activesupport 1.2.4 → 8.1.2

data/lib/active_support/callbacks.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,960 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_support/concern"
+require "active_support/descendants_tracker"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
+require "active_support/core_ext/class/attribute"
+require "active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/blank"
+
+module ActiveSupport
+  # = Active Support \Callbacks
+  #
+  # \Callbacks are code hooks that are run at key points in an object's life cycle.
+  # The typical use case is to have a base class define a set of callbacks
+  # relevant to the other functionality it supplies, so that subclasses can
+  # install callbacks that enhance or modify the base functionality without
+  # needing to override or redefine methods of the base class.
+  #
+  # Mixing in this module allows you to define the events in the object's
+  # life cycle that will support callbacks (via ClassMethods#define_callbacks),
+  # set the instance methods, procs, or callback objects to be called (via
+  # ClassMethods#set_callback), and run the installed callbacks at the
+  # appropriate times (via +run_callbacks+).
+  #
+  # By default callbacks are halted by throwing +:abort+.
+  # See ClassMethods#define_callbacks for details.
+  #
+  # Three kinds of callbacks are supported: before callbacks, run before a
+  # certain event; after callbacks, run after the event; and around callbacks,
+  # blocks that surround the event, triggering it when they yield. Callback code
+  # can be contained in instance methods, procs or lambdas, or callback objects
+  # that respond to certain predetermined methods. See ClassMethods#set_callback
+  # for details.
+  #
+  #   class Record
+  #     include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+  #     define_callbacks :save
+  #
+  #     def save
+  #       run_callbacks :save do
+  #         puts "- save"
+  #       end
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class PersonRecord < Record
+  #     set_callback :save, :before, :saving_message
+  #     def saving_message
+  #       puts "saving..."
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     set_callback :save, :after do |object|
+  #       puts "saved"
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   person = PersonRecord.new
+  #   person.save
+  #
+  # Output:
+  #   saving...
+  #   - save
+  #   saved
+  module Callbacks
+    extend Concern
+
+    included do
+      extend ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker
+      class_attribute :__callbacks, instance_writer: false, instance_predicate: false, default: {}
+    end
+
+    CALLBACK_FILTER_TYPES = [:before, :after, :around].freeze
+
+    # Runs the callbacks for the given event.
+    #
+    # Calls the before and around callbacks in the order they were set, yields
+    # the block (if given one), and then runs the after callbacks in reverse
+    # order.
+    #
+    # If the callback chain was halted, returns +false+. Otherwise returns the
+    # result of the block, +nil+ if no callbacks have been set, or +true+
+    # if callbacks have been set but no block is given.
+    #
+    #   run_callbacks :save do
+    #     save
+    #   end
+    #
+    #--
+    #
+    # As this method is used in many places, and often wraps large portions of
+    # user code, it has an additional design goal of minimizing its impact on
+    # the visible call stack. An exception from inside a :before or :after
+    # callback can be as noisy as it likes -- but when control has passed
+    # smoothly through and into the supplied block, we want as little evidence
+    # as possible that we were here.
+    def run_callbacks(kind, type = nil)
+      callbacks = __callbacks[kind.to_sym]
+
+      if callbacks.empty?
+        yield if block_given?
+      else
+        env = Filters::Environment.new(self, false, nil)
+
+        next_sequence = callbacks.compile(type)
+
+        # Common case: no 'around' callbacks defined
+        if next_sequence.final?
+          next_sequence.invoke_before(env)
+          env.value = !env.halted && (!block_given? || yield)
+          next_sequence.invoke_after(env)
+          env.value
+        else
+          invoke_sequence = Proc.new do
+            skipped = nil
+
+            while true
+              current = next_sequence
+              current.invoke_before(env)
+              if current.final?
+                env.value = !env.halted && (!block_given? || yield)
+              elsif current.skip?(env)
+                (skipped ||= []) << current
+                next_sequence = next_sequence.nested
+                next
+              else
+                next_sequence = next_sequence.nested
+                begin
+                  target, block, method, *arguments = current.expand_call_template(env, invoke_sequence)
+                  target.send(method, *arguments, &block)
+                ensure
+                  next_sequence = current
+                end
+              end
+              current.invoke_after(env)
+              skipped.pop.invoke_after(env) while skipped&.first
+              break env.value
+            end
+          end
+
+          invoke_sequence.call
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+      # A hook invoked every time a before callback is halted.
