tnfr 4.5.2__py3-none-any.whl → 7.0.0__py3-none-any.whl

tnfr/dynamics/dnfr.py

@@ -2,51 +2,294 @@
 
 This module provides helper functions to configure, cache and apply ΔNFR
 components such as phase, epidemiological state and vortex fields during
-simulations.
+simulations.  The neighbour accumulation helpers reuse cached edge indices
+and NumPy workspaces whenever available so cosine, sine, EPI, νf and topology
+means remain faithful to the canonical ΔNFR reorganisation without redundant
+allocations.
 """
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import math
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Any, Callable
-
-from ..collections_utils import normalize_weights
-from ..constants import DEFAULTS, get_aliases, get_param
-from ..cache import cached_nodes_and_A
-from ..helpers.numeric import angle_diff
-from ..metrics.trig import neighbor_phase_mean, _phase_mean_from_iter
-from ..alias import (
-    get_attr,
-    set_dnfr,
-)
-from ..metrics.trig_cache import compute_theta_trig
+import sys
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Mapping, MutableMapping, Sequence
+from concurrent.futures import ProcessPoolExecutor
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
+
+from time import perf_counter
+
+from ..alias import get_attr, get_theta_attr, set_dnfr
+from ..constants import DEFAULTS, get_param
+from ..constants.aliases import ALIAS_EPI, ALIAS_VF
 from ..metrics.common import merge_and_normalize_weights
-from ..import_utils import get_numpy
-ALIAS_THETA = get_aliases("THETA")
-ALIAS_EPI = get_aliases("EPI")
-ALIAS_VF = get_aliases("VF")
+from ..metrics.trig import neighbor_phase_mean_list
+from ..metrics.trig_cache import compute_theta_trig
+from ..types import (
+    DeltaNFRHook,
+    DnfrCacheVectors,
+    DnfrVectorMap,
+    NeighborStats,
+    NodeId,
+    TNFRGraph,
+)
+from ..utils import (
+    DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY,
+    DnfrPrepState,
+    DnfrCache,
+    CacheManager,
+    _graph_cache_manager,
+    angle_diff,
+    angle_diff_array,
+    cached_node_list,
+    cached_nodes_and_A,
+    get_numpy,
+    normalize_weights,
+    resolve_chunk_size,
+    new_dnfr_cache,
+)
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:  # pragma: no cover - import-time typing hook
+    import numpy as np
+
+_MEAN_VECTOR_EPS = 1e-12
+_SPARSE_DENSITY_THRESHOLD = 0.25
+_DNFR_APPROX_BYTES_PER_EDGE = 48
+
+
+def _should_vectorize(G: TNFRGraph, np_module: ModuleType | None) -> bool:
+    """Return ``True`` when NumPy is available unless the graph disables it."""
+
+    if np_module is None:
+        return False
+    flag = G.graph.get("vectorized_dnfr")
+    if flag is None:
+        return True
+    return bool(flag)
+
+
+_NUMPY_CACHE_ATTRS = (
+    "theta_np",
+    "epi_np",
+    "vf_np",
+    "cos_theta_np",
+    "sin_theta_np",
+    "deg_array",
+    "neighbor_x_np",
+    "neighbor_y_np",
+    "neighbor_epi_sum_np",
+    "neighbor_vf_sum_np",
+    "neighbor_count_np",
+    "neighbor_deg_sum_np",
+    "neighbor_inv_count_np",
+    "neighbor_cos_avg_np",
+    "neighbor_sin_avg_np",
+    "neighbor_mean_tmp_np",
+    "neighbor_mean_length_np",
+    "neighbor_accum_np",
+    "neighbor_edge_values_np",
+    "dense_components_np",
+    "dense_accum_np",
+    "dense_degree_np",
+)
 
 
+def _profile_start_stop(
+    profile: MutableMapping[str, float] | None,
+    *,
+    keys: Sequence[str] = (),
+) -> tuple[Callable[[], float], Callable[[str, float], None]]:
+    """Return helpers to measure wall-clock durations for ``profile`` keys."""
 
+    if profile is not None:
+        for key in keys:
+            profile.setdefault(key, 0.0)
 
-@dataclass
-class DnfrCache:
-    idx: dict[Any, int]
-    theta: list[float]
-    epi: list[float]
-    vf: list[float]
-    cos_theta: list[float]
-    sin_theta: list[float]
-    degs: dict[Any, float] | None = None
-    deg_list: list[float] | None = None
-    theta_np: Any | None = None
-    epi_np: Any | None = None
-    vf_np: Any | None = None
-    cos_theta_np: Any | None = None
-    sin_theta_np: Any | None = None
-    deg_array: Any | None = None
-    checksum: Any | None = None
+        def _start() -> float:
+            return perf_counter()
+
+        def _stop(metric: str, start: float) -> None:
+            profile[metric] = float(profile.get(metric, 0.0)) + (perf_counter() - start)
+
+    else:
+
+        def _start() -> float:
+            return 0.0
+
+        def _stop(metric: str, start: float) -> None:  # noqa: ARG001 - uniform signature
+            return None
+
+    return _start, _stop
+
+
+def _iter_chunk_offsets(total: int, jobs: int) -> Iterator[tuple[int, int]]:
+    """Yield ``(start, end)`` offsets splitting ``total`` items across ``jobs``."""
+
+    if total <= 0 or jobs <= 1:
+        return
+
+    jobs = max(1, min(int(jobs), total))
+    base, extra = divmod(total, jobs)
+    start = 0
+    for i in range(jobs):
+        size = base + (1 if i < extra else 0)
+        if size <= 0:
+            continue
+        end = start + size
+        yield start, end
+        start = end
+
+
+def _neighbor_sums_worker(
+    start: int,
+    end: int,
+    neighbor_indices: Sequence[Sequence[int]],
+    cos_th: Sequence[float],
+    sin_th: Sequence[float],
+    epi: Sequence[float],
+    vf: Sequence[float],
+    x_base: Sequence[float],
+    y_base: Sequence[float],
+    epi_base: Sequence[float],
+    vf_base: Sequence[float],
+    count_base: Sequence[float],
+    deg_base: Sequence[float] | None,
+    deg_list: Sequence[float] | None,
+    degs_list: Sequence[float] | None,
+) -> tuple[
+    int,
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    list[float] | None,
+]:
+    """Return partial neighbour sums for the ``[start, end)`` range."""
+
+    chunk_x: list[float] = []
+    chunk_y: list[float] = []
+    chunk_epi: list[float] = []
+    chunk_vf: list[float] = []
+    chunk_count: list[float] = []
+    chunk_deg: list[float] | None = [] if deg_base is not None else None
+
+    for offset, idx in enumerate(range(start, end)):
+        neighbors = neighbor_indices[idx]
+        x_i = float(x_base[offset])
+        y_i = float(y_base[offset])
+        epi_i = float(epi_base[offset])
+        vf_i = float(vf_base[offset])
+        count_i = float(count_base[offset])
+        if deg_base is not None and chunk_deg is not None:
+            deg_i_acc = float(deg_base[offset])
+        else:
+            deg_i_acc = 0.0
+        deg_i = float(degs_list[idx]) if degs_list is not None else 0.0
+
+        for neighbor_idx in neighbors:
+            x_i += float(cos_th[neighbor_idx])
+            y_i += float(sin_th[neighbor_idx])
+            epi_i += float(epi[neighbor_idx])
+            vf_i += float(vf[neighbor_idx])
+            count_i += 1.0
+            if chunk_deg is not None:
+                if deg_list is not None:
+                    deg_i_acc += float(deg_list[neighbor_idx])
+                else:
+                    deg_i_acc += deg_i
+
+        chunk_x.append(x_i)
+        chunk_y.append(y_i)
+        chunk_epi.append(epi_i)
+        chunk_vf.append(vf_i)
+        chunk_count.append(count_i)
+        if chunk_deg is not None:
+            chunk_deg.append(deg_i_acc)
+
+    return (
+        start,
+        chunk_x,
+        chunk_y,
+        chunk_epi,
+        chunk_vf,
+        chunk_count,
+        chunk_deg,
+    )
+
+
+def _dnfr_gradients_worker(
+    start: int,
+    end: int,
+    nodes: Sequence[NodeId],
+    theta: list[float],
+    epi: list[float],
+    vf: list[float],
+    th_bar: list[float],
+    epi_bar: list[float],
+    vf_bar: list[float],
+    deg_bar: list[float] | None,
+    degs: Mapping[Any, float] | Sequence[float] | None,
+    w_phase: float,
+    w_epi: float,
+    w_vf: float,
+    w_topo: float,
+) -> tuple[int, list[float]]:
+    """Return partial ΔNFR gradients for the ``[start, end)`` range."""
+
+    chunk: list[float] = []
+    for idx in range(start, end):
+        n = nodes[idx]
+        g_phase = -angle_diff(theta[idx], th_bar[idx]) / math.pi
+        g_epi = epi_bar[idx] - epi[idx]
+        g_vf = vf_bar[idx] - vf[idx]
+        if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_bar is not None and degs is not None:
+            if isinstance(degs, dict):
+                deg_i = float(degs.get(n, 0))
+            else:
+                deg_i = float(degs[idx])
+            g_topo = deg_bar[idx] - deg_i
+        else:
+            g_topo = 0.0
+        chunk.append(w_phase * g_phase + w_epi * g_epi + w_vf * g_vf + w_topo * g_topo)
+    return start, chunk
+
+
+def _resolve_parallel_jobs(n_jobs: int | None, total: int) -> int | None:
+    """Return an effective worker count for ``total`` items or ``None``."""
+
+    if n_jobs is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        jobs = int(n_jobs)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+    if jobs <= 1 or total <= 1:
+        return None
+    return max(1, min(jobs, total))
+
+
+def _is_numpy_like(obj) -> bool:
+    return (
+        getattr(obj, "dtype", None) is not None
+        and getattr(obj, "shape", None) is not None
+    )
+
+
+def _has_cached_numpy_buffers(data: dict, cache: DnfrCache | None) -> bool:
+    for attr in _NUMPY_CACHE_ATTRS:
+        arr = data.get(attr)
+        if _is_numpy_like(arr):
+            return True
+    if cache is not None:
+        for attr in _NUMPY_CACHE_ATTRS:
+            arr = getattr(cache, attr, None)
+            if _is_numpy_like(arr):
+                return True
+    A = data.get("A")
+    if _is_numpy_like(A):
+        return True
+    return False
 
 
 __all__ = (
@@ -93,37 +336,130 @@ def _configure_dnfr_weights(G) -> dict:
     return weights
 
 
-def _init_dnfr_cache(G, nodes, prev_cache: DnfrCache | None, checksum, dirty):
-    """Initialise or reuse cached ΔNFR arrays."""
-    if prev_cache and prev_cache.checksum == checksum and not dirty:
+def _init_dnfr_cache(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    nodes: Sequence[NodeId],
+    cache_or_manager: CacheManager | DnfrCache | None = None,
+    checksum: Any | None = None,
+    force_refresh: bool = False,
+    *,
+    manager: CacheManager | None = None,
+) -> tuple[
+    DnfrCache,
+    dict[NodeId, int],
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    list[float],
+    bool,
+]:
+    """Initialise or reuse cached ΔNFR arrays.
+
+    ``manager`` telemetry became mandatory in TNFR 9.0 to expose cache hits,
+    misses and timings. Older callers still pass a ``cache`` instance as the
+    third positional argument; this helper supports both signatures by seeding
+    the manager-backed state with the provided cache when necessary.
+    """
+
+    if manager is None and isinstance(cache_or_manager, CacheManager):
+        manager = cache_or_manager
+        cache_or_manager = None
+
+    if manager is None:
+        manager = _graph_cache_manager(G.graph)
+
+    graph = G.graph
+    state = manager.get(DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY)
+    if not isinstance(state, DnfrPrepState):
+        manager.clear(DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY)
+        state = manager.get(DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY)
+
+    if isinstance(cache_or_manager, DnfrCache):
+        state.cache = cache_or_manager
+        if checksum is None:
+            checksum = cache_or_manager.checksum
+
+    cache = state.cache
+    reuse = (
+        not force_refresh
+        and isinstance(cache, DnfrCache)
+        and cache.checksum == checksum
+        and len(cache.theta) == len(nodes)
+    )
+    if reuse:
+        manager.increment_hit(DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY)
+        graph["_dnfr_prep_cache"] = cache
         return (
-            prev_cache,
-            prev_cache.idx,
-            prev_cache.theta,
-            prev_cache.epi,
-            prev_cache.vf,
-            prev_cache.cos_theta,
-            prev_cache.sin_theta,
+            cache,
+            cache.idx,
+            cache.theta,
+            cache.epi,
+            cache.vf,
+            cache.cos_theta,
+            cache.sin_theta,
             False,
         )
 
