB_OPSYM(aref),    mrb_ary_s_create,     MRB_ARGS_ANY());    /* 15.2.12.4.1 */
+
+  MRB_MT_INIT_ROM(mrb, a, array_rom_entries);
+}