+      # This can be overridden in ActiveSupport::Callbacks implementors in order
+      # to provide better debugging/logging.
+      def halted_callback_hook(filter, name)
+      end
+
+      module Conditionals # :nodoc: all
+        class Value
+          def initialize(&block)
+            @block = block
+          end
+          def call(target, value); @block.call(value); end
+        end
+      end
+
+      module Filters # :nodoc: all
+        Environment = Struct.new(:target, :halted, :value)
+
+        class Before
+          def initialize(user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config, filter, name)
+            halted_lambda = chain_config[:terminator]
+            @user_callback, @user_conditions, @halted_lambda, @filter, @name = user_callback, user_conditions, halted_lambda, filter, name
+            freeze
+          end
+          attr_reader :user_callback, :user_conditions, :halted_lambda, :filter, :name
+
+          def call(env)
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+            halted = env.halted
+
+            if !halted && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              result_lambda = -> { user_callback.call target, value }
+              env.halted = halted_lambda.call(target, result_lambda)
+              if env.halted
+                target.send :halted_callback_hook, filter, name
+              end
+            end
+
+            env
+          end
+
+          def apply(callback_sequence)
+            callback_sequence.before(self)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class After
+          attr_reader :user_callback, :user_conditions, :halting
+          def initialize(user_callback, user_conditions, chain_config)
+            halting = chain_config[:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated]
+            @user_callback, @user_conditions, @halting = user_callback, user_conditions, halting
+            freeze
+          end
+
+          def call(env)
+            target = env.target
+            value  = env.value
+            halted = env.halted
+
+            if (!halted || !@halting) && user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(target, value) }
+              user_callback.call target, value
+            end
+
+            env
+          end
+
+          def apply(callback_sequence)
+            callback_sequence.after(self)
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Around
+          def initialize(user_callback, user_conditions)
+            @user_callback, @user_conditions = user_callback, user_conditions
+            freeze
+          end
+
+          def apply(callback_sequence)
+            callback_sequence.around(@user_callback, @user_conditions)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class Callback # :nodoc:
+        def self.build(chain, filter, kind, options)
+          if filter.is_a?(String)
+            raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
+              Passing string to define a callback is not supported. See the `.set_callback`
+              documentation to see supported values.
+            MSG
+          end
+
+          new chain.name, filter, kind, options, chain.config
+        end
+
+        attr_accessor :kind, :name
+        attr_reader :chain_config, :filter
+
+        def initialize(name, filter, kind, options, chain_config)
+          @chain_config = chain_config
+          @name    = name
+          @kind    = kind
+          @filter  = filter
+          @if      = check_conditionals(options[:if])
+          @unless  = check_conditionals(options[:unless])
+
+          compiled
+        end
+
+        def merge_conditional_options(chain, if_option:, unless_option:)
+          options = {
+            if: @if.dup,
+            unless: @unless.dup
+          }
+
+          options[:if].concat     Array(unless_option)
+          options[:unless].concat Array(if_option)
+
+          self.class.build chain, @filter, @kind, options
+        end
+
+        def matches?(_kind, _filter)
+          @kind == _kind && filter == _filter
+        end
+
+        def duplicates?(other)
+          case @filter
+          when Symbol
+            matches?(other.kind, other.filter)
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+
+        def compiled
+          @compiled ||=
+            begin
+              user_conditions = conditions_lambdas
+              user_callback = CallTemplate.build(@filter, self)
+
+              case kind
+              when :before
+                Filters::Before.new(user_callback.make_lambda, user_conditions, chain_config, @filter, name)
+              when :after
+                Filters::After.new(user_callback.make_lambda, user_conditions, chain_config)
+              when :around
+                Filters::Around.new(user_callback, user_conditions)
+              end
+            end
+        end
+
+        # Wraps code with filter
+        def apply(callback_sequence)
+          compiled.apply(callback_sequence)
+        end
+
+        def current_scopes
+          Array(chain_config[:scope]).map { |s| public_send(s) }
+        end
+
+        private
+          EMPTY_ARRAY = [].freeze
+          private_constant :EMPTY_ARRAY
+
+          def check_conditionals(conditionals)
+            return EMPTY_ARRAY if conditionals.blank?
+
+            conditionals = Array(conditionals)
+            if conditionals.any?(String)
+              raise ArgumentError, <<-MSG.squish
+                Passing string to be evaluated in :if and :unless conditional
+                options is not supported. Pass a symbol for an instance method,
+                or a lambda, proc or block, instead.