-    idx = {n: i for i, n in enumerate(nodes)}
-    theta = [0.0] * len(nodes)
-    epi = [0.0] * len(nodes)
-    vf = [0.0] * len(nodes)
-    cos_theta = [1.0] * len(nodes)
-    sin_theta = [0.0] * len(nodes)
-    cache = DnfrCache(
-        idx=idx,
-        theta=theta,
-        epi=epi,
-        vf=vf,
-        cos_theta=cos_theta,
-        sin_theta=sin_theta,
-        degs=prev_cache.degs if prev_cache else None,
-        checksum=checksum,
-    )
-    G.graph["_dnfr_prep_cache"] = cache
+    def _rebuild(current: DnfrPrepState | Any) -> DnfrPrepState:
+        if not isinstance(current, DnfrPrepState):
+            raise RuntimeError("ΔNFR prep state unavailable during rebuild")
+        prev_cache = current.cache if isinstance(current.cache, DnfrCache) else None
+        idx_local = {n: i for i, n in enumerate(nodes)}
+        size = len(nodes)
+        zeros = [0.0] * size
+        cache_new = prev_cache if prev_cache is not None else new_dnfr_cache()
+        cache_new.idx = idx_local
+        cache_new.theta = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.epi = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.vf = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.cos_theta = [1.0] * size
+        cache_new.sin_theta = [0.0] * size
+        cache_new.neighbor_x = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.neighbor_y = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.neighbor_epi_sum = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.neighbor_vf_sum = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.neighbor_count = zeros.copy()
+        cache_new.neighbor_deg_sum = zeros.copy() if size else []
+        cache_new.degs = None
+        cache_new.edge_src = None
+        cache_new.edge_dst = None
+        cache_new.checksum = checksum
+
+        # Reset any numpy mirrors or aggregated buffers to avoid leaking
+        # state across refresh cycles (e.g. switching between vectorised
+        # and Python paths or reusing legacy caches).
+        if prev_cache is not None:
+            for attr in _NUMPY_CACHE_ATTRS:
+                setattr(cache_new, attr, None)
+            for attr in (
+                "th_bar_np",
+                "epi_bar_np",
+                "vf_bar_np",
+                "deg_bar_np",
+                "grad_phase_np",
+                "grad_epi_np",
+                "grad_vf_np",
+                "grad_topo_np",
+                "grad_total_np",
+            ):
+                setattr(cache_new, attr, None)
+            cache_new.edge_src = None
+            cache_new.edge_dst = None
+            cache_new.edge_signature = None
+            cache_new.neighbor_accum_signature = None
+        cache_new.degs = prev_cache.degs if prev_cache else None
+        cache_new.checksum = checksum
+        current.cache = cache_new
+        graph["_dnfr_prep_cache"] = cache_new
+        return current
+
+    with manager.timer(DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY):
+        state = manager.update(DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY, _rebuild)
+    manager.increment_miss(DNFR_PREP_STATE_KEY)
+    cache = state.cache
+    if not isinstance(cache, DnfrCache):  # pragma: no cover - defensive guard
+        raise RuntimeError("ΔNFR cache initialisation failed")
     return (
         cache,
         cache.idx,
@@ -136,13 +472,14 @@ def _init_dnfr_cache(G, nodes, prev_cache: DnfrCache | None, checksum, dirty):
     )
 
 
-def _ensure_numpy_vectors(cache: DnfrCache, np):
+def _ensure_numpy_vectors(cache: DnfrCache, np: ModuleType) -> DnfrCacheVectors:
     """Ensure NumPy copies of cached vectors are initialised and up to date."""
 
     if cache is None:
         return (None, None, None, None, None)
 
-    arrays = []
+    arrays: list[Any | None] = []
+    size = len(cache.theta)
     for attr_np, source_attr in (
         ("theta_np", "theta"),
         ("epi_np", "epi"),
@@ -150,28 +487,36 @@ def _ensure_numpy_vectors(cache: DnfrCache, np):
         ("cos_theta_np", "cos_theta"),
         ("sin_theta_np", "sin_theta"),
     ):
-        src = getattr(cache, source_attr)
         arr = getattr(cache, attr_np)
+        if arr is not None and getattr(arr, "shape", None) == (size,):
+            arrays.append(arr)
+            continue
+        src = getattr(cache, source_attr)
         if src is None:
             setattr(cache, attr_np, None)
             arrays.append(None)
             continue
-        if arr is None or len(arr) != len(src):
+        arr = np.asarray(src, dtype=float)
+        if getattr(arr, "shape", None) != (size,):
             arr = np.array(src, dtype=float)
-        else:
-            np.copyto(arr, src, casting="unsafe")
         setattr(cache, attr_np, arr)
         arrays.append(arr)
     return tuple(arrays)
 
 
-def _ensure_numpy_degrees(cache: DnfrCache, deg_list, np):
+def _ensure_numpy_degrees(
+    cache: DnfrCache,
+    deg_list: Sequence[float] | None,
+    np: ModuleType,
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
     """Initialise/update NumPy array mirroring ``deg_list``."""
 
-    if cache is None or deg_list is None:
+    if deg_list is None:
         if cache is not None:
             cache.deg_array = None
         return None
+    if cache is None:
+        return np.array(deg_list, dtype=float)
     arr = cache.deg_array
     if arr is None or len(arr) != len(deg_list):
         arr = np.array(deg_list, dtype=float)
@@ -181,121 +526,498 @@ def _ensure_numpy_degrees(cache: DnfrCache, deg_list, np):
     return arr
 
 
-def _refresh_dnfr_vectors(G, nodes, cache: DnfrCache):
+def _resolve_numpy_degree_array(
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    count: np.ndarray | None,
+    *,
+    cache: DnfrCache | None,
+    np: ModuleType,
+) -> np.ndarray | None:
+    """Return the vector of node degrees required for topology gradients."""
+
+    if data["w_topo"] == 0.0:
+        return None
+    deg_array = data.get("deg_array")
+    if deg_array is not None:
+        return deg_array
+    deg_list = data.get("deg_list")
+    if deg_list is not None:
+        deg_array = np.array(deg_list, dtype=float)
+        data["deg_array"] = deg_array
+        if cache is not None:
+            cache.deg_array = deg_array
+        return deg_array
+    return count
+
+
+def _ensure_cached_array(
+    cache: DnfrCache | None,
+    attr: str,
+    shape: tuple[int, ...],
+    np: ModuleType,
+) -> np.ndarray:
+    """Return a cached NumPy buffer with ``shape`` creating/reusing it."""
+
+    if np is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("NumPy is required to build cached arrays")
+    arr = getattr(cache, attr) if cache is not None else None
+    if arr is None or getattr(arr, "shape", None) != shape:
+        arr = np.empty(shape, dtype=float)
+        if cache is not None:
+            setattr(cache, attr, arr)
+    return arr
+
+
+def _ensure_numpy_state_vectors(
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any], np: ModuleType
+) -> DnfrVectorMap:
+    """Synchronise list-based state vectors with their NumPy counterparts."""
+
+    nodes = data.get("nodes") or ()
+    size = len(nodes)
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
+
+    cache_arrays: DnfrCacheVectors = (None, None, None, None, None)
+    if cache is not None:
+        cache_arrays = _ensure_numpy_vectors(cache, np)
+
+    result: dict[str, Any | None] = {}
+    for (plain_key, np_key, cached_arr, result_key) in (
+        ("theta", "theta_np", cache_arrays[0], "theta"),
+        ("epi", "epi_np", cache_arrays[1], "epi"),
+        ("vf", "vf_np", cache_arrays[2], "vf"),
+        ("cos_theta", "cos_theta_np", cache_arrays[3], "cos"),
+        ("sin_theta", "sin_theta_np", cache_arrays[4], "sin"),
+    ):
+        arr = data.get(np_key)
+        if arr is None:
+            arr = cached_arr
+        if arr is None or getattr(arr, "shape", None) != (size,):
+            src = data.get(plain_key)
+            if src is None and cache is not None:
+                src = getattr(cache, plain_key)
+            if src is None:
+                arr = None
+            else:
+                arr = np.asarray(src, dtype=float)
+                if getattr(arr, "shape", None) != (size,):
+                    arr = np.array(src, dtype=float)
+        if arr is not None:
+            data[np_key] = arr
+            data[plain_key] = arr
+            if cache is not None:
+                setattr(cache, np_key, arr)
+        else:
+            data[np_key] = None
+        result[result_key] = arr
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _build_edge_index_arrays(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    nodes: Sequence[NodeId],
+    idx: Mapping[NodeId, int],
+    np: ModuleType,
+) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
+    """Create (src, dst) index arrays for ``G`` respecting ``nodes`` order."""
+
+    if np is None:
+        return None, None
+    if not nodes:
+        empty = np.empty(0, dtype=np.intp)
+        return empty, empty
+
+    src = []
+    dst = []
+    append_src = src.append
+    append_dst = dst.append
+    for node in nodes:
+        i = idx.get(node)
+        if i is None:
+            continue
+        for neighbor in G.neighbors(node):
+            j = idx.get(neighbor)
+            if j is None:
+                continue
+            append_src(i)
+            append_dst(j)
+    if not src:
+        empty = np.empty(0, dtype=np.intp)
+        return empty, empty
+    edge_src = np.asarray(src, dtype=np.intp)
+    edge_dst = np.asarray(dst, dtype=np.intp)
+    return edge_src, edge_dst
+
+
+def _refresh_dnfr_vectors(
+    G: TNFRGraph, nodes: Sequence[NodeId], cache: DnfrCache
+) -> None:
     """Update cached angle and state vectors for ΔNFR."""
-    np = get_numpy()
-    trig = compute_theta_trig(((n, G.nodes[n]) for n in nodes), np=np)
-    use_numpy = np is not None and G.graph.get("vectorized_dnfr")
-    for i, n in enumerate(nodes):
-        nd = G.nodes[n]
-        cache.theta[i] = trig.theta[n]
-        cache.epi[i] = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_EPI, 0.0)
-        cache.vf[i] = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_VF, 0.0)
-        cache.cos_theta[i] = trig.cos[n]
-        cache.sin_theta[i] = trig.sin[n]
-    if use_numpy and np is not None:
-        _ensure_numpy_vectors(cache, np)
+    np_module = get_numpy()
+    trig = compute_theta_trig(((n, G.nodes[n]) for n in nodes), np=np_module)
+    use_numpy = _should_vectorize(G, np_module)
+    node_count = len(nodes)
+    trig_theta = getattr(trig, "theta_values", None)
+    trig_cos = getattr(trig, "cos_values", None)
+    trig_sin = getattr(trig, "sin_values", None)
+    np_ready = (
+        use_numpy
+        and np_module is not None
+        and isinstance(trig_theta, getattr(np_module, "ndarray", tuple()))
+        and isinstance(trig_cos, getattr(np_module, "ndarray", tuple()))
+        and isinstance(trig_sin, getattr(np_module, "ndarray", tuple()))
+        and getattr(trig_theta, "shape", None) == getattr(trig_cos, "shape", None)
+        and getattr(trig_theta, "shape", None) == getattr(trig_sin, "shape", None)
+        and (trig_theta.shape[0] if getattr(trig_theta, "ndim", 0) else 0) == node_count
+    )
+
+    if np_ready:
+        if node_count:
+            epi_arr = np_module.fromiter(
+                (get_attr(G.nodes[node], ALIAS_EPI, 0.0) for node in nodes),
+                dtype=float,
+                count=node_count,
+            )
+            vf_arr = np_module.fromiter(
+                (get_attr(G.nodes[node], ALIAS_VF, 0.0) for node in nodes),
+                dtype=float,
+                count=node_count,
+            )
+        else:
+            epi_arr = np_module.empty(0, dtype=float)
+            vf_arr = np_module.empty(0, dtype=float)
+
+        theta_arr = np_module.asarray(trig_theta, dtype=float)
+        cos_arr = np_module.asarray(trig_cos, dtype=float)
+        sin_arr = np_module.asarray(trig_sin, dtype=float)
+
+        def _sync_numpy(attr: str, source: Any) -> Any:
+            dest = getattr(cache, attr)
+            if dest is None or getattr(dest, "shape", None) != source.shape:
+                dest = np_module.array(source, dtype=float)
+            else:
+                np_module.copyto(dest, source, casting="unsafe")
+            setattr(cache, attr, dest)
+            return dest
+
+        _sync_numpy("theta_np", theta_arr)
+        _sync_numpy("epi_np", epi_arr)
+        _sync_numpy("vf_np", vf_arr)
+        _sync_numpy("cos_theta_np", cos_arr)
+        _sync_numpy("sin_theta_np", sin_arr)
+
+        # Python mirrors remain untouched while the vectorised path is active.
+        # They will be rebuilt the next time the runtime falls back to lists.
+        if cache.theta is not None and len(cache.theta) != node_count:
+            cache.theta = [0.0] * node_count
+        if cache.epi is not None and len(cache.epi) != node_count:
+            cache.epi = [0.0] * node_count
+        if cache.vf is not None and len(cache.vf) != node_count:
+            cache.vf = [0.0] * node_count
+        if cache.cos_theta is not None and len(cache.cos_theta) != node_count:
+            cache.cos_theta = [1.0] * node_count
+        if cache.sin_theta is not None and len(cache.sin_theta) != node_count:
+            cache.sin_theta = [0.0] * node_count
     else:
-        cache.theta_np = None
-        cache.epi_np = None
-        cache.vf_np = None
-        cache.cos_theta_np = None
-        cache.sin_theta_np = None
+        for index, node in enumerate(nodes):
+            i: int = int(index)
+            node_id: NodeId = node
+            nd = G.nodes[node_id]
+            cache.theta[i] = trig.theta[node_id]
+            cache.epi[i] = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_EPI, 0.0)
+            cache.vf[i] = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_VF, 0.0)
+            cache.cos_theta[i] = trig.cos[node_id]
+            cache.sin_theta[i] = trig.sin[node_id]
+        if use_numpy and np_module is not None:
+            _ensure_numpy_vectors(cache, np_module)
+        else:
+            cache.theta_np = None
+            cache.epi_np = None
+            cache.vf_np = None
+            cache.cos_theta_np = None
+            cache.sin_theta_np = None
+
+
+def _prepare_dnfr_data(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    *,
+    cache_size: int | None = 128,
+    profile: MutableMapping[str, float] | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """Precompute common data for ΔNFR strategies.
+
+    The helper decides between edge-wise and dense adjacency accumulation
+    heuristically.  Graphs whose edge density exceeds
+    ``_SPARSE_DENSITY_THRESHOLD`` receive a cached adjacency matrix so the
+    dense path can be exercised; callers may also force the dense mode by
+    setting ``G.graph['dnfr_force_dense']`` to a truthy value.
 
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    profile : MutableMapping[str, float] or None, optional
+        Mutable mapping that accumulates wall-clock timings for ΔNFR
+        preparation. When provided the helper increases the
+        ``"dnfr_cache_rebuild"`` bucket with the time spent refreshing cached
+        node vectors and associated NumPy workspaces.
+    """
+    start_timer, stop_timer = _profile_start_stop(
+        profile,
+        keys=("dnfr_cache_rebuild",),
+    )
 
-def _prepare_dnfr_data(G, *, cache_size: int | None = 128) -> dict:
-    """Precompute common data for ΔNFR strategies."""
-    weights = G.graph.get("_dnfr_weights")
+    graph = G.graph
+    weights = graph.get("_dnfr_weights")
     if weights is None:
         weights = _configure_dnfr_weights(G)
 
-    np = get_numpy()
-    use_numpy = np is not None and G.graph.get("vectorized_dnfr")
+    result: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "weights": weights,
+        "cache_size": cache_size,
+    }
 
-    nodes, A = cached_nodes_and_A(G, cache_size=cache_size)
-    cache: DnfrCache | None = G.graph.get("_dnfr_prep_cache")
+    np_module = get_numpy()
+    use_numpy = _should_vectorize(G, np_module)
+
+    nodes = cast(tuple[NodeId, ...], cached_node_list(G))
+    edge_count = G.number_of_edges()
+    prefer_sparse = False
+    dense_override = bool(G.graph.get("dnfr_force_dense"))
+    if use_numpy:
+        prefer_sparse = _prefer_sparse_accumulation(len(nodes), edge_count)
+        if dense_override:
+            prefer_sparse = False
+    nodes_cached, A_untyped = cached_nodes_and_A(
+        G,
+        cache_size=cache_size,
+        require_numpy=False,
+        prefer_sparse=prefer_sparse,
+        nodes=nodes,
+    )
+    nodes = cast(tuple[NodeId, ...], nodes_cached)
+    A: np.ndarray | None = A_untyped
+    result["nodes"] = nodes
+    result["A"] = A
+    manager = _graph_cache_manager(G.graph)
     checksum = G.graph.get("_dnfr_nodes_checksum")
-    dirty = bool(G.graph.pop("_dnfr_prep_dirty", False))
-    cache, idx, theta, epi, vf, cos_theta, sin_theta, refreshed = (
-        _init_dnfr_cache(G, nodes, cache, checksum, dirty)
+    dirty_flag = bool(G.graph.pop("_dnfr_prep_dirty", False))
+    existing_cache = cast(DnfrCache | None, graph.get("_dnfr_prep_cache"))
+    cache_timer = start_timer()
+    cache, idx, theta, epi, vf, cos_theta, sin_theta, refreshed = _init_dnfr_cache(
+        G,
+        nodes,
+        existing_cache,
+        checksum,
+        force_refresh=dirty_flag,
+        manager=manager,
     )
+    stop_timer("dnfr_cache_rebuild", cache_timer)
+    dirty = dirty_flag or refreshed
+    caching_enabled = cache is not None and (cache_size is None or cache_size > 0)
+    result["cache"] = cache
+    result["idx"] = idx
+    result["theta"] = theta
+    result["epi"] = epi
+    result["vf"] = vf
+    result["cos_theta"] = cos_theta
+    result["sin_theta"] = sin_theta
     if cache is not None:
         _refresh_dnfr_vectors(G, nodes, cache)
+        if np_module is None and not caching_enabled:
+            for attr in (
+                "neighbor_x_np",
+                "neighbor_y_np",
+                "neighbor_epi_sum_np",
+                "neighbor_vf_sum_np",
+                "neighbor_count_np",
+                "neighbor_deg_sum_np",
+                "neighbor_inv_count_np",
+                "neighbor_cos_avg_np",
+                "neighbor_sin_avg_np",
+                "neighbor_mean_tmp_np",
+                "neighbor_mean_length_np",
+                "neighbor_accum_np",
+                "neighbor_edge_values_np",
+            ):
+                setattr(cache, attr, None)
+            cache.neighbor_accum_signature = None
+            for attr in (
+                "th_bar_np",
+                "epi_bar_np",
+                "vf_bar_np",
+                "deg_bar_np",
+                "grad_phase_np",
+                "grad_epi_np",
+                "grad_vf_np",
+                "grad_topo_np",
+                "grad_total_np",
+            ):
+                setattr(cache, attr, None)
 
     w_phase = float(weights.get("phase", 0.0))
     w_epi = float(weights.get("epi", 0.0))
     w_vf = float(weights.get("vf", 0.0))
     w_topo = float(weights.get("topo", 0.0))
-    degs = cache.degs if cache else None
-    if w_topo != 0 and (dirty or degs is None):
-        degs = dict(G.degree())
-        cache.degs = degs
-    elif w_topo == 0:
-        degs = None
-        if cache is not None:
-            cache.degs = None
-
-    G.graph["_dnfr_prep_dirty"] = False
+    result["w_phase"] = w_phase
+    result["w_epi"] = w_epi
+    result["w_vf"] = w_vf
+    result["w_topo"] = w_topo
+    degree_map = cast(dict[NodeId, float] | None, cache.degs if cache else None)
+    if cache is not None and dirty:
+        cache.degs = None
+        cache.deg_list = None
+        cache.deg_array = None
+        cache.edge_src = None
+        cache.edge_dst = None
+        cache.edge_signature = None
+        cache.neighbor_accum_signature = None
+        cache.neighbor_accum_np = None
+        cache.neighbor_edge_values_np = None
+        degree_map = None
 
     deg_list: list[float] | None = None
-    if w_topo != 0.0 and degs is not None:
-        if cache.deg_list is None or dirty or len(cache.deg_list) != len(nodes):
-            cache.deg_list = [float(degs.get(node, 0.0)) for node in nodes]
-        deg_list = cache.deg_list
-    else:
+    degs: dict[NodeId, float] | None = None
+    deg_array: np.ndarray | None = None
+
+    if w_topo != 0.0 or caching_enabled:
+        if degree_map is None or len(degree_map) != len(G):
+            degree_map = {cast(NodeId, node): float(deg) for node, deg in G.degree()}
+            if cache is not None:
+                cache.degs = degree_map
+
+        if (
+            cache is not None
+            and cache.deg_list is not None
+            and not dirty
+            and len(cache.deg_list) == len(nodes)
+        ):
+            deg_list = cache.deg_list
+        else:
+            deg_list = [float(degree_map.get(node, 0.0)) for node in nodes]
+            if cache is not None:
+                cache.deg_list = deg_list
+
+        degs = degree_map
+
+        if np_module is not None and deg_list is not None:
+            if cache is not None:
+                deg_array = _ensure_numpy_degrees(cache, deg_list, np_module)
+            else:
+                deg_array = np_module.array(deg_list, dtype=float)
+        elif cache is not None:
+            cache.deg_array = None
+    elif cache is not None and dirty:
         cache.deg_list = None
+        cache.deg_array = None
+
+    G.graph["_dnfr_prep_dirty"] = False
 
-    if use_numpy and np is not None:
+    result["degs"] = degs
+    result["deg_list"] = deg_list
+
+    theta_np: np.ndarray | None
+    epi_np: np.ndarray | None
+    vf_np: np.ndarray | None
+    cos_theta_np: np.ndarray | None
+    sin_theta_np: np.ndarray | None
+    edge_src: np.ndarray | None
+    edge_dst: np.ndarray | None
+    if use_numpy:
         theta_np, epi_np, vf_np, cos_theta_np, sin_theta_np = _ensure_numpy_vectors(
-            cache, np
+            cache, np_module
         )
-        deg_array = _ensure_numpy_degrees(cache, deg_list, np)
+        edge_src = None
+        edge_dst = None
+        if cache is not None:
+            edge_src = cache.edge_src
+            edge_dst = cache.edge_dst
+            if edge_src is None or edge_dst is None or dirty:
+                edge_src, edge_dst = _build_edge_index_arrays(G, nodes, idx, np_module)
+                cache.edge_src = edge_src
+                cache.edge_dst = edge_dst
+        else:
+            edge_src, edge_dst = _build_edge_index_arrays(G, nodes, idx, np_module)
+
+        if cache is not None:
+            for attr in ("neighbor_accum_np", "neighbor_edge_values_np"):
+                arr = getattr(cache, attr, None)
+                if arr is not None:
+                    result[attr] = arr
+        if edge_src is not None and edge_dst is not None:
+            signature = (id(edge_src), id(edge_dst), len(nodes))
+            result["edge_signature"] = signature
+            if cache is not None:
+                cache.edge_signature = signature
     else:
         theta_np = None
         epi_np = None
         vf_np = None
         cos_theta_np = None
         sin_theta_np = None
-        deg_array = None
-        cache.deg_array = None
-
-    return {
-        "weights": weights,
-        "nodes": nodes,
-        "idx": idx,
-        "theta": theta,
-        "epi": epi,
-        "vf": vf,
-        "cos_theta": cos_theta,
-        "sin_theta": sin_theta,
-        "theta_np": theta_np,
-        "epi_np": epi_np,
-        "vf_np": vf_np,
-        "cos_theta_np": cos_theta_np,
-        "sin_theta_np": sin_theta_np,
-        "w_phase": w_phase,
-        "w_epi": w_epi,
-        "w_vf": w_vf,
-        "w_topo": w_topo,
-        "degs": degs,
-        "deg_list": deg_list,
-        "deg_array": deg_array,
-        "A": A,
-        "cache_size": cache_size,
-        "cache": cache,
-    }
+        edge_src = None
+        edge_dst = None
+        if cache is not None:
+            cache.edge_src = None
+            cache.edge_dst = None
+
+    result.setdefault("neighbor_edge_values_np", None)
+    if cache is not None and "edge_signature" not in result:
+        result["edge_signature"] = cache.edge_signature
+
+    result["theta_np"] = theta_np
+    result["epi_np"] = epi_np
+    result["vf_np"] = vf_np
+    result["cos_theta_np"] = cos_theta_np
+    result["sin_theta_np"] = sin_theta_np
+    if theta_np is not None and getattr(theta_np, "shape", None) == (len(nodes),):
+        result["theta"] = theta_np
+    if epi_np is not None and getattr(epi_np, "shape", None) == (len(nodes),):
+        result["epi"] = epi_np
+    if vf_np is not None and getattr(vf_np, "shape", None) == (len(nodes),):
+        result["vf"] = vf_np
+    if cos_theta_np is not None and getattr(cos_theta_np, "shape", None) == (len(nodes),):
+        result["cos_theta"] = cos_theta_np
+    if sin_theta_np is not None and getattr(sin_theta_np, "shape", None) == (len(nodes),):
+        result["sin_theta"] = sin_theta_np
+    result["deg_array"] = deg_array
+    result["edge_src"] = edge_src
+    result["edge_dst"] = edge_dst
+    result["edge_count"] = edge_count
+    result["prefer_sparse"] = prefer_sparse
+    result["dense_override"] = dense_override
+    result.setdefault("neighbor_accum_np", None)
+    result.setdefault("neighbor_accum_signature", None)
+
+    return result
 
 
 def _apply_dnfr_gradients(
-    G,
-    data,
-    th_bar,
-    epi_bar,
-    vf_bar,
-    deg_bar=None,
-    degs=None,
-):
-    """Combine precomputed gradients and write ΔNFR to each node."""
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    th_bar: Sequence[float] | np.ndarray,
+    epi_bar: Sequence[float] | np.ndarray,
+    vf_bar: Sequence[float] | np.ndarray,
+    deg_bar: Sequence[float] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+    degs: Mapping[Any, float] | Sequence[float] | np.ndarray | None = None,
+    *,
+    n_jobs: int | None = None,
+    profile: MutableMapping[str, float] | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Combine precomputed gradients and write ΔNFR to each node.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    profile : MutableMapping[str, float] or None, optional
+        Mutable mapping receiving aggregated timings for the gradient assembly
+        (``"dnfr_gradient_assembly"``) and in-place writes
+        (``"dnfr_inplace_write"``).
+    """
+    start_timer, stop_timer = _profile_start_stop(
+        profile,
+        keys=("dnfr_gradient_assembly", "dnfr_inplace_write"),
+    )
+
+    np = get_numpy()
     nodes = data["nodes"]
     theta = data["theta"]
     epi = data["epi"]
@@ -307,25 +1029,146 @@ def _apply_dnfr_gradients(
     if degs is None:
         degs = data.get("degs")
 