+              MSG
+            end
+
+            conditionals.freeze
+          end
+
+          def conditions_lambdas
+            conditions =
+              @if.map { |c| CallTemplate.build(c, self).make_lambda } +
+              @unless.map { |c| CallTemplate.build(c, self).inverted_lambda }
+            conditions.empty? ? EMPTY_ARRAY : conditions
+          end
+      end
+
+      # A future invocation of user-supplied code (either as a callback,
+      # or a condition filter).
+      module CallTemplate # :nodoc: all
+        class MethodCall
+          def initialize(method)
+            @method_name = method
+          end
+
+          # Return the parts needed to make this call, with the given
+          # input values.
+          #
+          # Returns an array of the form:
+          #
+          #   [target, block, method, *arguments]
+          #
+          # This array can be used as such:
+          #
+          #   target.send(method, *arguments, &block)
+          #
+          # The actual invocation is left up to the caller to minimize
+          # call stack pollution.
+          def expand(target, value, block)
+            [target, block, @method_name]
+          end
+
+          def make_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              target.send(@method_name, &block)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inverted_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              !target.send(@method_name, &block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class ObjectCall
+          def initialize(target, method)
+            @override_target = target
+            @method_name = method
+          end
+
+          def expand(target, value, block)
+            [@override_target || target, block, @method_name, target]
+          end
+
+          def make_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              (@override_target || target).send(@method_name, target, &block)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inverted_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              !(@override_target || target).send(@method_name, target, &block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class InstanceExec0
+          def initialize(block)
+            @override_block = block
+          end
+
+          def expand(target, value, block)
+            [target, @override_block, :instance_exec]
+          end
+
+          def make_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              target.instance_exec(&@override_block)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inverted_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              !target.instance_exec(&@override_block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class InstanceExec1
+          def initialize(block)
+            @override_block = block
+          end
+
+          def expand(target, value, block)
+            [target, @override_block, :instance_exec, target]
+          end
+
+          def make_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              target.instance_exec(target, &@override_block)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inverted_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              !target.instance_exec(target, &@override_block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class InstanceExec2
+          def initialize(block)
+            @override_block = block
+          end
+
+          def expand(target, value, block)
+            raise ArgumentError unless block
+            [target, @override_block || block, :instance_exec, target, block]
+          end
+
+          def make_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              raise ArgumentError unless block
+              target.instance_exec(target, block, &@override_block)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inverted_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              raise ArgumentError unless block
+              !target.instance_exec(target, block, &@override_block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class ProcCall
+          def initialize(target)
+            @override_target = target
+          end
+
+          def expand(target, value, block)
+            [@override_target || target, block, :call, target, value]
+          end
+
+          def make_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              (@override_target || target).call(target, value, &block)
+            end
+          end
+
+          def inverted_lambda
+            lambda do |target, value, &block|
+              !(@override_target || target).call(target, value, &block)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Filters support:
+        #
+        #   Symbols:: A method to call.
+        #   Procs::   A proc to call with the object.
+        #   Objects:: An object with a <tt>before_foo</tt> method on it to call.
+        #
+        # All of these objects are converted into a CallTemplate and handled
+        # the same after this point.
+        def self.build(filter, callback)
+          case filter
+          when Symbol
+            MethodCall.new(filter)
+          when Conditionals::Value
+            ProcCall.new(filter)
+          when ::Proc
+            case filter.arity
+            when 2
+              InstanceExec2.new(filter)
+            when 1, -2
+              InstanceExec1.new(filter)
+            else
+              InstanceExec0.new(filter)
+            end
+          else
+            ObjectCall.new(filter, callback.current_scopes.join("_").to_sym)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Execute before and after filters in a sequence instead of
+      # chaining them with nested lambda calls, see:
+      # https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/18011
+      class CallbackSequence # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(nested = nil, call_template = nil, user_conditions = nil)
+          @nested = nested
+          @call_template = call_template
+          @user_conditions = user_conditions
+
+          @before = nil
+          @after = nil
+        end
+
+        def before(before)
+          @before ||= []
+          @before.unshift(before)
+          self
+        end
+
+        def after(after)
+          @after ||= []
+          @after.push(after)
+          self
+        end
+
+        def around(call_template, user_conditions)
+          CallbackSequence.new(self, call_template, user_conditions)
+        end
+
+        def skip?(arg)
+          arg.halted || !@user_conditions.all? { |c| c.call(arg.target, arg.value) }
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :nested
+
+        def final?