-    for i, n in enumerate(nodes):
-        g_phase = -angle_diff(theta[i], th_bar[i]) / math.pi
-        g_epi = epi_bar[i] - epi[i]
-        g_vf = vf_bar[i] - vf[i]
-        if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_bar is not None and degs is not None:
-            if isinstance(degs, dict):
-                deg_i = float(degs.get(n, 0))
-            else:
-                deg_i = float(degs[i])
-            g_topo = deg_bar[i] - deg_i
-        else:
-            g_topo = 0.0
-        dnfr = (
-            w_phase * g_phase + w_epi * g_epi + w_vf * g_vf + w_topo * g_topo
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
+
+    theta_np = data.get("theta_np")
+    epi_np = data.get("epi_np")
+    vf_np = data.get("vf_np")
+    deg_array = data.get("deg_array") if w_topo != 0.0 else None
+
+    use_vector = (
+        np is not None
+        and theta_np is not None
+        and epi_np is not None
+        and vf_np is not None
+        and isinstance(th_bar, np.ndarray)
+        and isinstance(epi_bar, np.ndarray)
+        and isinstance(vf_bar, np.ndarray)
+    )
+    if use_vector and w_topo != 0.0:
+        use_vector = (
+            deg_bar is not None
+            and isinstance(deg_bar, np.ndarray)
+            and isinstance(deg_array, np.ndarray)
         )
-        set_dnfr(G, n, float(dnfr))
 
+    grad_timer = start_timer()
+
+    if use_vector:
+        grad_phase = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "grad_phase_np", theta_np.shape, np)
+        grad_epi = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "grad_epi_np", epi_np.shape, np)
+        grad_vf = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "grad_vf_np", vf_np.shape, np)
+        grad_total = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "grad_total_np", theta_np.shape, np)
+        grad_topo = None
+        if w_topo != 0.0:
+            grad_topo = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "grad_topo_np", deg_array.shape, np)
+
+        angle_diff_array(theta_np, th_bar, np=np, out=grad_phase)
+        np.multiply(grad_phase, -1.0 / math.pi, out=grad_phase)
+
+        np.copyto(grad_epi, epi_bar, casting="unsafe")
+        grad_epi -= epi_np
+
+        np.copyto(grad_vf, vf_bar, casting="unsafe")
+        grad_vf -= vf_np
+
+        if grad_topo is not None and deg_bar is not None:
+            np.copyto(grad_topo, deg_bar, casting="unsafe")
+            grad_topo -= deg_array
 
-def _init_bar_arrays(data, *, degs=None, np=None):
+        if w_phase != 0.0:
+            np.multiply(grad_phase, w_phase, out=grad_total)
+        else:
+            grad_total.fill(0.0)
+        if w_epi != 0.0:
+            if w_epi != 1.0:
+                np.multiply(grad_epi, w_epi, out=grad_epi)
+            np.add(grad_total, grad_epi, out=grad_total)
+        if w_vf != 0.0:
+            if w_vf != 1.0:
+                np.multiply(grad_vf, w_vf, out=grad_vf)
+            np.add(grad_total, grad_vf, out=grad_total)
+        if w_topo != 0.0 and grad_topo is not None:
+            if w_topo != 1.0:
+                np.multiply(grad_topo, w_topo, out=grad_topo)
+            np.add(grad_total, grad_topo, out=grad_total)
+
+        dnfr_values = grad_total
+    else:
+        effective_jobs = _resolve_parallel_jobs(n_jobs, len(nodes))
+        if effective_jobs:
+            chunk_results = []
+            with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=effective_jobs) as executor:
+                futures = []
+                for start, end in _iter_chunk_offsets(len(nodes), effective_jobs):
+                    if start == end:
+                        continue
+                    futures.append(
+                        executor.submit(
+                            _dnfr_gradients_worker,
+                            start,
+                            end,
+                            nodes,
+                            theta,
+                            epi,
+                            vf,
+                            th_bar,
+                            epi_bar,
+                            vf_bar,
+                            deg_bar,
+                            degs,
+                            w_phase,
+                            w_epi,
+                            w_vf,
+                            w_topo,
+                        )
+                    )
+                for future in futures:
+                    chunk_results.append(future.result())
+
+            dnfr_values = [0.0] * len(nodes)
+            for start, chunk in sorted(chunk_results, key=lambda item: item[0]):
+                end = start + len(chunk)
+                dnfr_values[start:end] = chunk
+        else:
+            dnfr_values = []
+            for i, n in enumerate(nodes):
+                g_phase = -angle_diff(theta[i], th_bar[i]) / math.pi
+                g_epi = epi_bar[i] - epi[i]
+                g_vf = vf_bar[i] - vf[i]
+                if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_bar is not None and degs is not None:
+                    if isinstance(degs, dict):
+                        deg_i = float(degs.get(n, 0))
+                    else:
+                        deg_i = float(degs[i])
+                    g_topo = deg_bar[i] - deg_i
+                else:
+                    g_topo = 0.0
+                dnfr_values.append(
+                    w_phase * g_phase + w_epi * g_epi + w_vf * g_vf + w_topo * g_topo
+                )
+
+        if cache is not None:
+            cache.grad_phase_np = None
+            cache.grad_epi_np = None
+            cache.grad_vf_np = None
+            cache.grad_topo_np = None
+            cache.grad_total_np = None
+
+    stop_timer("dnfr_gradient_assembly", grad_timer)
+
+    write_timer = start_timer()
+    for i, n in enumerate(nodes):
+        set_dnfr(G, n, float(dnfr_values[i]))
+    stop_timer("dnfr_inplace_write", write_timer)
+
+
+def _init_bar_arrays(
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    degs: Mapping[Any, float] | Sequence[float] | None = None,
+    np: ModuleType | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Sequence[float], Sequence[float], Sequence[float], Sequence[float] | None]:
     """Prepare containers for neighbour means.
 
     If ``np`` is provided, NumPy arrays are created; otherwise lists are used.
@@ -333,97 +1176,234 @@ def _init_bar_arrays(data, *, degs=None, np=None):
     active.
     """
 
+    nodes = data["nodes"]
     theta = data["theta"]
     epi = data["epi"]
     vf = data["vf"]
     w_topo = data["w_topo"]
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
     if np is None:
         np = get_numpy()
     if np is not None:
-        th_bar = np.array(theta, dtype=float)
-        epi_bar = np.array(epi, dtype=float)
-        vf_bar = np.array(vf, dtype=float)
-        deg_bar = (
-            np.array(degs, dtype=float)
-            if w_topo != 0.0 and degs is not None
-            else None
-        )
+        size = len(theta)
+        if cache is not None:
+            th_bar = cache.th_bar_np
+            if th_bar is None or getattr(th_bar, "shape", None) != (size,):
+                th_bar = np.array(theta, dtype=float)
+            else:
+                np.copyto(th_bar, theta, casting="unsafe")
+            cache.th_bar_np = th_bar
+
+            epi_bar = cache.epi_bar_np
+            if epi_bar is None or getattr(epi_bar, "shape", None) != (size,):
+                epi_bar = np.array(epi, dtype=float)
+            else:
+                np.copyto(epi_bar, epi, casting="unsafe")
+            cache.epi_bar_np = epi_bar
+
+            vf_bar = cache.vf_bar_np
+            if vf_bar is None or getattr(vf_bar, "shape", None) != (size,):
+                vf_bar = np.array(vf, dtype=float)
+            else:
+                np.copyto(vf_bar, vf, casting="unsafe")
+            cache.vf_bar_np = vf_bar
+
+            if w_topo != 0.0 and degs is not None:
+                if isinstance(degs, dict):
+                    deg_size = len(nodes)
+                else:
+                    deg_size = len(degs)
+                deg_bar = cache.deg_bar_np
+                if deg_bar is None or getattr(deg_bar, "shape", None) != (deg_size,):
+                    if isinstance(degs, dict):
+                        deg_bar = np.array(
+                            [float(degs.get(node, 0.0)) for node in nodes],
+                            dtype=float,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        deg_bar = np.array(degs, dtype=float)
+                else:
+                    if isinstance(degs, dict):
+                        for i, node in enumerate(nodes):
+                            deg_bar[i] = float(degs.get(node, 0.0))
+                    else:
+                        np.copyto(deg_bar, degs, casting="unsafe")
+                cache.deg_bar_np = deg_bar
+            else:
+                deg_bar = None
+                if cache is not None:
+                    cache.deg_bar_np = None
+        else:
+            th_bar = np.array(theta, dtype=float)
+            epi_bar = np.array(epi, dtype=float)
+            vf_bar = np.array(vf, dtype=float)
+            deg_bar = (
+                np.array(degs, dtype=float)
+                if w_topo != 0.0 and degs is not None
+                else None
+            )
     else:
-        th_bar = list(theta)
-        epi_bar = list(epi)
-        vf_bar = list(vf)
-        deg_bar = list(degs) if w_topo != 0.0 and degs is not None else None
+        size = len(theta)
+        if cache is not None:
+            th_bar = cache.th_bar
+            if th_bar is None or len(th_bar) != size:
+                th_bar = [0.0] * size
+            th_bar[:] = theta
+            cache.th_bar = th_bar
+
+            epi_bar = cache.epi_bar
+            if epi_bar is None or len(epi_bar) != size:
+                epi_bar = [0.0] * size
+            epi_bar[:] = epi
+            cache.epi_bar = epi_bar
+
+            vf_bar = cache.vf_bar
+            if vf_bar is None or len(vf_bar) != size:
+                vf_bar = [0.0] * size
+            vf_bar[:] = vf
+            cache.vf_bar = vf_bar
+
+            if w_topo != 0.0 and degs is not None:
+                if isinstance(degs, dict):
+                    deg_size = len(nodes)
+                else:
+                    deg_size = len(degs)
+                deg_bar = cache.deg_bar
+                if deg_bar is None or len(deg_bar) != deg_size:
+                    deg_bar = [0.0] * deg_size
+                if isinstance(degs, dict):
+                    for i, node in enumerate(nodes):
+                        deg_bar[i] = float(degs.get(node, 0.0))
+                else:
+                    for i, value in enumerate(degs):
+                        deg_bar[i] = float(value)
+                cache.deg_bar = deg_bar
+            else:
+                deg_bar = None
+                cache.deg_bar = None
+        else:
+            th_bar = list(theta)
+            epi_bar = list(epi)
+            vf_bar = list(vf)
+            deg_bar = list(degs) if w_topo != 0.0 and degs is not None else None
     return th_bar, epi_bar, vf_bar, deg_bar
 
 
 def _compute_neighbor_means(
-    G,
-    data,
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
     *,
-    x,
-    y,
-    epi_sum,
-    vf_sum,
-    count,
-    deg_sum=None,
-    degs=None,
-    np=None,
-):
+    x: Sequence[float],
+    y: Sequence[float],
+    epi_sum: Sequence[float],
+    vf_sum: Sequence[float],
+    count: Sequence[float] | np.ndarray,
+    deg_sum: Sequence[float] | None = None,
+    degs: Mapping[Any, float] | Sequence[float] | None = None,
+    np: ModuleType | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Sequence[float], Sequence[float], Sequence[float], Sequence[float] | None]:
     """Return neighbour mean arrays for ΔNFR."""
     w_topo = data["w_topo"]
     theta = data["theta"]
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
     is_numpy = np is not None and isinstance(count, np.ndarray)
     th_bar, epi_bar, vf_bar, deg_bar = _init_bar_arrays(
         data, degs=degs, np=np if is_numpy else None
     )
 
     if is_numpy:
+        n = count.shape[0]
         mask = count > 0
-        if np.any(mask):
-            th_bar[mask] = np.arctan2(
-                y[mask] / count[mask], x[mask] / count[mask]
-            )
-            epi_bar[mask] = epi_sum[mask] / count[mask]
-            vf_bar[mask] = vf_sum[mask] / count[mask]
-            if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_bar is not None and deg_sum is not None:
-                deg_bar[mask] = deg_sum[mask] / count[mask]
+        if not np.any(mask):
+            return th_bar, epi_bar, vf_bar, deg_bar
+
+        inv = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "neighbor_inv_count_np", (n,), np)
+        inv.fill(0.0)
+        np.divide(1.0, count, out=inv, where=mask)
+
+        cos_avg = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "neighbor_cos_avg_np", (n,), np)
+        cos_avg.fill(0.0)
+        np.multiply(x, inv, out=cos_avg, where=mask)
+
+        sin_avg = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "neighbor_sin_avg_np", (n,), np)
+        sin_avg.fill(0.0)
+        np.multiply(y, inv, out=sin_avg, where=mask)
+
+        lengths = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "neighbor_mean_length_np", (n,), np)
+        np.hypot(cos_avg, sin_avg, out=lengths)
+
+        temp = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "neighbor_mean_tmp_np", (n,), np)
+        np.arctan2(sin_avg, cos_avg, out=temp)
+
+        theta_src = data.get("theta_np")
+        if theta_src is None:
+            theta_src = np.asarray(theta, dtype=float)
+        zero_mask = lengths <= _MEAN_VECTOR_EPS
+        np.copyto(temp, theta_src, where=zero_mask)
+        np.copyto(th_bar, temp, where=mask, casting="unsafe")
+
+        np.divide(epi_sum, count, out=epi_bar, where=mask)
+        np.divide(vf_sum, count, out=vf_bar, where=mask)
+        if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_bar is not None and deg_sum is not None:
+            np.divide(deg_sum, count, out=deg_bar, where=mask)
         return th_bar, epi_bar, vf_bar, deg_bar
 
     n = len(theta)
-    cos_th = data["cos_theta"]
-    sin_th = data["sin_theta"]
-    idx = data["idx"]
-    nodes = data["nodes"]
-    deg_list = data.get("deg_list")
     for i in range(n):
         c = count[i]
-        if c:
-            node = nodes[i]
-            th_bar[i] = _phase_mean_from_iter(
-                ((cos_th[idx[v]], sin_th[idx[v]]) for v in G.neighbors(node)),
-                theta[i],
-            )
-            epi_bar[i] = epi_sum[i] / c
-            vf_bar[i] = vf_sum[i] / c
-            if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_bar is not None and deg_sum is not None:
-                deg_bar[i] = deg_sum[i] / c
+        if not c:
+            continue
+        inv = 1.0 / float(c)
+        cos_avg = x[i] * inv
+        sin_avg = y[i] * inv
+        if math.hypot(cos_avg, sin_avg) <= _MEAN_VECTOR_EPS:
+            th_bar[i] = theta[i]
+        else:
+            th_bar[i] = math.atan2(sin_avg, cos_avg)
+        epi_bar[i] = epi_sum[i] * inv
+        vf_bar[i] = vf_sum[i] * inv
+        if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_bar is not None and deg_sum is not None:
+            deg_bar[i] = deg_sum[i] * inv
     return th_bar, epi_bar, vf_bar, deg_bar
 
 
 def _compute_dnfr_common(
-    G,
-    data,
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
     *,
-    x,
-    y,
-    epi_sum,
-    vf_sum,
-    count,
-    deg_sum=None,
-    degs=None,
-):
-    """Compute neighbour means and apply ΔNFR gradients."""
-    np = get_numpy()
+    x: Sequence[float],
+    y: Sequence[float],
+    epi_sum: Sequence[float],
+    vf_sum: Sequence[float],
+    count: Sequence[float] | None,
+    deg_sum: Sequence[float] | None = None,
+    degs: Sequence[float] | None = None,
+    n_jobs: int | None = None,
+    profile: MutableMapping[str, float] | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    """Compute neighbour means and apply ΔNFR gradients.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    profile : MutableMapping[str, float] or None, optional
+        Mutable mapping that records wall-clock durations for the neighbour
+        mean computation (``"dnfr_neighbor_means"``), the gradient assembly
+        (``"dnfr_gradient_assembly"``) and the final in-place writes to the
+        graph (``"dnfr_inplace_write"``).
+    """
+    start_timer, stop_timer = _profile_start_stop(
+        profile,
+        keys=("dnfr_neighbor_means", "dnfr_gradient_assembly", "dnfr_inplace_write"),
+    )
+
+    np_module = get_numpy()
+    if np_module is not None and isinstance(
+        count, getattr(np_module, "ndarray", tuple)
+    ):
+        np_arg = np_module
+    else:
+        np_arg = None
+    neighbor_timer = start_timer()
     th_bar, epi_bar, vf_bar, deg_bar = _compute_neighbor_means(
         G,
         data,
@@ -434,121 +1414,724 @@ def _compute_dnfr_common(
         count=count,
         deg_sum=deg_sum,
         degs=degs,
-        np=np,
+        np=np_arg,
+    )
+    stop_timer("dnfr_neighbor_means", neighbor_timer)
+    _apply_dnfr_gradients(
+        G,
+        data,
+        th_bar,
+        epi_bar,
+        vf_bar,
+        deg_bar,
+        degs,
+        n_jobs=n_jobs,
+        profile=profile,
     )
-    _apply_dnfr_gradients(G, data, th_bar, epi_bar, vf_bar, deg_bar, degs)
 
 
-def _init_neighbor_sums(data, *, np=None):
+def _reset_numpy_buffer(
+    buffer: np.ndarray | None,
+    size: int,
+    np: ModuleType,
+) -> np.ndarray:
+    if (
+        buffer is None
+        or getattr(buffer, "shape", None) is None
+        or buffer.shape[0] != size
+    ):
+        return np.zeros(size, dtype=float)
+    buffer.fill(0.0)
+    return buffer
+
+
+def _init_neighbor_sums(
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    np: ModuleType | None = None,
+) -> NeighborStats:
     """Initialise containers for neighbour sums."""
     nodes = data["nodes"]
     n = len(nodes)
     w_topo = data["w_topo"]
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
+
+    def _reset_list(buffer: list[float] | None, value: float = 0.0) -> list[float]:
+        if buffer is None or len(buffer) != n:
+            return [value] * n
+        for i in range(n):
+            buffer[i] = value
+        return buffer
+
     if np is not None:
-        x = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
-        y = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
-        epi_sum = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
-        vf_sum = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
-        count = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
-        deg_sum = np.zeros(n, dtype=float) if w_topo != 0.0 else None
+        if cache is not None:
+            x = cache.neighbor_x_np
+            y = cache.neighbor_y_np
+            epi_sum = cache.neighbor_epi_sum_np
+            vf_sum = cache.neighbor_vf_sum_np
+            count = cache.neighbor_count_np
+            x = _reset_numpy_buffer(x, n, np)
+            y = _reset_numpy_buffer(y, n, np)
+            epi_sum = _reset_numpy_buffer(epi_sum, n, np)
+            vf_sum = _reset_numpy_buffer(vf_sum, n, np)
+            count = _reset_numpy_buffer(count, n, np)
+            cache.neighbor_x_np = x
+            cache.neighbor_y_np = y
+            cache.neighbor_epi_sum_np = epi_sum
+            cache.neighbor_vf_sum_np = vf_sum
+            cache.neighbor_count_np = count
+            cache.neighbor_x = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_x)
+            cache.neighbor_y = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_y)
+            cache.neighbor_epi_sum = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_epi_sum)
+            cache.neighbor_vf_sum = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_vf_sum)
+            cache.neighbor_count = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_count)
+            if w_topo != 0.0:
+                deg_sum = _reset_numpy_buffer(cache.neighbor_deg_sum_np, n, np)
+                cache.neighbor_deg_sum_np = deg_sum
+                cache.neighbor_deg_sum = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_deg_sum)
+            else:
+                cache.neighbor_deg_sum_np = None
+                cache.neighbor_deg_sum = None
+                deg_sum = None
+        else:
+            x = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
+            y = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
+            epi_sum = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
+            vf_sum = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
+            count = np.zeros(n, dtype=float)
+            deg_sum = np.zeros(n, dtype=float) if w_topo != 0.0 else None
         degs = None
     else:
-        x = [0.0] * n
-        y = [0.0] * n
-        epi_sum = [0.0] * n
-        vf_sum = [0.0] * n
-        count = [0] * n
+        if cache is not None:
+            x = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_x)
+            y = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_y)
+            epi_sum = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_epi_sum)
+            vf_sum = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_vf_sum)
+            count = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_count)
+            cache.neighbor_x = x
+            cache.neighbor_y = y
+            cache.neighbor_epi_sum = epi_sum
+            cache.neighbor_vf_sum = vf_sum
+            cache.neighbor_count = count
+            if w_topo != 0.0:
+                deg_sum = _reset_list(cache.neighbor_deg_sum)
+                cache.neighbor_deg_sum = deg_sum
+            else:
+                cache.neighbor_deg_sum = None
+                deg_sum = None
+        else:
+            x = [0.0] * n
+            y = [0.0] * n
+            epi_sum = [0.0] * n
+            vf_sum = [0.0] * n
+            count = [0.0] * n
+            deg_sum = [0.0] * n if w_topo != 0.0 else None
         deg_list = data.get("deg_list")
-        if w_topo != 0 and deg_list is not None:
-            deg_sum = [0.0] * n
-            degs = list(deg_list)
+        if w_topo != 0.0 and deg_list is not None:
+            degs = deg_list
         else:
-            deg_sum = None
             degs = None
     return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs
 