+          !@call_template
+        end
+
+        def expand_call_template(arg, block)
+          @call_template.expand(arg.target, arg.value, block)
+        end
+
+        def invoke_before(arg)
+          @before&.each { |b| b.call(arg) }
+        end
+
+        def invoke_after(arg)
+          @after&.each { |a| a.call(arg) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      class CallbackChain # :nodoc:
+        include Enumerable
+
+        attr_reader :name, :config
+
+        def initialize(name, config)
+          @name = name
+          @config = {
+            scope: [:kind],
+            terminator: DEFAULT_TERMINATOR
+          }.merge!(config)
+          @chain = []
+          @all_callbacks = nil
+          @single_callbacks = {}
+          @mutex = Mutex.new
+        end
+
+        def each(&block); @chain.each(&block); end
+        def index(o);     @chain.index(o); end
+        def empty?;       @chain.empty?; end
+
+        def insert(index, o)
+          @all_callbacks = nil
+          @single_callbacks.clear
+          @chain.insert(index, o)
+        end
+
+        def delete(o)
+          @all_callbacks = nil
+          @single_callbacks.clear
+          @chain.delete(o)
+        end
+
+        def clear
+          @all_callbacks = nil
+          @single_callbacks.clear
+          @chain.clear
+          self
+        end
+
+        def initialize_copy(other)
+          @all_callbacks = nil
+          @single_callbacks = {}
+          @chain     = other.chain.dup
+          @mutex     = Mutex.new
+        end
+
+        def compile(type)
+          if type.nil?
+            @all_callbacks || @mutex.synchronize do
+              final_sequence = CallbackSequence.new
+              @all_callbacks ||= @chain.reverse.inject(final_sequence) do |callback_sequence, callback|
+                callback.apply(callback_sequence)
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            @single_callbacks[type] || @mutex.synchronize do
+              final_sequence = CallbackSequence.new
+              @single_callbacks[type] ||= @chain.reverse.inject(final_sequence) do |callback_sequence, callback|
+                type == callback.kind ? callback.apply(callback_sequence) : callback_sequence
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def append(*callbacks)
+          callbacks.each { |c| append_one(c) }
+        end
+
+        def prepend(*callbacks)
+          callbacks.each { |c| prepend_one(c) }
+        end
+
+        protected
+          attr_reader :chain
+
+        private
+          def append_one(callback)
+            @all_callbacks = nil
+            @single_callbacks.clear
+            remove_duplicates(callback)
+            @chain.push(callback)
+          end
+
+          def prepend_one(callback)
+            @all_callbacks = nil
+            @single_callbacks.clear
+            remove_duplicates(callback)
+            @chain.unshift(callback)
+          end
+
+          def remove_duplicates(callback)
+            @all_callbacks = nil
+            @single_callbacks.clear
+            @chain.delete_if { |c| callback.duplicates?(c) }
+          end
+
+          class DefaultTerminator # :nodoc:
+            def call(target, result_lambda)
+              terminate = true
+              catch(:abort) do
+                result_lambda.call
+                terminate = false
+              end
+              terminate
+            end
+          end
+          DEFAULT_TERMINATOR = DefaultTerminator.new.freeze
+      end
+
+      module ClassMethods
+        def normalize_callback_params(filters, block) # :nodoc:
+          type = CALLBACK_FILTER_TYPES.include?(filters.first) ? filters.shift : :before
+          options = filters.extract_options!
+          filters.unshift(block) if block
+          [type, filters, options.dup]
+        end
+
+        # This is used internally to append, prepend and skip callbacks to the
+        # CallbackChain.
+        def __update_callbacks(name) # :nodoc:
+          self.descendants.prepend(self).reverse_each do |target|
+            chain = target.get_callbacks name
+            yield target, chain.dup
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Install a callback for the given event.
+        #
+        #   set_callback :save, :before, :before_method
+        #   set_callback :save, :after,  :after_method, if: :condition
+        #   set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
+        #
+        # The second argument indicates whether the callback is to be run +:before+,
+        # +:after+, or +:around+ the event. If omitted, +:before+ is assumed. This
+        # means the first example above can also be written as:
+        #
+        #   set_callback :save, :before_method
+        #
+        # The callback can be specified as a symbol naming an instance method; as a
+        # proc, lambda, or block; or as an object that responds to a certain method
+        # determined by the <tt>:scope</tt> argument to #define_callbacks.