 
-def _build_neighbor_sums_common(G, data, *, use_numpy: bool):
-    np = get_numpy()
+def _prefer_sparse_accumulation(n: int, edge_count: int | None) -> bool:
+    """Return ``True`` when neighbour sums should use edge accumulation."""
+
+    if n <= 1 or not edge_count:
+        return False
+    possible_edges = n * (n - 1)
+    if possible_edges <= 0:
+        return False
+    density = edge_count / possible_edges
+    return density <= _SPARSE_DENSITY_THRESHOLD
+
+
+def _accumulate_neighbors_dense(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    x: np.ndarray,
+    y: np.ndarray,
+    epi_sum: np.ndarray,
+    vf_sum: np.ndarray,
+    count: np.ndarray,
+    deg_sum: np.ndarray | None,
+    np: ModuleType,
+) -> NeighborStats:
+    """Vectorised neighbour accumulation using a dense adjacency matrix."""
+
     nodes = data["nodes"]
-    w_topo = data["w_topo"]
-    if use_numpy:
-        if np is None:  # pragma: no cover - runtime check
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "numpy no disponible para la versión vectorizada",
+    if not nodes:
+        return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, None
+
+    A = data.get("A")
+    if A is None:
+        return _accumulate_neighbors_numpy(
+            G,
+            data,
+            x=x,
+            y=y,
+            epi_sum=epi_sum,
+            vf_sum=vf_sum,
+            count=count,
+            deg_sum=deg_sum,
+            np=np,
+        )
+
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
+    n = len(nodes)
+
+    state = _ensure_numpy_state_vectors(data, np)
+    vectors = [state["cos"], state["sin"], state["epi"], state["vf"]]
+
+    components = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "dense_components_np", (n, 4), np)
+    accum = _ensure_cached_array(cache, "dense_accum_np", (n, 4), np)
+
+    # ``components`` retains the last source copies so callers relying on
+    # cached buffers (e.g. diagnostics) still observe meaningful values.
+    np.copyto(components, np.column_stack(vectors), casting="unsafe")
+
+    np.matmul(A, components, out=accum)
+
+    np.copyto(x, accum[:, 0], casting="unsafe")
+    np.copyto(y, accum[:, 1], casting="unsafe")
+    np.copyto(epi_sum, accum[:, 2], casting="unsafe")
+    np.copyto(vf_sum, accum[:, 3], casting="unsafe")
+
+    degree_counts = data.get("dense_degree_np")
+    if degree_counts is None or getattr(degree_counts, "shape", (0,))[0] != n:
+        degree_counts = None
+    if degree_counts is None and cache is not None:
+        cached_counts = cache.dense_degree_np
+        if cached_counts is not None and getattr(cached_counts, "shape", (0,))[0] == n:
+            degree_counts = cached_counts
+    if degree_counts is None:
+        degree_counts = A.sum(axis=1)
+        if cache is not None:
+            cache.dense_degree_np = degree_counts
+    data["dense_degree_np"] = degree_counts
+    np.copyto(count, degree_counts, casting="unsafe")
+
+    degs = None
+    if deg_sum is not None:
+        deg_array = data.get("deg_array")
+        if deg_array is None:
+            deg_array = _resolve_numpy_degree_array(
+                data,
+                count,
+                cache=cache,
+                np=np,
             )
+        if deg_array is None:
+            deg_sum.fill(0.0)
+        else:
+            np.matmul(A, deg_array, out=deg_sum)
+            degs = deg_array
+
+    return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs
+
+
+def _accumulate_neighbors_broadcasted(
+    *,
+    edge_src: np.ndarray,
+    edge_dst: np.ndarray,
+    cos: np.ndarray,
+    sin: np.ndarray,
+    epi: np.ndarray,
+    vf: np.ndarray,
+    x: np.ndarray,
+    y: np.ndarray,
+    epi_sum: np.ndarray,
+    vf_sum: np.ndarray,
+    count: np.ndarray | None,
+    deg_sum: np.ndarray | None,
+    deg_array: np.ndarray | None,
+    cache: DnfrCache | None,
+    np: ModuleType,
+    chunk_size: int | None = None,
+) -> dict[str, np.ndarray]:
+    """Accumulate neighbour contributions using direct indexed reductions."""
+
+    n = x.shape[0]
+    edge_count = int(edge_src.size)
+
+    include_count = count is not None
+    use_topology = deg_sum is not None and deg_array is not None
+
+    component_rows = 4 + (1 if include_count else 0) + (1 if use_topology else 0)
+
+    if edge_count:
+        if chunk_size is None:
+            resolved_chunk = edge_count
+        else:
+            try:
+                resolved_chunk = int(chunk_size)
+            except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                resolved_chunk = edge_count
+            else:
+                if resolved_chunk <= 0:
+                    resolved_chunk = edge_count
+        resolved_chunk = max(1, min(edge_count, resolved_chunk))
+    else:
+        resolved_chunk = 0
+
+    use_chunks = bool(edge_count and resolved_chunk < edge_count)
+
+    if cache is not None:
+        base_signature = (id(edge_src), id(edge_dst), n, edge_count)
+        cache.edge_signature = base_signature
+        signature = (base_signature, component_rows)
+        previous_signature = cache.neighbor_accum_signature
+
+        accum = cache.neighbor_accum_np
+        if (
+            accum is None
+            or getattr(accum, "shape", None) != (component_rows, n)
+            or previous_signature != signature
+        ):
+            accum = np.zeros((component_rows, n), dtype=float)
+            cache.neighbor_accum_np = accum
+        else:
+            accum.fill(0.0)
+
+        workspace = cache.neighbor_edge_values_np
+        if use_chunks:
+            workspace_length = resolved_chunk
+        else:
+            workspace_length = component_rows
+        if workspace_length:
+            expected_shape = (component_rows, workspace_length)
+            if workspace is None or getattr(workspace, "shape", None) != expected_shape:
+                workspace = np.empty(expected_shape, dtype=float)
+        else:
+            workspace = None
+        cache.neighbor_edge_values_np = workspace
+
+        cache.neighbor_accum_signature = signature
+    else:
+        accum = np.zeros((component_rows, n), dtype=float)
+        workspace_length = resolved_chunk if use_chunks else component_rows
+        workspace = (
+            np.empty((component_rows, workspace_length), dtype=float)
+            if workspace_length
+            else None
+        )
+
+    if edge_count:
+        row = 0
+        cos_row = row
+        row += 1
+        sin_row = row
+        row += 1
+        epi_row = row
+        row += 1
+        vf_row = row
+        row += 1
+        count_row = row if include_count and count is not None else None
+        if count_row is not None:
+            row += 1
+        deg_row = row if use_topology and deg_array is not None else None
+
+        edge_src_int = edge_src.astype(np.intp, copy=False)
+        edge_dst_int = edge_dst.astype(np.intp, copy=False)
+
+        if use_chunks:
+            chunk_step = resolved_chunk if resolved_chunk else edge_count
+            chunk_indices = range(0, edge_count, chunk_step)
+
+            for start in chunk_indices:
+                end = min(start + chunk_step, edge_count)
+                if start >= end:
+                    continue
+                src_slice = edge_src_int[start:end]
+                dst_slice = edge_dst_int[start:end]
+                slice_len = end - start
+                if slice_len <= 0:
+                    continue
+
+                if workspace is not None:
+                    chunk_matrix = workspace[:, :slice_len]
+                else:
+                    chunk_matrix = np.empty((component_rows, slice_len), dtype=float)
+
+                np.take(cos, dst_slice, out=chunk_matrix[cos_row, :slice_len])
+                np.take(sin, dst_slice, out=chunk_matrix[sin_row, :slice_len])
+                np.take(epi, dst_slice, out=chunk_matrix[epi_row, :slice_len])
+                np.take(vf, dst_slice, out=chunk_matrix[vf_row, :slice_len])
+
+                if count_row is not None:
+                    chunk_matrix[count_row, :slice_len].fill(1.0)
+                if deg_row is not None and deg_array is not None:
+                    np.take(deg_array, dst_slice, out=chunk_matrix[deg_row, :slice_len])
+
+                def _accumulate_into(
+                    target_row: int | None,
+                    values: np.ndarray | None = None,
+                    *,
+                    unit_weight: bool = False,
+                ) -> None:
+                    if target_row is None:
+                        return
+                    row_view = accum[target_row]
+                    if unit_weight:
+                        np.add.at(row_view, src_slice, 1.0)
+                    else:
+                        if values is None:
+                            return
+                        np.add.at(row_view, src_slice, values)
+
+                _accumulate_into(cos_row, chunk_matrix[cos_row, :slice_len])
+                _accumulate_into(sin_row, chunk_matrix[sin_row, :slice_len])
+                _accumulate_into(epi_row, chunk_matrix[epi_row, :slice_len])
+                _accumulate_into(vf_row, chunk_matrix[vf_row, :slice_len])
+
+                if count_row is not None:
+                    _accumulate_into(count_row, unit_weight=True)
+
+                if deg_row is not None and deg_array is not None:
+                    _accumulate_into(deg_row, chunk_matrix[deg_row, :slice_len])
+        else:
+            def _apply_full_bincount(
+                target_row: int | None,
+                values: np.ndarray | None = None,
+                *,
+                unit_weight: bool = False,
+            ) -> None:
+                if target_row is None:
+                    return
+                if values is None and not unit_weight:
+                    return
+                if unit_weight:
+                    component_accum = np.bincount(
+                        edge_src_int,
+                        minlength=n,
+                    )
+                else:
+                    component_accum = np.bincount(
+                        edge_src_int,
+                        weights=values,
+                        minlength=n,
+                    )
+                np.copyto(
+                    accum[target_row, : n],
+                    component_accum[:n],
+                    casting="unsafe",
+                )
+
+            _apply_full_bincount(cos_row, np.take(cos, edge_dst_int))
+            _apply_full_bincount(sin_row, np.take(sin, edge_dst_int))
+            _apply_full_bincount(epi_row, np.take(epi, edge_dst_int))
+            _apply_full_bincount(vf_row, np.take(vf, edge_dst_int))
+
+            if count_row is not None:
+                _apply_full_bincount(count_row, unit_weight=True)
+
+            if deg_row is not None and deg_array is not None:
+                _apply_full_bincount(deg_row, np.take(deg_array, edge_dst_int))
+    else:
+        accum.fill(0.0)
+        if workspace is not None:
+            workspace.fill(0.0)
+
+    row = 0
+    np.copyto(x, accum[row], casting="unsafe")
+    row += 1
+    np.copyto(y, accum[row], casting="unsafe")
+    row += 1
+    np.copyto(epi_sum, accum[row], casting="unsafe")
+    row += 1
+    np.copyto(vf_sum, accum[row], casting="unsafe")
+    row += 1
+
+    if include_count and count is not None:
+        np.copyto(count, accum[row], casting="unsafe")
+        row += 1
+
+    if use_topology and deg_sum is not None:
+        np.copyto(deg_sum, accum[row], casting="unsafe")
+
+    return {
+        "accumulator": accum,
+        "edge_values": workspace,
+    }
+
+
+def _build_neighbor_sums_common(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    use_numpy: bool,
+    n_jobs: int | None = None,
+) -> NeighborStats:
+    """Build neighbour accumulators honouring cached NumPy buffers when possible."""
+
+    nodes = data["nodes"]
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
+    np_module = get_numpy()
+    has_numpy_buffers = _has_cached_numpy_buffers(data, cache)
+    if use_numpy and np_module is None and has_numpy_buffers:
+        np_module = sys.modules.get("numpy")
+
+    if np_module is not None:
         if not nodes:
-            return None
+            return _init_neighbor_sums(data, np=np_module)
+
         x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs = _init_neighbor_sums(
-            data, np=np
+            data, np=np_module
         )
+        prefer_sparse = data.get("prefer_sparse")
+        if prefer_sparse is None:
+            prefer_sparse = _prefer_sparse_accumulation(
+                len(nodes), data.get("edge_count")
+            )
+            data["prefer_sparse"] = prefer_sparse
+
+        use_dense = False
         A = data.get("A")
-        if A is None:
-            _, A = cached_nodes_and_A(G, cache_size=data.get("cache_size"))
-            data["A"] = A
-        epi = data.get("epi_np")
-        vf = data.get("vf_np")
-        cos_th = data.get("cos_theta_np")
-        sin_th = data.get("sin_theta_np")
-        cache = data.get("cache")
-        if epi is None or vf is None or cos_th is None or sin_th is None:
-            epi = np.array(data["epi"], dtype=float)
-            vf = np.array(data["vf"], dtype=float)
-            cos_th = np.array(data["cos_theta"], dtype=float)
-            sin_th = np.array(data["sin_theta"], dtype=float)
-            data["epi_np"] = epi
-            data["vf_np"] = vf
-            data["cos_theta_np"] = cos_th
-            data["sin_theta_np"] = sin_th
-            if cache is not None:
-                cache.epi_np = epi
-                cache.vf_np = vf
-                cache.cos_theta_np = cos_th
-                cache.sin_theta_np = sin_th
-        x[:] = A @ cos_th
-        y[:] = A @ sin_th
-        epi_sum[:] = A @ epi
-        vf_sum[:] = A @ vf
-        count[:] = A.sum(axis=1)
-        if w_topo != 0.0:
-            deg_array = data.get("deg_array")
-            if deg_array is None:
-                deg_list = data.get("deg_list")
-                if deg_list is not None:
-                    deg_array = np.array(deg_list, dtype=float)
-                    data["deg_array"] = deg_array
-                    if cache is not None:
-                        cache.deg_array = deg_array
-                else:
-                    deg_array = count
-            deg_sum[:] = A @ deg_array
-            degs = deg_array
-        return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs
-    else:
-        x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs_list = _init_neighbor_sums(
-            data
+        if use_numpy and not prefer_sparse and A is not None:
+            shape = getattr(A, "shape", (0, 0))
+            use_dense = shape[0] == len(nodes) and shape[1] == len(nodes)
+        if use_numpy and data.get("dense_override") and A is not None:
+            shape = getattr(A, "shape", (0, 0))
+            if shape[0] == len(nodes) and shape[1] == len(nodes):
+                use_dense = True
+
+        if use_dense:
+            accumulator = _accumulate_neighbors_dense
+        else:
+            _ensure_numpy_state_vectors(data, np_module)
+            accumulator = _accumulate_neighbors_numpy
+        return accumulator(
+            G,
+            data,
+            x=x,
+            y=y,
+            epi_sum=epi_sum,
+            vf_sum=vf_sum,
+            count=count,
+            deg_sum=deg_sum,
+            np=np_module,
         )
-        idx = data["idx"]
-        epi = data["epi"]
-        vf = data["vf"]
-        cos_th = data["cos_theta"]
-        sin_th = data["sin_theta"]
-        deg_list = data.get("deg_list")
-        for i, node in enumerate(nodes):
-            deg_i = degs_list[i] if degs_list is not None else 0.0
+
+    if not nodes:
+        return _init_neighbor_sums(data)
+
+    x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs_list = _init_neighbor_sums(data)
+    idx = data["idx"]
+    epi = data["epi"]
+    vf = data["vf"]
+    cos_th = data["cos_theta"]
+    sin_th = data["sin_theta"]
+    deg_list = data.get("deg_list")
+
+    effective_jobs = _resolve_parallel_jobs(n_jobs, len(nodes))
+    if effective_jobs:
+        neighbor_indices: list[list[int]] = []
+        for node in nodes:
+            indices: list[int] = []
             for v in G.neighbors(node):
-                j = idx[v]
-                x[i] += cos_th[j]
-                y[i] += sin_th[j]
-                epi_sum[i] += epi[j]
-                vf_sum[i] += vf[j]
-                count[i] += 1
-                if deg_sum is not None:
-                    deg_sum[i] += deg_list[j] if deg_list is not None else deg_i
+                indices.append(idx[v])
+            neighbor_indices.append(indices)
+
+        chunk_results = []
+        with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=effective_jobs) as executor:
+            futures = []
+            for start, end in _iter_chunk_offsets(len(nodes), effective_jobs):
+                if start == end:
+                    continue
+                futures.append(
+                    executor.submit(
+                        _neighbor_sums_worker,
+                        start,
+                        end,
+                        neighbor_indices,
+                        cos_th,
+                        sin_th,
+                        epi,
+                        vf,
+                        x[start:end],
+                        y[start:end],
+                        epi_sum[start:end],
+                        vf_sum[start:end],
+                        count[start:end],
+                        deg_sum[start:end] if deg_sum is not None else None,
+                        deg_list,
+                        degs_list,
+                    )
+                )
+            for future in futures:
+                chunk_results.append(future.result())
+
+        for (
+            start,
+            chunk_x,
+            chunk_y,
+            chunk_epi,
+            chunk_vf,
+            chunk_count,
+            chunk_deg,
+        ) in sorted(chunk_results, key=lambda item: item[0]):
+            end = start + len(chunk_x)
+            x[start:end] = chunk_x
+            y[start:end] = chunk_y
+            epi_sum[start:end] = chunk_epi
+            vf_sum[start:end] = chunk_vf
+            count[start:end] = chunk_count
+            if deg_sum is not None and chunk_deg is not None:
+                deg_sum[start:end] = chunk_deg
         return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs_list
 
+    for i, node in enumerate(nodes):
+        deg_i = degs_list[i] if degs_list is not None else 0.0
+        x_i = x[i]
+        y_i = y[i]
+        epi_i = epi_sum[i]
+        vf_i = vf_sum[i]
+        count_i = count[i]
+        deg_acc = deg_sum[i] if deg_sum is not None else 0.0
+        for v in G.neighbors(node):
+            j = idx[v]
+            cos_j = cos_th[j]
+            sin_j = sin_th[j]
+            epi_j = epi[j]
+            vf_j = vf[j]
+            x_i += cos_j
+            y_i += sin_j
+            epi_i += epi_j
+            vf_i += vf_j
+            count_i += 1
+            if deg_sum is not None:
+                deg_acc += deg_list[j] if deg_list is not None else deg_i
+        x[i] = x_i
+        y[i] = y_i
+        epi_sum[i] = epi_i
+        vf_sum[i] = vf_i
+        count[i] = count_i
+        if deg_sum is not None:
+            deg_sum[i] = deg_acc
+    return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs_list
+
+
+def _accumulate_neighbors_numpy(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    x: np.ndarray,
+    y: np.ndarray,
+    epi_sum: np.ndarray,
+    vf_sum: np.ndarray,
+    count: np.ndarray | None,
+    deg_sum: np.ndarray | None,
+    np: ModuleType,
+) -> NeighborStats:
+    """Vectorised neighbour accumulation reusing cached NumPy buffers."""
 
-def _compute_dnfr(G, data, *, use_numpy: bool = False) -> None:
+    nodes = data["nodes"]
+    if not nodes:
+        return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, None
+
+    cache: DnfrCache | None = data.get("cache")
+
+    state = _ensure_numpy_state_vectors(data, np)
+    cos_th = state["cos"]
+    sin_th = state["sin"]
+    epi = state["epi"]
+    vf = state["vf"]
+
+    edge_src = data.get("edge_src")
+    edge_dst = data.get("edge_dst")
+    if edge_src is None or edge_dst is None:
+        edge_src, edge_dst = _build_edge_index_arrays(G, nodes, data["idx"], np)
+        data["edge_src"] = edge_src
+        data["edge_dst"] = edge_dst
+        if cache is not None:
+            cache.edge_src = edge_src
+            cache.edge_dst = edge_dst
+    if edge_src is not None:
+        data["edge_count"] = int(edge_src.size)
+
+    cached_deg_array = data.get("deg_array")
+    reuse_count_from_deg = bool(count is not None and cached_deg_array is not None)
+    count_for_accum = count
+    if count is not None:
+        if reuse_count_from_deg:
+            # Reuse the cached degree vector as neighbour counts to avoid
+            # allocating an extra accumulator row in the broadcast routine.
+            np.copyto(count, cached_deg_array, casting="unsafe")
+            count_for_accum = None
+        else:
+            count.fill(0.0)
+
+    deg_array = None
+    if deg_sum is not None:
+        deg_sum.fill(0.0)
+        deg_array = _resolve_numpy_degree_array(
+            data, count if count is not None else None, cache=cache, np=np
+        )
+    elif cached_deg_array is not None:
+        deg_array = cached_deg_array
+
+    edge_count = int(edge_src.size) if edge_src is not None else 0
+    chunk_hint = data.get("neighbor_chunk_hint")
+    if chunk_hint is None:
+        chunk_hint = G.graph.get("DNFR_CHUNK_SIZE")
+    resolved_neighbor_chunk = (
+        resolve_chunk_size(
+            chunk_hint,
+            edge_count,
+            minimum=1,
+            approx_bytes_per_item=_DNFR_APPROX_BYTES_PER_EDGE,
+            clamp_to=None,
+        )
+        if edge_count
+        else 0
+    )
+    data["neighbor_chunk_hint"] = chunk_hint
+    data["neighbor_chunk_size"] = resolved_neighbor_chunk
+
+    accum = _accumulate_neighbors_broadcasted(
+        edge_src=edge_src,
+        edge_dst=edge_dst,
+        cos=cos_th,
+        sin=sin_th,
+        epi=epi,
+        vf=vf,
+        x=x,
+        y=y,
+        epi_sum=epi_sum,
+        vf_sum=vf_sum,
+        count=count_for_accum,
+        deg_sum=deg_sum,
+        deg_array=deg_array,
+        cache=cache,
+        np=np,
+        chunk_size=resolved_neighbor_chunk,
+    )
+
+    data["neighbor_accum_np"] = accum.get("accumulator")
+    edge_values = accum.get("edge_values")
+    data["neighbor_edge_values_np"] = edge_values
+    if edge_values is not None:
+        width = getattr(edge_values, "shape", (0, 0))[1]
+        data["neighbor_chunk_size"] = int(width)
+    else:
+        data["neighbor_chunk_size"] = resolved_neighbor_chunk
+    if cache is not None:
+        data["neighbor_accum_signature"] = cache.neighbor_accum_signature
+    if reuse_count_from_deg and cached_deg_array is not None:
+        count = cached_deg_array
+    degs = deg_array if deg_sum is not None and deg_array is not None else None
+    return x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs
+
+
+def _compute_dnfr(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    data: MutableMapping[str, Any],
+    *,
+    use_numpy: bool | None = None,
+    n_jobs: int | None = None,
+    profile: MutableMapping[str, float] | None = None,
+) -> None:
     """Compute ΔNFR using neighbour sums.
 
     Parameters
@@ -557,11 +2140,56 @@ def _compute_dnfr(G, data, *, use_numpy: bool = False) -> None:
         Graph on which the computation is performed.
     data : dict
         Precomputed ΔNFR data as returned by :func:`_prepare_dnfr_data`.
-    use_numpy : bool, optional
-        When ``True`` the vectorised ``numpy`` strategy is used. Defaults to
-        ``False`` to fall back to the loop-based implementation.
+    use_numpy : bool | None, optional
+        Backwards compatibility flag. When ``True`` the function eagerly
+        prepares NumPy buffers (if available). When ``False`` the engine still
+        prefers the vectorised path whenever :func:`get_numpy` returns a module
+        and the graph does not set ``vectorized_dnfr`` to ``False``.
+    profile : MutableMapping[str, float] or None, optional
+        Mutable mapping that aggregates wall-clock durations for neighbour
+        accumulation and records which execution branch was used. The
+        ``"dnfr_neighbor_accumulation"`` bucket gathers the time spent inside
+        :func:`_build_neighbor_sums_common`, while ``"dnfr_path"`` stores the
+        string ``"vectorized"`` or ``"fallback"`` describing the active
+        implementation.
     """
-    res = _build_neighbor_sums_common(G, data, use_numpy=use_numpy)
+    start_timer, stop_timer = _profile_start_stop(
+        profile,
+        keys=("dnfr_neighbor_accumulation",),
+    )
+
+    np_module = get_numpy()
+    data["dnfr_numpy_available"] = bool(np_module)
+    vector_disabled = G.graph.get("vectorized_dnfr") is False
+    prefer_dense = np_module is not None and not vector_disabled
+    if use_numpy is True and np_module is not None:
+        prefer_dense = True
+    if use_numpy is False or vector_disabled:
+        prefer_dense = False
+    data["dnfr_used_numpy"] = bool(prefer_dense and np_module is not None)
+    if profile is not None:
+        profile["dnfr_path"] = "vectorized" if data["dnfr_used_numpy"] else "fallback"
+
+    data["n_jobs"] = n_jobs
+    try:
+        neighbor_timer = start_timer()
+        res = _build_neighbor_sums_common(
+            G,
+            data,
+            use_numpy=prefer_dense,
+            n_jobs=n_jobs,
+        )
+        stop_timer("dnfr_neighbor_accumulation", neighbor_timer)
+    except TypeError as exc:
+        if "n_jobs" not in str(exc):
+            raise
+        neighbor_timer = start_timer()
+        res = _build_neighbor_sums_common(
+            G,
+            data,
+            use_numpy=prefer_dense,
+        )
+        stop_timer("dnfr_neighbor_accumulation", neighbor_timer)
     if res is None:
         return
     x, y, epi_sum, vf_sum, count, deg_sum, degs = res
@@ -575,10 +2203,18 @@ def _compute_dnfr(G, data, *, use_numpy: bool = False) -> None:
         count=count,
         deg_sum=deg_sum,
         degs=degs,
+        n_jobs=n_jobs,
+        profile=profile,
     )
 
 
-def default_compute_delta_nfr(G, *, cache_size: int | None = 1) -> None:
+def default_compute_delta_nfr(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    *,
+    cache_size: int | None = 1,
+    n_jobs: int | None = None,
+    profile: MutableMapping[str, float] | None = None,
+) -> None:
     """Compute ΔNFR by mixing phase, EPI, νf and a topological term.
 
     Parameters
@@ -589,29 +2225,97 @@ def default_compute_delta_nfr(G, *, cache_size: int | None = 1) -> None:
         Maximum number of edge configurations cached in ``G.graph``. Values
         ``None`` or <= 0 imply unlimited cache. Defaults to ``1`` to keep the
         previous behaviour.
+    n_jobs : int | None, optional
+        Parallel worker count for the pure-Python accumulation path. ``None``
+        or values <= 1 preserve the serial behaviour. The vectorised NumPy
+        branch ignores this parameter as it already operates in bulk.
+    profile : MutableMapping[str, float] or None, optional
+        Mutable mapping that aggregates the wall-clock timings captured during
+        the ΔNFR computation. The mapping receives the buckets documented in
+        :func:`_prepare_dnfr_data` and :func:`_compute_dnfr`, plus
+        ``"dnfr_neighbor_means"``, ``"dnfr_gradient_assembly"`` and
+        ``"dnfr_inplace_write"`` describing the internal stages of
+        :func:`_compute_dnfr_common`. ``"dnfr_path"`` reflects whether the
+        vectorised or fallback implementation executed the call.
     """
-    data = _prepare_dnfr_data(G, cache_size=cache_size)
+    if profile is not None:
+        for key in (
+            "dnfr_cache_rebuild",
+            "dnfr_neighbor_accumulation",
+            "dnfr_neighbor_means",
+            "dnfr_gradient_assembly",
+            "dnfr_inplace_write",
+        ):
+            profile.setdefault(key, 0.0)
+
+    data = _prepare_dnfr_data(G, cache_size=cache_size, profile=profile)
     _write_dnfr_metadata(
         G,
         weights=data["weights"],
         hook_name="default_compute_delta_nfr",
     )
-    np = get_numpy()
-    use_numpy = np is not None and G.graph.get("vectorized_dnfr")
-    _compute_dnfr(G, data, use_numpy=use_numpy)
+    _compute_dnfr(G, data, n_jobs=n_jobs, profile=profile)
+    if not data.get("dnfr_numpy_available"):
+        cache = data.get("cache")
+        cache_size = data.get("cache_size")
+        caching_enabled = (
+            isinstance(cache, DnfrCache)
+            and (cache_size is None or int(cache_size) > 0)
+        )
+        if isinstance(cache, DnfrCache) and not caching_enabled:
+            for attr in (
+                "neighbor_x_np",
+                "neighbor_y_np",
+                "neighbor_epi_sum_np",
+                "neighbor_vf_sum_np",
+                "neighbor_count_np",
+                "neighbor_deg_sum_np",
+                "neighbor_inv_count_np",
+                "neighbor_cos_avg_np",
+                "neighbor_sin_avg_np",
+                "neighbor_mean_tmp_np",
+                "neighbor_mean_length_np",
+                "neighbor_accum_np",
+                "neighbor_edge_values_np",
+            ):
+                setattr(cache, attr, None)
+            cache.neighbor_accum_signature = None
 
 
 def set_delta_nfr_hook(
-    G, func, *, name: str | None = None, note: str | None = None
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    func: DeltaNFRHook,
+    *,
+    name: str | None = None,
+    note: str | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Set a stable hook to compute ΔNFR.
-    Required signature: ``func(G) -> None`` and it must write ``ALIAS_DNFR``
-    in each node. Basic metadata in ``G.graph`` is updated accordingly.
+
+    The callable should accept ``(G, *[, n_jobs])`` and is responsible for
+    writing ``ALIAS_DNFR`` in each node. ``n_jobs`` is optional and ignored by
+    hooks that do not support parallel execution. Basic metadata in
+    ``G.graph`` is updated accordingly.
     """
-    G.graph["compute_delta_nfr"] = func
-    G.graph["_dnfr_hook_name"] = str(
-        name or getattr(func, "__name__", "custom_dnfr")
-    )
+
+    def _wrapped(graph: TNFRGraph, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        if "n_jobs" in kwargs:
+            try:
+                func(graph, *args, **kwargs)
+                return
+            except TypeError as exc:
+                if "n_jobs" not in str(exc):
+                    raise
+                kwargs = dict(kwargs)
+                kwargs.pop("n_jobs", None)
+                func(graph, *args, **kwargs)
+                return
+        func(graph, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    _wrapped.__name__ = getattr(func, "__name__", "custom_dnfr")
+    _wrapped.__doc__ = getattr(func, "__doc__", _wrapped.__doc__)
+
+    G.graph["compute_delta_nfr"] = _wrapped
+    G.graph["_dnfr_hook_name"] = str(name or getattr(func, "__name__", "custom_dnfr"))
     if "_dnfr_weights" not in G.graph:
         _configure_dnfr_weights(G)
     if note:
@@ -620,114 +2324,293 @@ def set_delta_nfr_hook(
         G.graph["_DNFR_META"] = meta
 