+        #
+        # If a proc, lambda, or block is given, its body is evaluated in the context
+        # of the current object. It can also optionally accept the current object as
+        # an argument.
+        #
+        # Before and around callbacks are called in the order that they are set;
+        # after callbacks are called in the reverse order.
+        #
+        # Around callbacks can access the return value from the event, if it
+        # wasn't halted, from the +yield+ call.
+        #
+        # ===== Options
+        #
+        # * <tt>:if</tt> - A symbol or an array of symbols, each naming an instance
+        #   method or a proc; the callback will be called only when they all return
+        #   a true value.
+        #
+        #   If a proc is given, its body is evaluated in the context of the
+        #   current object. It can also optionally accept the current object as
+        #   an argument.
+        # * <tt>:unless</tt> - A symbol or an array of symbols, each naming an
+        #   instance method or a proc; the callback will be called only when they
+        #   all return a false value.
+        #
+        #   If a proc is given, its body is evaluated in the context of the
+        #   current object. It can also optionally accept the current object as
+        #   an argument.
+        # * <tt>:prepend</tt> - If +true+, the callback will be prepended to the
+        #   existing chain rather than appended.
+        def set_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
+          type, filters, options = normalize_callback_params(filter_list, block)
+
+          self_chain = get_callbacks name
+          mapped = filters.map do |filter|
+            Callback.build(self_chain, filter, type, options)
+          end
+
+          __update_callbacks(name) do |target, chain|
+            options[:prepend] ? chain.prepend(*mapped) : chain.append(*mapped)
+            target.set_callbacks name, chain
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Skip a previously set callback. Like #set_callback, <tt>:if</tt> or
+        # <tt>:unless</tt> options may be passed in order to control when the
+        # callback is skipped.
+        #
+        # Note: this example uses +PersonRecord+ and +#saving_message+, which you
+        # can see defined here[rdoc-ref:ActiveSupport::Callbacks]
+        #
+        #   class Writer < PersonRecord
+        #     attr_accessor :age
+        #     skip_callback :save, :before, :saving_message, if: -> { age > 18 }
+        #   end
+        #
+        # When if option returns true, callback is skipped.
+        #
+        #   writer = Writer.new
+        #   writer.age = 20
+        #   writer.save
+        #
+        # Output:
+        #   - save
+        #   saved
+        #
+        # When if option returns false, callback is NOT skipped.
+        #
+        #   young_writer = Writer.new
+        #   young_writer.age = 17
+        #   young_writer.save
+        #
+        # Output:
+        #   saving...
+        #   - save
+        #   saved
+        #
+        # An <tt>ArgumentError</tt> will be raised if the callback has not
+        # already been set (unless the <tt>:raise</tt> option is set to <tt>false</tt>).
+        def skip_callback(name, *filter_list, &block)
+          type, filters, options = normalize_callback_params(filter_list, block)
+
+          options[:raise] = true unless options.key?(:raise)
+
+          __update_callbacks(name) do |target, chain|
+            filters.each do |filter|
+              callback = chain.find { |c| c.matches?(type, filter) }
+
+              if !callback && options[:raise]
+                raise ArgumentError, "#{type.to_s.capitalize} #{name} callback #{filter.inspect} has not been defined"
+              end
+
+              if callback && (options.key?(:if) || options.key?(:unless))
+                new_callback = callback.merge_conditional_options(chain, if_option: options[:if], unless_option: options[:unless])
+                chain.insert(chain.index(callback), new_callback)
+              end
+
+              chain.delete(callback)
+            end
+            target.set_callbacks name, chain
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Remove all set callbacks for the given event.
+        def reset_callbacks(name)
+          callbacks = get_callbacks name
+
+          self.descendants.each do |target|
+            chain = target.get_callbacks(name).dup
+            callbacks.each { |c| chain.delete(c) }
+            target.set_callbacks name, chain
+          end
+
+          set_callbacks(name, callbacks.dup.clear)
+        end
+
+        # Define sets of events in the object life cycle that support callbacks.
+        #
+        #   define_callbacks :validate
+        #   define_callbacks :initialize, :save, :destroy
+        #
+        # ===== Options
+        #
+        # * <tt>:terminator</tt> - Determines when a before filter will halt the
+        #   callback chain, preventing following before and around callbacks from
+        #   being called and the event from being triggered.
+        #   This should be a lambda to be executed.
+        #   The current object and the result lambda of the callback will be provided
+        #   to the terminator lambda.
+        #
+        #     define_callbacks :validate, terminator: ->(target, result_lambda) { result_lambda.call == false }
+        #
+        #   In this example, if any before validate callbacks returns +false+,
+        #   any successive before and around callback is not executed.
+        #
+        #   The default terminator halts the chain when a callback throws +:abort+.
+        #
+        # * <tt>:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated</tt> - Determines if after
+        #   callbacks should be terminated by the <tt>:terminator</tt> option. By
+        #   default after callbacks are executed no matter if callback chain was
+        #   terminated or not. This option has no effect if <tt>:terminator</tt>
+        #   option is set to +nil+.
+        #
+        # * <tt>:scope</tt> - Indicates which methods should be executed when an
+        #   object is used as a callback.
+        #
+        #     class Audit
+        #       def before(caller)
+        #         puts 'Audit: before is called'
+        #       end
+        #
+        #       def before_save(caller)
+        #         puts 'Audit: before_save is called'
+        #       end
+        #     end
+        #
+        #     class Account
+        #       include ActiveSupport::Callbacks
+        #
+        #       define_callbacks :save
+        #       set_callback :save, :before, Audit.new
+        #
+        #       def save
+        #         run_callbacks :save do
+        #           puts 'save in main'
+        #         end
+        #       end
+        #     end
+        #
+        #   In the above case whenever you save an account the method
+        #   <tt>Audit#before</tt> will be called. On the other hand
+        #
+        #     define_callbacks :save, scope: [:kind, :name]
+        #
+        #   would trigger <tt>Audit#before_save</tt> instead. That's constructed
+        #   by calling <tt>#{kind}_#{name}</tt> on the given instance. In this
+        #   case "kind" is "before" and "name" is "save". In this context +:kind+
+        #   and +:name+ have special meanings: +:kind+ refers to the kind of
+        #   callback (before/after/around) and +:name+ refers to the method on
+        #   which callbacks are being defined.
+        #
+        #   A declaration like
+        #
+        #     define_callbacks :save, scope: [:name]
+        #
+        #   would call <tt>Audit#save</tt>.
+        #
+        # ===== Notes
+        #
+        # +names+ passed to +define_callbacks+ must not end with
+        # <tt>!</tt>, <tt>?</tt> or <tt>=</tt>.
+        #
+        # Calling +define_callbacks+ multiple times with the same +names+ will
+        # overwrite previous callbacks registered with #set_callback.
+        def define_callbacks(*names)
+          options = names.extract_options!
+
+          names.each do |name|
+            name = name.to_sym
+
+            module_eval <<-RUBY, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
+              def _run_#{name}_callbacks
+                yield if block_given?
+              end
+              silence_redefinition_of_method(:_run_#{name}_callbacks)
+
+              def _run_#{name}_callbacks!(&block)
+                run_callbacks #{name.inspect}, &block
+              end
+
+              def self._#{name}_callbacks
+                get_callbacks(#{name.inspect})
+              end
+
+              def self._#{name}_callbacks=(value)
+                set_callbacks(#{name.inspect}, value)
+              end
+
+              def _#{name}_callbacks
+                __callbacks[#{name.inspect}]
+              end
+            RUBY
+
+            ([self] + self.descendants).each do |target|
+              target.set_callbacks name, CallbackChain.new(name, options)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        protected
+          def get_callbacks(name) # :nodoc:
+            __callbacks[name.to_sym]
+          end
+
+          def set_callbacks(name, callbacks) # :nodoc:
+            # HACK: We're making assumption on how `class_attribute` is implemented
+            # to save constantly duping the callback hash. If this desync with class_attribute
+            # we'll lose the optimization, but won't cause an actual behavior bug.
+            unless singleton_class.private_method_defined?(:__class_attr__callbacks, false)
+              self.__callbacks = __callbacks.dup
+            end
+            name = name.to_sym
+            callbacks_was = self.__callbacks[name.to_sym]
+            if (callbacks_was.nil? || callbacks_was.empty?) && !callbacks.empty?
+              alias_method("_run_#{name}_callbacks", "_run_#{name}_callbacks!")
+            end
+            self.__callbacks[name.to_sym] = callbacks
+            self.__callbacks
+          end
+      end
+  end
+end