 
+def _dnfr_hook_chunk_worker(
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    node_ids: Sequence[NodeId],
+    grad_items: tuple[
+        tuple[str, Callable[[TNFRGraph, NodeId, Mapping[str, Any]], float]],
+        ...,
+    ],
+    weights: Mapping[str, float],
+) -> list[tuple[NodeId, float]]:
+    """Compute weighted gradients for ``node_ids``.
+
+    The helper is defined at module level so it can be pickled by
+    :class:`concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor`.
+    """
+
+    results: list[tuple[NodeId, float]] = []
+    for node in node_ids:
+        nd = G.nodes[node]
+        total = 0.0
+        for name, func in grad_items:
+            w = weights.get(name, 0.0)
+            if w:
+                total += w * float(func(G, node, nd))
+        results.append((node, total))
+    return results
+
+
 def _apply_dnfr_hook(
-    G,
-    grads: dict[str, Callable[[Any, Any], float]],
+    G: TNFRGraph,
+    grads: Mapping[str, Callable[[TNFRGraph, NodeId, Mapping[str, Any]], float]],
     *,
-    weights: dict[str, float],
+    weights: Mapping[str, float],
     hook_name: str,
     note: str | None = None,
+    n_jobs: int | None = None,
 ) -> None:
-    """Generic helper to compute and store ΔNFR using ``grads``.
+    """Compute and store ΔNFR using ``grads``.
 
-    ``grads`` maps component names to functions ``(G, n, nd) -> float``.
-    Each gradient is multiplied by its corresponding weight from ``weights``.
-    Metadata is recorded through :func:`_write_dnfr_metadata`.
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : nx.Graph
+        Graph whose nodes will receive the ΔNFR update.
+    grads : dict
+        Mapping from component names to callables with signature
+        ``(G, node, data) -> float`` returning the gradient contribution.
+    weights : dict
+        Weight per component; missing entries default to ``0``.
+    hook_name : str
+        Friendly identifier stored in ``G.graph`` metadata.
+    note : str | None, optional
+        Additional documentation recorded next to the hook metadata.
+    n_jobs : int | None, optional
+        Optional worker count for the pure-Python execution path. When NumPy
+        is available the helper always prefers the vectorised implementation
+        and ignores ``n_jobs`` because the computation already happens in
+        bulk.
     """
 
-    for n, nd in G.nodes(data=True):
-        total = 0.0
+    nodes_data: list[tuple[NodeId, Mapping[str, Any]]] = list(G.nodes(data=True))
+    if not nodes_data:
+        _write_dnfr_metadata(G, weights=weights, hook_name=hook_name, note=note)
+        return
+
+    np_module = cast(ModuleType | None, get_numpy())
+    if np_module is not None:
+        totals = np_module.zeros(len(nodes_data), dtype=float)
         for name, func in grads.items():
-            w = weights.get(name, 0.0)
-            if w:
-                total += w * func(G, n, nd)
-        set_dnfr(G, n, total)
+            w = float(weights.get(name, 0.0))
+            if w == 0.0:
+                continue
+            values = np_module.fromiter(
+                (float(func(G, n, nd)) for n, nd in nodes_data),
+                dtype=float,
+                count=len(nodes_data),
+            )
+            if w == 1.0:
+                np_module.add(totals, values, out=totals)
+            else:
+                np_module.add(totals, values * w, out=totals)
+        for idx, (n, _) in enumerate(nodes_data):
+            set_dnfr(G, n, float(totals[idx]))
+        _write_dnfr_metadata(G, weights=weights, hook_name=hook_name, note=note)
+        return
+
+    effective_jobs = _resolve_parallel_jobs(n_jobs, len(nodes_data))
+    results: list[tuple[NodeId, float]] | None = None
+    if effective_jobs:
+        grad_items = tuple(grads.items())
+        try:
+            import pickle
+
+            pickle.dumps((grad_items, weights, G), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
+        except Exception:
+            effective_jobs = None
+        else:
+            chunk_results: list[tuple[NodeId, float]] = []
+            with ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=effective_jobs) as executor:
+                futures = []
+                node_ids: list[NodeId] = [n for n, _ in nodes_data]
+                for start, end in _iter_chunk_offsets(len(node_ids), effective_jobs):
+                    if start == end:
+                        continue
+                    futures.append(
+                        executor.submit(
+                            _dnfr_hook_chunk_worker,
+                            G,
+                            node_ids[start:end],
+                            grad_items,
+                            weights,
+                        )
+                    )
+                for future in futures:
+                    chunk_results.extend(future.result())
+            results = chunk_results
+
+    if results is None:
+        results = []
+        for n, nd in nodes_data:
+            total = 0.0
+            for name, func in grads.items():
+                w = weights.get(name, 0.0)
+                if w:
+                    total += w * float(func(G, n, nd))
+            results.append((n, total))
+
+    for node, value in results:
+        set_dnfr(G, node, float(value))
 
     _write_dnfr_metadata(G, weights=weights, hook_name=hook_name, note=note)
 
 
-# --- Hooks de ejemplo (opcionales) ---
-def dnfr_phase_only(G) -> None:
-    """Example: ΔNFR from phase only (Kuramoto-like)."""
+# --- Example hooks (optional) ---
+
 
-    def g_phase(G, n, nd):
-        th_i = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_THETA, 0.0)
-        th_bar = neighbor_phase_mean(G, n)
+class _PhaseGradient:
+    """Callable computing the phase contribution using cached trig values."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("cos", "sin")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        cos_map: Mapping[NodeId, float],
+        sin_map: Mapping[NodeId, float],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.cos: Mapping[NodeId, float] = cos_map
+        self.sin: Mapping[NodeId, float] = sin_map
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        G: TNFRGraph,
+        n: NodeId,
+        nd: Mapping[str, Any],
+    ) -> float:
+        theta_val = get_theta_attr(nd, 0.0)
+        th_i = float(theta_val if theta_val is not None else 0.0)
+        neighbors = list(G.neighbors(n))
+        if neighbors:
+            th_bar = neighbor_phase_mean_list(
+                neighbors,
+                cos_th=self.cos,
+                sin_th=self.sin,
+                fallback=th_i,
+            )
+        else:
+            th_bar = th_i
         return -angle_diff(th_i, th_bar) / math.pi
 
+
+class _NeighborAverageGradient:
+    """Callable computing neighbour averages for scalar attributes."""
+
+    __slots__ = ("alias", "values")
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        alias: tuple[str, ...],
+        values: MutableMapping[NodeId, float],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.alias: tuple[str, ...] = alias
+        self.values: MutableMapping[NodeId, float] = values
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        G: TNFRGraph,
+        n: NodeId,
+        nd: Mapping[str, Any],
+    ) -> float:
+        val = self.values.get(n)
+        if val is None:
+            val = float(get_attr(nd, self.alias, 0.0))
+            self.values[n] = val
+        neighbors = list(G.neighbors(n))
+        if not neighbors:
+            return 0.0
+        total = 0.0
+        for neigh in neighbors:
+            neigh_val = self.values.get(neigh)
+            if neigh_val is None:
+                neigh_val = float(get_attr(G.nodes[neigh], self.alias, val))
+                self.values[neigh] = neigh_val
+            total += neigh_val
+        return total / len(neighbors) - val
+
+
+def dnfr_phase_only(G: TNFRGraph, *, n_jobs: int | None = None) -> None:
+    """Compute ΔNFR from phase only (Kuramoto-like).
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : nx.Graph
+        Graph whose nodes receive the ΔNFR assignment.
+    n_jobs : int | None, optional
+        Parallel worker hint used when NumPy is unavailable. Defaults to
+        serial execution.
+    """
+
+    trig = compute_theta_trig(G.nodes(data=True))
+    g_phase = _PhaseGradient(trig.cos, trig.sin)
     _apply_dnfr_hook(
         G,
         {"phase": g_phase},
         weights={"phase": 1.0},
         hook_name="dnfr_phase_only",
-        note="Hook de ejemplo.",
+        note="Example hook.",
+        n_jobs=n_jobs,
     )
 
 
-def dnfr_epi_vf_mixed(G) -> None:
-    """Example: ΔNFR without phase, mixing EPI and νf."""
+def dnfr_epi_vf_mixed(G: TNFRGraph, *, n_jobs: int | None = None) -> None:
+    """Compute ΔNFR without phase, mixing EPI and νf.
 
-    def g_epi(G, n, nd):
-        epi_i = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_EPI, 0.0)
-        neighbors = list(G.neighbors(n))
-        if neighbors:
-            total = 0.0
-            for v in neighbors:
-                total += float(get_attr(G.nodes[v], ALIAS_EPI, epi_i))
-            epi_bar = total / len(neighbors)
-        else:
-            epi_bar = float(epi_i)
-        return epi_bar - epi_i
-
-    def g_vf(G, n, nd):
-        vf_i = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_VF, 0.0)
-        neighbors = list(G.neighbors(n))
-        if neighbors:
-            total = 0.0
-            for v in neighbors:
-                total += float(get_attr(G.nodes[v], ALIAS_VF, vf_i))
-            vf_bar = total / len(neighbors)
-        else:
-            vf_bar = float(vf_i)
-        return vf_bar - vf_i
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : nx.Graph
+        Graph whose nodes receive the ΔNFR assignment.
+    n_jobs : int | None, optional
+        Parallel worker hint used when NumPy is unavailable. Defaults to
+        serial execution.
+    """
 
+    epi_values = {
+        n: float(get_attr(nd, ALIAS_EPI, 0.0)) for n, nd in G.nodes(data=True)
+    }
+    vf_values = {n: float(get_attr(nd, ALIAS_VF, 0.0)) for n, nd in G.nodes(data=True)}
+    grads = {
+        "epi": _NeighborAverageGradient(ALIAS_EPI, epi_values),
+        "vf": _NeighborAverageGradient(ALIAS_VF, vf_values),
+    }
     _apply_dnfr_hook(
         G,
-        {"epi": g_epi, "vf": g_vf},
+        grads,
         weights={"phase": 0.0, "epi": 0.5, "vf": 0.5},
         hook_name="dnfr_epi_vf_mixed",
-        note="Hook de ejemplo.",
+        note="Example hook.",
+        n_jobs=n_jobs,
     )
 
 
-def dnfr_laplacian(G) -> None:
-    """Explicit topological gradient using Laplacian over EPI and νf."""
+def dnfr_laplacian(G: TNFRGraph, *, n_jobs: int | None = None) -> None:
+    """Explicit topological gradient using Laplacian over EPI and νf.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : nx.Graph
+        Graph whose nodes receive the ΔNFR assignment.
+    n_jobs : int | None, optional
+        Parallel worker hint used when NumPy is unavailable. Defaults to
+        serial execution.
+    """
+
     weights_cfg = get_param(G, "DNFR_WEIGHTS")
     wE = float(weights_cfg.get("epi", DEFAULTS["DNFR_WEIGHTS"]["epi"]))
     wV = float(weights_cfg.get("vf", DEFAULTS["DNFR_WEIGHTS"]["vf"]))
 
-    def g_epi(G, n, nd):
-        epi = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_EPI, 0.0)
-        neigh = list(G.neighbors(n))
-        deg = len(neigh) or 1
-        epi_bar = (
-            sum(get_attr(G.nodes[v], ALIAS_EPI, epi) for v in neigh) / deg
-        )
-        return epi_bar - epi
-
-    def g_vf(G, n, nd):
-        vf = get_attr(nd, ALIAS_VF, 0.0)
-        neigh = list(G.neighbors(n))
-        deg = len(neigh) or 1
-        vf_bar = sum(get_attr(G.nodes[v], ALIAS_VF, vf) for v in neigh) / deg
-        return vf_bar - vf
-
+    epi_values = {
+        n: float(get_attr(nd, ALIAS_EPI, 0.0)) for n, nd in G.nodes(data=True)
+    }
+    vf_values = {n: float(get_attr(nd, ALIAS_VF, 0.0)) for n, nd in G.nodes(data=True)}
+    grads = {
+        "epi": _NeighborAverageGradient(ALIAS_EPI, epi_values),
+        "vf": _NeighborAverageGradient(ALIAS_VF, vf_values),
+    }
     _apply_dnfr_hook(
         G,
-        {"epi": g_epi, "vf": g_vf},
+        grads,
         weights={"epi": wE, "vf": wV},
         hook_name="dnfr_laplacian",
-        note="Gradiente topológico",
+        note="Topological gradient",
+        n_jobs=n_jobs,
     )
-
-